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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Adrenoleukodystrophy ? ### Response: Prognosis for patients with childhood cerebral X-ALD is generally poor due to progressive neurological deterioration unless bone marrow transplantation is performed early. Death usually occurs within 1 to 10 years after the onset of symptoms. Adult-onset AMN will progress over decades.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Adrenoleukodystrophy ? ### Response: The NINDS supports research on genetic disorders such as ALD. The aim of this research is to find ways to prevent, treat, and cure these disorders. Studies are currently underway to identify new biomarkers of disease progression and to determine which patients will develop the childhood cerebral form of X-ALD.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hydromyelia ? ### Response: Hydromyelia refers to an abnormal widening of the central canal of the spinal cord that creates a cavity in which cerebrospinal fluid (commonly known as spinal fluid) can accumulate. As spinal fluid builds up, it may put abnormal pressure on the spinal cord and damage nerve cells and their connections.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hydromyelia ? ### Response: Hydromyelia refers to an abnormal widening of the central canal of the spinal cord that creates a cavity in which cerebrospinal fluid (commonly known as spinal fluid) can accumulate. As spinal fluid builds up, it may put abnormal pressure on the spinal cord and damage nerve cells and their connections.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hydromyelia ? ### Response: Hydromyelia refers to an abnormal widening of the central canal of the spinal cord that creates a cavity in which cerebrospinal fluid (commonly known as spinal fluid) can accumulate. As spinal fluid builds up, it may put abnormal pressure on the spinal cord and damage nerve cells and their connections.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Hydromyelia ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research related to hydromyelia in its clinics and laboratories at The National Institutes of Health (NIH) and supports additional research through grants to major research institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Joubert Syndrome ? ### Response: Treatment for Joubert syndrome is symptomatic and supportive. Infant stimulation and physical, occupational, and speech therapy may benefit some children. Infants with abnormal breathing patterns should be monitored. Screening for progressive eye, liver, and kidney complications associated with Joubert-related disorders should be performed on a regular basis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Joubert Syndrome ? ### Response: The prognosis for infants with Joubert syndrome depends on whether or not the cerebellar vermis is partially developed or entirely absent, as well as on the extent and severity of other organ involvement, such as the kidneys and liver. Some children have a mild form of the disorder, with minimal motor disability and good mental development, while others may have severe motor disability, moderate impaired mental development, and multi-organ impairments.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Joubert Syndrome ? ### Response: The NINDS supports research on the development of the nervous system and the cerebellum. This research is critical for increasing our understanding of Joubert syndrome, and for developing methods of treatment and prevention. NINDS, in conjunction with the NIH Office of Rare Disorders, sponsored a symposium on Joubert syndrome in 2002.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Infantile Spasms ? ### Response: An infantile spasm (IS) is a specific type of seizure seen in an epilepsy syndrome of infancy and childhood known as West Syndrome. West Syndrome is characterized by infantile spasms, developmental regression, and a specific pattern on electroencephalography (EEG) testing called hypsarrhythmia (chaotic brain waves).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Infantile Spasms ? ### Response: Treatment with corticosteroids such as prednisone is standard, although serious side effects can occur. Several newer antiepileptic medications, such as topiramate may ease some symptoms. Vigabatrin (Sabril) has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat infantile spasms in children ages one month to two years.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Infantile Spasms ? ### Response: The prognosis for children with IS is dependent on the underlying causes of the seizures. The intellectual prognosis for children with IS is generally poor because many babies with IS have neurological impairment prior to the onset of spasms. Epileptic spasms usually reduce in number by mid-childhood, but more than half of the children with IS will develop other types of seizures.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Infantile Spasms ? ### Response: The NINDS supports broad and varied programs of research on epilepsy and other seizure disorders. This research is aimed at discovering new ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat these disorders and, ultimately, to find cures for them. Hopefully, more effective and safer treatments, such as neuroprotective agents, will be developed to treat IS and West Syndrome.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Arachnoid Cysts ? ### Response: Arachnoid cysts are cerebrospinal fluid-filled sacs that are located between the brain or spinal cord and the arachnoid membrane, one of the three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. Primary arachnoid cysts are present at birth and are the result of developmental abnormalities in the brain and spinal cord that arise during the early weeks of gestation.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Arachnoid Cysts ? ### Response: There has been active debate about how to treat arachnoid cysts. The need for treatment depends mostly upon the location and size of the cyst. If the cyst is small, not disturbing surrounding tissue, and not causing symptoms, some doctors will refrain from treatment.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Arachnoid Cysts ? ### Response: There has been active debate about how to treat arachnoid cysts. The need for treatment depends mostly upon the location and size of the cyst. If the cyst is small, not disturbing surrounding tissue, and not causing symptoms, some doctors will refrain from treatment.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Arachnoid Cysts ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research related to brain abnormalities and disorders of the nervous system such as arachnoid cysts in laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and supports additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Behcet's Disease ? ### Response: Behcet's disease is a rare, chronic inflammatory disorder. The cause of Behcet's disease is unknown, but current research suggests that both genetic and environmental factors play a role. Behcet's disease generally begins when individuals are in their 20s or 30s, although it can happen at any age.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Behcet's Disease ? ### Response: Behcet's disease is a rare, chronic inflammatory disorder. The cause of Behcet's disease is unknown, but current research suggests that both genetic and environmental factors play a role. Behcet's disease generally begins when individuals are in their 20s or 30s, although it can happen at any age.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Behcet's Disease ? ### Response: Behcet's disease is a rare, chronic inflammatory disorder. The cause of Behcet's disease is unknown, but current research suggests that both genetic and environmental factors play a role. Behcet's disease generally begins when individuals are in their 20s or 30s, although it can happen at any age.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Behcet's Disease ? ### Response: The NINDS supports research on painful neurological disorders such as Behcet's disease. The National Human Genome Research Institute, another Institute of the National Institutes of Health, conducts research into the genomic basis of Behcet's disease. This research is aimed at discovering the causes of these disorders and finding ways to treat, prevent, and, ultimately, cure them.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease ? ### Response: Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) is a rare, progressive, degenerative central nervous system disorder in which coordination, motor abilities, and intellectual function deteriorate. The disease is one of a group of gene-linked disorders known as the leukodystrophies, which affect growth of the myelin sheath -- the fatty covering that wraps around and protects nerve fibers in the brain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease ? ### Response: Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) is a rare, progressive, degenerative central nervous system disorder in which coordination, motor abilities, and intellectual function deteriorate. The disease is one of a group of gene-linked disorders known as the leukodystrophies, which affect growth of the myelin sheath -- the fatty covering that wraps around and protects nerve fibers in the brain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease ? ### Response: The prognosis for those with the severe forms of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease is poor, with progressive deterioration until death. On the other end of the disease spectrum, individuals with the mild form, in which spastic paraplegia is the chief symptom, may have nearly normal activity and life span.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease ? ### Response: The prognosis for those with the severe forms of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease is poor, with progressive deterioration until death. On the other end of the disease spectrum, individuals with the mild form, in which spastic paraplegia is the chief symptom, may have nearly normal activity and life span.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Barth Syndrome ? ### Response: Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a rare, genetic disorder of lipid metabolism that primarily affects males. It is caused by a mutation in the tafazzin gene (TAZ, also called G4.5) which leads to decreased production of an enzyme required to produce cardiolipin. Cardiolipin is an essential lipid that is important in energy metabolism.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Barth Syndrome ? ### Response: There is no specific treatment for Barth syndrome. Bacterial infections caused by neutropenia can be effectively treated with antibiotics. The drug granulocyte colony stimulating factor, or GCSF, can stimulate white cell production by the bone marrow and help combat infection.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Barth Syndrome ? ### Response: Early and accurate diagnosis is key to prolonged survival for boys born with Barth syndrome. The disorder was once considered uniformly fatal in infancy, but some individuals are now living much longer. Severe infections and cardiac failure are common causes of death in affected children.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Barth Syndrome ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge of the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS supports research on genetic disorders such as Barth syndrome, including basic research on mitochondrial dysfunction and investigations of other inborn errors of metabolism.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Pervasive Developmental Disorders ? ### Response: The diagnostic category of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) refers to a group of disorders characterized by delays in the development of socialization and communication skills. Parents may note symptoms as early as infancy, although the typical age of onset is before 3 years of age.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Pervasive Developmental Disorders ? ### Response: There is no known cure for PDD. Medications are used to address specific behavioral problems; therapy for children with PDD should be specialized according to need. Some children with PDD benefit from specialized classrooms in which the class size is small and instruction is given on a one-to-one basis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Pervasive Developmental Disorders ? ### Response: There is no known cure for PDD. Medications are used to address specific behavioral problems; therapy for children with PDD should be specialized according to need. Some children with PDD benefit from specialized classrooms in which the class size is small and instruction is given on a one-to-one basis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Pervasive Developmental Disorders ? ### Response: The NINDS conducts and supports research on developmental disabilities, including PDD. Much of this research focuses on understanding the neurological basis of PDD and on developing techniques to diagnose, treat, prevent, and ultimately cure this and similar disorders.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Krabbe Disease ? ### Response: Krabbe disease is a rare, inherited metabolic disorder in which harmful amounts of lipids (fatty materials such as oils and waxes) build up in various cells and tissues in the body and destroys brain cells. Krabbe disease, also known as globoid cell leukodystrophy, ischaracterized by the presence of globoid cells (cells that have more than one nucleus) that break down the nerves protective myelin coating.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Krabbe Disease ? ### Response: There is no cure for Krabbe disease. Results of a very small clinical trial of children with infantile Krabbe disease found that children who received umbilical cord blood stem cells from unrelated donors prior to symptom onset developed with little neurological impairment.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Krabbe Disease ? ### Response: There is no cure for Krabbe disease. Results of a very small clinical trial of children with infantile Krabbe disease found that children who received umbilical cord blood stem cells from unrelated donors prior to symptom onset developed with little neurological impairment.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Krabbe Disease ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS is a component of the National Institutes of Health, the largest supporter of biomedical research in the world.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) ? ### Response: Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a neurological disorder characterized by progressive weakness and impaired sensory function in the legs and arms. The disorder, which is sometimes called chronic relapsing polyneuropathy, is caused by damage to the myelin sheath (the fatty covering that wraps around and protects nerve fibers) of the peripheral nerves.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) ? ### Response: Treatment for CIDP includes corticosteroids such as prednisone, which may be prescribed alone or in combination with immunosuppressant drugs. Plasmapheresis (plasma exchange) and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy are effective. IVIg may be used even as a first-line therapy.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) ? ### Response: The course of CIDP varies widely among individuals. Some may have a bout of CIDP followed by spontaneous recovery, while others may have many bouts with partial recovery in between relapses. The disease is a treatable cause of acquired neuropathy and initiation of early treatment to prevent loss of nerve axons is recommended.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) ? ### Response: The course of CIDP varies widely among individuals. Some may have a bout of CIDP followed by spontaneous recovery, while others may have many bouts with partial recovery in between relapses. The disease is a treatable cause of acquired neuropathy and initiation of early treatment to prevent loss of nerve axons is recommended.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Asperger Syndrome ? ### Response: Asperger syndrome (AS) is a developmental disorder. It is an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), one of a distinct group of neurological conditions characterized by a greater or lesser degree of impairment in language and communication skills, as well as repetitive or restrictive patterns of thought and behavior.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Asperger Syndrome ? ### Response: The ideal treatment for AS coordinates therapies that address the three core symptoms of the disorder: poor communication skills, obsessive or repetitive routines, and physical clumsiness. There is no single best treatment package for all children with AS, but most professionals agree that the earlier the intervention, the better.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Asperger Syndrome ? ### Response: With effective treatment, children with AS can learn to cope with their disabilities, but they may still find social situations and personal relationships challenging. Many adults with AS are able to work successfully in mainstream jobs, although they may continue to need encouragement and moral support to maintain an independent life.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Asperger Syndrome ? ### Response: Many of the Institutes at the NIH, including the NINDS, are sponsoring research to understand what causes AS and how it can be effectively treated. One study is using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to show how abnormalities in particular areas of the brain cause changes in brain function that result in the symptoms of AS and other ASDs.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Corticobasal Degeneration ? ### Response: Corticobasal degeneration is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by nerve cell loss and atrophy (shrinkage) of multiple areas of the brain including the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia. Corticobasal degeneration progresses gradually. Initial symptoms, which typically begin at or around age 60, may first appear on one side of the body (unilateral), but eventually affect both sides as the disease progresses.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Corticobasal Degeneration ? ### Response: There is no treatment available to slow the course of corticobasal degeneration, and the symptoms of the disease are generally resistant to therapy. Drugs used to treat Parkinson disease-type symptoms do not produce any significant or sustained improvement.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Corticobasal Degeneration ? ### Response: There is no treatment available to slow the course of corticobasal degeneration, and the symptoms of the disease are generally resistant to therapy. Drugs used to treat Parkinson disease-type symptoms do not produce any significant or sustained improvement.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Corticobasal Degeneration ? ### Response: There is no treatment available to slow the course of corticobasal degeneration, and the symptoms of the disease are generally resistant to therapy. Drugs used to treat Parkinson disease-type symptoms do not produce any significant or sustained improvement.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Mucopolysaccharidoses ? ### Response: The mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of inherited metabolic diseases in which a defective or missing enzyme causes large amounts of complex sugar molecules to accumulate in harmful amounts in the body's cells and tissues. This accumulation causes permanent, progressive cellular damage that affects appearance, physical abilities, organ and system functioning, and, in most cases, mental development.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Mucopolysaccharidoses ? ### Response: Currently there is no cure for these disease syndromes.Medical care is directed at treating systemic conditions and improving the person's quality of life. Physical therapy and daily exercise may delay joint problems and improve the ability to move.Surgery to remove tonsils and adenoids may improve breathing among affected individuals with obstructive airway disorders and sleep apnea.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Mucopolysaccharidoses ? ### Response: The mucopolysaccharidoses syndromes share many clinical features but have varying degrees of severity. Most individuals with a mucopolysaccharidosis syndrome generally experience a period of normal development followed by a decline in physical and mental function.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome (KTS) ? ### Response: Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a rare congenital malformation involving blood and lymph vessels and abnormal growth of soft and bone tissue. Typical symptoms include hemangiomas (abnormal benign growths on the skin consisting of masses of blood vessels) and varicose veins.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome (KTS) ? ### Response: Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a rare congenital malformation involving blood and lymph vessels and abnormal growth of soft and bone tissue. Typical symptoms include hemangiomas (abnormal benign growths on the skin consisting of masses of blood vessels) and varicose veins.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome (KTS) ? ### Response: Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a rare congenital malformation involving blood and lymph vessels and abnormal growth of soft and bone tissue. Typical symptoms include hemangiomas (abnormal benign growths on the skin consisting of masses of blood vessels) and varicose veins.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome (KTS) ? ### Response: Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a rare congenital malformation involving blood and lymph vessels and abnormal growth of soft and bone tissue. Typical symptoms include hemangiomas (abnormal benign growths on the skin consisting of masses of blood vessels) and varicose veins.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Periventricular Leukomalacia ? ### Response: Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is characterized by the death of the white matter of the brain due to softening of the brain tissue. It can affect fetuses or newborns; premature babies are at the greatest risk of the disorder. PVL is caused by a lack of oxygen or blood flow to the periventricular area of the brain, which results in the death or loss of brain tissue.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Periventricular Leukomalacia ? ### Response: Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is characterized by the death of the white matter of the brain due to softening of the brain tissue. It can affect fetuses or newborns; premature babies are at the greatest risk of the disorder. PVL is caused by a lack of oxygen or blood flow to the periventricular area of the brain, which results in the death or loss of brain tissue.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Periventricular Leukomalacia ? ### Response: Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is characterized by the death of the white matter of the brain due to softening of the brain tissue. It can affect fetuses or newborns; premature babies are at the greatest risk of the disorder. PVL is caused by a lack of oxygen or blood flow to the periventricular area of the brain, which results in the death or loss of brain tissue.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Periventricular Leukomalacia ? ### Response: Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is characterized by the death of the white matter of the brain due to softening of the brain tissue. It can affect fetuses or newborns; premature babies are at the greatest risk of the disorder. PVL is caused by a lack of oxygen or blood flow to the periventricular area of the brain, which results in the death or loss of brain tissue.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Brown-Sequard Syndrome ? ### Response: Brown-Sequard syndrome (BSS) is a rare neurological condition characterized by a lesion in the spinal cord which results in weakness or paralysis (hemiparaplegia) on one side of the body and a loss of sensation (hemianesthesia) on the opposite side. BSS may be caused by a spinal cord tumor, trauma (such as a puncture wound to the neck or back), ischemia (obstruction of a blood vessel), or infectious or inflammatory diseases such as tuberculosis, or multiple sclerosis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Brown-Sequard Syndrome ? ### Response: Brown-Sequard syndrome (BSS) is a rare neurological condition characterized by a lesion in the spinal cord which results in weakness or paralysis (hemiparaplegia) on one side of the body and a loss of sensation (hemianesthesia) on the opposite side. BSS may be caused by a spinal cord tumor, trauma (such as a puncture wound to the neck or back), ischemia (obstruction of a blood vessel), or infectious or inflammatory diseases such as tuberculosis, or multiple sclerosis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Brown-Sequard Syndrome ? ### Response: Brown-Sequard syndrome (BSS) is a rare neurological condition characterized by a lesion in the spinal cord which results in weakness or paralysis (hemiparaplegia) on one side of the body and a loss of sensation (hemianesthesia) on the opposite side. BSS may be caused by a spinal cord tumor, trauma (such as a puncture wound to the neck or back), ischemia (obstruction of a blood vessel), or infectious or inflammatory diseases such as tuberculosis, or multiple sclerosis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Neurological Sequelae Of Lupus ? ### Response: Lupus (also called systemic lupus erythematosus) is a disorder of the immune system. Normally, the immune system protects the body against invading infections and cancers. In lupus, the immune system is over-active and produces increased amounts of abnormal antibodies that attack the body's tissues and organs.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Neurological Sequelae Of Lupus ? ### Response: There is no cure for lupus. Treatment is symptomatic. With a combination of medication, rest, exercise, proper nutrition, and stress management, most individuals with lupus can often achieve remission or reduce their symptom levels. Medications used in the treatment of lupus may include aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, antimalarials, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressive drugs.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Neurological Sequelae Of Lupus ? ### Response: The prognosis for lupus varies widely depending on the organs involved and the intensity of the inflammatory reaction. The course of lupus is commonly chronic and relapsing, often with long periods of remission. Most individuals with lupus do not develop serious health problems and have a normal lifespan with periodic doctor visits and treatments with various drugs.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Neurological Sequelae Of Lupus ? ### Response: The prognosis for lupus varies widely depending on the organs involved and the intensity of the inflammatory reaction. The course of lupus is commonly chronic and relapsing, often with long periods of remission. Most individuals with lupus do not develop serious health problems and have a normal lifespan with periodic doctor visits and treatments with various drugs.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Generalized Gangliosidoses ? ### Response: The gangliosidoses are a group of inherited metabolic diseases caused by a deficiency of the different proteins needed to break down fatty substances called lipids. Excess buildup of these fatty materials (oils, waxes, steroids, and other compounds) can cause permanent damage in the cells and tissues in the brain and nervous systems, particularly in nerve cells.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Generalized Gangliosidoses ? ### Response: The gangliosidoses are a group of inherited metabolic diseases caused by a deficiency of the different proteins needed to break down fatty substances called lipids. Excess buildup of these fatty materials (oils, waxes, steroids, and other compounds) can cause permanent damage in the cells and tissues in the brain and nervous systems, particularly in nerve cells.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Generalized Gangliosidoses ? ### Response: Children with early infantile GM1 often die by age 3 from cardiac complications or pneumonia. Children with the early-onset form of Tay-Sachs disease may eventually need a feeding tube and often die by age 4 from recurring infection. Children with Sandhoff disease generally die by age 3 from respiratory infections.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Generalized Gangliosidoses ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS is a part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the largest supporter of biomedical research in the world.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Paroxysmal Hemicrania ? ### Response: Paroxysmal hemicrania is a rare form of headache that usually begins in adulthood. Patients experience severe throbbing, claw-like, or boring pain usually on one side of the face; in, around, or behind the eye; and occasionally reaching to the back of the neck.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Paroxysmal Hemicrania ? ### Response: The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indomethacin often provides complete relief from symptoms. Other less effective NSAIDs, calcium-channel blocking drugs (such as verapamil), and corticosteroids may be used to treat the disorder. Patients with both paroxysmal hemicrania and trigeminal neuralgia (a condition of the 5th cranial nerve that causes sudden, severe pain typically felt on one side of the jaw or cheek) should receive treatment for each disorder.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Paroxysmal Hemicrania ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) support research related to paroxysmal hemicrania through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Much of this research focuses on finding better ways to prevent, treat, and ultimately cure headache disorders such as paroxysmal hemicrania.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Myopathy ? ### Response: The myopathies are neuromuscular disorders in which the primary symptom is muscle weakness due to dysfunction of muscle fiber. Other symptoms of myopathy can include include muscle cramps, stiffness, and spasm. Myopathies can be inherited (such as the muscular dystrophies) or acquired (such as common muscle cramps).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Myopathy ? ### Response: Treatments for the myopathies depend on the disease or condition and specific causes. Supportive and symptomatic treatment may be the only treatment available or necessary for some disorders. Treatment for other disorders may include drug therapy, such as immunosuppressives, physical therapy, bracing to support weakened muscles, and surgery.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Myopathy ? ### Response: Treatments for the myopathies depend on the disease or condition and specific causes. Supportive and symptomatic treatment may be the only treatment available or necessary for some disorders. Treatment for other disorders may include drug therapy, such as immunosuppressives, physical therapy, bracing to support weakened muscles, and surgery.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Myopathy ? ### Response: Treatments for the myopathies depend on the disease or condition and specific causes. Supportive and symptomatic treatment may be the only treatment available or necessary for some disorders. Treatment for other disorders may include drug therapy, such as immunosuppressives, physical therapy, bracing to support weakened muscles, and surgery.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Troyer Syndrome ? ### Response: Troyer syndrome is one of more than 40 genetically-distinct neurological disorders known collectively as the hereditary spastic paraplegias. These disorders are characterized by their paramount feature of progressive muscle weakness and spasticity in the legs.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Troyer Syndrome ? ### Response: There are no specific treatments to prevent or slow the progressive degeneration seen in Troyer syndrome. Symptomatic therapy includes antispasmodic drugs and physical therapy to improve muscle strength and maintain range of motion in the legs. Assistive devices may be needed to help with walking.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Troyer Syndrome ? ### Response: There are no specific treatments to prevent or slow the progressive degeneration seen in Troyer syndrome. Symptomatic therapy includes antispasmodic drugs and physical therapy to improve muscle strength and maintain range of motion in the legs. Assistive devices may be needed to help with walking.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Troyer Syndrome ? ### Response: The NINDS supports research on genetic disorders such as the hereditary spastic paraplegias. A gene for Troyer syndrome has been identified and others may be identified in the future. Understanding how these genes cause Troyer syndrome and the hereditary spastic paraplegias in general will lead to ways to prevent, treat, and cure these disorders.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Stroke ? ### Response: A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is suddenly interrupted or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, spilling blood into the spaces surrounding brain cells. Brain cells die when they no longer receive oxygen and nutrients from the blood or there is sudden bleeding into or around the brain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Stroke ? ### Response: Generally there are three treatment stages for stroke: prevention, therapy immediately after the stroke, and post-stroke rehabilitation. Therapies to prevent a first or recurrent stroke are based on treating an individual's underlying risk factors for stroke, such as hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and diabetes.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Stroke ? ### Response: Although stroke is a disease of the brain, it can affect the entire body. A common disability that results from stroke is complete paralysis on one side of the body, called hemiplegia. A related disability that is not as debilitating as paralysis is one-sided weakness or hemiparesis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Stroke ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts stroke research and clinical trials at its laboratories and clinics at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Parkinson's Disease ? ### Response: Parkinson's disease (PD) belongs to a group of conditions called motor system disorders, which are the result of the loss of dopamine-producing brain cells. The four primary symptoms of PD are tremor, or trembling in hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face; rigidity, or stiffness of the limbs and trunk; bradykinesia, or slowness of movement; and postural instability, or impaired balance and coordination.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Parkinson's Disease ? ### Response: At present, there is no cure for PD, but a variety of medications provide dramatic relief from the symptoms. Usually, affected individuals are given levodopa combined with carbidopa. Carbidopa delays the conversion of levodopa into dopamine until it reaches the brain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Parkinson's Disease ? ### Response: PD is both chronic, meaning it persists over a long period of time, and progressive, meaning its symptoms grow worse over time. Although some people become severely disabled, others experience only minor motor disruptions. Tremor is the major symptom for some individuals, while for others tremor is only a minor complaint and other symptoms are more troublesome.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Parkinson's Disease ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts PD research in laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and also supports additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country. Current research programs funded by the NINDS are using animal models to study how the disease progresses and to develop new drug therapies.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome ? ### Response: Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome is a rare neurological disorder characterized by recurring facial paralysis, swelling of the face and lips (usually the upper lip), and the development of folds and furrows in the tongue. Onset is in childhood or early adolescence.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome ? ### Response: Treatment is symptomatic and may include medication therapies with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids to reduce swelling, as well as antibiotics and immunosuppressants. Surgery may be recommended to relieve pressure on the facial nerves and to reduce swollen tissue, but its effectiveness has not been established.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome ? ### Response: Treatment is symptomatic and may include medication therapies with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids to reduce swelling, as well as antibiotics and immunosuppressants. Surgery may be recommended to relieve pressure on the facial nerves and to reduce swollen tissue, but its effectiveness has not been established.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome ? ### Response: Treatment is symptomatic and may include medication therapies with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids to reduce swelling, as well as antibiotics and immunosuppressants. Surgery may be recommended to relieve pressure on the facial nerves and to reduce swollen tissue, but its effectiveness has not been established.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Sjgren's Syndrome ? ### Response: Sjgren's syndrome is an autoimmune disorder in which immune cells attack and destroy the glands that produce tears and saliva. Sjgren's syndrome is also associated with rheumatic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. The hallmark symptoms of the disorder are dry mouth and dry eyes.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Sjgren's Syndrome ? ### Response: There is no known cure for Sjgren's syndrome nor is there a specific treatment to restore gland secretion. Treatment is generally symptomatic and supportive. Moisture replacement therapies may ease the symptoms of dryness. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be used to treat musculoskeletal symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Sjgren's Syndrome ? ### Response: Sjgren's syndrome can damage vital organs of the body with symptoms that may remain stable, worsen, or go into remission. Some people may experience only the mild symptoms of dry eyes and mouth, while others go through cycles of good health followed by severe disease.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Sjgren's Syndrome ? ### Response: Sjgren's syndrome can damage vital organs of the body with symptoms that may remain stable, worsen, or go into remission. Some people may experience only the mild symptoms of dry eyes and mouth, while others go through cycles of good health followed by severe disease.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hydranencephaly ? ### Response: Hydranencephaly is a rare condition in which the brain's cerebral hemispheres are absent and replaced by sacs filled with cerebrospinal fluid. An infant with hydranencephaly may appear normal at birth. The infant's head size and spontaneous reflexes such as sucking, swallowing, crying, and moving the arms and legs may all seem normal.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Hydranencephaly ? ### Response: Hydranencephaly is a rare condition in which the brain's cerebral hemispheres are absent and replaced by sacs filled with cerebrospinal fluid. An infant with hydranencephaly may appear normal at birth. The infant's head size and spontaneous reflexes such as sucking, swallowing, crying, and moving the arms and legs may all seem normal.