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Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Wallenberg's Syndrome ? ### Response: The outlook for someone with Wallenbergs syndrome depends upon the size and location of the area of the brain stem damaged by the stroke. Some individuals may see a decrease in their symptoms within weeks or months. Others may be left with significant neurological disabilities for years after the initial symptoms appeared.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Wallenberg's Syndrome ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research related to Wallenbergs syndrome in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and also supports additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Monomelic Amyotrophy ? ### Response: Monomelic amyotrophy (MMA) is characterized by progressive degeneration and loss of motor neurons, the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that are responsible for controlling voluntary muscles. It is characterized by weakness and wasting in a single limb, usually an arm and hand rather than a foot and leg.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Monomelic Amyotrophy ? ### Response: Monomelic amyotrophy (MMA) is characterized by progressive degeneration and loss of motor neurons, the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that are responsible for controlling voluntary muscles. It is characterized by weakness and wasting in a single limb, usually an arm and hand rather than a foot and leg.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Monomelic Amyotrophy ? ### Response: The symptoms of MMA usually progress slowly for one to two years before reaching a plateau, and then remain stable for many years. Disability is generally slight. Rarely, the weakness progresses to the opposite limb. There is also a slowly progressive variant of MMA known as O'Sullivan-McLeod syndrome, which only affects the small muscles of the hand and forearm and has a slowly progressive course.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Monomelic Amyotrophy ? ### Response: The symptoms of MMA usually progress slowly for one to two years before reaching a plateau, and then remain stable for many years. Disability is generally slight. Rarely, the weakness progresses to the opposite limb. There is also a slowly progressive variant of MMA known as O'Sullivan-McLeod syndrome, which only affects the small muscles of the hand and forearm and has a slowly progressive course.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Gerstmann's Syndrome ? ### Response: There is no cure for Gerstmann's syndrome. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Occupational and speech therapies may help diminish the dysgraphia and apraxia. In addition, calculators and word processors may help school children cope with the symptoms of the disorder.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Gerstmann's Syndrome ? ### Response: There is no cure for Gerstmann's syndrome. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Occupational and speech therapies may help diminish the dysgraphia and apraxia. In addition, calculators and word processors may help school children cope with the symptoms of the disorder.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Gerstmann's Syndrome ? ### Response: The NINDS supports research on disorders that result from damage to the brain such as dysgraphia. The NINDS and other components of the National Institutes of Health also support research on learning disabilities. Current research avenues focus on developing techniques to diagnose and treat learning disabilities and increase understanding of the biological basis of them.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Whiplash ? ### Response: Whiplash-a soft tissue injury to the neck-is also called neck sprain or neck strain. It is characterized by a collection of symptoms that occur following damage to the neck, usually because of sudden extension and flexion. The disorder commonly occurs as the result of an automobile accident and may include injury to intervertebral joints, discs, and ligaments, cervical muscles, and nerve roots.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Whiplash ? ### Response: Treatment for individuals with whiplash may include pain medications, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antidepressants, muscle relaxants, and a cervical collar (usually worn for 2 to 3 weeks). Range of motion exercises, physical therapy, and cervical traction may also be prescribed.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Whiplash ? ### Response: Treatment for individuals with whiplash may include pain medications, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antidepressants, muscle relaxants, and a cervical collar (usually worn for 2 to 3 weeks). Range of motion exercises, physical therapy, and cervical traction may also be prescribed.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Whiplash ? ### Response: Treatment for individuals with whiplash may include pain medications, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antidepressants, muscle relaxants, and a cervical collar (usually worn for 2 to 3 weeks). Range of motion exercises, physical therapy, and cervical traction may also be prescribed.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Tardive Dyskinesia ? ### Response: Tardive dyskinesia is a neurological syndrome caused by the long-term use of neuroleptic drugs. Neuroleptic drugs are generally prescribed for psychiatric disorders, as well as for some gastrointestinal and neurological disorders. Tardive dyskinesia is characterized by repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movements.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Tardive Dyskinesia ? ### Response: Treatment is highly individualized. The first step is generally to stop or minimize the use of the neuroleptic drug, but this can be done only under close supervision of the physician.. However, for patients with a severe underlying condition this may not be a feasible option.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Tardive Dyskinesia ? ### Response: Treatment is highly individualized. The first step is generally to stop or minimize the use of the neuroleptic drug, but this can be done only under close supervision of the physician.. However, for patients with a severe underlying condition this may not be a feasible option.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Tardive Dyskinesia ? ### Response: Treatment is highly individualized. The first step is generally to stop or minimize the use of the neuroleptic drug, but this can be done only under close supervision of the physician.. However, for patients with a severe underlying condition this may not be a feasible option.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Isaacs' Syndrome ? ### Response: Issacs' syndrome (also known as neuromyotonia, Isaacs-Mertens syndrome, continuous muscle fiber activity syndrome, and quantal squander syndrome) is a rare neuromuscular disorder caused by hyperexcitability and continuous firing of the peripheral nerve axons that activate muscle fibers.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Isaacs' Syndrome ? ### Response: Anticonvulsants, including phenytoin and carbamazepine, usually provide significant relief from the stiffness, muscle spasms, and pain associated with Isaacs' syndrome. Plasma exchange may provide short-term relief for individuals with some forms of the acquired disorder.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Isaacs' Syndrome ? ### Response: Anticonvulsants, including phenytoin and carbamazepine, usually provide significant relief from the stiffness, muscle spasms, and pain associated with Isaacs' syndrome. Plasma exchange may provide short-term relief for individuals with some forms of the acquired disorder.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Isaacs' Syndrome ? ### Response: The NINDS supports an extensive research program of basic studies to increase understanding of diseases that affect the brain, spinal cord, muscles, and nerves. This research examines the genetics, symptoms, progression, and psychological and behavioral impact of diseases, with the goal of improving ways to diagnose, treat, and, ultimately, cure these disorders.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Learning Disabilities ? ### Response: Learning disabilities are disorders that affect the ability to understand or use spoken or written language, do mathematical calculations, coordinate movements, or direct attention. Although learning disabilities occur in very young children, the disorders are usually not recognized until the child reaches school age.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Learning Disabilities ? ### Response: The most common treatment for learning disabilities is special education. Specially trained educators may perform a diagnostic educational evaluation assessing the child's academic and intellectual potential and level of academic performance. Once the evaluation is complete, the basic approach is to teach learning skills by building on the child's abilities and strengths while correcting and compensating for disabilities and weaknesses.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Learning Disabilities ? ### Response: The most common treatment for learning disabilities is special education. Specially trained educators may perform a diagnostic educational evaluation assessing the child's academic and intellectual potential and level of academic performance. Once the evaluation is complete, the basic approach is to teach learning skills by building on the child's abilities and strengths while correcting and compensating for disabilities and weaknesses.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Learning Disabilities ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other Institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) support research learning disabilities through grants to major research institutions across the country. Current research avenues focus on developing techniques to diagnose and treat learning disabilities and increase understanding of their biological basis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Spasticity ? ### Response: Spasticity is a condition in which there is an abnormal increase in muscle tone or stiffness of muscle, which might interfere with movement, speech, or be associated with discomfort or pain. Spasticity is usually caused by damage to nerve pathways within the brain or spinal cord that control muscle movement.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Spasticity ? ### Response: Treatment may include such medications as baclofen, diazepam, tizanidine or clonazepam. Physical therapy regimens may include muscle stretching and range of motion exercises to help prevent shrinkage or shortening of muscles and to reduce the severity of symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Spasticity ? ### Response: Treatment may include such medications as baclofen, diazepam, tizanidine or clonazepam. Physical therapy regimens may include muscle stretching and range of motion exercises to help prevent shrinkage or shortening of muscles and to reduce the severity of symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Spasticity ? ### Response: Treatment may include such medications as baclofen, diazepam, tizanidine or clonazepam. Physical therapy regimens may include muscle stretching and range of motion exercises to help prevent shrinkage or shortening of muscles and to reduce the severity of symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Prosopagnosia ? ### Response: Prosopagnosia is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to recognize faces. Prosopagnosia is also known as face blindness or facial agnosia. The term prosopagnosia comes from the Greek words for face and lack of knowledge. Depending upon the degree of impairment, some people with prosopagnosia may only have difficulty recognizing a familiar face; others will be unable to discriminate between unknown faces, while still others may not even be able to distinguish a face as being different from an object.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Prosopagnosia ? ### Response: Prosopagnosia can be socially crippling. Individuals with the disorder often have difficulty recognizing family members and close friends. They often use other ways to identify people, such as relying on voice, clothing, or unique physical attributes, but these are not as effective as recognizing a face.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Prosopagnosia ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research related to prosopagnosia in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and also supports additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome ? ### Response: Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS) is a rare, inherited disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). LNS is an X-linked recessive disease-- the gene is carried by the mother and passed on to her son. LNS is present at birth in baby boys.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome ? ### Response: Treatment for LNS is symptomatic. Gout can be treated with allopurinol to control excessive amounts of uric acid. Kidney stones may be treated with lithotripsy, a technique for breaking up kidney stones using shock waves or laser beams. There is no standard treatment for the neurological symptoms of LNS.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome ? ### Response: Treatment for LNS is symptomatic. Gout can be treated with allopurinol to control excessive amounts of uric acid. Kidney stones may be treated with lithotripsy, a technique for breaking up kidney stones using shock waves or laser beams. There is no standard treatment for the neurological symptoms of LNS.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome ? ### Response: Treatment for LNS is symptomatic. Gout can be treated with allopurinol to control excessive amounts of uric acid. Kidney stones may be treated with lithotripsy, a technique for breaking up kidney stones using shock waves or laser beams. There is no standard treatment for the neurological symptoms of LNS.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease ? ### Response: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure used to treat several disabling neurological symptomsmost commonly the debilitating motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease (PD), such as tremor, rigidity, stiffness, slowed movement, and walking problems. The procedure is also used to treat essential tremor and dystonia.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease ? ### Response: Unlike previous surgeries for PD, DBS involves minimal permanent surgical changes to the brain. Instead, the procedure uses electrical stimulation to regulate electrical signals in neural circuits to and from identified areas in the brain to improve PD symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease ? ### Response: Although most individuals still need to take medication after undergoing DBS, many people with Parkinsons disease experience considerable reduction of their motor symptoms and are able to reduce their medications. The amount of reduction varies but can be considerably reduced in most individuals, and can lead to a significant improvement in side effects such as dyskinesias (involuntary movements caused by long-term use of levodopa).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), a part of the National institutes of Health (NIH), supports research on DBS to determine its safety, reliability, and effectiveness as a treatment for PD. NINDS supported research on brain circuitry was critical to the development of DBS.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome ? ### Response: Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a disorder of the neuromuscular junction-the site where nerve cells meet muscle cells and help activate the muscles. It is caused by a disruption of electrical impulses between these nerve and muscle cells. LEMS is an autoimmune condition; in such disorders the immune system, which normally protects the body from foreign organisms, mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome ? ### Response: There is no cure for LEMS. Treatment is directed at decreasing the autoimmune response (through the use of steroids, plasmapheresis, or high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin) or improving the transmission of the disrupted electrical impulses by giving drugs such as di-amino pyridine or pyridostigmine bromide (Mestinon).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome ? ### Response: There is no cure for LEMS. Treatment is directed at decreasing the autoimmune response (through the use of steroids, plasmapheresis, or high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin) or improving the transmission of the disrupted electrical impulses by giving drugs such as di-amino pyridine or pyridostigmine bromide (Mestinon).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome ? ### Response: There is no cure for LEMS. Treatment is directed at decreasing the autoimmune response (through the use of steroids, plasmapheresis, or high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin) or improving the transmission of the disrupted electrical impulses by giving drugs such as di-amino pyridine or pyridostigmine bromide (Mestinon).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Swallowing Disorders ? ### Response: Having trouble swallowing (dysphagia) is a symptom that accompanies a number of neurological disorders. The problem can occur at any stage of the normal swallowing process as food and liquid move from the mouth, down the back of the throat, through the esophagus and into the stomach.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Swallowing Disorders ? ### Response: Changing a person's diet by adding thickeners helps many people, as does learning different ways to eat and chew that reduce the risk for aspiration. Occasionally drug therapy that helps the neurological disorder can also help dysphagia. In a few persons, botulinum toxin injections can help when food or liquid cannot enter the esophagus to get to the stomach.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Swallowing Disorders ? ### Response: The prognosis depends upon the type of swallowing problem and the course of the neurological disorder that produces it. In some cases, dysphagia can be partially or completely corrected using diet manipulation or non-invasive methods. In others, especially when the dysphagia is causing aspiration and preventing adequate nutrition and causing weight loss, it may require aggressive intervention such as a feeding tube.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Swallowing Disorders ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes at the National Institutes of Health conduct research related to dysphagia in their clinics and laboratories and support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Post-Polio Syndrome ? ### Response: Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is a condition that affects polio survivors many years after recovery from an initial attack of the poliomyelitis virus. PPS is characterized by a further weakening of muscles that were previously affected by the polio infection. The most common symptoms include slowly progressive muscle weakness, fatigue (both general and muscular), and a decrease in muscle size (muscular atrophy).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Post-Polio Syndrome ? ### Response: Presently, no prevention has been found that can stop deterioration or reverse the deficits caused by the syndrome A number of controlled studies have demonstrated that nonfatiguing exercises may improve muscle strength and reduce tiredness. Doctors recommend that polio survivors follow standard healthy lifestyle practices: consuming a well-balanced diet, exercising judiciously (preferably under the supervision of an experienced health professional), and visiting a doctor regularly.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Post-Polio Syndrome ? ### Response: PPS is a very slowly progressing condition marked by long periods of stability. The severity of PPS depends on the degree of the residual weakness and disability an individual has after the original polio attack. People who had only minimal symptoms from the original attack and subsequently develop PPS will most likely experience only mild PPS symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Post-Polio Syndrome ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research related to PPS in laboratories at the NIH, and also support additional PPS research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Absence of the Septum Pellucidum ? ### Response: The septum pellucidum (SP) is a thin membrane located at the midline of the brain between the two cerebral hemispheres, or halves of the brain.. It is connected to the corpus callosum -- a collection of nerve fibers that connect the cerebral hemispherers. This rare abnormality accompanies various malformations of the brain that affect intelligence, behavior, and the neurodevelopmental process, and seizures may occur.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Absence of the Septum Pellucidum ? ### Response: The septum pellucidum (SP) is a thin membrane located at the midline of the brain between the two cerebral hemispheres, or halves of the brain.. It is connected to the corpus callosum -- a collection of nerve fibers that connect the cerebral hemispherers. This rare abnormality accompanies various malformations of the brain that affect intelligence, behavior, and the neurodevelopmental process, and seizures may occur.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Absence of the Septum Pellucidum ? ### Response: The septum pellucidum (SP) is a thin membrane located at the midline of the brain between the two cerebral hemispheres, or halves of the brain.. It is connected to the corpus callosum -- a collection of nerve fibers that connect the cerebral hemispherers. This rare abnormality accompanies various malformations of the brain that affect intelligence, behavior, and the neurodevelopmental process, and seizures may occur.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Absence of the Septum Pellucidum ? ### Response: The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system ad to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. The NINDS conducts and supports a wide range of studies that explore the complex mechanisms of normal brain development.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Peripheral Neuropathy ? ### Response: Peripheral neuropathy describes damage to the peripheral nervous system, which transmits information from the brain and spinal cord to every other part of the body. More than 100 types of peripheral neuropathy have been identified, each with its own characteristic set of symptoms, pattern of development, and prognosis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Peripheral Neuropathy ? ### Response: No medical treatments exist that can cure inherited peripheral neuropathy. However, there are therapies for many other forms. In general, adopting healthy habits -- such as maintaining optimal weight, avoiding exposure to toxins, following a physician-supervised exercise program, eating a balanced diet, correcting vitamin deficiencies, and limiting or avoiding alcohol consumption -- can reduce the physical and emotional effects of peripheral neuropathy.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Peripheral Neuropathy ? ### Response: In acute neuropathies, such as Guillain-Barr syndrome, symptoms appear suddenly, progress rapidly, and resolve slowly as damaged nerves heal. In chronic forms, symptoms begin subtly and progress slowly. Some people may have periods of relief followed by relapse.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Peripheral Neuropathy ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conduct research related to peripheral neuropathies in laboratories at the NIH and also support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Microcephaly ? ### Response: Microcephaly is a medical condition in which the circumference of the head is smaller than normal because the brain has not developed properly or has stopped growing. Microcephaly can be present at birth or it may develop in the first few years of life. It is most often caused by genetic abnormalities that interfere with the growth of the cerebral cortex during the early months of fetal development.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Microcephaly ? ### Response: There is no treatment for microcephaly that can return a childs head to a normal size or shape. Treatment focuses on ways to decrease the impact of the associated deformities and neurological disabilities. Children with microcephaly and developmental delays are usually evaluated by a pediatric neurologist and followed by a medical management team.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Microcephaly ? ### Response: Some children with microcephaly will have normal intelligence and a head that will grow bigger, but they may track below the normal growth curves for head circumference. Some children may have only mild disability, while those with more severe cases may face significant learning disabilities, cognitive delays, or develop other neurological disorders.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Microcephaly ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), one of several institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), conducts and funds research aimed at understanding normal brain development, as well as disease-related disorders of the brain and nervous system.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Erb-Duchenne and Dejerine-Klumpke Palsies ? ### Response: The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that conducts signals from the spine to the shoulder, arm, and hand. Brachial plexus injuries are caused by damage to those nerves. Erb-Duchenne (Erb's) palsy refers to paralysis of the upper brachial plexus. Dejerine-Klumpke (Klumpke's) palsy refers to paralysis of the lower brachial plexus.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Erb-Duchenne and Dejerine-Klumpke Palsies ? ### Response: The site and type of brachial plexus injury determines the prognosis. For avulsion and rupture injuries, there is no potential for recovery unless surgical reconnection is made in a timely manner. The potential for recovery varies for neuroma and neuropraxia injuries.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Erb-Duchenne and Dejerine-Klumpke Palsies ? ### Response: The site and type of brachial plexus injury determines the prognosis. For avulsion and rupture injuries, there is no potential for recovery unless surgical reconnection is made in a timely manner. The potential for recovery varies for neuroma and neuropraxia injuries.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Dementia With Lewy Bodies ? ### Response: Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is one of the most common types of progressive dementia. The central features of DLB include progressive cognitive decline, fluctuations in alertness and attention, visual hallucinations, and parkinsonian motor symptoms, such as slowness of movement, difficulty walking, or rigidity.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Dementia With Lewy Bodies ? ### Response: There is no cure for DLB. Treatments are aimed at controlling the cognitive, psychiatric, and motor symptoms of the disorder. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil and rivastigmine, are primarily used to treat the cognitive symptoms of DLB, but they may also be of some benefit in reducing the psychiatric and motor symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Dementia With Lewy Bodies ? ### Response: Like Alzheimers disease and Parkinsons disease, DLB is a neurodegenerative disorder that results in progressive intellectual and functional deterioration. There are no known therapies to stop or slow the progression of DLB. Average survival after the time of diagnosis is similar to that in Alzheimers disease, about 8 years, with progressively increasing disability.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Dementia With Lewy Bodies ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and other institutes of the National Institutes of Health conduct research related to DLB in laboratories at the NIH and support additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Encephalitis Lethargica ? ### Response: Encephalitis lethargica is a disease characterized by high fever, headache, double vision, delayed physical and mental response, and lethargy. In acute cases, patients may enter coma. Patients may also experience abnormal eye movements, upper body weakness, muscular pains, tremors, neck rigidity, and behavioral changes including psychosis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Encephalitis Lethargica ? ### Response: Encephalitis lethargica is a disease characterized by high fever, headache, double vision, delayed physical and mental response, and lethargy. In acute cases, patients may enter coma. Patients may also experience abnormal eye movements, upper body weakness, muscular pains, tremors, neck rigidity, and behavioral changes including psychosis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Encephalitis Lethargica ? ### Response: Encephalitis lethargica is a disease characterized by high fever, headache, double vision, delayed physical and mental response, and lethargy. In acute cases, patients may enter coma. Patients may also experience abnormal eye movements, upper body weakness, muscular pains, tremors, neck rigidity, and behavioral changes including psychosis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Encephalitis Lethargica ? ### Response: Encephalitis lethargica is a disease characterized by high fever, headache, double vision, delayed physical and mental response, and lethargy. In acute cases, patients may enter coma. Patients may also experience abnormal eye movements, upper body weakness, muscular pains, tremors, neck rigidity, and behavioral changes including psychosis.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Cephalic Disorders ? ### Response: Cephalic disorders are congenital conditions that stem from damage to or abnormal development of the budding nervous system. Most cephalic disorders are caused by a disturbance that occurs very early in the development of the fetal nervous system. Damage to the developing nervous system is a major cause of chronic, disabling disorders, and sometimes death in infants, children, and even adults.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Cephalic Disorders ? ### Response: Cephalic disorders are congenital conditions that stem from damage to or abnormal development of the budding nervous system. Most cephalic disorders are caused by a disturbance that occurs very early in the development of the fetal nervous system. Damage to the developing nervous system is a major cause of chronic, disabling disorders, and sometimes death in infants, children, and even adults.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Cephalic Disorders ? ### Response: The degree to which damage to the developing nervous system harms the mind and body varies enormously. Many disabilities are mild enough to allow those afflicted to eventually function independently in society. Others are not. Some infants, children, and adults die; others remain totally disabled; and an even larger population is partially disabled, functioning well below normal capacity.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Cephalic Disorders ? ### Response: Scientists are rapidly learning how harmful insults, a critical nutritional deficiency, or exposure to an environmental insult at various stages of pregnancy can lead to developmental disorders. Research projects currently underway include a study to evaluate increased risk of neural tube defects and various other congenital malformations in association with environmental and occupational exposure to pesticides.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Multi-Infarct Dementia ? ### Response: Multi-infarct dementia (MID) is a common cause of memory loss in the elderly. MID is caused by multiple strokes (disruption of blood flow to the brain). Disruption of blood flow leads to damaged brain tissue. Some of these strokes may occur without noticeable clinical symptoms.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Multi-Infarct Dementia ? ### Response: There is no treatment available to reverse brain damage that has been caused by a stroke. Treatment focuses on preventing future strokes by controlling or avoiding the diseases and medical conditions that put people at high risk for stroke: high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, and cardiovascular disease.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Multi-Infarct Dementia ? ### Response: The prognosis for individuals with MID is generally poor. The symptoms of the disorder may begin suddenly, often in a step-wise pattern after each small stroke. Some people with MID may even appear to improve for short periods of time, then decline after having more silent strokes.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Multi-Infarct Dementia ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research related to MID in its laboratories at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and also supports additional research through grants to major medical institutions across the country.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Febrile Seizures ? ### Response: Febrile seizures are convulsions or seizures in infants or small children that are brought on by a fever. Most often during a febrile seizure, a child loses consciousness and shakes uncontrollably. Less commonly, a child becomes rigid or has twitches in only a portion of the body.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Febrile Seizures ? ### Response: A child who has a febrile seizure usually doesn't need to be hospitalized. If the seizure is prolonged or is accompanied by a serious infection, or if the source of the infection cannot be determined, a doctor may recommend that the child be hospitalized for observation.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Febrile Seizures ? ### Response: The vast majority of febrile seizures are short and harmless. There is no evidence that short febrile seizures cause brain damage. Multiple or prolonged seizures are a risk factor for epilepsy but most children who experience febrile seizures do not go on to develop the reoccurring seizures that re characteristic of epilepsy.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Febrile Seizures ? ### Response: The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) conducts research on seizures at its research center in Bethesda, Maryland, and through grants to major medical institutions across the country. NINDS-supported scientists are exploring environmental, biological, and genetic risk factors that might make children susceptible to febrile seizures.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus ? ### Response: Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain's ventricles, or cavities. It occurs if the normal flow of CSF throughout the brain and spinal cord is blocked in some way. This causes the ventricles to enlarge, putting pressure on the brain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus ? ### Response: Treatment for NPH involves surgical placement of a shunt in the brain to drain excess CSF into the abdomen where it can be absorbed as part of the normal circulatory process. This allows the brain ventricles to return to their normal size. Regular follow-up care by a physician is important in order to identify subtle changes that might indicate problems with the shunt.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus ? ### Response: The symptoms of NPH usually get worse over time if the condition is not treated, although some people may experience temporary improvements. While the success of treatment with shunts varies from person to person, some people recover almost completely after treatment and have a good quality of life.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus ? ### Response: The NINDS conducts and supports research on neurological disorders, including normal pressure hydrocephalus. Research on disorders such as normal pressure hydrocephalus focuses on increasing knowledge and understanding of the disorder, improving diagnostic techniques and neuroimaging, and finding improved treatments and preventions.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Miller Fisher Syndrome ? ### Response: Miller Fisher syndrome is a rare, acquired nerve disease that is considered to be a variant of Guillain-Barr syndrome. It is characterized by abnormal muscle coordination, paralysis of the eye muscles, and absence of the tendon reflexes. Like Guillain-Barr syndrome, symptoms may be preceded by a viral illness.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Miller Fisher Syndrome ? ### Response: Miller Fisher syndrome is a rare, acquired nerve disease that is considered to be a variant of Guillain-Barr syndrome. It is characterized by abnormal muscle coordination, paralysis of the eye muscles, and absence of the tendon reflexes. Like Guillain-Barr syndrome, symptoms may be preceded by a viral illness.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Miller Fisher Syndrome ? ### Response: The prognosis for most individuals with Miller Fisher syndrome is good. In most cases, recovery begins within 2 to 4 weeks of the onset of symptoms, and may be almost complete within 6 months. Some individuals are left with residual deficits. Relapses may occur rarely (in less than 3 percent of cases).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Miller Fisher Syndrome ? ### Response: The prognosis for most individuals with Miller Fisher syndrome is good. In most cases, recovery begins within 2 to 4 weeks of the onset of symptoms, and may be almost complete within 6 months. Some individuals are left with residual deficits. Relapses may occur rarely (in less than 3 percent of cases).

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Chronic Pain ? ### Response: While acute pain is a normal sensation triggered in the nervous system to alert you to possible injury and the need to take care of yourself, chronic pain is different. Chronic pain persists. Pain signals keep firing in the nervous system for weeks, months, even years.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What are the treatments for Chronic Pain ? ### Response: Medications, acupuncture, local electrical stimulation, and brain stimulation, as well as surgery, are some treatments for chronic pain. Some physicians use placebos, which in some cases has resulted in a lessening or elimination of pain. Psychotherapy, relaxation and medication therapies, biofeedback, and behavior modification may also be employed to treat chronic pain.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is the outlook for Chronic Pain ? ### Response: Many people with chronic pain can be helped if they understand all the causes of pain and the many and varied steps that can be taken to undo what chronic pain has done. Scientists believe that advances in neuroscience will lead to more and better treatments for chronic pain in the years to come.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: what research (or clinical trials) is being done for Chronic Pain ? ### Response: Clinical investigators have tested chronic pain patients and found that they often have lower-than-normal levels of endorphins in their spinal fluid. Investigations of acupuncture include wiring the needles to stimulate nerve endings electrically (electroacupuncture), which some researchers believe activates endorphin systems.

Below is an instruction from Human. Write a response. ### Instruction: What is (are) Adrenoleukodystrophy ? ### Response: X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is one of a group of genetic disorders called the leukodystrophies that cause damage to the myelin sheath, an insulating membrane that surrounds nerve cells in the brain. Women have two X chromosomes and are the carriers of the disease, but since men only have one X chromosome and lack the protective effect of the extra X chromosome, they are more severely affected.