Datasets:

theojiang

/

hotpot-mldr-sentence-level-search-v2-32_64

like 0

Events Pre-1600 421 – Italian city Venice is founded with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo di Rialto on the islet of Rialto. 708 – Pope Constantine becomes the 88th pope. He would be the last pope to visit Constantinople until 1967. 717 – Theodosius III resigns the throne to the Byzantine Empire to enter the clergy. 919 – Romanos Lekapenos seizes the Boukoleon Palace in Constantinople and becomes regent of the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII. 1000 – Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah assassinates the eunuch chief minister Barjawan and assumes control of the government. 1306 – Robert the Bruce becomes King of Scots (Scotland). 1409 – The Council of Pisa convenes, in an attempt to heal the Western Schism. 1519 – Hernando Cortes, entering province of Tabasco, defeats Tabascan Indians. 1576 – Jerome Savage takes out a sub-lease to start the Newington Butts Theatre outside London. 1584 – Sir Walter Raleigh is granted a patent to colonize Virginia. 1601–1900 1655 – Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christiaan Huygens. 1708 – A French fleet anchors nears Fife Ness as part of the planned French invasion of Britain. 1802 – The Treaty of Amiens is signed as a "Definitive Treaty of Peace" between France and the United Kingdom. 1807 – The Swansea and Mumbles Railway, then known as the Oystermouth Railway, becomes the first passenger-carrying railway in the world. 1811 – Percy Bysshe Shelley is expelled from the University of Oxford for publishing the pamphlet The Necessity of Atheism. 1821 – Traditional date of the start of the Greek War of Independence. The war had actually begun on 23 February 1821 (Julian calendar). 1845 – New Zealand Legislative Council pass the first Militia Act constituting the New Zealand Army. 1865 – American Civil War: In Virginia, Confederate forces temporarily capture Fort Stedman from the Union. 1894 – Coxey's Army, the first significant American protest march, departs Massillon, Ohio for Washington, D.C. 1901–present 1911 – In New York City, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire kills 146 garment workers. 1911 – Andrey Yushchinsky is murdered in Kiev, leading to the Beilis affair. 1917 – The Georgian Orthodox Church restores its autocephaly abolished by Imperial Russia in 1811. 1918 – The Belarusian People's Republic is established. 1924 – On the anniversary of Greek Independence, Alexandros Papanastasiou proclaims the Second Hellenic Republic. 1931 – The Scottsboro Boys are arrested in Alabama and charged with rape. 1941 – The Kingdom of Yugoslavia joins the Axis powers with the signing of the Tripartite Pact. 1947 – An explosion in a coal mine in Centralia, Illinois kills 111. 1948 – The first successful tornado forecast predicts that a tornado will strike Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma. 1949 – More than 92,000 kulaks are suddenly deported from the Baltic states to Siberia. 1957 – United States Customs seizes copies of Allen Ginsberg's poem "Howl" on obscenity grounds. 1957 – The European Economic Community is established with West Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg as the first members. 1965 – Civil rights activists led by Martin Luther King Jr. successfully complete their 4-day 50-mile march from Selma to the capitol in Montgomery, Alabama. 1971 – The Army of the Republic of Vietnam abandon an attempt to cut off the Ho Chi Minh trail in Laos. 1975 – Faisal of Saudi Arabia is shot and killed by a mentally ill nephew. 1979 – The first fully functional Space Shuttle orbiter, Columbia, is delivered to the John F. Kennedy Space Center to be prepared for its first launch. 1988 – The Candle demonstration in Bratislava is the first mass demonstration of the 1980s against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia. 1995 – WikiWikiWeb, the world's first wiki, and part of the Portland Pattern Repository, is made public by Ward Cunningham. 1996 – The European Union's Veterinarian Committee bans the export of British beef and its by-products as a result of mad cow disease (Bovine spongiform encephalopathy). 2006 – Capitol Hill massacre: A gunman kills six people before taking his own life at a party in Seattle's Capitol Hill neighborhood. 2006 – Protesters demanding a new election in Belarus, following the rigged 2006 Belarusian presidential election, clash with riot police. Opposition leader Aleksander Kozulin is among several protesters arrested. 2018 – Syrian civil war: Following the completion of the Afrin offensive, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) initiate an insurgency against the Turkish occupation of the Afrin District. Births Pre-1600 1252 – Conradin, Duke of Swabia (d. 1268) 1259 – Andronikos II Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1332) 1297 – Andronikos III Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1341) 1297 – Arnošt of Pardubice, the first Bohemian archbishop (d. 1364) 1345 – Blanche of Lancaster (d. 1369) 1347 – Catherine of Siena, Italian philosopher, theologian, and saint (d. 1380) 1404 – John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, English military leader (d. 1444) 1414 – Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford, English noble (d. 1455) 1434 – Eustochia Smeralda Calafato, Italian saint (d. 1485) 1479 – Vasili III of Russia (d. 1533) 1491 – Marie d'Albret, Countess of Rethel (d. 1549) 1510 – Guillaume Postel, French linguist (d. 1581) 1538 – Christopher Clavius, German mathematician and astronomer (d. 1612) 1541 – Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1587) 1545 – John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg (d. 1622) 1546 – Giacomo Castelvetro, Italian writer (d. 1616) 1593 – Jean de Brébeuf, French-Canadian missionary and saint (d. 1649) 1601–1900 1611 – Evliya Çelebi, Ottoman Turk traveller and writer (d. 1682) 1636 – Henric Piccardt, Dutch lawyer (d. 1712) 1643 – Louis Moréri, French priest and scholar (d. 1680) 1661 – Paul de Rapin, French soldier and historian (d. 1725) 1699 – Johann Adolph Hasse, German singer and composer (d. 1783) 1741 – Jean-Antoine Houdon, French sculptor and educator (d. 1828) 1745 – John Barry, American naval officer and father of the American navy (d. 1803) 1767 – Joachim Murat, French general (d. 1815) 1782 – Caroline Bonaparte, French daughter of Carlo Buonaparte (d. 1839) 1800 – Ernst Heinrich Karl von Dechen, German geologist and academic (d. 1889) 1808 – José de Espronceda, Spanish poet and author (d. 1842) 1824 – Clinton L. Merriam, American banker and politician (d. 1900) 1840 – Myles Keogh, Irish-American colonel (d. 1876) 1863 – Simon Flexner, American physician and academic (d. 1946) 1867 – Gutzon Borglum, American sculptor, designed Mount Rushmore (d. 1941) 1867 – Arturo Toscanini, Italian-American cellist and conductor (d. 1957) 1868 – Bill Lockwood, English cricketer (d. 1932) 1871 – Louis Perrée, French fencer (d. 1924) 1872 – Horatio Nelson Jackson, American race car driver and physician (d. 1955) 1873 – Rudolf Rocker, German-American author and activist (d. 1958) 1874 – Selim Sırrı Tarcan, Turkish educator and politician (d. 1957) 1876 – Irving Baxter, American high jumper and pole vaulter (d. 1957) 1877 – Walter Little, Canadian politician (d. 1961) 1878 – František Janda-Suk, Czech discus thrower and shot putter (d. 1955) 1879 – Amedee Reyburn, American swimmer and water polo player (d. 1920) 1881 – Béla Bartók, Hungarian pianist and composer (d. 1945) 1881 – Patrick Henry Bruce, American painter and educator (d. 1936) 1881 – Mary Webb, English author and poet (d. 1927) 1893 – Johannes Villemson, Estonian runner (d. 1971) 1895 – Siegfried Handloser, German general and physician (d. 1954) 1885 – Jimmy Seed, English international footballer and manager (d. 1966) 1897 – Leslie Averill, New Zealand doctor and soldier (d. 1981) 1899 – François Rozet, French-Canadian actor (d. 1994) 1901–present 1901 – Ed Begley, American actor (d. 1970) 1903 – Binnie Barnes, English-American actress (d. 1998) 1903 – Frankie Carle, American pianist and bandleader (d. 2001) 1903 – Nahum Norbert Glatzer, Ukrainian-American theologian and scholar (d. 1990) 1904 – Pete Johnson, American boogie-woogie and jazz pianist (d. 1967) 1905 – Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim, German colonel (d. 1944) 1906 – Jean Sablon, French singer and actor (d. 1994) 1906 – A. J. P. Taylor, English historian and academic (d. 1990) 1908 – David Lean, English director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1991) 1910 – Magda Olivero, Italian soprano (d. 2014) 1910 – Benzion Netanyahu, Polish-Israeli historian and academic (d. 2012) 1912 – Melita Norwood, English civil servant and spy (d. 2005) 1912 – Jean Vilar, French actor and director (d. 1971) 1913 – Reo Stakis, Cypriot-Scottish businessman, founded Stakis Hotels (d. 2001) 1914 – Norman Borlaug, American agronomist and humanitarian, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2009) 1915 – Dorothy Squires, Welsh singer (d. 1998) 1916 – S. M. Pandit, Indian painter and educator (d. 1993) 1918 – Howard Cosell, American soldier, journalist, and author (d. 1995) 1920 – Paul Scott, English author, poet, and playwright (d. 1978) 1920 – Patrick Troughton, English actor (d. 1987) 1920 – Usha Mehta, Gandhian and freedom fighter of India (d. 2000) 1921 – Nancy Kelly, American actress (d. 1995) 1921 – Simone Signoret, French actress (d. 1985) 1921 – Alexandra of Yugoslavia, the last Queen of Yugoslavia (d. 1993) 1922 – Eileen Ford, American businesswoman, co-founded Ford Models (d. 2014) 1923 – Bonnie Guitar, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2019) 1923 – Wim van Est, Dutch cyclist (d. 2003) 1924 – Roberts Blossom, American actor (d. 2011) 1924 – Machiko Kyō, Japanese actress (d. 2019) 1925 – Flannery O'Connor, American short story writer and novelist (d. 1964) 1925 – Anthony Quinton, Baron Quinton, English physician and philosopher (d. 2010) 1925 – Kishori Sinha, Indian politician, social activist and advocate (d. 2016) 1926 – Riz Ortolani, Italian composer and conductor (d. 2014) 1926 – László Papp, Hungarian boxer (d. 2003) 1926 – Shirley Jean Rickert, American actress (d. 2009) 1926 – Jaime Sabines, Mexican poet and politician (d. 1999) 1926 – Gene Shalit, American journalist and critic 1927 – P. Shanmugam, Indian politician, 13th Chief Minister of Puducherry (d. 2013) 1928 – Jim Lovell, American captain, pilot, and astronaut 1928 – Gunnar Nielsen, Danish runner and typographer (d. 1985) 1928 – Peter O'Brien, Australian rugby league player (d. 2016) 1928 – Hans Steinbrenner, German sculptor (d. 2008) 1929 – Cecil Taylor, American pianist and composer (d. 2018) 1930 – David Burge, American pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 2013) 1930 – Carlo Mauri, Italian mountaineer and explorer (d. 1982) 1930 – Rudy Minarcin, American baseball player and coach (d. 2013) 1931 – Humphrey Burton, English radio and television host 1932 – Penelope Gilliatt, English novelist, short story writer, and critic (d. 1993) 1932 – Wes Santee, American runner (d. 2010) 1934 – Johnny Burnette, American singer-songwriter (d. 1964) 1934 – Bernard King, Australian actor and chef (d. 2002) 1934 – Karlheinz Schreiber, German-Canadian businessman 1934 – Gloria Steinem, American feminist activist, co-founded the Women's Media Center 1935 – Gabriel Elorde, Filipino boxer (d. 1985) 1936 – Carl Kaufmann, American-German sprinter (d. 2008) 1937 – Tom Monaghan, American businessman, founded Domino's Pizza 1938 – Hoyt Axton, American singer-songwriter and actor (d. 1999) 1938 – Daniel Buren, French sculptor and painter 1938 – Fritz d'Orey, Brazilian racing driver (d. 2020) 1939 – Toni Cade Bambara, American author, academic, and activist (d. 1995) 1939 – D. C. Fontana, American screenwriter and producer (d. 2019) 1941 – Gudmund Hernes, Norwegian sociologist and politician, Norwegian Minister of Education and Research 1942 – Aretha Franklin, American singer-songwriter and pianist (d. 2018) 1942 – Richard O'Brien, English actor and screenwriter 1942 – Kim Woodburn, English television host 1943 – Paul Michael Glaser, American actor and director 1945 – Leila Diniz, Brazilian actress (d. 1972) 1946 – Cliff Balsom, English footballer 1946 – Daniel Bensaïd, French philosopher and author (d. 2010) 1946 – Stephen Hunter, American author and critic 1946 – Maurice Krafft, French volcanologist (d. 1991) 1947 – Richard Cork, English historian and critic 1947 – Elton John, English singer-songwriter, pianist, producer, and actor 1948 – Bonnie Bedelia, American actress 1948 – Michael Stanley, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2021) 1949 – Ronnie Flanagan, Northern Irish Chief Constable (Royal Irish Constabulary, Police Service of Northern Ireland) 1949 – Sue Klebold, American activist 1950 – Chuck Greenberg, American saxophonist, songwriter, and producer (d. 1995) 1950 – Ronnie McDowell, American singer-songwriter 1950 – David Paquette, American-New Zealander pianist 1951 – Jumbo Tsuruta, Japanese wrestler (d. 2000) 1952 – Stephen Dorrell, English soldier and politician, Secretary of State for Health 1952 – Antanas Mockus, Colombian mathematician, philosopher, and politician, Mayor of Bogotá 1953 – Robert Fox, English producer and manager 1953 – Vesna Pusić, Croatian sociologist and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Croatia 1953 – Haroon Rasheed, Pakistani cricketer and coach 1954 – Thom Loverro, American journalist and author 1955 – Daniel Boulud, French chef and author 1955 – Lee Mazzilli, American baseball player, coach, and manager 1957 – Christina Boxer, English runner and journalist 1957 – Jonathan Michie, English economist and academic 1957 – Aleksandr Puchkov, Russian hurdler 1957 – Jim Uhls, American screenwriter and producer 1958 – Susie Bright, American journalist, author, and critic 1958 – Lorna Brown, Canadian artist, curator, and writer 1958 – Sisy Chen, Taiwanese journalist and politician 1958 – María Caridad Colón, Cuban javelin thrower and shot putter 1958 – John Ensign, American physician and politician 1958 – Ray Tanner, American baseball player and coach 1958 – Åsa Torstensson, Swedish politician, 3rd Swedish Minister for Infrastructure 1960 – Steve Norman, English saxophonist, songwriter, and producer 1960 – Peter O'Brien, Australian actor 1960 – Brenda Strong, American actress 1961 – Mark Brooks, American golfer 1962 – Marcia Cross, American actress 1962 – David Nuttall, English lawyer and politician 1963 – Karen Bruce, English dancer and choreographer 1963 – Velle Kadalipp, Estonian architect 1963 – Andrew O'Connor, British actor, comedian, magician, television presenter and executive producer 1964 – René Meulensteen, Dutch footballer and coach 1964 – Ken Wregget, Canadian ice hockey player 1964 – Norm Duke, American bowler 1965 – Avery Johnson, American basketball player and coach 1965 – Stefka Kostadinova, Bulgarian high jumper 1965 – Sarah Jessica Parker, American actress, producer, and designer 1966 – Tom Glavine, American baseball player 1966 – Humberto Gonzalez, Mexican boxer 1966 – Jeff Healey, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2008) 1966 – Anton Rogan, Northern Irish footballer 1967 – Matthew Barney, American sculptor and photographer 1967 – Doug Stanhope, American comedian and actor 1967 – Debi Thomas, American figure skater and physician 1969 – George Chlitsios, Greek conductor and composer 1969 – Dale Davis, American basketball player 1969 – Cathy Dennis, English singer-songwriter, record producer and actress 1969 – Jeffrey Walker, English singer-songwriter and bass player 1970 – Magnus Larsson, Swedish golfer 1971 – Stacy Dragila, American pole vaulter and coach 1971 – Cammi Granato, American ice hockey player and sportscaster 1971 – Sheryl Swoopes, American basketball player and coach 1972 – Naftali Bennett, Israeli politician, 13th Prime Minister of Israel 1972 – Giniel de Villiers, South African racing driver 1972 – Phil O'Donnell, Scottish footballer (d. 2007) 1973 – Michaela Dorfmeister, Austrian skier 1973 – Anders Fridén, Swedish singer-songwriter and producer 1973 – Bob Sura, American basketball player 1974 – Serge Betsen, Cameroonian-French rugby player 1974 – Lark Voorhies, American actress and singer 1975 – Ladislav Benýšek, Czech ice hockey player 1975 – Melanie Blatt, English singer-songwriter and actress 1975 – Erika Heynatz, Papua New Guinean-Australian model and actress 1976 – Francie Bellew, Irish footballer 1976 – Lars Figura, German sprinter 1976 – Wladimir Klitschko, Ukrainian boxer 1976 – Rima Wakarua, New Zealand-Italian rugby player 1977 – Natalie Clein, English cellist and educator 1977 – Andrew Lindsay, Scottish rower 1978 – Gennaro Delvecchio, Italian footballer 1979 – Muriel Hurtis-Houairi, French sprinter 1980 – Kathrine Sørland, Norwegian fashion model and television presenter 1981 – Casey Neistat, American YouTube personality, filmmaker, and entrepreneur 1982 – Danica Patrick, American race car driver 1982 – Álvaro Saborío, Costa Rican footballer 1982 – Jenny Slate, American comedian, actress and author 1983 – Mickaël Hanany, French high jumper 1984 – Katharine McPhee, American singer-songwriter and actress 1984 – Liam Messam, New Zealand rugby player 1985 – Carmen Rasmusen, Canadian-American singer-songwriter and actress 1985 – Diana Rennik, Estonian figure skater 1986 – Marco Belinelli, Italian basketball player 1986 – Megan Gibson, American softball player 1986 – Kyle Lowry, American basketball player 1986 – Mickey Paea, Australian rugby league player 1987 – Jacob Bagersted, Danish handball player 1987 – Victor Obinna, Nigerian footballer 1987 – Nobunari Oda, Japanese figure skater 1988 – Big Sean, American rapper, singer and songwriter 1988 – Ryan Lewis, American music producer 1988 – Mitchell Watt, Australian long jumper 1988 – Arthur Zeiler, German rugby player 1989 – Aly Michalka, American singer-songwriter and guitarist 1989 – Scott Sinclair, English footballer 1990 – Mehmet Ekici, Turkish footballer 1990 – Alexander Esswein, German footballer 1991 – Scott Malone, English footballer 1992 – Meg Lanning, Australian cricketer 1993 – Jacob Gagan, Australian rugby league player 1993 – Sam Johnstone, English footballer 1994 – Justine Dufour-Lapointe, Canadian skier Deaths Pre-1600 908 – Li Kening, Chinese general 940 – Taira no Masakado, Japanese samurai 990 – Nicodemus of Mammola, Italian monk and saint 1005 – Kenneth III, king of Scotland 1051 – Hugh IV, French nobleman 1189 – Frederick, duke of Bohemia 1223 – Alfonso II, king of Portugal (b. 1185) 1351 – Kō no Moronao, Japanese samurai 1351 – Kō no Moroyasu, Japanese samurai 1392 – Hosokawa Yoriyuki, Japanese samurai 1458 – Íñigo López de Mendoza, 1st Marquis of Santillana, Spanish poet and politician (b. 1398) 1558 – Marcos de Niza, French friar and explorer (b. 1495) 1601–1900 1603 – Ikoma Chikamasa, Japanese daimyō (b. 1526) 1609 – Olaus Martini, Swedish archbishop (b. 1557) 1609 – Isabelle de Limeuil, French noble (b. 1535) 1620 – Johannes Nucius, German composer and theorist (b. 1556) 1625 – Giambattista Marino, Italian poet and author (b. 1569) 1658 – Herman IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg, German nobleman (b. 1607) 1677 – Wenceslaus Hollar, Czech-English painter and etcher (b. 1607) 1701 – Jean Regnault de Segrais, French poet and novelist (b. 1624) 1712 – Nehemiah Grew, English anatomist and physiologist (b. 1641) 1732 – Lucy Filippini, Italian teacher and saint (b. 1672) 1736 – Nicholas Hawksmoor, English architect, designed Easton Neston and Christ Church (b. 1661) 1738 – Turlough O'Carolan, Irish harp player and composer (b. 1670) 1801 – Novalis, German poet and author (b. 1772) 1818 – Caspar Wessel, Norwegian-Danish mathematician and cartographer (b. 1745) 1857 – William Colgate, English-American businessman and philanthropist, founded Colgate-Palmolive (b. 1783) 1860 – James Braid, Scottish-English surgeon (b. 1795) 1869 – Edward Bates, American politician and lawyer (b. 1793) 1873 – Wilhelm Marstrand, Danish painter and illustrator (b. 1810) 1901–present 1907 – Ernst von Bergmann, Latvian-German surgeon and academic (b. 1836) 1908 – Durham Stevens, American diplomat (b. 1851) 1914 – Frédéric Mistral, French lexicographer and poet, 1904 Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1830) 1917 – Elizabeth Storrs Mead, American academic (b. 1832) 1918 – Claude Debussy, French composer (b. 1862) 1918 – Peter Martin, Australian footballer and soldier (b. 1875) 1927 – Marie-Alphonsine Danil Ghattas, Palestinian Roman Catholic nun; later canonized (b. 1843) 1931 – Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi, Indian journalist and politician (b. 1890) 1931 – Ida B. Wells, American journalist and activist (b. 1862) 1932 – Harriet Backer, Norwegian painter (b.1845) 1942 – William Carr, American rower (b. 1876) 1951 – Eddie Collins, American baseball player and manager (b. 1887) 1956 – Lou Moore, American race car driver (b. 1904) 1956 – Robert Newton, English actor (b. 1905) 1958 – Tom Brown, American trombonist (b. 1888) 1964 – Charles Benjamin Howard, Canadian businessman and politician (b. 1885) 1965 – Viola Liuzzo, American civil rights activist (b. 1925) 1969 – Billy Cotton, English singer, drummer, and bandleader (b. 1899) 1969 – Max Eastman, American poet and activist (b. 1883) 1973 – Jakob Sildnik, Estonian photographer and director (b. 1883) 1973 – Edward Steichen, Luxembourgian-American photographer, painter, and curator (b. 1879) 1975 – Juan Gaudino, Argentinian race car driver (b. 1893) 1975 – Faisal of Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabian king (b. 1906) 1975 – Deiva Zivarattinam, Indian lawyer and politician (b. 1894) 1976 – Josef Albers, German-American painter and educator (b. 1888) 1976 – Benjamin Miessner, American radio engineer and inventor (b. 1890) 1978 – Thomas Woodrooffe, 79, British naval officer and radio commentator 1979 – Robert Madgwick, Australian colonel and academic (b. 1905) 1979 – Akinoumi Setsuo, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 37th Yokozuna (b. 1914) 1980 – Milton H. Erickson, American psychiatrist and psychologist (b. 1901) 1980 – Walter Susskind, Czech-English conductor and educator (b. 1913) 1982 – Goodman Ace, American comedian and writer (b. 1899) 1983 – Bob Waterfield, American football player and coach (b. 1920) 1986 – Gloria Blondell, American actress (b. 1910) 1987 – A. W. Mailvaganam, Sri Lankan physicist and academic (b. 1906) 1988 – Robert Joffrey, American dancer, choreographer, and director, co-founded the Joffrey Ballet (b. 1930) 1991 – Marcel Lefebvre, French-Swiss archbishop (b. 1905) 1992 – Nancy Walker, American actress, singer, and director (b. 1922) 1994 – Angelines Fernández, Spanish-Mexican actress (b. 1922) 1994 – Bernard Kangro, Estonian poet and journalist (b. 1910) 1994 – Max Petitpierre, Swiss jurist and politician (b. 1899) 1995 – James Samuel Coleman, American sociologist and academic (b. 1926) 1995 – John Hugenholtz, Dutch engineer (b. 1914) 1998 – Max Green, Australian lawyer (b. 1952) 1998 – Steven Schiff, American lawyer and politician (b. 1947) 1999 – Cal Ripken, Sr., American baseball player, coach, and manager (b. 1936) 2000 – Helen Martin, American actress (b. 1909) 2001 – Brian Trubshaw, English cricketer and pilot (b. 1924) 2002 – Kenneth Wolstenholme, English journalist and sportscaster (b. 1920) 2005 – Paul Henning, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1911) 2006 – Bob Carlos Clarke, Irish photographer (b. 1950) 2006 – Rocío Dúrcal, Spanish singer and actress (b. 1944) 2006 – Richard Fleischer, American film director (b. 1916) 2006 – Buck Owens, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1929) 2007 – Andranik Margaryan, Armenian engineer and politician, 10th Prime Minister of Armenia (b. 1951) 2008 – Ben Carnevale, American basketball player and coach (b. 1915) 2008 – Thierry Gilardi, French journalist and sportscaster (b. 1958) 2008 – Abby Mann, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1927) 2008 – Herb Peterson, American businessman, created the McMuffin (b. 1919) 2009 – Johnny Blanchard, American baseball player (b. 1933) 2009 – Kosuke Koyama, Japanese-American theologian and academic (b. 1929) 2009 – Dan Seals, American musician (b. 1948) 2009 – Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu, Turkish politician and member of the Parliament of Turkey (b. 1954) 2012 – Priscilla Buckley, American journalist and author (b. 1921) 2012 – Hal E. Chester, American actor, director, and producer (b. 1921) 2012 – John Crosfield, English businessman, founded Crosfield Electronics (b. 1915) 2012 – Edd Gould, English animator and voice actor, founded Eddsworld (b. 1988) 2012 – Antonio Tabucchi, Italian author and academic (b. 1943) 2013 – Léonce Bernard, Canadian politician, 26th Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island (b. 1943) 2013 – Ben Goldfaden, American basketball player and educator (b. 1913) 2013 – Anthony Lewis, American journalist and academic (b. 1927) 2013 – Jean Pickering, English runner and long jumper (b. 1929) 2013 – Jean-Marc Roberts, French author and screenwriter (b. 1954) 2013 – John F. Wiley, American lieutenant, football player, and coach (b. 1920) 2014 – Lorna Arnold, English historian and author (b. 1915) 2014 – Hank Lauricella, American football player and politician (b. 1930) 2014 – Jon Lord, Canadian businessman and politician (b. 1956) 2014 – Sonny Ruberto, American baseball player, coach, and manager (b. 1946) 2014 – Jonathan Schell, American journalist and author (b. 1943) 2014 – Ralph Wilson, American businessman, founded the Buffalo Bills (b. 1918) 2015 – George Fischbeck, American journalist and educator (b. 1922) 2016 – Shannon Bolin, American actress and singer (b. 1917) 2017 – Cuthbert Sebastian, St. Kitts and Nevis politician (b. 1921) 2018 – Zell Miller, American author and politician (b. 1932) 2019 – Scott Walker, American-born British singer-songwriter (b. 1943) 2019 – Barrie Hole, Welsh footballer (b. 1942) 2020 – Floyd Cardoz, Indian-born American chef (b. 1960) 2021 – Beverly Cleary, American author (b. 1916) Holidays and observances Anniversary of the Arengo and the Feast of the Militants (San Marino) Christian feast days: March 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Christian Saints' days Ælfwold II of Sherborne Barontius and Desiderius Blessed Marie-Alphonsine Danil Ghattas Omelyan Kovch (Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church) Dismas, the "Good Thief" Humbert of Maroilles Quirinus of Tegernsee Cultural Workers Day (Russia) Empress Menen's Birthday (Rastafari) EU Talent Day (European Union) Freedom Day (Belarus) Independence Day, celebrates the start of Greek War of Independence from the Ottoman Empire, in 1821. (Greece) International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade (international) International Day of Solidarity with Detained and Missing Staff Members (United Nations General Assembly) International Day of the Unborn Child (international) Maryland Day (Maryland, United States) Medal of Honor Day (United States) Mother's Day (Slovenia) New Year's Day (Lady Day) in England, Wales, Ireland, and some of the future United States and Canada from 1155 through 1751, until the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 moved it to 1 January (and adopted the Gregorian calendar. (The year 1751 began on 25 March; the year 1752 began on 1 January.) NZ Army Day Quarter day (first of four) in Ireland and England. Struggle for Human Rights Day (Slovakia) Tolkien Reading Day Vårfrudagen or Våffeldagen, "Waffle Day" (Sweden, Norway & Denmark) References External links BBC: On This Day Historical Events on March 25 Today in Canadian History Days of the year March

Ba Louis François Georges Baby b. 1834 first elected in 1872 as Conservative member for Joliette, Quebec. André Bachand b. 1934 first elected in 1980 as Liberal member for Missisquoi, Quebec. André Bachand b. 1961 first elected in 1997 as Progressive Conservative member for Richmond—Arthabaska, Quebec. Claude Bachand b. 1951 first elected in 1993 as Bloc Québécois member for Saint-Jean, Quebec. Taylor Bachrach first elected in 2019 as New Democratic Party member for Skeena—Bulkley Valley, British Columbia. Hubert Badanai b. 1895 first elected in 1958 as Liberal member for Fort William, Ontario. Vance Badawey b. 1964 first elected in 2015 as Liberal member for Niagara Centre, Ontario. Larry Bagnell b. 1949 first elected in 2000 as Liberal member for Yukon, Yukon. Roy Bailey b. 1928 first elected in 1997 as Reform member for Souris—Moose Mountain, Saskatchewan. James William Bain b. 1838 first elected in 1883 as Conservative member for Soulanges, Quebec. Thomas Bain b. 1834 first elected in 1872 as Liberal member for Wentworth North, Ontario. Navdeep Singh Bains b. 1977 first elected in 2004 as Liberal member for Mississauga—Brampton South, Ontario. Parm Bains first elected in 2021 as Liberal member for Steveston—Richmond East, British Columbia. George Frederick Baird b. 1851 first elected in 1887 as Conservative member for Queen's, New Brunswick. John Baird b. 1969 first elected in 2006 as Conservative member for Ottawa West—Nepean Edgar Crow Baker b. 1845 first elected in 1882 as Conservative member for Victoria, British Columbia. George Barnard Baker b. 1834 first elected in 1870 as Liberal-Conservative member for Missisquoi, Quebec. George Harold Baker b. 1877 first elected in 1911 as Conservative member for Brome, Quebec. George Baker b. 1942 first elected in 1974 as Liberal member for Gander—Twillingate, Newfoundland and Labrador. Loran Ellis Baker b. 1905 first elected in 1945 as Liberal member for Shelburne—Yarmouth—Clare, Nova Scotia. Richard Langton Baker b. 1870 first elected in 1925 as Conservative member for Toronto Northeast, Ontario. Walter Baker b. 1930 first elected in 1972 as Progressive Conservative member for Grenville—Carleton, Ontario. Yvan Baker b. 1977 first elected in 2019 as Liberal member for Etobicoke Centre, Ontario. Eleni Bakopanos b. 1954 first elected in 1993 as Liberal member for Saint-Denis, Quebec. Léon Balcer b. 1917 first elected in 1949 as Progressive Conservative member for Trois-Rivières, Quebec. Samuel Rosborough Balcom b. 1888 first elected in 1950 as Liberal member for Halifax, Nova Scotia. Tony Baldinelli first elected in 2019 as Conservative member for Niagara Falls, Ontario. Ged Baldwin b. 1907 first elected in 1958 as Progressive Conservative member for Peace River, Alberta. Willis Keith Baldwin b. 1857 first elected in 1917 as Laurier Liberal member for Stanstead, Quebec. James Balfour b. 1928 first elected in 1972 as Progressive Conservative member for Regina East, Saskatchewan. Georges Ball b. 1838 first elected in 1900 as Conservative member for Nicolet, Quebec. Robert James Ball b. 1857 first elected in 1911 as Conservative member for Grey South, Ontario. Charles Ballantyne b. 1867 first elected in 1917 as Unionist member for St. Lawrence—St. George, Quebec. Harold Raymond Ballard b. 1918 first elected in 1965 as Progressive Conservative member for Calgary South, Alberta. Leland Payson Bancroft b. 1880 first elected in 1921 as Progressive member for Selkirk, Manitoba. Andrew Graham Ballenden Bannatyne b. 1829 first elected in 1875 as Liberal member for Provencher, Manitoba. William Bannerman b. 1841 first elected in 1878 as Conservative member for Renfrew South, Ontario. Harry James Barber b. 1875 first elected in 1925 as Conservative member for Fraser Valley, British Columbia. Charles-Noël Barbès b. 1914 first elected in 1957 as Liberal member for Chapleau, Quebec. Vivian Barbot first elected in 2006 as Bloc Québécois member for Papineau Jean Louis Baribeau b. 1893 first elected in 1930 as Conservative member for Champlain, Quebec. Frederick Eustace Barker b. 1838 first elected in 1885 as Conservative member for City of St. John, New Brunswick. Samuel Barker b. 1839 first elected in 1900 as Conservative member for Hamilton, Ontario. John Barlow b. 1971 first elected in 2014 as Conservative member for Macleod, Alberta. Francis Jones Barnard b. 1829 first elected in 1879 as Conservative member for Yale, British Columbia. Frank Stillman Barnard b. 1856 first elected in 1888 as Conservative member for Cariboo, British Columbia. George Henry Barnard b. 1868 first elected in 1908 as Conservative member for Victoria City, British Columbia. Rex Barnes b. 1959 first elected in 2002 as Progressive Conservative member for Gander—Grand Falls, Newfoundland and Labrador. Sue Barnes b. 1952 first elected in 1993 as Liberal member for London West, Ontario. Thomas Speakman Barnett b. 1909 first elected in 1953 as Co-operative Commonwealth Federation member for Comox—Alberni, British Columbia. John Barr b. 1843 first elected in 1904 as Conservative member for Dufferin, Ontario. Dave Barrett b. 1930 first elected in 1988 as New Democratic Party member for Esquimalt—Juan de Fuca, British Columbia. H. Gordon Barrett b. 1915 first elected in 1968 as Liberal member for Lincoln, Ontario. Michael Barrett b. 1984 first elected in 2018 as Conservative member for Leeds—Grenville—Thousand Islands and Rideau Lakes, Ontario. Theobald Butler Barrett b. 1894 first elected in 1945 as Progressive Conservative member for Norfolk, Ontario. Gilbert Barrette b. 1941 first elected in 2003 as Liberal member for Témiscamingue, Quebec. Joseph Arthur Barrette b. 1875 first elected in 1911 as Conservative member for Berthier, Quebec. Merrill Edwin Barrington b. 1920 first elected in 1958 as Progressive Conservative member for Châteauguay—Huntingdon—Laprairie, Quebec. John Augustus Barron b. 1850 first elected in 1887 as Liberal member for Victoria North, Ontario. Lisa Marie Barron first elected in 2021 as New Democratic Party member for Nanaimo—Ladysmith, British Columbia. John Patrick Barry b. 1893 first elected in 1935 as Liberal member for Northumberland, New Brunswick. Xavier Barsalou-Duval b. 1988 first elected in 2015 as Bloc Québécois member for Pierre-Boucher—Les Patriotes—Verchères, Quebec. Georges Isidore Barthe b. 1834 first elected in 1870 as Independent Conservative member for Richelieu, Quebec. Ron Basford b. 1932 first elected in 1963 as Liberal member for Vancouver—Burrard, British Columbia. James William Baskin b. 1920 first elected in 1957 as Progressive Conservative member for Renfrew South, Ontario. Joyce Bateman b. 1957 first elected in 2011 as Conservative member for Winnipeg South Centre, Manitoba. Arthur James Bater b. 1889 first elected in 1949 as Liberal member for The Battlefords, Saskatchewan. Herman Maxwell Batten b. 1909 first elected in 1953 as Liberal member for Humber—St. George's, Newfoundland and Labrador. Dave Batters b. 1969 first elected in 2004 as Conservative member for Palliser, Saskatchewan. Jaime Battiste b. 1979 first elected in 2019 as Liberal member for Sydney—Victoria, Nova Scotia. Peter Colwell Bawden b. 1929 first elected in 1972 as Progressive Conservative member for Calgary South, Alberta. John Babington Macaulay Baxter b. 1868 first elected in 1921 as Conservative member for St. John—Albert, New Brunswick. Frank Baylis b. 1962 first elected in 2015 as Liberal member for Pierrefonds—Dollard, Quebec. Charles Bazinet b. 1845 first elected in 1896 as Liberal member for Joliette, Quebec. Be Duncan Beattie b. 1929 first elected in 1972 as Progressive Conservative member for Hamilton Mountain, Ontario. Robert Ethelbert Beattie first elected in 1921 as Liberal member for Kootenay East, British Columbia. Thomas Beattie b. 1844 first elected in 1896 as Conservative member for London, Ontario. Perrin Beatty b. 1950 first elected in 1972 as Progressive Conservative member for Wellington—Grey—Dufferin—Waterloo, Ontario. James Beaty b. 1798 first elected in 1867 as Conservative member for Toronto East, Ontario. James Beaty b. 1831 first elected in 1880 as Conservative member for West Toronto, Ontario. Arthur-Lucien Beaubien b. 1879 first elected in 1921 as Liberal member for Provencher, Manitoba. Joseph-Octave Beaubien b. 1825 first elected in 1867 as Conservative member for Montmagny, Quebec. Louis Beaubien b. 1837 first elected in 1872 as Conservative member for Hochelaga, Quebec. David Wilson Beaubier b. 1864 first elected in 1930 as Conservative member for Brandon, Manitoba. Suzanne Beauchamp-Niquet b. 1932 first elected in 1980 as Liberal member for Roberval, Quebec. Pierre-Clovis Beauchesne b. 1841 first elected in 1879 as Conservative member for Bonaventure, Quebec. Josée Beaudin b. 1961 first elected in 2008 as Bloc Québécois member for Saint-Lambert, Quebec. Léonel Beaudoin b. 1924 first elected in 1968 as Ralliement Créditiste member for Richmond, Quebec. Louis-René Beaudoin b. 1912 first elected in 1945 as Liberal member for Vaudreuil—Soulanges, Quebec. Roland Beaudry b. 1906 first elected in 1945 as Liberal member for St. James, Quebec. Jean Robert Beaulé b. 1927 first elected in 1962 as Social Credit member for Quebec East, Quebec. Jean-Paul Beaulieu b. 1902 first elected in 1965 as Progressive Conservative member for Saint-Jean—Iberville—Napierville, Quebec. Mario Beaulieu b. 1959 first elected in 1959 as Bloc Québécois member for La Pointe-de-l'Île, Quebec. Colleen Beaumier b. 1944 first elected in 1993 as Liberal member for Brampton, Ontario. Aimé Majorique Beauparlant b. 1864 first elected in 1904 as Liberal member for St. Hyacinthe, Quebec. Cléophas Beausoleil b. 1845 first elected in 1887 as Liberal member for Berthier, Quebec. Albert Béchard b. 1922 first elected in 1962 as Liberal member for Bonaventure, Quebec. François Béchard b. 1830 first elected in 1867 as Liberal member for Iberville, Quebec. William George Beech b. 1898 first elected in 1957 as Progressive Conservative member for York South, Ontario. Terry Beech b. 1981 first elected in 2015 as Liberal member for Burnaby North—Seymour, British Columbia. Bruce Silas Beer b. 1910 first elected in 1962 as Liberal member for Peel, Ontario. Monique Bégin b. 1936 first elected in 1972 as Liberal member for Saint-Michel, Quebec. René Bégin b. 1912 first elected in 1957 as Liberal member for Quebec West, Quebec. Robert Beith b. 1843 first elected in 1891 as Liberal member for Durham West, Ontario. Réginald Bélair b. 1949 first elected in 1988 as Liberal member for Cochrane—Superior, Ontario. Henri Sévérin Béland b. 1869 first elected in 1902 as Liberal member for Beauce, Quebec. Louis-Philippe-Antoine Bélanger b. 1907 first elected in 1962 as Social Credit member for Charlevoix, Quebec. Mauril Bélanger b. 1955 first elected in 1995 as Liberal member for Ottawa—Vanier, Ontario. Napoléon Belcourt b. 1860 first elected in 1896 as Liberal member for City of Ottawa, Ontario. Charles Bélec b. 1872 first elected in 1930 as Conservative member for Pontiac, Quebec. Richard Bélisle b. 1946 first elected in 1993 as Bloc Québécois member for La Prairie, Quebec. Adam Carr Bell b. 1847 first elected in 1896 as Conservative member for Pictou, Nova Scotia. Catherine J. Bell, first elected in 2006 as New Democratic Party member for Vancouver Island North, British Columbia Charles William Bell b. 1876 first elected in 1925 as Conservative member for Hamilton West, Ontario. Don Bell b. 1942 first elected in 2004 as Liberal member for North Vancouver, British Columbia. John Howatt Bell b. 1845 first elected in 1898 as Liberal member for East Prince, Prince Edward Island. John William Bell b. 1838 first elected in 1882 as Conservative member for Addington, Ontario. Leslie Gordon Bell b. 1889 first elected in 1925 as Conservative member for St. Antoine, Quebec. Dick Bell b. 1913 first elected in 1957 as Progressive Conservative member for Carleton, Ontario. Thomas Bell b. 1863 first elected in 1925 as Conservative member for St. John—Albert, New Brunswick. Thomas Miller Bell b. 1923 first elected in 1953 as Progressive Conservative member for St. John—Albert, New Brunswick. André Bellavance b. 1964 first elected in 2004 as Bloc Québécois member for Richmond—Arthabaska, Quebec. Isidore-Noël Belleau b. 1848 first elected in 1883 as Conservative member for Lévis, Quebec. Michel Bellehumeur b. 1963 first elected in 1993 as Bloc Québécois member for Berthier—Montcalm, Quebec. Adélard Bellemare b. 1871 first elected in 1911 as Independent Conservative member for Maskinongé, Quebec. Eugène Bellemare b. 1932 first elected in 1988 as Liberal member for Carleton—Gloucester, Ontario. Joseph Hyacinthe Bellerose b. 1820 first elected in 1867 as Conservative member for Laval, Quebec. Louis de Gonzague Belley b. 1863 first elected in 1892 as Conservative member for Chicoutimi—Saguenay, Quebec. Ross Belsher b. 1933 first elected in 1984 as Progressive Conservative member for Fraser Valley East, British Columbia. Alfred Belzile b. 1907 first elected in 1958 as Progressive Conservative member for Matapédia—Matane, Quebec. Gleason Belzile b. 1898 first elected in 1945 as Liberal member for Rimouski, Quebec. Alfred Henry Bence b. 1908 first elected in 1940 as Progressive Conservative member for Saskatoon City, Saskatchewan. Rachel Bendayan b. 1980 first elected in 2019 as Liberal member for Outremont, Quebec. William Moore Benidickson b. 1911 first elected in 1945 as Liberal member for Kenora—Rainy River, Ontario. Les Benjamin b. 1925 first elected in 1968 as New Democratic Party member for Regina—Lake Centre, Saskatchewan. Carolyn Bennett b. 1950 first elected in 1997 as Liberal member for St. Paul's, Ontario. Colin Emerson Bennett b. 1908 first elected in 1949 as Liberal member for Grey North, Ontario. Richard Bedford Bennett b. 1870 first elected in 1911 as Conservative member for Calgary, Alberta. Sybil Bennett b. 1904 first elected in 1953 as Progressive Conservative member for Halton, Ontario. William Humphrey Bennett b. 1859 first elected in 1892 as Conservative member for Simcoe East, Ontario. Aldéric-Joseph Benoit b. 1877 first elected in 1922 as Liberal member for St. Johns—Iberville, Quebec. Leon Benoit b. 1950 first elected in 1993 as Reform member for Vegreville, Alberta. Pierre Basile Benoit b. 1837 first elected in 1867 as Conservative member for Chambly, Quebec. Tyrone Benskin b. 1958 first elected in 2011 as New Democratic Party member for Jeanne-Le Ber, Quebec. Edgar John Benson b. 1923 first elected in 1962 as Liberal member for Kingston, Ontario. James Rea Benson b. 1807 first elected in 1867 as Liberal-Conservative member for Lincoln, Ontario. Sheri Benson first elected in 2015 as New Democratic Party member for Saskatoon West, Saskatchewan. William Thomas Benson b. 1858 first elected in 1882 as Conservative member for Grenville South, Ontario. Thomas John Bentley b. 1891 first elected in 1945 as Co-operative Commonwealth Federation member for Swift Current, Saskatchewan. Bob Benzen b. 1959 first elected in 2017 as Conservative member for Calgary Heritage, Alberta. Peter Bercovitch b. 1879 first elected in 1938 as Liberal member for Cartier, Quebec. Candice Bergen b. 1964 first elected in 2008 as Conservative member for Portage—Lisgar, Manitoba. David Berger b. 1950 first elected in 1979 as Liberal member for Laurier, Quebec. Jean-Charles Richard Berger b. 1924 first elected in 1963 as Liberal member for Montmagny—l'Islet, Quebec. Thomas Berger b. 1933 first elected in 1962 as New Democratic Party member for Vancouver—Burrard, British Columbia. Joseph Gédéon Horace Bergeron b. 1854 first elected in 1879 as Conservative member for Beauharnois, Quebec. Stéphane Bergeron b. 1965 first elected in 1993 as Bloc Québécois member for Verchères, Quebec. Darby Bergin b. 1826 first elected in 1872 as Liberal-Conservative member for Cornwall, Ontario. André Bernier b. 1930 first elected in 1962 as Social Credit member for Richmond—Wolfe, Quebec. Gilles Bernier b. 1934 first elected in 1984 as Progressive Conservative member for Beauce, Quebec. Gilles Bernier b. 1955 first elected in 1997 as Progressive Conservative member for Tobique—Mactaquac, New Brunswick. Henri Bernier b. 1821 first elected in 1874 as Liberal member for Lotbinière, Quebec. Maurice Bernier b. 1947 first elected in 1993 as Bloc Québécois member for Mégantic—Compton—Stanstead, Quebec. Maxime Bernier first elected in 2006 as Conservative member for Beauce, Quebec Michel Esdras Bernier b. 1841 first elected in 1882 as Liberal member for St. Hyacinthe, Quebec. Yvan Bernier b. 1960 first elected in 1993 as Bloc Québécois member for Gaspé, Quebec. Luc Berthold first elected in 2015 as Conservative member for Mégantic—L'Érable, Quebec. George Hope Bertram b. 1847 first elected in 1897 as Liberal member for Toronto Centre, Ontario. John Bertram b. 1837 first elected in 1872 as Liberal member for Peterborough West, Ontario. Charles Bertrand b. 1824 first elected in 1867 as Conservative member for Témiscouata, Quebec. Elie-Oscar Bertrand b. 1894 first elected in 1929 as Liberal member for Prescott, Ontario. Ernest Bertrand b. 1888 first elected in 1935 as Liberal member for Laurier, Quebec. Gabrielle Bertrand b. 1923 first elected in 1984 as Progressive Conservative member for Brome—Missisquoi, Quebec. Lionel Bertrand b. 1906 first elected in 1940 as Independent Liberal member for Terrebonne, Quebec. Robert Bertrand b. 1953 first elected in 1993 as Liberal member for Pontiac—Gatineau—Labelle, Quebec. Sylvie Bérubé first elected in 2019 as Bloc Québécois member for Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik—Eeyou, Quebec. Lyne Bessette b. 1975 first elected in 2019 as Liberal member for Brome—Missisquoi, Quebec. Charles Alexander Best b. 1931 first elected in 1957 as Progressive Conservative member for Halton, Ontario. John Best b. 1861 first elected in 1909 as Conservative member for Dufferin, Ontario. Judy Bethel b. 1943 first elected in 1993 as Liberal member for Edmonton East, Alberta. John Lemuel Bethune b. 1850 first elected in 1896 as Conservative member for Victoria, Nova Scotia. Arthur Bettez b. 1871 first elected in 1925 as Liberal member for Three Rivers—St. Maurice, Quebec. Frederick Cronyn Betts b. 1896 first elected in 1935 as Conservative member for London, Ontario. Maurizio Bevilacqua b. 1960 first elected in 1988 as Liberal member for York North, Ontario. Dennis Bevington first elected in 2006 as New Democratic Party member for Western Arctic, Northwest Territories Hilliard Beyerstein b. 1907 first elected in 1949 as Social Credit member for Camrose, Alberta. William Addison Beynon b. 1877 first elected in 1930 as Conservative member for Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan. James Bezan b. 1965 first elected in 2004 as Conservative member for Selkirk—Interlake, Manitoba. Jag Bhaduria b. 1940 first elected in 1993 as Liberal member for Markham—Whitchurch—Stouffville, Ontario. Bi Marie-Claude Bibeau b. 1970 first elected in 2015 as Liberal member for Compton—Stanstead member for Quebec. Robert Bickerdike b. 1843 first elected in 1900 as Liberal member for St. Lawrence, Quebec. Jack Bigg b. 1912 first elected in 1958 as Progressive Conservative member for Athabaska, Alberta. James Lyons Biggar b. 1824 first elected in 1874 as Independent Liberal member for Northumberland East, Ontario. Bernard Bigras b. 1969 first elected in 1997 as Bloc Québécois member for Rosemont, Quebec. Silas Tertius Rand Bill b. 1842 first elected in 1878 as Liberal-Conservative member for Queens, Nova Scotia. Louis Adolphe Billy b. 1834 first elected in 1882 as Conservative member for Rimouski, Quebec. Gérard Binet b. 1955 first elected in 2000 as Liberal member for Frontenac—Mégantic, Quebec. Joseph Binette b. 1861 first elected in 1921 as Progressive member for Prescott, Ontario. Kenneth C. Binks b. 1925 first elected in 1979 as Progressive Conservative member for Ottawa West, Ontario. Pat Binns b. 1948 first elected in 1984 as Progressive Conservative member for Cardigan, Prince Edward Island. Bud Bird b. 1932 first elected in 1988 as Progressive Conservative member for Fredericton, New Brunswick. Thomas William Bird b. 1883 first elected in 1921 as Progressive member for Nelson, Manitoba. Thomas Birkett b. 1844 first elected in 1900 as Conservative member for City of Ottawa, Ontario. Edgar Douglas Richmond Bissett b. 1890 first elected in 1926 as Liberal Progressive member for Springfield, Manitoba. André Bissonnette b. 1945 first elected in 1984 as Progressive Conservative member for Saint-Jean, Quebec. J.-Eugène Bissonnette b. 1892 first elected in 1958 as Progressive Conservative member for Quebec West, Quebec. Chris Bittle b. 1979 first elected in 2015 as Liberal member for St. Catharines, Ontario. David Bjornson b. 1947 first elected in 1988 as Progressive Conservative member for Selkirk—Red River, Manitoba. Bl Dawn Black b. 1943 first elected in 1988 as New Democratic Party member for New Westminster—Burnaby, British Columbia. Donald Elmer Black b. 1892 first elected in 1935 as Liberal member for Châteauguay—Huntingdon, Quebec. George Black b. 1873 first elected in 1921 as Conservative member for Yukon, Yukon. Judson Burpee Black b. 1842 first elected in 1904 as Liberal member for Hants, Nova Scotia. Martha Black b. 1866 first elected in 1935 as Independent Conservative member for Yukon, Yukon. Percy Chapman Black b. 1878 first elected in 1940 as National Government member for Cumberland, Nova Scotia. William Black b. 1869 first elected in 1921 as Progressive member for Huron South, Ontario. William Anderson Black b. 1847 first elected in 1923 as Conservative member for Halifax, Nova Scotia. Edward Blackadder b. 1874 first elected in 1921 as Liberal member for Halifax, Nova Scotia. Derek Blackburn b. 1934 first elected in 1971 as New Democratic Party member for Brant, Ontario. Jean-Pierre Blackburn b. 1948 first elected in 1984 as Progressive Conservative member for Jonquière, Quebec. Robert Blackburn b. 1828 first elected in 1874 as Liberal member for Russell, Ontario. John Horne Blackmore b. 1890 first elected in 1935 as Social Credit member for Lethbridge, Alberta. Bill Blaikie b. 1951 first elected in 1979 as New Democratic Party member for Winnipeg—Birds Hill, Manitoba. Daniel Blaikie b. 1984 first elected in 2015 as New Democratic Party member for Elmwood—Transcona, Manitoba. David Blain b. 1832 first elected in 1872 as Liberal member for York West, Ontario. Richard Blain b. 1857 first elected in 1900 as Conservative member for Peel, Ontario. Andrew George Blair b. 1844 first elected in 1896 as Liberal member for Sunbury—Queen's, New Brunswick. Bill Blair b. 1954 first elected in 2015 as Liberal member for Scarborough Southwest, Ontario. Gordon Blair b. 1919 first elected in 1968 as Liberal member for Grenville—Carleton, Ontario. John Knox Blair b. 1875 first elected in 1930 as Liberal member for Wellington North, Ontario. William Gourlay Blair b. 1890 first elected in 1945 as Progressive Conservative member for Lanark, Ontario. William John Blair b. 1875 first elected in 1917 as Unionist member for Battle River, Alberta. François Blais b. 1875 first elected in 1935 as Independent Liberal member for Chapleau, Quebec. Jean-Jacques Blais b. 1940 first elected in 1972 as Liberal member for Nipissing, Ontario. Pierre Blais b. 1948 first elected in 1984 as Progressive Conservative member for Bellechasse, Quebec. Raynald Blais b. 1954 first elected in 2004 as Bloc Québécois member for Gaspésie—Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Quebec. Suzanne Blais-Grenier first elected in 1984 as Progressive Conservative member for Rosemont, Quebec. Edward Blake b. 1833 first elected in 1867 as Liberal member for Durham West, Ontario. Matthew Robert Blake b. 1876 first elected in 1917 as Unionist member for Winnipeg North, Manitoba. Roderick Blaker b. 1936 first elected in 1972 as Liberal member for Lachine, Quebec. Stanislas Blanchard b. 1871 first elected in 1926 as Liberal member for Restigouche—Madawaska, New Brunswick. Théotime Blanchard b. 1846 first elected in 1894 as Conservative member for Gloucester, New Brunswick. Jean Baptiste Blanchet b. 1842 first elected in 1904 as Liberal member for St. Hyacinthe, Quebec. Joseph-Goderic Blanchet b. 1829 first elected in 1867 as Liberal-Conservative member for Lévis, Quebec. Yves-François Blanchet b. 1965 first elected in 2019 as Bloc Québécois member for Beloeil—Chambly, Quebec. Denis Blanchette b. 1956 first elected in 2011 as New Democratic Party member for Louis-Hébert, Quebec. Joseph-Adéodat Blanchette b. 1893 first elected in 1935 as Liberal member for Compton, Quebec. Maxime Blanchette-Joncas b. 1989 first elected in 2019 as Bloc Québécois member for Rimouski-Neigette—Témiscouata—Les Basques, Quebec. Lysane Blanchette-Lamothe b. 1984 first elected in 2011 as New Democratic Party member for Pierrefonds—Dollard, Quebec. Leonard Thomas Bland b. 1851 first elected in 1904 as Liberal-Conservative member for Bruce North, Ontario. Rachel Blaney b. 1974 first elected in 2015 as New Democratic Party member for North Island—Powell River, British Columbia. Steven Blaney b. 1965 first elected in 2006 as Conservative member for Lévis—Bellechasse, Quebec Kenneth Alexander Blatchford b. 1882 first elected in 1926 as Liberal member for Edmonton East, Alberta. Don Blenkarn b. 1930 first elected in 1972 as Progressive Conservative member for Peel South, Ontario. Kelly Block b. 1961 first elected in 2008 as Conservative member for Saskatoon—Rosetown—Biggar, Saskatchewan. Kody Blois b. 1991 first elected in 2019 as Liberal member for Kings—Hants, Nova Scotia. Charles Bruno Blondeau b. 1835 first elected in 1882 as Conservative member for Kamouraska, Quebec. Pierre Édouard Blondin b. 1874 first elected in 1908 as Conservative member for Champlain, Quebec. Ethel Blondin-Andrew b. 1951 first elected in 1988 as Liberal member for Western Arctic, Northwest Territories. Garnet McCallum Bloomfield b. 1929 first elected in 1980 as Liberal member for London—Middlesex, Ontario. Anne Blouin b. 1946 first elected in 1984 as Progressive Conservative member for Montmorency—Orléans, Quebec. Gustave Blouin b. 1912 first elected in 1963 as Liberal member for Saguenay, Quebec. Donald Buchanan Blue b. 1901 first elected in 1949 as Liberal member for Bruce, Ontario. Bo William George Bock b. 1884 first elected in 1927 as Liberal member for Maple Creek, Saskatchewan. Robert Bockstael b. 1923 first elected in 1979 as Liberal member for St. Boniface, Manitoba. Morris Bodnar b. 1948 first elected in 1993 as Liberal member for Saskatoon—Dundurn, Saskatchewan. Ebenezer Vining Bodwell b. 1827 first elected in 1867 as Liberal member for Oxford South, Ontario. Alain Boire b. 1971 first elected in 2004 as Bloc Québécois member for Beauharnois—Salaberry, Quebec. Randy Boissonnault b. 1970 first elected in 2015 as Liberal member for Edmonton Centre, Alberta. Fabien Boisvert b. 1839 first elected in 1888 as Independent Conservative member for Nicolet, Quebec. Jean-Marie Boisvert first elected in 1972 as Social Credit member for Drummond, Quebec. Maurice Boisvert b. 1897 first elected in 1949 as Liberal member for Nicolet—Yamaska, Quebec. Françoise Boivin b. 1960 first elected in 2004 as Liberal member for Gatineau, Quebec. Georges Henri Boivin b. 1882 first elected in 1911 as Liberal member for Shefford, Quebec. Marcel Boivin b. 1912 first elected in 1945 as Liberal member for Shefford, Quebec. Pierre-Ernest Boivin b. 1872 first elected in 1926 as Liberal member for Shefford, Quebec. Joseph Bolduc b. 1847 first elected in 1876 as Conservative member for Beauce, Quebec. David Wesley Bole b. 1856 first elected in 1904 as Liberal member for Winnipeg, Manitoba. Ferris Bolton b. 1853 first elected in 1917 as Unionist member for Lisgar, Manitoba. John Bolton b. 1824 first elected in 1867 as Liberal member for Charlotte, New Brunswick. Raymond Bonin b. 1942 first elected in 1993 as Liberal member for Nickel Belt, Ontario. Saul Bonnell b. 1871 first elected in 1917 as Unionist member for Kootenay East, British Columbia. Joseph-Arsène Bonnier b. 1879 first elected in 1938 as Liberal member for St. Henry, Quebec. France Bonsant b. 1952 first elected in 2004 as Bloc Québécois member for Compton—Stanstead, Quebec. Paul Bonwick b. 1964 first elected in 1997 as Liberal member for Simcoe—Grey, Ontario. Charles Stephen Booth b. 1897 first elected in 1940 as Liberal member for Winnipeg North, Manitoba. Frederick William Borden b. 1847 first elected in 1874 as Liberal member for Kings, Nova Scotia. Robert Borden b. 1854 first elected in 1896 as Conservative member for Halifax, Nova Scotia. Charmaine Borg b. 1990 first elected in 2011 as New Democratic Party member for Terrebonne—Blainville, Quebec. Rick Borotsik b. 1950 first elected in 1997 as Progressive Conservative member for Brandon—Souris, Manitoba. Robert James Borrie b. 1926 first elected in 1968 as Liberal member for Prince George—Peace River, British Columbia. Edward Borron b. 1820 first elected in 1874 as Liberal member for Algoma, Ontario. Ken Boshcoff b. 1949 first elected in 2004 as Liberal member for Thunder Bay—Rainy River, Ontario. John William Bosley b. 1947 first elected in 1979 as Progressive Conservative member for Don Valley West, Ontario. Joseph Guillaume Bossé b. 1843 first elected in 1882 as Conservative member for Quebec-Centre, Quebec. Mike Bossio first elected in 2015 as Liberal member for Hastings—Lennox and Addington, Ontario. Maurice Bossy b. 1929 first elected in 1980 as Liberal member for Kent, Ontario. Hewitt Bostock b. 1864 first elected in 1896 as Liberal member for Yale—Cariboo, British Columbia. Robert Boston b. 1836 first elected in 1893 as Liberal member for Middlesex South, Ontario. Charles Edward Bothwell b. 1882 first elected in 1925 as Liberal member for Swift Current, Saskatchewan. Benoît Bouchard b. 1940 first elected in 1984 as Progressive Conservative member for Roberval, Quebec. Joseph Georges Bouchard b. 1888 first elected in 1922 as Liberal member for Kamouraska, Quebec. Lucien Bouchard b. 1938 first elected in 1988 as Progressive Conservative member for Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec. Robert Bouchard b. 1943 first elected in 2004 as Bloc Québécois member for Chicoutimi—Le Fjord, Quebec. Aimé Boucher b. 1877 first elected in 1921 as Liberal member for Yamaska, Quebec. George Russell Boucher b. 1899 first elected in 1940 as Progressive Conservative member for Carleton, Ontario. Jean Boucher b. 1926 first elected in 1953 as Liberal member for Châteauguay—Huntingdon—Laprairie, Quebec. Joseph Gaspard Boucher b. 1897 first elected in 1953 as Liberal member for Restigouche—Madawaska, New Brunswick. Sylvie Boucher b. 1962 first elected in 2006 as Conservative member for Beauport—Limoilou, Quebec William Albert Boucher b. 1889 first elected in 1948 as Liberal member for Rosthern, Saskatchewan. Louis Charles Boucher De Niverville b. 1825 first elected in 1867 as Conservative member for Three Rivers, Quebec. Don Boudria b. 1949 first elected in 1984 as Liberal member for Glengarry—Prescott—Russell, Ontario. Michel Boudrias b. 1977 first elected in 2015 as Bloc Québécois member for Terrebonne, Quebec. Ray Boughen b. 1937 first elected in 2008 as Conservative member for Palliser, Saskatchewan. Joseph Oscar Lefebre Boulanger b. 1888 first elected in 1926 as Liberal member for Bellechasse, Quebec. Prosper Boulanger b. 1918 first elected in 1962 as Liberal member for Mercier, Quebec. Samuel Boulanger b. 1909 first elected in 1957 as Independent Liberal member for Drummond—Arthabaska, Quebec. Herménégilde Boulay b. 1861 first elected in 1911 as Conservative member for Rimouski, Quebec. Alexandre Boulerice b. 1973 first elected in 2011 as New Democratic Party member for Rosemont—La Petite-Patrie, Quebec. Marc Boulianne b. 1941 first elected in 2004 as Bloc Québécois member for Mégantic—L'Érable, Quebec. Alfred Boultbee b. 1829 first elected in 1878 as Conservative member for York East, Ontario. François Bourassa b. 1813 first elected in 1867 as Liberal member for St. John's, Quebec. Joseph Boutin Bourassa b. 1853 first elected in 1911 as Liberal member for Lévis, Quebec. Henri Bourassa b. 1868 first elected in 1896 as Liberal member for Labelle, Quebec. Désiré Olivier Bourbeau b. 1834 first elected in 1877 as Conservative member for Drummond—Arthabaska, Quebec. Augustin Bourbonnais b. 1850 first elected in 1896 as Liberal member for Soulanges, Quebec. Marcel Bourbonnais b. 1918 first elected in 1958 as Progressive Conservative member for Vaudreuil—Soulanges, Quebec. Rodrigue Bourdages b. 1923 first elected in 1958 as Progressive Conservative member for Laval, Quebec. Lise Bourgault b. 1950 first elected in 1984 as Progressive Conservative member for Argenteuil—Papineau, Quebec. Alfred Edmond Bourgeois b. 1872 first elected in 1926 as Liberal member for Kent, New Brunswick. Charles Bourgeois b. 1879 first elected in 1931 as Conservative member for Three Rivers—St. Maurice, Quebec. Diane Bourgeois b. 1949 first elected in 2000 as Bloc Québécois member for Terrebonne—Blainville, Quebec. Maurice Bourget b. 1907 first elected in 1940 as Liberal member for Lévis, Quebec. Romuald Bourque b. 1889 first elected in 1952 as Liberal member for Outremont—St-Jean, Quebec. Arthur Moren Boutillier b. 1869 first elected in 1925 as Progressive member for Vegreville, Alberta. Pierre-André Boutin b. 1934 first elected in 1962 as Social Credit member for Dorchester, Quebec. Marjolaine Boutin-Sweet b. 1955 first elected in 2011 as New Democratic Party member for Hochelaga, Quebec. Mackenzie Bowell b. 1823 first elected in 1867 as Conservative member for Hastings North, Ontario. Fred Wellington Bowen b. 1877 first elected in 1921 as Conservative member for Durham, Ontario. John Oates Bower b. 1901 first elected in 1965 as Progressive Conservative member for Shelburne—Yarmouth—Clare, Nova Scotia. Edward LeRoy Bowerman b. 1892 first elected in 1945 as Co-operative Commonwealth Federation member for Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. Edward Charles Bowers b. 1845 first elected in 1891 as Liberal member for Digby, Nova Scotia. Beniah Bowman b. 1886 first elected in 1926 as United Farmers of Ontario member for Algoma East, Ontario. Isaac Erb Bowman b. 1832 first elected in 1867 as Liberal member for Waterloo North, Ontario. James Bowman b. 1861 first elected in 1911 as Conservative member for Huron East, Ontario. James Langstaff Bowman b. 1879 first elected in 1930 as Conservative member for Dauphin, Manitoba. John Young Bown b. 1821 first elected in 1867 as Liberal-Conservative member for Brant North, Ontario. Arthur Cyril Boyce b. 1867 first elected in 1904 as Conservative member for Algoma West, Ontario. George Boyce b. 1848 first elected in 1917 as Unionist member for Carleton, Ontario. Nathaniel Boyd b. 1853 first elected in 1892 as Conservative member for Marquette, Manitoba. Gustave Benjamin Boyer b. 1871 first elected in 1904 as Liberal member for Vaudreuil, Quebec. Louis Alphonse Boyer b. 1839 first elected in 1872 as Liberal member for Maskinongé, Quebec. Patrick Boyer b. 1945 first elected in 1984 as Progressive Conservative member for Etobicoke—Lakeshore, Ontario. Frank Boyes b. 1874 first elected in 1930 as Conservative member for Middlesex East, Ontario. Arthur Boyle b. 1842 first elected in 1887 as Conservative member for Monck, Ontario. William Alves Boys b. 1868 first elected in 1912 as Conservative member for Simcoe South, Ontario. Br Gerald Hugh Brabazon b. 1854 first elected in 1904 as Conservative member for Pontiac, Quebec. John Bracken b. 1883 first elected in 1945 as Progressive Conservative member for Neepawa, Manitoba. George Henry Bradbury b. 1859 first elected in 1908 as Conservative member for Selkirk, Manitoba. Joseph-Arthur Bradette b. 1886 first elected in 1926 as Liberal member for Timiskaming North, Ontario. Valerie Bradford first elected in 2021 as Liberal member for Kitchener South—Hespeler, Ontario. Frederick Gordon Bradley b. 1888 first elected in 1949 as Liberal member for Bonavista—Twillingate, Newfoundland and Labrador. Harry Oliver Bradley b. 1929 first elected in 1962 as Progressive Conservative member for Northumberland, Ontario. Bud Bradley b. 1938 first elected in 1979 as Progressive Conservative member for Haldimand—Norfolk, Ontario. Albert James Bradshaw b. 1882 first elected in 1945 as Progressive Conservative member for Perth, Ontario. Claudette Bradshaw b. 1949 first elected in 1997 as Liberal member for Moncton, New Brunswick. James Charles Brady b. 1876 first elected in 1926 as Conservative member for Skeena, British Columbia. Richard Bragdon first elected in 2019 as Conservative member for Tobique—Mactaquac, New Brunswick. Tarik Brahmi b. 1968 first elected in 2011 as New Democratic Party member for Saint-Jean, Quebec. Peter Braid b. 1964 first elected in 2008 as Conservative member for Kitchener—Waterloo, Ontario. Lewis Brand b. 1925 first elected in 1965 as Progressive Conservative member for Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Augustin Brassard b. 1922 first elected in 1957 as Liberal member for Lapointe, Quebec. John Brassard b. 1964 first elected in 2015 as Conservative member for Barrie—Innisfil, Ontario. Vincent Brassard b. 1919 first elected in 1958 as Progressive Conservative member for Chicoutimi, Quebec. Maurice Brasset b. 1884 first elected in 1930 as Liberal member for Gaspé, Quebec. Bob Bratina b. 1944 first elected in 2015 as Liberal member for Hamilton East—Stoney Creek, Ontairo. Herb Breau b. 1944 first elected in 1968 as Liberal member for Gloucester, New Brunswick. Michael Breaugh b. 1942 first elected in 1990 as New Democratic Party member for Oshawa, Ontario. Frederick de Sainte-Croix Brecken b. 1828 first elected in 1878 as Conservative member for Queen's County, Prince Edward Island. Louis Orville Breithaupt b. 1890 first elected in 1940 as Liberal member for Waterloo North, Ontario. Cliff Breitkreuz b. 1940 first elected in 1993 as Reform member for Yellowhead, Alberta. Garry Breitkreuz b. 1945 first elected in 1993 as Reform member for Yorkton—Melville, Saskatchewan. George Arthur Brethen b. 1877 first elected in 1921 as Progressive member for Peterborough East, Ontario. Maurice Breton b. 1909 first elected in 1950 as Liberal member for Joliette—l'Assomption—Montcalm, Quebec. Pierre Breton b. 1966 first elected in 2015 as Liberal member for Shefford, Quebec. Andrew Brewin b. 1907 first elected in 1962 as New Democratic Party member for Greenwood, Ontario. John Brewin b. 1936 first elected in 1988 as New Democratic Party member for Victoria, British Columbia. Hedley Francis Gregory Bridges b. 1902 first elected in 1945 as Liberal member for York—Sunbury, New Brunswick. Margaret Bridgman b. 1940 first elected in 1993 as Reform member for Surrey North, British Columbia. James Brien b. 1848 first elected in 1887 as Liberal member for Essex South, Ontario. John Wesley Brien b. 1864 first elected in 1917 as Unionist member for Essex South, Ontario. Pierre Brien b. 1970 first elected in 1993 as Bloc Québécois member for Témiscamingue, Quebec. Élisabeth Brière b. 1968 first elected in 2019 as Liberal member for Sherbrooke, Quebec. Harry Brightwell b. 1932 first elected in 1984 as Progressive Conservative member for Perth, Ontario. Robert Hylton Brisco b. 1928 first elected in 1974 as Progressive Conservative member for Kootenay West, British Columbia. Scott Brison b. 1967 first elected in 1997 as Progressive Conservative member for Kings—Hants, Nova Scotia. Lomer Brisson b. 1916 first elected in 1949 as Liberal member for Saguenay, Quebec. Edmund James Bristol b. 1861 first elected in 1905 as Conservative member for Toronto Centre, Ontario. Byron Moffatt Britton b. 1833 first elected in 1896 as Liberal member for Kingston, Ontario. Ed Broadbent b. 1936 first elected in 1968 as New Democratic Party member for Oshawa—Whitby, Ontario. Larry Brock b. 1964 first elected in 2021 as Conservative member for Brantford—Brant, Ontario. William Rees Brock b. 1836 first elected in 1900 as Conservative member for Toronto Centre, Ontario. Andrew Broder b. 1845 first elected in 1896 as Conservative member for Dundas, Ontario. Louis Philippe Brodeur b. 1862 first elected in 1891 as Liberal member for Rouville, Quebec. Alfred Johnson Brooks b. 1890 first elected in 1935 as Conservative member for Royal, New Brunswick. Edward Towle Brooks b. 1830 first elected in 1872 as Conservative member for Town of Sherbrooke, Quebec. Ernest James Broome b. 1908 first elected in 1957 as Progressive Conservative member for Vancouver South, British Columbia. Ruth Ellen Brosseau b. 1984 first elected in 2011 as New Democratic Party member for Berthier—Maskinongé, Quebec. Joseph Ovide Brouillard b. 1859 first elected in 1911 as Liberal member for Drummond—Arthabaska, Quebec. William Henry Brouse b. 1824 first elected in 1872 as Liberal member for Grenville South, Ontario. Jean Docile Brousseau b. 1825 first elected in 1867 as Conservative member for Portneuf, Quebec. Pauline Browes b. 1938 first elected in 1984 as Progressive Conservative member for Scarborough Centre, Ontario. Adam Brown b. 1826 first elected in 1887 as Conservative member for Hamilton, Ontario. Albert A. Brown b. 1895 first elected in 1935 as Conservative member for Hamilton East, Ontario. Bonnie Brown b. 1941 first elected in 1993 as Liberal member for Oakville—Milton, Ontario. Donald Ferguson Brown b. 1903 first elected in 1945 as Liberal member for Essex West, Ontario. Gord Brown b. 1960 first elected in 2004 as Conservative member for Leeds—Grenville, Ontario. James Brown b. 1828 first elected in 1867 as Conservative member for Hastings West, Ontario. James Elisha Brown b. 1913 first elected in 1953 as Liberal member for Brantford, Ontario. James Pollock Brown b. 1841 first elected in 1891 as Liberal member for Châteauguay, Quebec. Jan Brown b. 1947 first elected in 1993 as Reform member for Calgary Southeast, Alberta. John Brown b. 1841 first elected in 1891 as Liberal member for Monck, Ontario. John Livingstone Brown b. 1867 first elected in 1921 as Progressive member for Lisgar, Manitoba. Lois Brown b. 1955 first elected in 2008 as Conservative member for Newmarket—Aurora, Ontario. Patrick Brown first elected in 2006 as Conservative member for Barrie, Ontario Walter George Brown b. 1875 first elected in 1939 as United Reform Movement member for Saskatoon City, Saskatchewan. Died in office, 1940. John Ferguson Browne b. 1920 first elected in 1958 as Progressive Conservative member for Vancouver Kingsway, British Columbia. William Joseph Browne b. 1897 first elected in 1949 as Progressive Conservative member for St. John's West, Newfoundland and Labrador. Francis Carmichael Bruce b. 1837 first elected in 1900 as Conservative member for Hamilton, Ontario. Herbert Alexander Bruce b. 1868 first elected in 1940 as National Government member for Parkdale, Ontario. Gérard Bruchési b. 1931 first elected in 1958 as Progressive Conservative member for Beauharnois—Salaberry, Quebec. Rod Bruinooge, first elected in 2006 as Conservative member for Winnipeg South, Manitoba Arthur Aimé Bruneau b. 1864 first elected in 1892 as Liberal member for Richelieu, Quebec. Raymond Bruneau b. 1917 first elected in 1949 as Independent Liberal member for Prescott, Ontario. Hervé-Edgar Brunelle b. 1891 first elected in 1935 as Liberal member for Champlain, Quebec. Paule Brunelle b. 1953 first elected in 2004 as Bloc Québécois member for Trois-Rivières, Quebec. Alexis Brunelle-Duceppe b. 1979 first elected in 2019 as Bloc Québécois member for Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec. Joseph Brunet b. 1834 first elected in 1902 as Liberal member for St. James, Quebec. Edwin William Brunsden b. 1896 first elected in 1958 as Progressive Conservative member for Medicine Hat, Alberta. Dianne Brushett b. 1942 first elected in 1993 as Liberal member for Cumberland—Colchester, Nova Scotia. William Bryce b. 1888 first elected in 1943 as Co-operative Commonwealth Federation member for Selkirk, Manitoba. John H. Bryden b. 1943 first elected in 1993 as Liberal member for Hamilton—Wentworth, Ontario. Hugh Alexander Bryson b. 1912 first elected in 1953 as Co-operative Commonwealth Federation member for Humboldt—Melfort, Saskatchewan. John Bryson b. 1849 first elected in 1882 as Conservative member for Pontiac, Quebec. Bu Judd Buchanan b. 1929 first elected in 1968 as Liberal member for London West, Ontario. William Ashbury Buchanan b. 1876 first elected in 1911 as Liberal member for Medicine Hat, Alberta. William Murdoch Buchanan b. 1897 first elected in 1953 as Liberal member for Cape Breton North and Victoria, Nova Scotia. John Francis Buckley b. 1891 first elected in 1930 as Liberal member for Athabaska, Alberta. Jacob Dockstader Buell b. 1827 first elected in 1872 as Liberal member for Brockville, Ontario. Rémi Bujold b. 1944 first elected in 1979 as Liberal member for Bonaventure—Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Quebec. Sarmite Bulte b. 1953 first elected in 1997 as Liberal member for Parkdale—High Park, Ontario. Arthur Bunster b. 1827 first elected in 1874 as Liberal member for Vancouver, British Columbia. Christopher William Bunting b. 1837 first elected in 1878 as Liberal-Conservative member for Welland, Ontario. Samuel Barton Burdett b. 1843 first elected in 1887 as Liberal member for Hastings East, Ontario. Jacques Bureau b. 1860 first elected in 1900 as Liberal member for Three Rivers and St. Maurice, Quebec. John Wesley Burgess b. 1907 first elected in 1962 as Liberal member for Lambton—Kent, Ontario. Jack Burghardt b. 1929 first elected in 1981 as Liberal member for London West, Ontario. Harvey William Burk b. 1822 first elected in 1874 as Liberal member for Durham West, Ontario. Leonard Burnett b. 1845 first elected in 1896 as Liberal member for Ontario South, Ontario. John Burnham b. 1842 first elected in 1878 as Conservative member for Peterborough East, Ontario. John Hampden Burnham b. 1860 first elected in 1911 as Conservative member for Peterborough West, Ontario. Kennedy Francis Burns b. 1842 first elected in 1882 as Conservative member for Gloucester, New Brunswick. William Herbert Burns b. 1878 first elected in 1930 as Conservative member for Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. Charles Burpee b. 1817 first elected in 1867 as Liberal member for Sunbury, New Brunswick. Isaac Burpee b. 1825 first elected in 1872 as Liberal member for City and County of St. John, New Brunswick. Martin Burrell b. 1858 first elected in 1908 as Conservative member for Yale—Cariboo, British Columbia. Theodore Arthur Burrows b. 1857 first elected in 1904 as Liberal member for Dauphin, Manitoba. Andy Burton b. 1942 first elected in 2000 as Canadian Alliance member for Skeena, British Columbia. Francis Henry Burton b. 1817 first elected in 1867 as Conservative member for Durham East, Ontario. John Burton b. 1927 first elected in 1968 as New Democratic Party member for Regina East, Saskatchewan. Joseph William Burton b. 1892 first elected in 1943 as Co-operative Commonwealth Federation member for Humboldt, Saskatchewan. Ambrose Upton Gledstanes Bury b. 1869 first elected in 1925 as Conservative member for Edmonton East, Alberta. Pierre Bussières b. 1939 first elected in 1974 as Liberal member for Portneuf, Quebec. Harry Butcher b. 1873 first elected in 1930 as Liberal member for Last Mountain, Saskatchewan. Steve Butland b. 1941 first elected in 1988 as New Democratic Party member for Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Brad Butt b. 1967 first elected in 2011 as Conservative Party member for Mississauga—Streetsville, Ontario. Robert Hamilton Butts b. 1871 first elected in 1917 as Unionist member for Cape Breton South and Richmond, Nova Scotia. Gerry Byrne b. 1966 first elected in 1996 as Liberal member for Humber—St. Barbe—Baie Verte, Newfoundland and Labrador. James Allen Byrne b. 1911 first elected in 1949 as Liberal member for Kootenay East, British Columbia. B

Dorothy Blackwell McNeil (born Jersey City, 1940s) is recognized as a significant member of the Hoboken, Hudson County, New Jersey, community, especially for her co-ownership and management of Hoboken's Club Zanzibar (1961-1981) which hosted African-American entertainers. Community recognition In 2006 the Hoboken Oral History Project published a chapbook entitled Recollections of Dorothy McNeil that includes photos of Hoboken, McNeil and her family, Club Zanzibar, and some of the entertainers who performed there. The project is part of Hoboken's efforts, through recollections of "longtime residents" to remember "the working-class identity and tradition of multi-ethnic living that has been disappearing as the city has gentrified." The interviewers for the oral histories, Bob Foster and Holly Metz, explain that interviewees are carefully chosen and, when the chapbook is finished, the Museum hosts an event to celebrate the "honoree." The Dorothy McNeil chapbook was ninth in a series that reached 33 volumes by 2020. In 2010 McNeil was among 35 women honored by Hudson County (where Hoboken is situated) for having "made Hudson County history with their commitment and dedication to improve the quality of life in their communities." In 2018 McNeil, along with fellow Hoboken celebrities photographer Dorothea Lange and sportswoman Maria Pepe, was honored by her home town with a large (150’ by 35’) mural on a commercial building's exterior wall. At the mural's unveiling Hoboken's then mayor, Ravi S. Bhalla, called the three women "trailblazers" who "made tremendous impacts on their community and the country.” DISTORT, the artist who created the mural, said his intention was to "honor Hoboken's history as a working-class and artistic city" and these women who had contributed to its "character." Personal life McNeil was the daughter of Gladys Elizabeth Richardson, originally from the South, and David Blackwell, originally from New York State. She recalls their family as being among the earliest African-American families to live in Hoboken. When she was six weeks old, a fire broke out in the rental property where her family lived and she was "thrown out the window" to be "caught by a homeless person" who claimed her as his own after that. She had one son before marrying Charles McNeil, and also a daughter. Charles McNeil had been a truck driver before buying in to the Zanzibar. One of his co-workers was Anthony Provenzano, who later became Head of Teamster Local 560; with Provenzano's backing, McNeil broke the color barrier at one of the local trucking companies. James Smith and Charles McNeil bought the Zanzibar in 1961; in 1963 McNeil bought Smith out. He and Dorothy met around 1971 or 1972. She had some previous experience as a model in New York City, but wasn't comfortable in that role. Through friends she was familiar with the Zanzibar and thought that she would enjoy using her modeling experience in the role of bartender there. In its later years, the Zanzibar became a neighborhood bar, remaining a fixture of local community life. Dorothy moved away from Hoboken briefly before moving back. In her oral history she notes various cultural changes from the town she grew up in, especially relating to the African-American community and the local police. The Club Zanzibar's cultural significance The Club was "one of the last stops on the Chitlin Circuit." Acts appearing there in its first years "had to have [had] a hit record," often with the RCA and Columbia labels. African American performers included Wilson Pickett, Millie Jackson, Rufus Thomas, The Coasters, Kool and the Gang, and The Drifters. Frank Sinatra was among the white performers who appeared there; The Manhattan Transfer used the Zanzibar as their practice studio. Sterling Harrison was the last performer to appear before the Zanzibar closed in 1981. As McNeil herself explained, the Club Zanzibar, which held 220 people, "was unique to the African-American community for two reasons": It stayed open one hour later than bars in nearby cities, so promoters wanting to get the most out of their acts would book them into the Zanzibar for that last hour, with patrons from elsewhere coming to Hoboken to enjoy the performances that often included stars from Harlem's Apollo Theater. Hoboken thereby hosted a larger range of popular acts than it would have otherwise. The second reason was that elsewhere women might be blocked from sitting at a bar, but they had free access into the Zanzibar because it was a club. Charles McNeil regularly cashed payroll checks for workers coming in from nearby employers such as Maxwell House, the Post Office, and local truckers. As Dorothy McNeill explained, "Most people at that time (especially black people) did not have a relationship with the banks." The amount involved could be as much as $30,000-$40,000 per week. In return, people would buy at least one shot: "I have literally poured $1,000 worth of liquor at a dollar a shot ... in a night. And I didn't start to work until 6pm." As an off-duty policeman Steve Capiello worked security at the Zanzibar before running for and becoming mayor of Hoboken. References 1940s births Living people People from Jersey City, New Jersey Nightclub owners African-American women in business Hoboken, New Jersey 21st-century African-American people 20th-century African-American people 20th-century African-American women 21st-century African-American women

Pupil is a Filipino rock band composed of Ely Buendia on lead vocals and guitars and Jerome Velasco on lead guitar. Dok Sergio and Wendell Garcia still plays bass and drums, respectively, for Pupil. History Early years and formation (2004–2005) Pupil was formed when Dok Sergio from the bands The Teeth and Daydream Cycle joined The Mongols' line-up during the fourth quarter of 2004, making it a five-man band. The Mongols' bassist Yan "Yanni" Yuzon moved to third guitar duties while Dok Sergio handled bass. The transitional five-man line-up was witnessed in The Mongols’ last single and music video entitled “Heroine”. In May 2005, guitarist Jerome Velasco, a.k.a. J. Astro, left to pursue a career in producing, recording and studio engineering. The group's last gig under the name "The Mongols" was on July 7, 2005. Velasco’s departure shook things up for the group as they were trapped into the decision of whether to stay as a band or not. As they decided to continue and as they progressed, the band noticed that they were producing a different sound without Velasco on the lead guitar and decided to form a "new" band. “We got a better bass player and dumber guitarist,” jokes guitarist Yan Yuzon, who left bass playing duties to Dok Sergio to take Velasco’s place. Upon the determination of forming a “new” band, the group’s first move was to change their name. Frontman Ely Buendia chanced upon the name "Pupil" while browsing a medical book. The band wanted a classic name for a rock band. Before using Pupil, they tried several other names, such as Villain, Lords of Nasdaq, The Gets, Trochlean, Traitors, and Tyrel Corp. They chose the name Pupil because Buendia liked the fact that it is the part of the eye where light enters. Guitarist Yan Yuzon likes its double meaning, as well as the “eternal learning” connotations of the name. Pupil's launch gig was on July 13, 2005 at the UP Bahay ng Alumni. Pupil also joined Livestock Productions. It was an event group with members such as Sponge Cola, Kiko Machine, Menaya, Tawo, Sleepyheads, and Elytistas. Resurgence Pupil had a hard time searching for a record label. They submitted their demo to several labels, but no one was more enthusiastic about the new material than the newly merged Sony BMG. Incidentally, Ely left BMG Pilipinas in 2002 in the wake of his falling out with the Eraserheads. However, BMG accepted Buendia again like a "prodigal son" as he himself describes it in their debut album's insert. The band admits that there is a distinct challenge for them, coming out of their past bands (Eraserheads and The Teeth). The challenge is particularly pronounced on frontman, Ely Buendia, since older fans tend to compare him and his new band with the huge popularity of The Eraserheads before. In an interview by Y. Losorata he says, "I just want my fans and hopefully, my fans to be, to appreciate my music. I’m lucky to still have my career in music as a job and as part of Pupil wala akong (I don't have) delusions to become as big as my previous band was." In fact, the band itself describes their music as actually "one foot in the past, one foot in the present and both eyes dead set at the future." According to Buendia, it's not being there but getting there that's exciting for him, no matter how many times he tries to get there. He later added in a different interview, "Let’s just say that the Eraserheads is about escaping reality and Pupil is about accepting reality." Reception and success Local radio stations' initial reception of Pupil's music, though, was relatively limited (with the exception of NU 107) due to the band's genre and musical style. While the band's carrier single, "Nasaan Ka?" was played often and achieved quite a popularity among listeners, other singles released from their album encountered more hurdles. The song "Nasaan Ka?" was used as main theme and "story" (based on lyrics) for the first episode of the second season of Your Song. Frontman Ely Buendia says, "Some pop radio stations are still making up their minds on 'Dianetic' which I personally don’t understand since it’s really just one of those straightforward love songs medyo on the noisy side nga lang (just a little bit on the noisy side)." "Then again, minsan talaga hindi mo maintindihan ang ibang radio stations (sometimes you cannot understand some radio stations). It’s not as if they don’t play songs by foreign artists like Nirvana with music heavier on distorted electric guitar than ours. Pero okay lang (But that's okay), that’s the reality of things." He speculates that xenocentrism has something to do about the double standard these radio stations go by. Consequently, they were forced to release an acoustic version of their second single, "Dianetic". The acoustic version of "Nasaan Ka?" was then used as a Bonus Track for Sony BMG's CD Sampler 2006 Volume 3. However, the band had relatively early success as evidenced by advertising projects that they were involved with and local awards that they have won. They were featured as the Rising Star for the month of May, 2006 in MTV Philippines. In the 19th Awit Awards held in Casino Filipino, they won the Award for Best Performance By A New Group Recording Artist/s category. They received another award for their first single, "Nasaan Ka?" at the MTV Pilipinas VMA 2006, winning the Best Rock Video Award. Then, Wrigley's Juicy Fruit chose them as their promotional models for their product along with Barbie Almalbis, another local artist. They also received endorsement deals from Levi's, Puma, Ray-Ban and Pony footwear. On November 26, 2006 Pupil won the SOP Music Awards 2006 Breakthrough Recording Artist of The Year Award. "We don't think Pupil should've qualified as 'breakthrough artist' because this actually is our second album after we changed our name from The Mongols", says Ely. The band also participated in the 2006 MTV Staying Alive Music Summit for HIV/AIDS. Pupil’s fourth single, "Gamu-Gamo", quickly climbed NU 107’s Stairway to Seven's number one spot within the first week of 2007. The band also performed a special 8-minute medley (which included a cover of the Eraserheads hit, "Pare Ko") at the 2nd MYX Music Awards which was held on March 15, 2007 at the AFP Theater, Camp Aguinaldo. The arrival and departure of Wendell Garcia and new albums (2007–present) On July 25, 2007, Yan Yuzon announced in Pupil's mailing list that Bogs Jugo, the band's drummer, left the band to pursue other things for his career. Wendell Garcia, formerly of Barbie's Cradle, replaced Jugo. Garcia played his first gig as the new drummer on July 26, 2007 at the Hard Rock Cafe, Makati. The gig also featured new songs from Pupil's second album. The Mongols' Jerome Velasco played synths with the band. He is also the band's producer for their second album. Since the release of the band’s second album (Wild Life), the band has enjoyed greater mainstream success and better album sales. The band has also toured and performed in other countries such as Singapore, Qatar, Dubai, Canada and United States. Their live performance of "Disconnection Notice" for MTV Philippines was featured in Best of MTV Live 2008. The same year, the band won 7 different awards which include a Promax/BDA and NU107 Artist of The Year. Pupil was personally chosen by Nine Inch Nails frontman Trent Reznor as front act in the Manila part of the "Nine Inch Nails: Wave Goodbye" tour, which was held at the Araneta Coliseum on August 5, 2009. The band Nine Inch Nails toured the globe for one last time before going on hiatus indefinitely, as 2009 marked the 20th anniversary of their first release. This was followed by a film soundtrack, when the band composed and recorded "Ang Panday" for Ang Panday (2009 film). The band released their first book, entitled "Against The Light: A Pupil Tour Diary", it details their recent Summer Tour in the Philippines. It was launched on November 4, 2009 at the Bonifacio High Street. Aside from the guest band Turbo Goth, Lally Buendia (Ely's sister) also guested and performed three songs from her band, Domino. Dok Sergio played bass, Lally on vocals, Ely played keyboard/synths and Paolo Manuel on drums. They joined The Earth Day Concert at the SM Mall of Asia on April 16, 2010 and afterwards, opened for Tears for Fears with Sandwich on May 2, 2010 at the Araneta Coliseum. The band also performed with Amanda Ling as guest artist (formerly of Electrico) on keyboards during the Nine Inch Nails and Tears for Fears events. During the Tears for Fears event, Buendia fronted for Sandwich, with Raimund Marasigan on drums, and performed the classic Eraserheads song "Alapaap". In 2009, the band announced they will release a compilation of various remixes of the song "Disconnection Notice". It is headed by prominent Filipino DJs, Jerome Velasco, Pat Tirano and Wendell Garcia. The band also contributed to Francis Magalona's posthumous album, In Love and War. After the release of "Limiters of the Infinity Pool" in 2011, it was followed by a United States tour, which included performances in Wilshire Ebell Theater, Ebell of Los Angeles and Slim's, San Francisco. After Sony Music Philippines' sudden disbandment last March 2012, Pupil transferred to MCA Philippines. Members Dok Sergio Born on February 27, 1976, Bassist Andrew Ryan Steve Ricafranca Sergio is the brother of Rivermaya's former bassist Japs Sergio. Dok and Japs are also members of Daydream Cycle, doing bass and rhythm respectively. Dok Sergio wrote the lyrics of "Dulo ng Dila" on the spot during recording. It is also the band's first song to hit no. 1 in NU 107's Stairway to Seven chart. In addition, Dok wrote the lyrics of "Shooting Star" by The Teeth, which won the "Song of the Year" award at the NU 107 Rock Awards 2000. He also runs a silkscreen printing business whose clients include some of the most prominent bands in the local Filipino rock scene today. Aside from The Teeth, one of Dok Sergio's former bands was Warehouse Club where he played guitars and lead vocals, his bandmates were from the members of the band The Youth (Robert Javier and Joseph Carrasgo) and Jun Dela Rosa. During his early days as a musician, he played for bands such as Purple Playground, God's Era and Prominence of Cathedrals. Dok played bass for Imago and now for indie-band Prank Sinatra. He sometimes jams with Sandwich and played bass for them during the Myx Mo 2008. He uses a Squier Jazz Bass and Fender Japan Jazz Bass Guitar, and recently, a 6-string Fender Bass. Today, aside from having reunited with The Teeth, he also sometimes plays bass for Imago, where he also used to play bass with before. Ely Buendia Born on November 2, 1970, Eleandre Basiño Buendía is the band's frontman and guitarist. Jerome Velasco Velasco was a pioneer member of The Teeth, The Mongols and Daydream Cycle. He was known as "J. Astro the boy who fell on earth" while he was the lead guitarist of The Mongols. His other bands were Aspirin and Candyaudioline, and he plays ambient guitars and keyboards for The Slave Drum. In the 2004 NU Rock Awards, Velasco won Guitarist of the Year award, for the Mongols' Buddha's Pest. Although he left The Mongols in 2005, he later returned as a collaborator, composer, producer and guest artist (during live performances) for the band. His latest works with Pupil include Beautiful Machines and Wild Life. Velasco later rejoined the band as guitarist. Wendell Garcia Born on May 27, 1976, Wendell Ray C. Garcia, formerly of Barbie's Cradle and Triaxis, is Pupil's drummer, who replaced Bogs Jugo in 2007. He was first featured in Pupil's second album. Garcia also played drums for Sponge Cola as sessionist and as drummer for 6cyclemind's Panorama album, he also co-produced the album with Buddy Zabala, Ebe Dancel, and Francis Magalona. Garcia also composed the song "012" with Barbie Almalbis and Kakoi Legaspi for "Parade" album. He also plays drums for the Jazz group named "Balooze". When Francis M and Ely Buendia recorded the song "Superproxy 2k6" for Ultraelectromagneticjam Eraserheads tribute, Wendell was responsible for the drum parts and played drums during the recording phase for Francis M's band, Hardware Syndrome. Garcia was the drummer for Juan Dela Cruz Band during their reunion concert. Wendell also sings while playing drums, his recent performance was a cover of Lauren Wood's "Fallen" from Pretty Woman OST. He also shared his drumming skills for Rico Blanco's Your Universe album and he also plays for Archipelago and sessioned for Nikki Gil during her Myx Live performance. Garcia started playing drums at the age of nine and has won multiple awards ever since. Wendell Garcia is also a product of Malate Catholic School where singer Kuh Ledesma also attended and graduated. Garcia left the band in 2016 and migrated to United States but later returned to the Philippines and re-joined the band in 2018. Former members Yan Yuzon Born on March 7, 1978, lead guitarist Yan "Yanni" Yrastorza Yuzon is the older brother of Sponge Cola guitarist and frontman, Yael Yuzon. The Yuzons are of Filipino and Basque descent. He also taught theater direction at the Ateneo de Manila University. His famous works include a pop-culture adaptation of Bertolt Brecht’s "Three Penny Opera", "Linya", "Santuario" and a few more. Yan is also a band member of Archipelago which he's also a lead singer of his band. Being a very busy man, Yan is also a writer for ABS-CBN’s TV show "Goin' Bulilit". He also played the short role of Liam in ABS-CBN’s "Kay Tagal Kang Hinintay". His acting performances also include the role of Romeo in the Metropolitan Theater Guild's production of Romeo and Juliet (which was used in Sponge Cola's "Gemini" music video), alongside Ina Feleo, daughter of Filipino actor, Johnny Delgado, with the role of Juliet. Yan has previously appeared in local renditions of other Shakespearean plays like "Merchant of Venice" and "Macbeth". He also starred in an indie film titled "Three Boys" for Cinemanila. The film is about a band which is composed of Marc Abaya (vocals and guitars), Ping Medina (bass) and Yan Yuzon (drums). It was directed by Ming Kai Leung and produced by Marie Jamora. Yan also used to front for the indie neo-glam band called Cat Siamese. Yan uses a Gibson Robot Guitar, Carvin classic white guitar, Fender Stratocaster and Epiphone Les Paul. Yan Yuzon also launched his new band called Archipelago. Its members are Wendell Garcia on drums, Chad Rialp (of Sound and Liquid Jane) on bass, Pat Tirano (of Toi and Monkeyspank, co-produced Beautiful Machines and also co-produced Sponge Cola's Transit and self-titled third album with Yan Yuzon) on lead guitars and Yan Yuzon himself on frontman duties. He was also featured in an instrumental compilation called "Mga Gitarista" (The Guitarists), wherein it features various instrumental songs from Filipino guitarists from different OPM bands such as Barbie Almalbis, Francis Reyes, Mong Alcaraz and Mike Elgar. His song "Mount Ordeals" was inspired by Final Fantasy Series. Bogs Jugo Born on February 17, 1979, Drummer Ricardo Nicholas Bañaga Jugo is also the synth and beat programmer for the dream pop/electronica group Daydream Cycle, where he also recorded, produced and mastered the band's first album. Bogs is into video games, he once worked as an online customer assistance representative for an international videogame console company. Playing “Hypersober” live was a different set-up for the band. Yan played the drums. Dok gets to play the guitars. Ely did the bass, and of course, Bogs on vocals. Bogs also used "d lite" and "Boga Man" as a nickname during the early days of The Mongols. He was also a member of the band Water No-nos, with Japs Sergio, and has played with other bands as guitarist and drummer. On July 25, 2007, Yan Yuzon announced in Pupil's mailing list that Bogs Jugo left the band to pursue other things for his career. However, Yuzon said that Jugo had already expressed his desire to quit his duties for both of his bands, Pupil and Daydream Cycle, as early as the summer of 2007. Bogs, a pioneer member of the group since The Mongols, ensured smooth transition for Pupil into its current new lineup. He was replaced by Wendell Garcia, formerly of Barbie's Cradle. Contrary to speculations, he did not leave the music industry at all. Jugo is still a musician, but more within the indie and underground scene; perhaps to give way to his other activities and new career. After he left Pupil and DDC, he also sessioned with Nina’s live band as drummer and also for Tawo band. Currently he is the drummer for Us-2 Evil-0, and he also played guitars for She Hates Ballet. Jugo recently joined Hit Productions as an Audio Engineer, a company that's also co-headed by Mike Villegas, formerly of Rizal Underground. Other personnel Patrick Tirano Patrick Tirano worked with the band as co-producer of Beautiful Machines and he also mastered Wild Life album. Tirano is in charge of helping the band create unique sounds. According to pupil.ph, "aside from being the band's main sound forger, he also takes time and documents Pupil's life on video." He's also a member of Archipelago, TOI, Monkeyspank and Rugis. Dr. Day Cabuhat Dr. Day Cabuhat once managed The Eraserheads and now co-manages Pupil with Diane Ventura. She first wrote "Sumasabay" as a literary piece which was later translated by Dok Sergio into a song. Diane Ventura Aside from being a manager, she has co-written a number of the band's songs and has shared her singing voice as both lead and backing vocals. Discography Beautiful Machines Beautiful Machines, Pupil's debut album, was released on November 10, 2005 under Sony BMG, the same music company that publishes The Eraserheads' music. The band itself describes their music as "dark, loud, and romantic." Yan Yuzon describes their genre as "everyrock" meaning an amorphous mass of rock and roll, classic and stadium rock, punk, new wave, glam rock, goth rock, heavy metal, grunge, and everything in between. It is very guitar-driven, stripped down, and the album has a very distinct sound, considering that it is the band's debut album. The album was recorded digitally at Wombworks in Marikina, the studio founded by Louie Talan of Razorback. “We didn’t use amps at all,” Buendia says. The album was mastered at Tweak Merville by Zach Lucero, drummer of the band, Imago. Hoodwinked Soundtrack One of the band's songs entitled "Blow Your House Down" was featured in a Hollywood CGI animated film Hoodwinked, from The Weinstein Company. An instrumental version of the song was played in the background of the Granny Xtreme skiing scene. The film's soundtrack was released under Rykodisc. Most animations and visuals of Hoodwinked were created and processed at Digital Eye Candy, Makati. One of the head animators behind the Hoodwinked team, Gorio Vicuna, is the one who designed and directed the album cover and sleeve layout of "Beautiful Machines” album. A line in the lyrics of the song says “no one told you I was abroad”, which in turn, the song was actually used in an international movie. Rockoustic Mania Pupil and Barbie Almalbis were chosen by Juicy Fruit as their advertising models to reach out to the younger generation in their Rockoustic Mania advertising events. The promotion included Juicy Fruit's Tugtog Mo! band competition, and Style mo! competition by Human and Pony footwear. The collaboration between the two artists offers a fusion of Rock and Acoustic. The AVCD features two songs, the music videos and some behind the scenes look at the artists' works. It was released on August 24, 2006 under Sony BMG and Warner Music. The Juicy Fruit Rockoustic Mania Final Fusion event was held on November 17, at the Tanghalang Francisco Balagtas (Folk Arts Theater), Cultural Center of the Philippines. The show featured performances from Barbie Almalbis and Pupil, guest bands Sugarfree and Up Dharma Down, and of course, from the three finalists, WTC 11, Medea, and 7th Skool. The band 7th Skool won the Tugtog Mo! Band Competition. Audio: 1. Nakakabaliw (E. Buendia, D. Ventura) 2. Must Have (E. Buendia, B. Almalbis, D. Sergio) Video: 1. Nakakabaliw (Directed by RA Rivera) 2. Must Have (Directed by Pancho Esguerra) 3. MYX News Nakakabaliw by Barbie and Pupil (Behind the scenes) During the Rockoustic Mania Press Launch at Phi Bar Metrowalk held on June 14, 2006, Barbie Almalbis and Pupil played their songs separately as they showed the crowd their own music styles and genre. They also jammed together and as a bonus, Barbie sang the Eraserheads classic “Overdrive” and on the other hand, “Alapaap” was performed by Pupil. Animax Pupil also made a new theme song for Animax Asia, entitled "Set Me Apart". The song had its exclusive Philippine-radio launch by NU107. The song also gained no. 1 spot in NU 107's Stairway to Seven chart within just two weeks after the radio launch and the band was a prominent guest in Mad Mad Fun. Pupil had been part of Animax Fashion-Ability event, where they made special appearance at the event, played their music, and talked about their fashion style. The band's first onstage public appearance after Ely’s recovery was also with Animax. It was on Saturday, February 10, 2007 when the band performed at The Music Hall in SM Mall of Asia, in an Animax speed-dating and welcome celebration for Valentine’s Day event called “Love Is In The Air”. The band was also featured (along with Sponge Cola and Urbandub) in a show called MUSIC STATION, which also airs on Animax. The song had its official local launch Tuesday, May 22, 2007 in an exclusive Animax Party at the Hard Rock Cafe Makati, wherein 50 pairs of tickets were given away in a contest. The band had their first overseas gig on the 27th of May at the Bar None bar in Marriott Hotel, Orchard Road, Singapore. The Singaporean-act The Great Spy Experiment opened for that night's "Bar None Rock Affair" gig. An interview with the band was aired on Friday, June 1, 2007 and Pupil was interviewed on Animax's "Music Talk" by Francis "Brew" Reyes of The Dawn. The Asia-wide launching of the music video of "Set Me Apart" was aired on June 8, 2007 at exactly 7pm on Animax. The music video features the band as "live" anime-styled characters, like cosplayers. The production of the music video is a first of its kind for a Filipino band, most scenes and characters were done using traditional hand-drawn 2D animation subsequently softly blended with 3D and CGI. One of the famous anime films that used this technique is Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence, which is also a personal favourite of Ely (as evident with The Mongols' "Case Logic" lyrics and interviews). It was filmed in the Philippines, processed in Malaysia by Hue Visualab, and launched in Animax's ASEAN headquarters in Singapore. The song won a Promax/BDA award in 2008, making Pupil the first Filipino band to win such award. Wild Life Wild Life, their second album under Sony BMG, features 12 tracks. It featured photography work by Francis Magalona. All 11 new tracks features Wendell Garcia as the band's new drummer, while the 12th track, "Set Me Apart", featured Bogs Jugo as the drummer, as his last song with Pupil. The album was recorded in Soundsrite studio in Kalayaan Ave., Makati City. Where its owned and operated by Boyet Aquino, the original drummer of Francis Magalona's band called Hardware Syndrome where Wendell Garcia used to play drums with. The special edition was released on July 10, 2009. Limiters of the Infinity Pool In an interview with the Philippine Star Buendia also stated “This time, we were given credit and now we can probably concentrate on making music that matters to us. We just wanna make, if possible, a better album, better than the two — yun yung target ko (that's my target).” The band's third album contains 12 tracks and had the working title "No. 3" as revealed by Buendia. Amanda Ling and Francis "Brew" Reyes are also part of the album. It is co-produced, recorded, mixed and mastered by Pat Tirano at Wombworks, the band describes their new album "The sound is bigger, more experimental than the first two albums. There's a live string section", with influences from Wall of Sound, Michael Jackson and many others. The third album is officially called "Limiters of the Infinity Pool", released on January 11, 2011 at Robot Bar, Makati. The album features the songs "Let Her Rip", "Distortion", "TNT", "20-20", "Pikit Bukas", "Pusakal", "Pampalakas", "One Two", "Obese", "Deft Mechanic", "Morning Gift" and "The Low End". According to Buendia, aside from being downloadable on iTunes and Amazon.com, the band will also be releasing a Vinyl version of the album. Zilch The band confirmed to a group of journalists that their next studio album is set for a January 2015 release. The album's first single, Out of Control, is released on early August 2014. Studio albums Beautiful Machines – 2005 Wildlife – 2007 Limiters Of The Infinity Pool – 2011 Zilch – 2015 Awards and nominations References External links Pupil Yahoo! Groups Pupil PinoyBanda Profile LivELY: Coming Together for Ely Buendia Filipino rock music groups MCA Music Inc. (Philippines) artists Musical groups from Manila Musical groups established in 2005

The history of Riga, the capital of Latvia, begins as early as the 2nd century with a settlement, the Duna urbs, at a natural harbor not far upriver from the mouth of the Daugava River. Later settled by Livs and Kurs, it was already an established trade center in the early Middle Ages along the Dvina-Dnieper trade route to Byzantium. Christianity had come to Latvia as early as the 9th century, but it was the arrival of the Crusades at the end of the 12th century which brought the Germans and forcible conversion to Christianity; the German hegemony instituted over the Baltics lasted until independenceand is still preserved today in Riga's Jugendstil (German Art Nouveau) architecture. From the 13th century to the birth of nationalism in the 19th and independence in the 20th, Latvia's and Riga's history are intertwined, a chronicle of the rise and fall of surrounding foreign powers over the Latvians and their territory. As a member of the Hanseatic League, Riga's prosperity grew throughout the 13th–15th centurieswith Riga to become a major center of commerce and later, industry, of whatever empire it found itself subject of. Today, Riga and its environs are home to close to half of Latvia's inhabitants. UNESCO has declared Riga's historical center a World Heritage site in recognition of its Art Nouveau architecture, widely considered the greatest collection in Europe, and for its 19th-century buildings in wood. Founding of Riga The Daugava River (Western Dvina, Dúna in Old Norse) has been a trade route since antiquity, part of the Viking's Dvina-Dnieper navigation route via portage to Byzantium. A sheltered natural harbor 15 km upriver from the mouth of the Daugavathe site of today's Rigahas been recorded as an area of settlement, the Duna Urbs, as early as the 2nd century, when ancient sources already refer to Courland as a kingdom. It was subsequently settled by the Livs, an ancient Finnic tribe who had arrived during the 5th and 6th centuries, about the same time that Riga began to develop as a center of Viking trade during the early Middle Ages. Archeological digs at the sites of Riga Town Hall (Albert) Square () and at the corner of Peldu and Ūdensvada streets offer glimpses into Riga's residents of the 12th century. These show that Riga was inhabited mainly by the Kurs, Kursified Livs, and Livs of the Daugava river basin. They occupied themselves mainly with crafts in bone, wood, amber, and iron; fishing, animal husbandry, and trading. The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia (Chronicle) mentions Riga's earliest recorded fortifications upon a promontory, Senais kalns ("ancient hill"), later razed in the 18th century, becoming the site of Riga's Esplanade. It also testifies to Riga having long been a trading center by the 12th century, referring to it as portus antiquus (ancient port), and describes dwellings and warehouses used to store mostly corn, flax, and hides. The origin of the name of Riga has been speculated to be related to ancient Celts—based on root similarity to words such as Rigomagos and Rigodunon, or that it is a corrupted borrowing from the Liv ringa meaning loop, referring to the ancient natural harbor formed by the tributary loop of the Daugava and being and earlier and common Liv place name for such formations. The evidence is conclusive, however, that Riga owes its name to its already-established role in commerce between East and West, as a borrowing of the Latvian rija, for warehouse, the "y" sound of the "j" later transcribed and hardened in German to a "g"most notably, Riga is named Rie (no "g") in English geographer Richard Hakluyt's 1589 The Principal Navigations, and the origin of Riga from rija is confirmed by the German historian Dionysius Fabricius (1610): "Riga nomen sortita est suum ab aedificiis vel horreis quorum a litus Dunae magna fuit copia, quas livones sua lingua Rias vocare soliti." (The name Riga is given to itself from the great quantity which were to be found along the banks of the Duna of buildings or granaries which the Livs in their own language are wont to call Rias.) German traders began visiting Riga and its environs with increasing frequency toward the second half of the 12th century, via Gotland. Bremen merchants shipwrecked at the mouth of the Daugava<ref name=HLBR>Lansdell, H. Baltic Russia", Harper's New Monthly Magazine, July 1890. </ref> established a trading outpost near Riga in 1158. The monk Meinhard of Segeberg, a missionary, arrived from Gotland in 1184.Dollinger, P. The Emergence of International Business 1200–1800, 1964; translated Macmillan and Co edition, 1970 Christianity had established itself in Latvia more than a century earlier: Catholicism in western Latvia, with a church built in 1045 by Danish merchants, but arriving as early as 870 with the Swedes; Orthodox Christianity being brought to central and eastern Latvia by missionaries. Many Latvians had been already baptised prior to Meinhard's arrival. Meinhard's mission, nevertheless, was no less than mass conversion of the pagans to Catholicism. He settled among the Livs of the Daugava valley at Ikšķile (), about 20 km upstream from Riga. With their assistance and promise to convert, he built a castle and church of stonea method heretofore unknown by the Livs and of great value to them in building stronger fortifications against their own enemies. Hartwig II, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen, was eager to expand Bremen's power and properties northward and consecrated Meinhard as Bishop of Livonia (from the ) in 1186, with Ikšķile as bishopric. When the Livs failed to renounce their pagan ways, Meinhard grew impatient and plotted to convert them forcibly. The Livs, however, thwarted his attempt to leave for Gotland to gather forces, and Meinhard died in Ikšķile in 1196, having failed his mission. Hartwig appointed abbot Berthold of Hanoverwho may have already traveled to Livoniaas Meinhard's replacement. In 1198 Berthold arrived with a large contingent of crusaders and commenced a campaign of forced Christianization. Latvian legend tells that Berthold galloped ahead of his forces in battle, was surrounded and drew back in fright as someone realizing they have stepped on an asp, at which point the Liv warrior Imants (or, Imauts) struck and speared him to death. Ecclesiastical history faults Berthold's unruly horse for his untimely demise. The Church mobilized to avenge Berthold's death and defeat of his forces. Pope Innocent III issued a bull declaring a crusade against the Livonians, promising forgiveness of sins to all participants. Hartwig consecrated his nephew, Albert, as Bishop of Livonia in 1199. A year later, Albert landed in Riga with 23 ships and 500 Westphalian crusaders. In 1201 he transferred the seat of the Livonian bishopric from Ikšķile to Riga, extorting by force agreement to do so from the elders of Riga. Today, 1201 is still celebrated as the founding of Riga by Albertintegral to the "bringer of culture" () myth created by later German and ecclesiastical historians that Germans discovered Livonia and brought civilization and religion to the virulently anti-Christian pagans. Ascent of Riga as a center of German commerce Under Bishop Albert 1201 was equally significant in marking the first arrival of German merchants in Novgorod, traveling via the Dvina and overland. Albert established ecclesiastical rule and introduced the Visby code of law. To insure his conquest and defend German merchant trade, the monk Theodoric of Estonia established the Order of Livonian Brothers of the Sword (Fratres Militiae Christi Livoniae, "Order") in 1202 under the aegis of Albert (who was away in Germany), open to both nobles and merchants. Church history relates that the Livonians were converted by 1206, "baptized in a body" after their defeat at Turaida by German forces including the Liv king Kaupowho had been baptized under Meinhard around 1189, likely by Theodoric. 1207 marked Albert's start on fortification of the townZarina, D. Old Riga: Tourist Guide, Spriditis, 1992 (the city gates, Rātsvārti, are first mentioned in 1210) and Emperor Philip's investing Albert with Livonia as a fief and principality of the Holy Roman Empire with Riga as capital and Albert as prince. The surrounding areas of Livonia also came under levy to the Holy Roman Empire. To promote a permanent military presence, territorial ownership was divided between the Church and the Order, with the Church taking Riga and two thirds of all lands conquered and granting the Order, who had sought half, a third. Until then, it had been customary for crusaders to serve for a year and then return home. Albert had ensured Riga's commercial future by obtaining papal bulls which decreed that all German merchants had to conduct their Baltic trade through Riga. In 1211, Riga minted its first coinage, and Albert laid the cornerstone for the Riga Dom. Riga was not yet secure as an alliance of tribes failed to take Riga. In 1212, Albert led a campaign to compel Polotsk to grant German merchants free river passage. Polotsk conceded Kukenois (Koknese) and Jersika, already captured in 1209, to Albert, recognizing his authority over the Livs and ending their tribute to Polotsk. Opening the Dvina expanded German trade to Vitebsk, Smolensk, and Novgorod. Riga's rapid growth prompted its withdrawal from Bremen's jurisdiction to become an autonomous episcopal see in 1213. The oldest parts of Riga were devastated by fire in 1215. In 1220 Albert established a hospital under the Order for the poor sick ("ad usus pauperum infirmantium hospitale in nova civitate Rige construximusus"). In 1225 it became a Holy Ghost Hospital of Germanya lepers' hospital, although no cases of leprosy were ever recorded there. (In 1330 it became the site of the new Riga Castle.) Albert's knitting of ecclesiastical and secular interests under his person began to fray. Riga's merchant citizenry chafed and sought greater autonomy; in 1221 they acquired the right to independently self-administer Riga and adopted a city constitution. That same year Albert was compelled to recognize Danish rule over lands they had conquered in Estonia and Livonia. This setback dated to the Archbishop of Bremen's closure of Lübeckthen under Danish suzeraintyto Baltic commerce in 1218. Fresh crusaders could no longer reach Riga, which continued to be under threat from the Livs. Albert was compelled to seek assistance from King Valdemar of Denmark, who had his own designs on the eastern Baltic, having occupied Oesel (the island of Saaremaa) in 1206. The Danes landed in Livonia, built a fortress at Reval (Tallinn), and conquered both Estonian and Livonian territory, clashing with the Germanswho even attempted to assassinate Valdemar. Albert was able to reach an accommodation a year later, however, and in 1222 Valdemar returned all Livonian lands and possessions to Albert's control. Albert's difficulties with Riga's citizenry continued. With papal intervention, a settlement was reached in 1225 whereby they ceased to pay tax to the Bishop of Riga and acquired the right to elect their magistrates and town councilors. Albert tended to Riga's ecclesiastical life, consecrating the Dom Cathedral, building St. Jacob's Church for the Livonians' use, outside the city wall, and founding a parochial school at the Church of St. George, all in 1226. He also vindicated his earlier losses, conquering Oesel in 1227 (the concluding event of the Chronicle), and saw the solidification of his early gains as the city of Riga concluded a treaty with the Principality of Smolensk giving Polotsk to Riga. Albert died in January 1229. While he failed his aspiration to be anointed archbishop the German hegemony he established over the Baltics would last for seven centuries. Member of the Hanseatic League Riga served as a gateway to trade with the Baltic tribes and with Russia. In 1282 Riga became a member of the Hanseatic League (German Hanse, English Hansa). The Hansa developed out of an association of merchants into a loose trade and political union of North German and Baltic cities and towns. Due to its economic protectionist policies which favored its German members, the League was very successful, but its exclusionist policies produced competitors. Back in 1298 citizens of Riga and Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytenis concluded a treaty, whereby pagan Lithuanian garrison would defend them from the depredations of Teutonic Order. The military contract remained in force until 1313. Hansa's last Diet convened in 1669, although its powers were already weakened by the end of the 14th century, when political alliances between Lithuania and Poland and between Sweden, Denmark and Norway limited its influence. Nevertheless, the Hansa was instrumental in giving Riga economic and political stability, thus providing the city with a strong foundation which endured the political conflagrations that were to come, down to modern times. As the influence of the Hansa waned, Riga became the object of foreign military, political, religious and economic aspirations. Riga accepted the Reformation in 1522, ending the power of the archbishops. In 1524, a venerated statue of the Virgin Mary in the Cathedral was denounced as a witch, and given a trial by water in the Daugava or Dvina River. The statue floated, so it was denounced as a witch and burnt at Kubsberg. Under the supremacy of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden With the demise of the Livonian Order during the Livonian War, Riga for twenty years had the status of a Free Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire before it came under the influence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Treaty of Drohiczyn, which ended the war for Riga in 1581. In 1621, during the Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625), Riga and the outlying fortress of Daugavgriva came under the rule of Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, who intervened in the Thirty Years' War not only for political and economic gain but also in favour of German Lutheran Protestantism. During the Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658), Riga withstood a siege by Russian forces. Riga remained the largest city of the Swedish Empire during a period in which the city retained a great deal of self-government autonomy. In 1710, in the course of Great Northern War, Russia under Tsar Peter the Great besieged Riga. Along with the other Livonian towns and gentry, Riga capitulated to Russia, largely retaining their privileges. Riga was made the capital of the Governorate of Riga (later: Livonia). Sweden's northern dominance had ended, and Russia's emergence as the strongest Northern power was formalised through the Treaty of Nystad in 1721. Industrial harbor city of the Russian Empire By the end of the 19th. century Riga had become one of the most industrially advanced and economically prosperous cities in the entire Empire, and of the 800,000 industrial workers in the Baltic provinces, over half worked there. By 1900, Riga was the third largest city in Russia after Moscow and Saint Petersburg in terms of numbers of industrial workers. During these many centuries of war and changes of power in the Baltic, the Baltic Germans in Riga, successors to Albert's merchants and crusaders, clung to their dominant position despite demographic changes. Riga even employed German as its official language of administration until the imposition of Russian language in 1891 as the official language in the Baltic provinces. All birth, marriage and death records were kept in German up to that year. Latvians began to supplant Germans as the largest ethnic group in the city in the mid-19th century, however, and by 1897 the population was 45% Latvian (up from 23.6% in 1867), 23.8% German (down from 42.9% in 1867 and 39.7% in 1881), 16.1% Russian, 6% Jewish, 4.8% Polish, 2.3% Lithuanian, and 1.3% Estonian. By 1913 Riga was just 13.5% German. The rise of a Latvian bourgeoisie made Riga a center of the Latvian National Awakening with the founding of the Riga Latvian Association in 1868 and the organization of the first national song festival in 1873. The nationalist movement of the Young Latvians was followed by the socialist New Current during the city's rapid industrialization, culminating in the 1905 Russian Revolution led by the Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party. Capital of independent Latvia The 20th century brought World War I and the impact of the Russian Revolution to Riga. The Imperial German Army marched into Riga in 1917. In 1918 the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed giving the Baltic countries to Germany as puppet kingdoms. Riga became the capital of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia. Because of the Armistice with Germany (Compiègne) of 11 November 1918, Germany had to renounce that treaty, as did Russia, leaving Latvia and the other Baltic States in a position to claim independence. After more than 700 years of German, Swedish and Russian rule, Latvia, with Riga as its capital city, declared its independence on 18 November 1918. During the Latvian War of Independence, the city was contested by the Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic established by the Red Army, Freikorps battalions composed of Baltic Germans and demobilizing German soldiers, and the Latvian Provisional Government. For more details, see History of Latvia. During the interwar period (1918–1940), Riga and Latvia shifted their focus from Russia to the countries of Western Europe. A democratic, parliamentary system of government with a President was instituted. Latvian was recognized as the official language of Latvia. Latvia was admitted to the League of Nations. The United Kingdom and Germany replaced Russia as Latvia's major trade partners. As a sign of the times, Latvia's first Prime Minister, Kārlis Ulmanis, had studied agriculture and worked as a lecturer at the University of Nebraska in the United States of America. Riga was described at this time as a vibrant, grand and imposing city and earned the title of "Paris of the North" from its visitors. Soviet and Nazi period There then followed World War II, with the Soviet occupation and annexation of Latvia in 1940; thousands of Latvians were arrested, tortured, executed and deported to Gulag labor camps in Siberia, where the survival rate equaled that of Nazi concentration camps, following German occupation in 1941–1944. The Baltic Germans were forcibly repatriated to Germany at Hitler's behest, after 700 years in Riga. The city's Jewish community was forced into a ghetto in the Maskavas neighbourhood, and concentration camps were constructed in Kaiserwald and at nearby Salaspils. In 1945 Latvia was once again subjected to Soviet domination. Many Latvians were deported to Siberia and other regions of the Soviet Union, usually being accused of having collaborated with the Nazis or of supporting the post-war anti-Soviet Resistance. Forced industrialization and planned large-scale immigration of large numbers of non-Latvians from other Soviet republics into Riga, particularly Russians, changed the demographic composition of Riga. High-density apartment developments, such as Purvciems, Zolitūde, and Ziepniekkalns ringed the city's edge, linked to the center by electric railways. By 1975 less than 40% of Riga's inhabitants were ethnically Latvian, a percentage which has risen since Latvian independence. In 1986 the modern landmark of Riga, the Riga Radio and TV Tower, whose design is reminiscent of the Eiffel Tower, was completed. Restoration of independence The policy of economic reform introduced as Perestroika by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev led to a situation in the late 1980s in which many Soviet republics, including Latvia, were able to regain their liberty and freedom (see Latvia). Latvia declared its full de facto'' independence on 21 August 1991 and that independence was recognized by Russia on 6 September 1991. In Riga, Soviet street names and monuments were removed. Lenin Prospect once again became Brīvības (Freedom) Boulevard, and the Oškalns train station, named after a prominent Latvian communist became Zemitani. The Lenin statue that stood alongside the Freedom monument was removed amid nationalist celebrations. The highway connecting Riga to Jūrmala was renamed after Kārlis Ulmanis, Latvia's last pre-Soviet president. During this period of political change, some local Russians and Ukrainians lost their citizenship, and fled to Russia and the West. Nearly all of the Jewish populace emigrated out of the country. The flight of post-war settlers restored Riga's ethnic Latvian majority. Neverthlesess, certain neighborhoods remain majority Russian. Joining European Union, free travel and restoration of civic society is slowly but surely bringing Riga back to its cosmopolitan roots. Latvia formally joined the United Nations as an independent country on 17 September 1991. All Russian military forces were removed from 1992 to 1994. In 2001, Riga celebrated its 800th anniversary as a city. On 29 March 2004 Latvia joined NATO. On 1 May 2004 Latvia joined the European Union. On 1 July 2016 Latvia joined the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. In 2004, the arrival of low-cost airlines resulted in cheaper flights from other European cities such as London and Berlin and consequently a substantial increase in numbers of tourists. However concerns have been expressed about the misbehaviour of some groups of tourists after two British tourists were caught urinating in Freedom Monument Square prompting the British embassy to issue advice to tourists to behave in a responsible way when drinking. The number of tourists has continued to increase and 2006 saw an 18% rise in the number of people staying in Latvian hotels relative to 2005, the largest increase in the E.U. and well above the European average of 2.4%. Historical population of Riga See also History of Latvia History of the Jews in Latvia Museum of the History of Riga and Navigation Siege of Riga, multiple sieges of Riga Timeline of Riga References Bibliography Holocaust locations in Latvia

The Nikon F-mount is a type of interchangeable lens mount developed by Nikon for its 35mm format single-lens reflex cameras. The F-mount was first introduced on the Nikon F camera in 1959, and features a three-lug bayonet mount with a 44mm throat and a flange to focal plane distance of 46.5mm. The company continues, with the 2020 D6 model, to use variations of the same lens mount specification for its film and digital SLR cameras. History The Nikon F-mount is one of only two SLR lens mounts (the other being the Pentax K-mount) which were not abandoned by their associated manufacturer upon the introduction of autofocus, but rather extended to meet new requirements related to metering, autofocus, and aperture control. The large variety of F-mount compatible lenses makes it the largest system of interchangeable flange-mount photographic lenses in history. Over 400 different Nikkor lenses are compatible with the system (other details can be found at the Nikkor The Thousand and One Nights site). The F-mount is also popular in scientific and industrial applications, most notably machine vision. The F-mount has been in production for over five decades, making it the only SLR lens mount which has been produced for over 50 years. System of lenses In addition to Nikon's own range of "Nikkor" lenses, brands of F-mount photographic lenses include Zeiss, Voigtländer, Schneider, Angénieux, Samyang, Sigma, Tokina, Tamron, Hartblei, Kiev-Arsenal, Lensbaby, and Vivitar. F-mount cameras include current models from Nikon, Fujifilm, Sinar, JVC, Kenko and Horseman. Numerous other manufacturers employ the F-mount in non-photographic imaging applications. Compatibility The F-mount has a significant degree of both backward and forward compatibility. Many current autofocus F-mount lenses can be used on the original Nikon F, and the earliest manual-focus F-mount lenses of the 1960s and early 1970s can, with some modification, still be used to their fullest on all professional-class Nikon cameras. Incompatibilities do exist, however, and adventurous F-mount users should consult product documentation in order to avoid problems. For example, many electronic camera bodies cannot meter without a CPU enabled lens; the aperture of G designated lenses cannot be controlled without an electronic camera body; non-AI lenses (manufactured prior to 1977) can cause mechanical damage to later model bodies unless they are modified to meet the AI specification; and AF-P lenses (introduced in 2016) will not focus, even manually, on cameras introduced before roughly 2013. Many manual focus lenses can be converted to allow metering with consumer Nikon bodies by adding a Dandelion chip to the lens. Image circle Most Nikon F-mount lenses cover a minimum of the standard 36×24mm area of 35mm format and the Nikon FX format, while DX designated lenses cover the 24×16mm area of the Nikon DX format, and industrial F-mount lenses have varying coverage. DX lenses may produce vignetting when used on film and FX cameras. However, Nikon lenses designed for film cameras will work on Nikon digital system cameras with the limitations noted above. Mounting and control rings F-mount lenses lock by turning counter-clockwise (when looking at the front of lens) and unlock clockwise. Nearly all F-mount lenses have zoom and focus controls that rotate in the clockwise direction (as viewed from behind the camera) to increase focal length and focus distance respectively. This convention is also used in Pentax K-mount and Sony A-mount lenses but is opposite of the direction normally used by Canon. F-mount lenses also typically have aperture rings that turn clockwise to close. The aperture rings have two sets of f-stop numbers. On cameras equipped with Nikon's Aperture Direct Readout (ADR) system, a small window under the pentaprism reads the smaller scale and displays the selected f-stop in the viewfinder. Nikkor Designations Nikon has introduced many proprietary designations for F-mount Nikkor lenses, reflecting design variations and developments both in lenses and the F-mount itself. There are also "unofficial" designations used by collectors and dealers to differentiate similar lenses. Pre-autofocus A — Auto Nikkor (also unofficially F, Pre-AI, Non-AI or NAI) — Designation for the first generation of F-mount lenses, introduced in 1959. These were all single-coated, and meter coupling was provided by a prong (known as the Meter Coupling Prong) fixed to the lens's aperture ring. The Photomic T through-the-lens light meter introduced in 1965 worked at full aperture, so the maximum aperture of the lens had to be communicated to the meter via a manual setting on the ASA dial. The Nikkormat FTn and FTn metered finder for the Nikon F introduced semi-automatic aperture indexing which was achieved by mounting the lens with the aperture ring set to 5.6, and then turning the ring to first the minimum and then the maximum apertures. (The need for this step was eliminated by the AI system below.) Early versions are marked "Nippon Kogaku Japan" and have their focal lengths stated in centimetres, but models produced after about 1965 have focal lengths stated in millimetres. The "Nippon Kogaku Japan" engraving was replaced by "Nikon" from 1971 onwards.Mounting a non-AI lens can damage many modern Nikon camera bodies. AI-cameras that still may use non-AI lenses includes the Nikon F2A/F2AS with Photomic A (DP-11) or AS (DP-12) finder, Nikon (Nikkormat) EL2, as well as Nikon FM and FE. In addition, the Nikon Df, a DSLR introduced in late 2013, can use non-AI lenses. The A lenses can be converted to the AI specification; see AI'd below. T, Q, P, H, S, O, N, UD, QD, PD — Appears immediately before or after the "Nikkor" name on F-type lenses (see above), designating the number of optical elements in the design. Short for Tres (3), Quattuor (4), Penta (5), Hex (6), Septem (7), Octo (8), Novem (9), UnDecim (11), QuattuorDecim (14) and Penta-Decem (15). The terms Unus (1) and Bini (2) were also apparently designated, but never used. Terms P=Penta, H=Hexa, and PD=Penta-Decem (Greek root) were used (instead of Quinque, Sex, and QuinDecim) to avoid ambiguity with Quattuor, Septem and QuattuorDecim. This designation scheme was dropped with the introduction of "Modern" (K-type) Nikkors in 1974. Auto — Designation for F-type lenses indicating an automatic diaphragm (aperture). Not to be confused with automatic exposure or auto focus, the designation fell out of use in the early 1970s and was not carried onto K-type lenses. C — Indicates a multicoated F-type lens. Appears with an interpunct after the number of optical elements (in the form "Nikkor-X·C"). This designation was introduced in 1971 and discontinued in 1974 with the introduction of "Modern" (K-type) Nikkors, when multicoating had become standard practice. K — "Modern" or "New" Nikkors introduced in 1974. While Pre-AI for compatibility purposes, K-type lenses introduced the new cosmetics that would be used from 1977 onwards for AI-type lenses (see below). The scalloped-metal focus rings were replaced with rubber grip insets, and the use of element number and coating designations was discontinued. The 'K' designation itself is believed to be derived from the Japanese "konnichi-teki", loosely translatable as "modern" or "contemporary". AI — Manual focus with "Automatic Maximum-Aperture Indexing," introduced in 1977. The AI standard adds a Meter Coupling Ridge to the aperture ring, which encodes the current aperture setting relative to the maximum, and a Lens Speed Indexing Post on the mounting flange, which encodes the maximum aperture itself. The Ridge and Post couple to the camera's light meter. Lenses designated AI-S, Series E, and AF all include these features of AI. Current professional Nikon camera bodies link with the Meter Coupling Ridge, but the Lens Speed Indexing Post is ignored and the maximum aperture value is set electronically by the operator instead. AI-designated lenses also improved on the original Meter Coupling Prong, adding cutaways which allow more ambient light to fall on the aperture ring, increasing visibility on cameras which optically projected the setting inside the viewfinder. AI'd — An unofficial designation for lenses converted partially (Meter Coupling Ridge only) or completely from non-AI to AI. This is accomplished by replacing the aperture ring and the metering prong (using a long-discontinued kit procured from Nikon) or by modifying the original part. Some independent camera repair technicians continue to offer such conversions. AI-S — The successor to AI, the AI-S specification added two mechanical enhancements — standardized aperture control, and the Focal Length Indexing Ridge — required for the shutter priority and other auto-aperture exposure modes of the Nikon FA, F-301/N2000, and F-501/N2020 cameras (although the FA will operate correctly in shutter priority and program modes with any AI lens). Later cameras did not require these features, and interoperate with AI and AI-S lenses identically. The term AI-S is now commonly used to refer to manual focus lenses, and Nikon continues to produce eight prime lens models in its AI-S line. All Nikon AF lenses with aperture rings (non-G) also meet the AI-S specification, except for their lack of a Meter Coupling Prong (which can be added). Visually, AI-S lenses can quickly be identified by the smallest aperture setting (usually f/22) being marked in orange, Standardized aperture control. AI-S lens apertures move in a standardized fashion in relation to their stop-down levers. The levers of AI and pre-AI lenses were intended only to close the aperture to its manual setting. The advance of aperture control by the camera body itself, by partial actuation of the stop-down lever, meant more precision was required for consistent exposure. This feature is indicated by a Lens Type Signal notch in the lens mount. Note that despite popular misconception, the F4 is NOT capable of engaging P and S auto-exposure modes with non-CPU lenses Focal Length Indexing Ridge. AI-S lenses with a focal length of 135mm or longer are indicated by a ridge on the lens mount, used by FA and F-501 to engage high-speed-biased Program Autoexposure. Electromechanical and data communication AF — The original autofocus designation, indicating focus driven by a motor inside the camera body. All AF lenses have an integrated CPU (microprocessor). Used in the form "AF Nikkor", this should not be confused with the original autofocus lenses for the F3AF camera, which were designated "AF-Nikkor" and are considered predecessors to AF-I lenses. AF-N — Indicates the "New" version of an AF lens. The change from plastic focus rings on early AF lenses to the a new "rubber inset focus ring" (RIFR) is often indicated by the AF-N designation. Introduced in 1990. AF-I — Autofocus-Internal. Driven by a coreless DC motor. Used only in long telephoto lenses (300 mm 2.8 through 600 mm 4.0). Introduced in 1992. AF-D — Designation for an AF lens (as above) with "D" functionality (see "D" below). Introduced in 1992. AF-S — Autofocus-Silent. Uses a "Silent Wave Motor" (SWM) (ultrasonic motor) to focus quietly and quickly. Similar to Canon's "USM" technology. Introduced in 1996. AF-P — Autofocus using a stepper motor. First F-Mount lens in 2015 after being introduced 2011 in the Nikon 1-mount. All DX AF-P lenses omit the physical AF/MF switch — those with Vibration Reduction (VR) omit the VR-switch.Fully AF-P compatible without any firmware update are the Nikon D850, D500, D7500, D5600, D3400, D3500, Nikon-1 series with FT1 adapter and newer cameras. Fully AF-P compatible after update are the Nikon D5, D5500 and D5300. After update the following cameras lack a software VR-switch: D4S, D4, D810, D810A, D800, D800E, D750, D610, D600, Df, D7200, D7100 and D3300 if the lens includes no physical VR-switch, VR is always on. Additionally they lack "Manual focus ring in AF mode", the manual override of autofocus.The Nikon D3X, D3S, D3, D700, D300, D300S, D7000 and D2XS operate only AF-P FX lenses with additionally restrictions that after a reactivation from the standby mode a (quick) automatic or manual refocusing must take place as the focus is reset to infinity as they wake up. To avoid this, the standby time may be set in the camera for a longer time or "Unlimited". The D5200 works with DX and FX lenses, but additionally displays a "Lens not attached" message if a lens lock switch was activated when the camera is turned on.The AF-P focus motor will not work with all Nikon film cameras and D1 to other D2 series, D200, D100, D5100, D5000, D90, D80, D70 series, D3200, D3100, D3000, D60, D50, D40 and D40X. Standard is VR = on and focus to infinity with all cameras only supporting E-type lenses. Not to be confused with old AI-P "Program" (CPU) lenses. CPU — Central Processing Unit. The lens is fitted with electrical contacts for digital communication with the camera. All AF and AI-P lenses are CPU lenses. Some non-professional Nikon cameras require CPU lenses for metered operation. This designation appears in specifications but not lens names. D — Distance. Indicated after the f-number in the name, and also occasionally designated AF-D. The integrated CPU electronically communicates focus distance information, which is incorporated into the camera's exposure calculations in 3D Matrix Metering mode, and also D-TTL and I-TTL flash autoexposure. All AF-I, AF-S, and G-type lenses are also D-type. E — Electromagnetic diaphragm. The aperture diaphragm of an E lens is controlled digitally by the camera, and actuated electromagnetically by a system housed within the lens, rather than employing the F-mount's traditional mechanical diaphragm linkage. This system first appeared in certain Perspective Control lenses, designated PC-E (with designs that preclude a mechanical linkage). E-type lenses aperture control is only supported by all DSLRs with CMOS image sensor except the Nikon D90. For all other cameras the lens aperture stays maximum open with normal autofocus and metering. E Lenses with manual aperture control like PC-E lenses allow manual diaphragm operation on all cameras, with possible unreliable metering on DSLRs without E-type support. Otherwise E lenses are similar to G lenses. Not to be confused with old AI Series E lenses. G — Designation for lenses without an aperture ring, indicated after the f-number in the name. G lenses retain the mechanical diaphragm coupling of other Nikkors, but the aperture setting can only be controlled by the camera body. Only autofocus bodies with command dials are capable of controlling G lenses. Older autofocus bodies will work with G lenses in shutter priority and program modes with full opened aperture. Some recent G lenses feature a weatherproofing gasket around the mounting flange. G lenses otherwise have the same characteristics as D lenses. P or AI-P — "AI with Program." CPU-enabled variation of AI-S. Includes only the 45/2.8P, 500/4P and 1200-1700/5.6-8P Nikkor lenses. Zeiss ZF.2 and Voigtländer SL II lenses are also AI-P designs, although they are not designated as such. Not to be confused with early lenses marked "Nikkor-P" meaning a 5-element lens (see pre-autofocus designations above). Optical design Aspherical — Aspheric lens elements. Also Hybrid used: Thin molded aspheric elements coupled to a conventional glass element. This designation appears in specifications but not lens names. CRC — Close Range Correction. Improved performance at close focus distances. Achieved by internal focus movements that move differently relative to the movement of the other focusing elements. This designation appears in specifications but not lens names. DC — Defocus Control. DC lenses have a separate control ring for spherical aberration, which affects primarily the appearance of out-of-focus areas, also known as bokeh. At extreme settings, DC lenses can generate an overall soft-focus effect. Includes only the AF DC-Nikkor 105mm 2D and AF DC-Nikkor 135mm 2D. ED — "Extra-low Dispersion" glass incorporated to reduce chromatic aberration. Lenses using ED elements usually carry a gold ring around the barrel to indicate the fact (although on some low-end lenses gold foil is used instead), and older lenses were also marked "NIKKOR✻ED". In addition to normal ED glass, "Super ED" glass is used in some lenses. FL — Fluorite. Designates a lens which includes one or more elements constructed of fluorite instead of glass. Currently includes the AF-S 800mm f/5.6E FL ED VR, available since 2013, the AF-S 400mm f/2.8E FL ED VR, available since 2014, the AF-S 500mm f/4E FL ED VR and AF-S 600mm f/4E FL ED VR, available since 2015, and the AF-S 70-200mm f/2.8E FL ED VR, available since 2016. GN — Guide Number. Assists in flash exposure on cameras without automatic flash metering. The flash's guide number is set on the lens, and the aperture is accordingly coupled to the lens's focus ring for correct exposure. The only GN lens, the supercompact GN Auto Nikkor (it was the second smallest Nikon F-mount lens ever made), was built during the late 1960s and early 1970s. An updated variant with a lens hood was made through the 1990's alongside the FM3a. HRI — High refractive index elements. Contains elements with a refractive index >2. This designation appears in specifications but not lens names. IF — Internal Focus. Focusing is accomplished through the movement of internal lens groups, eliminating extension and rotation of the front lens element, allowing focus to be driven quickly by a small motor. IF lenses also allow the use of a polarizing filter without the need to readjust it after focus. Micro — Micro-Nikkor lenses are capable of high reproduction ratios, typically 1:2 or 1:1, for macro photography. Industrial Nikkor lenses designed for greater than 1:1 reproduction are, in contrast, labeled Macro-Nikkor. The first Micro-Nikkor lenses were created for producing microforms of Kanji text. N — Indicates the Nano Crystal Coat, a relatively new type of lens coating that originated in Nikon's semiconductor division. Lenses with this coating feature the logo of an "N" inside an elongated hexagon on the name plate. NIC — Nikon Integrated Coating, a proprietary multicoating. Appears in specifications but not lens names. PC — Perspective Control. Lens features shift movements (and also tilt movements on some models) to control perspective and depth-of-field. Newer PC lenses are designated PC-E (see designation E above). Not to be confused with early lenses marked "Nikkor-P·C" meaning a five-element coated lens (see pre-autofocus designations above). PF — Phase Fresnel. To counteract chromatic aberration. It replaces several lens elements, thus reducing the size and weight of a lens. Reflex — Designates a catadioptric (mirror) lens. RF — Rear Focusing. Quite similar to internal focusing. Focusing is accomplished through the movement of rear lens groups, eliminating extension and rotation of the front lens element, allowing focus to be driven quickly by a small motor. RF lenses also allow the use of a polarizing filter without the need to readjust it after focus. SIC — Super Integrated Coating, a proprietary multicoating. Appears in specifications but not lens names. UV — Lenses designed for imaging ultraviolet light. VR — Vibration Reduction. Uses a moving optical group to reduce the photographic effects of camera shake. Some VR lenses also support a panning mode, detecting horizontal movement of the lens and minimizing only vertical vibration. The second generation of VR is called VR II, which is designed to offer another 1-stop advantage over original VR, but lenses with this feature are still designated simply "VR." Alternate product lines DX — Lens designed for the smaller Nikon DX format. Vignetting may occur if used on a 35mm format or Nikon FX format camera in full-frame mode, although some DX lenses cover the full 135 frame at longer focal lengths. IX — Lenses designed for use with the now-defunct Pronea APS SLR. These are all autofocus zoom lenses. They are not compatible with cameras outside of the Pronea system unless mirror lock-up is used Series E — A line of eight lower-cost lenses manufactured during the 1980s for Nikon's amateur SLRs. They sacrificed some construction quality and employed simpler but often surprisingly good optical designs. Early Series E lenses were built to the AI specification. Later Series E lenses were upgraded to the AI-S specification, and are identifiable by a metal ring on the barrel. None of this family of lenses were branded Nikkor, instead carrying the text "Nikon Lens Series E." Not to be confused with E - type autofocus and electromagnetic diaphragm lenses. Esoteric Bellows — Lens designed exclusively for use on a bellows unit, primarily for macro photography. Also called short mount. Since some Nikon bellows allow for a front rise, they allow a limited variety of lenses to be used similarly to a PC lens (see Optical design above). Fisheye-Nikkor — Lenses producing either a circular image on the film plane/imager or a partially circular image. Can be as wide as 220° or typically 180°. Fisheye lenses are based upon an equidistant projection formula, or an orthographic projection (OP). LW — Amphibian lens. Produced for Nikonos system, featuring a Nikonos lens mount, waterproof, but not designed for underwater use. Ideal for surfers, speleologists. Medical — Nikkor designation for a macro lens with a built-in ring light strobe system, designed for clinical and scientific applications. Noct — "Night." Specialty low-light lens designed for maximum sharpness at the widest aperture setting. The name has been applied only to the Noct-Nikkor 58mm 1.2. OP — Orthographic Projection. A fisheye lens that produces an orthographic rather than the equidistant image used on other fisheye lenses. This is useful for measuring the amount of sky blocked by a building or object. This maintains the same brightness in the image as in the object, with no falloff at the edges. UW — Underwater lenses. Produced for the Nikonos systems. Manual-focus lenses Manual-focus prime lenses 6mm 2.8 Circular Fisheye (220°) 6mm 5.6 Circular Fisheye (220°) (requires MLU) 7.5mm 5.6 Circular Fisheye (requires MLU) 8mm 2.8 Circular Fisheye 8mm 8.0 Circular Fisheye (requires MLU) 10mm 5.6 OP Circular Fisheye (requires MLU) 13mm 5.6 15mm 3.5 15mm 5.6 16mm 2.8 Full Frame Fisheye (180°) 16mm 3.5 Full Frame Fisheye (170°) 18mm 4.0 18mm 3.5 20mm 1.8 20mm 2.8 20mm 3.5 UD 20mm 3.5 20mm 4.0 21mm 4.0 (requires MLU) 24mm 2.0 24mm 2.8 28mm 2.0 28mm 2.8 28mm 3.5 35mm 1.4 35mm 2.0 35mm 2.8 45mm 2.8 GN 45mm 2.8 P 50mm 1.2 50mm 1.4 50mm 1.8 50mm 2.0 55mm 1.2 58mm 1.2 Noct 58mm 1.4 85mm 1.4 85mm 1.8 85mm 2.0 105mm 1.8 105mm 2.5 105mm 4.0 (pre-set) 120mm 4.0 IF Medical 135mm 2.0 135mm 2.8 135mm 3.5 180mm 2.8 ED 200mm 2.0 ED-IF 200mm 4.0 Q 200mm 4.0 200mm 5.6 Medical 300mm 2.0 ED-IF 300mm 2.8 ED (pre-set) 300mm 2.8 ED-IF 300mm 4.5 P 300mm 4.5 H 300mm 4.5 ED 300mm 4.5 ED-IF 400mm 2.8 ED-IF 400mm 3.5 ED-IF 400mm 4.5 (lens head; requires CU-1 or AU-1 focus unit) 400mm 5.6 ED 400mm 5.6 ED-IF 500mm 4.0 P ED-IF 500mm 5.0 Reflex 500mm 8.0 Reflex 600mm 4.0 ED-IF 600mm 5.6 (lens head; requires CU-1 or AU-1 focus unit) 600mm 5.6 ED (lens head; requires CU-1 or AU-1 focus unit) 600mm 5.6 ED-IF 800mm 5.6 ED-IF 800mm 8.0 (lens head; requires CU-1 or AU-1 focus unit) 800mm 8.0 ED (lens head; requires CU-1 or AU-1 focus unit) 800mm 8.0 ED-IF 1000mm 6.3 Reflex 1000mm 11.0 Reflex 1200mm 11.0 (lens head; requires CU-1 or AU-1 focus unit) 1200mm 11.0 ED (lens head; requires CU-1 or AU-1 focus unit) 1200mm 11.0 ED-IF 2000mm 11.0 Reflex Micro 45mm 2.8 ED PC-E Micro 55mm 2.8 Micro 55mm 3.5 Micro 55mm 4.0 UV Micro (prototype only) 85mm 2.8D PC Micro 85mm 2.8D PC-E Micro 105mm 4.5 UV Micro 105mm 4.0 (bellows lens) 105mm 4.0 Micro 105mm 2.8 Micro 135mm 4.0 (bellows lens) 200mm 4.0 IF Micro Manual-focus zoom lenses 25–50mm 4.0 28–45mm 4.5 28–50mm 3.5 Macro 28–85mm 3.5-4.5 Macro 35–70mm 3.5 35–70mm 3.5 Macro 35–70mm 3.3-4.5 35–70mm 3.5-4.8 35–85mm 2.8-4.0 (prototype only) 35–105mm 3.5-4.5 Macro 35–135mm 3.5-4.5 35–200mm 3.5-4.5 Macro 43–86mm 3.5 50–135mm 3.5 Macro 50–300mm 4.5 50–300mm 4.5 ED 70–210 mm 4.5-5.6 80–200 mm 2.8 ED 80–200 mm 4.0 80–200 mm 4.5 85–250mm 4.0-4.5 100–300mm 5.6 Macro 180–600mm 8.0 ED 200–400mm 4.0 ED 200–600mm 9.5 360–1200mm 11.0 ED 1200–1700mm 5.6-8.0 P ED-IF Series E lenses 28mm 2.8 35mm 2.5 50mm 1.8 100mm 2.8 135mm 2.8 36–72mm 3.5 70–210 mm 4.0 75–150mm 3.5 Perspective control (PC) lenses Nikon PC lenses, like other perspective control lenses, offer adjustments that duplicate certain view camera movements. The 28mm and 35mm PC lenses support shifting the lens in relation to the film or sensor plane, while Nikon's 19mm, 24mm, 45mm, and 85mm PC-E lenses also support tilting. Nikon currently offers four different PC lenses for sale: the four PC-E Nikkors (2008 and 2016), and the 85mm PC-Nikkor (1999). The 45mm and 85mm "Micro" lenses offer close focus (0.5 magnification) for macrophotography. The PC-E lenses (the "E" designates an electromagnetic diaphragm) offer automatic aperture control with all DSLRs with CMOS image sensor except the Nikon D90. With earlier DSLRs and all "analog" film camera models, a PC-E lens operates like a PC lens. The PC Micro-Nikkor 85mm 2.8D lens offers only preset aperture control, actuated mechanically by pressing a plunger. History In July 1962, Nikon released the first interchangeable perspective-control lens available for a single-lens reflex camera, the 35mm 3.5 PC-Nikkor. This was followed in 1968 by a redesigned 35mm 2.8 PC-Nikkor in which the shifting portion of the lens was further from the camera's body, in order to clear the new "Photomic" meters. The last optical redesign of this 35mm lens was released in 1980. The 35mm PC-Nikkor did not meet the need of photographers for a wider-angle lens, so in July 1975 Nikon released the 28mm 4 PC-Nikkor. In February 1981 Nikon released an improved version of this lens, the 28mm 3.5 PC-Nikkor, with a new optical design. This was the last of the completely manual PC-Nikkors to be offered. Specifications Notes Automatic focus lenses AF prime lenses FX format primes 14mm 2.8D ED AF 16mm 2.8D AF Full Frame Fisheye 18mm 2.8D AF 20mm 1.8G ED AF-S N 20mm 2.8 AF 20mm 2.8D AF 24mm 1.4G ED AF-S N 24mm 2.8 AF 24mm 2.8D AF 28mm 1.4D AF Aspherical 28mm 1.8G AF-S N 28mm 2.8 AF 28mm 2.8D AF 35mm 1.4G AF-S N 35mm 1.8G ED AF-S 35mm 2.0 AF 35mm 2.0D AF 50mm 1.4 AF 50mm 1.4D AF 50mm 1.8 AF 50 mm 1.8D AF 50mm 1.4G AF-S 50mm 1.8G AF-S 58mm 1.4G AF-S N 80mm 2.8 AF (F3AF dedicated) 85mm 1.4D AF 85mm 1.4G AF-S N 85mm 1.8 AF 85mm 1.8D AF 85mm 1.8G AF-S 105mm 1.4E AF-S ED 105mm 2.0D AF DC 135mm 2.0 AF DC 135mm 2.0D AF DC 180mm 2.8 ED-IF AF 180mm 2.8D ED-IF AF 200mm 3.5 ED-IF AF (F3AF dedicated) 300mm 4 ED-IF AF 300mm 4D ED-IF AF-S 300mm 2.8 ED-IF AF 300mm 2.8D ED-IF AF-I 300mm 2.8D ED-IF AF-S 300mm 2.8D ED-IF AF-S II 400mm 2.8D ED-IF AF-I 400mm 2.8D ED-IF AF-S 400mm 2.8D ED-IF AF-S II 500mm 4D ED-IF AF-I 500mm 4D ED-IF AF-S 500mm 4D ED-IF AF-S II 600mm 4D ED-IF AF-I 600mm 4D ED-IF AF-S 600mm 4D ED-IF AF-S II 55mm 2.8 AF Micro 60mm 2.8 AF Micro 60mm 2.8D AF Micro 60mm 2.8D AF-S G Micro N 105mm 2.8D AF Micro 200mm 4D ED-IF AF Micro 105 mm 2.8G ED-IF AF-S VR Micro N 200mm 2G ED-IF AF-S VR 200mm 2G ED-IF AF-S VR II N 200–400mm 4G ED-IF AF-S VR 200–400mm 4G ED-IF AF-S VR II N 300mm 4E PF ED-IF AF-S VR N 300mm 2.8G ED-IF AF-S VR 300mm 2.8G ED-IF AF-S VR II N 400mm 2.8G ED-IF AF-S VR N 400mm 2.8E FL ED-IF AF-S VR N 500mm 4G ED-IF AF-S VR N 500mm 4E FL ED-IF AF-S VR N 600mm 4G ED-IF AF-S VR N 600mm 4E FL ED-IF AF-S VR N 800mm 5.6E FL ED-IF AF-S VR N DX format primes 10.5 mm 2.8G ED AF DX Fisheye 35 mm 1.8G AF-S DX 40mm 2.8G AF-S DX Micro-Nikkor 85mm Micro-Nikkor 3.5G ED AF-S VR DX AF zoom lenses FX format zooms 14–24mm 2.8G ED AF-S N 17–35 mm 2.8 ED-IF AF-S 18–35mm 3.5-4.5D ED-IF AF 18–35mm 3.5-4.5G ED-IF AF-S 20–35mm 2.8D IF 24–50mm 3.3-4.5 AF 24–50mm 3.3-4.5D AF 24–70mm 2.8G ED AF-S N 24–85mm 2.8-4D IF AF 24–85mm 3.5-4.5G ED-IF AF-S 24–120mm 3.5-5.6D AF 28–70mm 2.8D ED-IF AF-S 28–70mm 3.5-4.5D AF 28–80 mm 3.3-5.6G AF 28–85mm 3.5-4.5 AF 28–100mm 3.5-5.6G AF 28–105mm 3.5-4.5D AF 28–200mm 3.5-5.6D IF AF 28–200mm 3.5-5.6G ED-IF AF 35–70mm 2.8 AF 35–70mm 2.8D AF 35–70 mm 3.3-4.5 AF 35–80mm 4-5.6D AF 35–105mm 3.5-4.5 AF 35–105mm 3.5-4.5D IF AF 35–135mm 3.5-4.5 AF 55–200mm f/4-5.6G IF-ED Lens 70–210 mm 4 AF 70–210 mm 4-5.6 AF 70–210 mm 4-5.6D AF 70–300 mm 4-5.6D AF 70–300 mm 4-5.6D ED AF 70–300 mm 4-5.6G AF 75–240mm 4.5-5.6D AF 75–300mm 4.5-5.6 AF 80–200mm 2.8 ED AF 80–200mm 2.8D ED AF II 80–200 mm 2.8D ED AF III 80–200 mm 2.8D ED AF-S 80–200mm 4.5-5.6D AF 70–180mm 4.5-5.6 ED AF-D Micro (the only macro zoom lens for 35mm format) 16–35mm 4G ED AF-S VR N 24–70mm 2.8E ED AF-S VR N 24–85mm 3.5-4.5G ED-IF AF-S VR 24–120mm 3.5-5.6G AF-S VR 24–120mm 4G ED AF-S VR 28–300mm 3.5-5.6G ED AF-S VR 70–200mm 2.8G ED-IF AF-S VR 70–200 mm f/2.8G ED-IF AF-S VR II 70–200 mm f/2.8E FL ED VR 70–200mm 4G ED AF-S VR 70–300 mm 4.5-5.6G IF-ED AF-S VR 80–400mm 4.5-5.6D ED AF VR 80–400mm 4.5-5.6G ED AF-S VR N 200–500mm 5.6E AF-S ED VR DX format zooms 10–20 mm f/4.5–5.6G AF-P VR DX 10–24mm 3.5-4.5 ED AF-S DX 12–24 mm 4G ED-IF AF-S DX 16–85 mm 3.5-5.6G ED-IF AF-S DX 17–55mm 2.8G ED-IF AF-S DX 18–55 mm 3.5-5.6G ED AF-S DX 18–55 mm 3.5-5.6G ED AF-S II DX 18–70 mm 3.5-4.5G ED-IF AF-S DX 18–135mm 3.5-5.6G ED-IF AF-S DX 55–200 mm 4-5.6G ED AF-S DX 70-300mm f/4.5-6.3G ED AF-P DX 16–80 mm 2.8–4E AF-S VR DX 16–85mm 3.5-5.6G ED AF-S VR DX 18–55 mm 3.5-5.6G AF-S VR DX 18–55mm 3.5-5.6G AF-S VR DX II 18-105mm 3.5-5.6G ED VR 18-140mm 3.5-5.6G ED VR 18–200 mm 3.5-5.6G ED-IF AF-S VR DX 18–200 mm 3.5-5.6G ED-IF AF-S VR DX II 18-300 mm 3.5-5.6G ED-IF AF-S VR DX 18–300mm 3.5-6.3G ED AF-S VR DX 55–200 mm 4-5.6G ED AF-S VR DX 55–300mm 4.5-5.6G ED AF-S VR DX 70-300mm f/4.5-6.3G ED AF-P VR DX Lenses with integrated autofocus motors Nikkor lenses designated AF-S, AF-I, or AF-P have integrated autofocus motors, but other manufacturers included in the list do not designate it as clearly. These lenses are needed for autofocus on certain newer low-end Nikon cameras which lack an autofocus motor. These are the Nikon D40, D40X, D60, D3xxx (most recent: D3400), D5xxx (most recent: D5600) and the Nikon 1 series with FT1 adapter. Teleconverters TC-1 (2.0x) TC-2 (2.0x) TC-200 (2.0x) TC-300 (2.0x) TC-201 (2.0x) TC-301 (2.0x) TC-14 (1.4x) TC-14A (1.4x) TC-14B (1.4x) TC-14C (1.4x) (supplied exclusively with Nikkor 300mm f/2 Ai-S IF-ED) TC-16 (1.6x) (F3AF only) TC-16A (1.6x) TC-20E (2.0x) TC-14E (1.4x) TC-14E II (1.4x) TC-14E III (1.4x) TC-17E II (1.7x) TC-20E II (2.0x) TC-20E III (2.0x) TC800-1.25E ED (1.25x) (supplied exclusively with Nikkor AF-S 800mm f/5.6 FL ED-IF VR N) Other brands Zeiss ZF Zeiss ZF series lenses are manual-focus designs Nikon AI-S type aperture indexing. They are manufactured by Cosina to Zeiss specifications. Four design variations are designated ZF, ZF.2, ZF-I, and ZF-IR. ZF is the original product line. ZF.2 lenses are CPU-enabled (similar to Nikon AI-P lenses) offering full metering compatibility with the full range of AF Nikon SLR cameras. ZF-I lenses add mechanical locks for focus and aperture, and additional environmental sealing, for industrial applications. ZF-IR lenses are adapted to infrared imaging, with coatings that transmit wavelengths up to 1100 nm, and focus scales marked for infrared. Zeiss CP.2 CP.2 lenses are a series of Zeiss "CompactPrime" cinema lenses which present F-mount as one of three mounting options. The lenses cover the 36×24 mm area of the 35mm format or Nikon FX format, and lenses 28 mm and longer share a common T-stop (T/) of 2.1. Hartblei Kenko Kiev-Arsenal MC TS Arsat 35mm 2.8 Tilt Shift MC Peleng 8mm 3.5 MC Peleng 17mm 2,8 MC Arsat-H 50mm 1,4 MC ZOOM Arsat-M 80-200mm 4,5 MC Kalejnar-5H 100mm 2.8 APO Arsat-H 300mm 2,8 Voigtländer Angénieux 28–70 mm 2.6 AF 35–70 mm 2.5-3.3 70–210 mm 3.5 180 mm 2.3 DEM APO 200 mm 2.8 DEM ED Schneider Kreuznach PC Super-Angulon 28 mm 2.8 PC-TS Super-Angulon 50 mm 2.8 HM PC-TS Makro-Symmar 90 mm 4.0 HM Samyang Sigma Tamron Tokina Compatible cameras Nikon "F", "N", and "D" series SLR cameras. Nikkormat (Nikomat in Japan) "F" and "EL" series SLR cameras. Nikon 1 series with FT1 adapter Nikon Z 6 / Nikon Z 7 with FTZ adapter Fujifilm SLRs based on Nikon bodies, including: FinePix S1 Pro FinePix S2 Pro FinePix S3 Pro FinePix S5 Pro Canon M15P-CL Industrial Camera Kodak SLRs DCS series based on Nikon bodies, including: Kodak DCS-100 Kodak DCS-200 Kodak NC2000 / NC2000e Kodak DCS 315 / 330 Kodak DCS-410 Kodak DCS-420 Kodak DCS-460 Kodak DCS 620 / 620x Kodak DCS 660 / 660M Kodak DCS 720x Kodak DCS 760 Kodak DCS Pro 14n Kodak DCS Pro 14nx Kodak DCS Pro SLR/n Medium-format systems Horseman DigiWide camera Sinar "m" system (using 35mm Mirror Module) OpenReflex Video cameras edgertronic SC1 high speed video camera JVC JY-HMQ30 (4K resolution) Red One digital video camera (using Red F-mount) Camera-like "adapters" Redrock M2 Letus Extreme Shoot35 SGpro P+S Technik Mini35 Movietube Kiev Arsenal Kiev 17 Kiev 19 Kiev 19M Kiev 20 Ricoh Singlex (a.k.a. Sears SLII) See also Nikon Z-mount History of the single-lens reflex camera Full-frame digital SLR Nikon S-mount Nikon 1-mount List of Nikon F-mount lenses with integrated autofocus motors Lenses for SLR and DSLR cameras References External links Nikkor lens acronyms explained Nikon Manual Focus Lens Versions Nikon F Lens Database Nikon Lens Database Nikon Lenses Reviewed Lens mounts F-mount F-mount

Jonathan Shay (born 1941) is a doctor and clinical psychiatrist. He holds a B.A from Harvard (1963) and an M.D. (1971) and a Ph.D. (1972) from the University of Pennsylvania. He is best known for his publications comparing the experiences of Vietnam veterans with the descriptions of war and homecoming in Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. Work with Vietnam veterans Shay's early medical work was laboratory research on how central nervous system cells are affected by strokes, but after suffering a stroke himself, he went to work for the United States Department of Veterans' Affairs outpatient clinic in Boston. While working there, in his words, "The veterans simply kidnapped me," and his work with them "utterly redirected my life." In 1987, Shay shifted from neuropathology to the study of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and published a short article linking the combat histories of patients at the VA with the experience of war described in Homer's Iliad. He was then approached by classics professor Gregory Nagy who suggested that the topic might be expanded into a full-length book on the nature and treatment of PTSD. He has written two books, Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character and Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming, which discuss PTSD by reference to the experiences of American veterans of the Vietnam War, and the experiences depicted in the Iliad and the Odyssey. Shay's research uncovered what may be the earliest historical reference to PTSD, in Lady Percy's soliloquy in Henry IV, Part 1 (act 2, scene 3, lines 40-62). Written around 1597, it represents an unusually accurate description of the symptom constellation of PTSD. Shay has also done research on the use of Prozac in treating PTSD in Vietnam veterans. Views on PTSD Shay writes, "For years I have agitated against the diagnostic jargon 'Posttraumatic stress disorder' because transparently we are dealing with an injury, not an illness, malady, disease, sickness, or disorder." Shay argues that PTSD is not an illness but the persistence of adaptive behaviors needed to survive in a stressful environment. For example, emotional numbing is useful in a disaster situation and maladaptive in a family setting, and loss of trust enhances survival in a prison but not in a community setting. Like Derek Summerfield, he also argues against labeling and patronizing treatment. Shay recommends that we resocialize trauma survivors as a means of promoting socially acceptable behavior patterns. He cites classical Greek theater and the collective mourning described in the Iliad as possible precedents. In Odysseus in America he writes of "the circle of communalization of trauma": "When trauma survivors hear that enough of the truth of their experience has been understood, remembered and retold with enough fidelity to carry some of this truth ... then the circle of communalization is complete." Prevention of PTSD Shay is a passionate advocate of improved mental health treatment for soldiers and of more vigorous efforts to prevent PTSD, in addition to structural reform of the ways the U.S. armed forces are organized, trained, and counseled. He has collaborated with General James Jones, the past commandant of the Marines, and Major General James Mattis of the Marines. He has promoted the concept of preventative psychiatry in support of military cohesion, leadership and training: Prevention of psychological and moral injury in military service has three axes: cohesion, leadership, and training. First is keep people together. Train them together, send them into danger together, bring them home together, and give them time together to digest what they've just been through ... The second axis is expert, ethical, and properly supported leadership ... The third axis of prevention is prolonged, progressive, realistic training for what the troops have to do and face. Concept of moral injury Shay introduced the concept of "Moral injury" and recommended treatment strategies for it in his two books. Moral injury is a distinct syndrome from (but often co-morbid with) PTSD and is one of the primary themes for the veterans described in his books, often leading to personality changes and obstructing successful treatment. Shay writes that his "current most precise (and narrow) definition of moral injury has three parts. Moral injury is present when (1) there has been a betrayal of what is morally correct; (2) by someone who holds legitimate authority; and (3) in a high-stakes situation." Factor (2) is an instance of Shay's concept of "leadership malpractice". Other authors have alternative definitions where (2) is by the individual. Career recognition Shay is respected in military circles, having conducted the Commandant of the Marine Corps Trust Study (1999-2000); serving as Visiting Scholar-at-Large at the U.S. Naval War College (2001); Chair of Ethics, Leadership, and Personnel Policy in the Office of the U.S. Army Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel; and was Omar Bradley Chair of Strategic Leadership at the US Army War College and Dickinson College (2008-2009). In 2007 he received a MacArthur "Genius Grant" fellowship. In 2010 he was awarded the Salem Award for Human Rights and Social Justice for "building public awareness and acceptance of post-traumatic stress disorder as a serious and bona fide war injury." In 2018, Volunteers of America established The Shay Moral Injury Center, named in his honor and dedicated to deepening understanding about moral injury in the many populations who experience it. References External links Jonathan Shay talks about the concept of moral injury, part 1 and Part 2 December 20, 2010 Why Study Thymos? Video of lecture at Colgate University, April 24, 2013 "SCIENTIST AT WORK -- JONATHAN SHAY; Exploring Combat and the Psyche, Beginning With Homer," David Berreby, March 11, 2003 Jonathan Shay, "The Birth of Tragedy--Out of the Needs of Democracy." Dr. Jonathan Shay on Returning Veterans and Combat Trauma, New York Times, January 13, 2008. Jeff Severns Guntzel, "Beyond PTSD to "Moral Injury." Interview with Dr. Jonathan Shay, March 14, 2013. Jonathan Shay Extended Interview, March 11, 2011 Living people MacArthur Fellows American psychiatrists Harvard University alumni Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni 1941 births

Walter Afanasieff (born Vladimir Nikitich Afanasiev, ; February 10, 1958), formerly nicknamed Baby Love in the 1980s, is a Brazilian-American musician, songwriter, record producer and composer of Russian descent. He was a collaborator with Mariah Carey on her first six studio albums. He won the 1999 Grammy Award in the Record of the Year category for producing "My Heart Will Go On" by Celine Dion, and the 2000 Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical. Aside from Carey and Dion, Afanasieff has also written and produced music for Steps, Richard Marx, Whitney Houston, Thalía, Lionel Richie, Luther Vandross, George Benson, Destiny's Child, Kenny G, Michael Bolton, Toni Braxton, Andrea Bocelli, Johnny Mathis, Kenny Loggins, Barbra Streisand, Christina Aguilera, Ricky Martin, Leona Lewis, Idina Menzel and Lara Fabian. Life and work Afanasieff was born Vladimir Nikitich Afanasiev () in São Paulo, SP, Brazil, to Russian parents Nikita and Tatiana. His father is from Saint Petersburg and his mother is a Harbin Russian from China. His parents met in Brazil in the early 1950s. Afanasieff has 3 children, Christina, Isabella, and Andrei. Beneath the senior portrait in his high school yearbook, Afanasieff wrote that his goal was to "write and play better than Keith Emerson" of Emerson, Lake & Palmer. Starting out as a working jazz musician in 1980, Afanasieff initially played keyboards with the jazz/fusion violinist Jean-Luc Ponty. Later, he formed The Warriors with another former Ponty sideman, guitarist Joaquin Lievano, and with 1980s music producer/songwriter and drummer Narada Michael Walden, and these experiences gave him the background and confidence to take an active role as a producer. Walden hired Afanasieff as a staff producer/arranger and began using him as a keyboardist on Whitney Houston's self-titled debut album released in 1985, which went on to become the artist's best-selling studio album to date. It was also during this time that Afanasieff and Walden began writing pop songs together. Together with his mentor Narada, Afanasieff's first major production was the title track of the James Bond movie Licence to Kill, sung by Gladys Knight and co-written by Afanasieff and Walden. One of Afanasieff's biggest hits as a producer was "My Heart Will Go On", the theme tune to the 1997 film Titanic, sung by Celine Dion. The song became the world's best-selling single of 1998. Afanasieff produced and arranged other motion picture soundtracks, including Disney's Beauty and the Beast (the Celine Dion/Peabo Bryson title-track duet), Aladdin ("A Whole New World") and The Hunchback of Notre Dame ("Someday"). Afanasieff was also the producer and arranger for "Go the Distance", the Oscar-nominated Michael Bolton song from the animated film Hercules. Afanasieff performs on most of his recordings (mainly keyboards, synthesizers and drum programming). Afanasieff created music with Mariah Carey from 1990 to 1998. He had a role in some of Carey's most successful songs, including "Hero", which he co-produced, co-wrote, and on which he played all of the music tracks. "Hero" was released as the second single from Carey's album Music Box, and reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on December 25, 1993. It remained at the top of the chart for four weeks. "Hero" has become one of Carey's signature songs, and Carey closes many of her concerts with it. Carey and Afanasieff also wrote "One Sweet Day", a duet between Carey and Boyz II Men, which held the record for the longest run at number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 (16 weeks) for 23 years; the record was matched in 2017 by "Despacito", and broken by "Old Town Road" in 2019. The song was nominated for the 1996 Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals, and received the ASCAP Song of the Year Award for 1996. In 1994, Carey released the Christmas song "All I Want for Christmas Is You", composed by Afanasieff and herself. As of December 2018, the song has earned cumulative worldwide sales of over 14 million copies. In 2009, Walter started working with Russian singer Yulia Nachalova. Their album Wild Butterfly was released in 2012 on iTunes. They later produced a video "Zhdi menya" ("Wait For Me") in Russian, released on iTunes in 2015. In 2014 Walter became head of the composers/producers department at Isina, a worldwide talent search and development mentorship for those seeking to pursue a career in music. In 2015 he became one of the mentors of the Russian TV project Glavnaya Stsena ("Main Stage"), the Russian version of The X Factor. Awards 1999 Grammy Award in the Record of the Year category for producing "My Heart Will Go On" by Celine Dion 2000 Grammy Award in the Producer of the Year, Non-Classical category Discography See also List of songs written by Walter Afanasieff References External links Mixonline.com interview with Walter Afanasieff SongwriterUniver interview with Walter Afanasieff on how he wrote "Hero" with Mariah Carey Walter Afanasieff biography at Musicianguide.com Biography of Walter Afanasieff at AOL Music 1958 births Living people Grammy Award winners American record producers American people of Russian descent Brazilian emigrants to the United States Brazilian people of Russian descent People from São Paulo

5th (County Londonderry) Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment (5 UDR) was formed in 1970 as part of the seven original battalions specified in The Ulster Defence Regiment Act 1969, which received Royal Assent on 18 December 1969 and was brought into force on 1 January 1970. It was, along with the rest of the regiment, amalgamated with the Royal Irish Rangers in 1992 to form the Royal Irish Regiment. Recruitment Recruitment for 5 UDR was initially slow. The battalion began its duties on 1 April 1970 with only 200 men to patrol Derry city and a further 300 to cover the rest of the county as opposed to the Ulster Special Constabulary (which the UDR replaced) figures for the previous day of 600 and 1,200 respectively. Catholic recruitment was on a par with Protestant figures however and the two city companies of 5 UDR were 50/50 in makeup, with John Hume known to have signed at least one application and told the recruit to "go out and find all the decent Catholic people he could to enlist". Sir Robin Chichester-Clark complained asked in the Parliament of the United Kingdom why one of his constituents was turned down for the force as he was a churchwarden and a local government official. The reply by Roy Hattersley stated that the vetting team had been instructed to err on the side of caution and that two clergymen had also been refused because the new force was to be "isolated from political and sectarian influence". Intimidation Protestant and Catholic soldiers were both intimidated out of the regiment. Following the introduction of internment however more Catholic soldiers found themselves the subject of intimidation from within their own community. One captain in 5 UDR, who had been a member of the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association and had taken part in the Derry march, was intimidated out of the regiment, out of his job and out of Derry. The OC of the Waterside Company commented that it was "very, very soul destroying" to lose good men this way, especially when they so obviously enjoyed being soldiers in the regiment. History With the other six original battalions, 5 UDR commenced operational duties on 1 April 1970. Battalion Headquarters was established at the former anti-submarine warfare school but was later moved to more suitable accommodation in Shackleton Barracks, Ballykelly, County Londonderry which they shared at various times with the Royal Air Force, the Army Air Corps and various units of the British Army. The battalion had the largest Tactical Area of Responsibility in the regiment which covered parts of two counties (Londonderry and Antrim) as well as three police divisions 1,600 square miles in total. The first commanding officer of 5 UDR was Lieutenant Colonel Kenneth Bulstrode Lloyd Davidson JP, MID who had seen action in World War II as an officer with the 2nd Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. He had been Deputy Lord Lieutenant, High Sheriff for County Londonderry and later, Commandant of the City of Derry Ulster Special Constabulary between 1968 and 1970. Following his retirement after his agreed one year of service he was replaced by the battalion's first regular commanding officer, Lt Col John Lys. The second in command (2 i/c) of the battalion upon formation was Major George Lapsley, the son of a police inspector, graduate of Magee College, World War II veteran of the Royal Navy (Far Eastern campaign), and officer of the Territorial Army. He was responsible for recruitment in the early stages. The job of 2 i/c was usually given to the senior part-time officer of the battalion until 1991 when the post was changed to one for a regular officer. The first Training Major (TISO) was Major LSTH Pelham-Burn of the Coldstream Guards. Part of his job was to organise accommodation for all the companies of the new battalion. Where possible accommodation was sought in army bases and although the old Ulster Special Constabulary platoon huts were vacant and available, to have used those was politically undesirable. Companies The battalion eventually had seven rifle companies which were based at: Ebrington Barracks, Derry, (A, West Bank, Coy and B, Waterside Coy), C Coy in Claudy, D Coy in Shackleton Barracks, Ballykelly, E Coy at Laurel House, Coleraine, F Coy in Magherafelt. and G Coy in Maghera. G Coy was originally the B Coy of 1 UDR based in Ballymoney. It came under the command of 5 UDR in 1983. A further change in 1992 saw E and G Coys merge to form D Company. E Company Raised in 1971 the first Officer Commanding E Company (E Coy) was Major George Lapsley who transferred in from battalion headquarters. The company was broken down into four platoons. The majority of soldiers in 21 Platoon came from Portrush, Portstewart (the Ports) and the Windyhall area of Coleraine. 22 Platoon's soldiers lived on the east side of the River Bann. 23 Platoon's men and women came from the west side of the Bann, known as "The Heights" whilst 24 Platoon recruited from Garvagh and surrounding areas. The resulting platoon structure had soldiers from each area regular patrolling territory they were familiar with and where they knew most people from the locality. This was a hallmark of the early UDR part-timers: that they were able to tell when something was amiss in the areas they knew when out on patrol. Company headquarters was established in the former USC Drill Hall in Macosquin. After discussion with a local property owner "Laurel Hill House", built in 1843, was purchased by the Army Property Services Department for £24,000 but required work in excess of £100,000 to make it fit for purpose. The house had been military accommodation in the past when it was requisitioned for the United States Army in World War II. It was also reputed to be haunted. By the time E Company took possession of the house and outbuilding they had been converted into a barracks which contained all the facilities expected to be found in UDR company and battalion locations, including a guardroom, armoury, Motor Transport (MT) section, 25 metre indoor rifle range (for .22 Long Rifle .22 calibre only), Officer's Mess, Warrant Officers and Sergeant's Mess, Junior Ranks Bar, snooker room, stores, lecture rooms, offices, operations room, sangars and a pipe range. A pipe range consists of a 30-metre section of concrete pipe of 1 metre diameter, set onto the ground and covered substantially with earth. It was used in military bases in Northern Ireland for rifle practice when surrounding buildings made it unsafe to establish an open shooting range. A helicopter pad was also established in the grounds of the house and a drill hall built close by. The drill hall also doubled as a room for large functions. The house and 4.5 acres of grounds were placed on the market again in 2012 and sold at auction for an undisclosed sum although the guide price was listed at £190,000. Uniform, armament and equipment Initially, arms had to be drawn from the North Irish Horse barracks in Ballymoney, which by that time had become B Coy 1 UDR (see also Ulster Defence Regiment#Uniform, armament and equipment). Greenfinches Music 5 UDR had a number of champion pipers and drummers who, apart from local performances, represented the regiment at the Horse Guards Parade, the Festival of Remembrance in the Royal Albert Hall, London, the Colchester Tattoo, the Queen's Birthday Celebrations in York, an International Air Show at Aldergove and on a tour of the British Army of the Rhine. In the World Pipe Band Championships of 1978, the pipes and drums of 5 UDR won the Royal Scottish Pipe Band Association championship against 126 other entrants. In the World Pipe Band Championships of 1979, competing against 260 other bands, they won both the "Piping and Marching" and "Discipline" trophies, improving on their 1978 placings of second and first respectively in those categories. The album 5 UDR Pipes & Drums "Irish & Scottish Pipe Music", which includes recordings of the regimental and battalion's marches as well as other popular tunes, was the only recording publicly released by regimental musicians. Casualties 28 soldiers from 5 UDR died whilst on active duty during the Troubles and a further 12 were assassinated after leaving the regiment. The first to die was Captain Marcus McCausland, a Catholic. McCausland had previously served with the Irish Guards. His family owned a large estate outside Limavady. He had served as high sheriff for the county and was also a member of Limavady urban district council. The Official Irish Republican Army abducted him and interrogated him for four hours before shooting him and dumping his body in the snow. The hooded body of Sergeant David C. Deacon, 38, (HQ Company), was found on 3 March 1973 near Derry. His hands were tied behind his back, and he had been tortured. Deacon had previous service in the Royal Navy, was married with four children and was off duty at the time of his abduction and death. Eight years after his death, his wife and four other UDR and RUC widows formed The Widow's Mite to tell the world their side of the story and to counter IRA propaganda. She had her gold wedding melted down and recast as the ancient "mite" bearing the symbol of a lighted candle. Memorials A number of memorials exist to the fallen of the 5th Battalion. The main memorial to the UDR was erected in Lisburn, unveiled on 12 June 2011 by Viscount Brookeborough, one of the trustees of the UDR Memorial Trust. The memorial is "a 19-foot 'heroic scale' bronze sculpture" featuring "bronze figures of a male UDR soldier and a female 'Greenfinch' on operational duty...set upon an equally impressive Mourne granite plinth.". See also Ulster Defence Regiment List of battalions and locations of the Ulster Defence Regiment Bibliography Gamble, Ronnie. My Service Life, 1939–1979: William (Bill) Balmer, 2009, Causeway Museum Service, McKitterick, David. Lost Lives, Mainstream Publishing, 2004, Potter, John Furniss. A Testimony to Courage – the Regimental History of the Ulster Defence Regiment 1969–1992, Pen & Sword Books Ltd, 2001, Ryder, Chris. The Ulster Defence Regiment: An Instrument of Peace?, 1991 References 1970 establishments in the United Kingdom 1992 disestablishments in the United Kingdom Battalions of the Ulster Defence Regiment Military history of County Londonderry Military units and formations established in 1970 Military units and formations disestablished in 1992

The Varangian Guard (, Tágma tōn Varángōn) was an elite unit of the Byzantine Army from the tenth to the fourteenth century. The members served as personal bodyguards to the Byzantine emperors. The Varangian Guard was known for being primarily composed of recruits from northern Europe, including mainly Norsemen from Scandinavia but also Anglo-Saxons from England. The recruitment of distant foreigners from outside Byzantium to serve as the emperor's personal guard was pursued as a deliberate policy, as they lacked local political loyalties and could be counted upon to suppress revolts by disloyal Byzantine factions. The Rus' provided the earliest members of the Varangian Guard. They were in Byzantine service from as early as 874. The Guard was first formally constituted under Emperor Basil II in 988, following the Christianization of Kievan Rus' by Vladimir I of Kiev. Vladimir, who had recently usurped power in Kiev with an army of Varangian warriors, sent 6,000 men to Basil as part of a military assistance agreement. Basil's distrust of the native Byzantine guardsmen, whose loyalties often shifted with fatal consequences, as well as the proven loyalty of the Varangians, many of whom had previously served in Byzantium, led the Emperor to employ them as his personal guardsmen. Immigrants from Scandinavia (predominantly immigrants from Sweden, but also elements from Denmark and Norway)<ref>Marika Mägi, In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication Across the Baltic Sea, The Northern World, 84 (Leiden: Brill, 2018), p. 195, citing Alf Thulin, 'The Rus' of Nestor's Chronicle', Mediaeval Scandinavia, 13 (2000), 70–96.</ref> kept an almost entirely Norse cast to the organization until the late 11th century. According to the late Swedish historian Alf Henrikson in his book Svensk Historia (History of Sweden), the Norse Varangian guardsmen were recognized by long hair, a red ruby set in the left ear and ornamented dragons sewn on their chainmail shirts. In these years, Swedish men left to enlist in the Byzantine Varangian Guard in such numbers that a medieval Swedish law, Västgötalagen, from Västergötland declared no one could inherit while staying in "Greece"—the then Scandinavian term for the Byzantine Empire—to stop the emigration, especially as two other European courts simultaneously also recruited Scandinavians: Kievan Rus' c. 980–1060 and London 1018–1066 (the Þingalið). Composed primarily of Norsemen and Rus for the first 100 years, the Guard began to see increased numbers of Anglo-Saxons after the Norman conquest of England. By the time of the Emperor Alexios Komnenos in the late 11th century, the Varangian Guard was largely recruited from Anglo-Saxons and "others who had suffered at the hands of the Vikings and their cousins the Normans". The Anglo-Saxons and other Germanic peoples shared with the Vikings a tradition of faithful (to death if necessary) oath-bound service, and the Norman invasion of England resulted in many fighting men who had lost their lands and former masters and were looking for positions elsewhere. The Varangian Guard not only provided security for the Byzantine emperors, but also participated in many wars, often playing a decisive role, since they were usually deployed at critical moments of a battle. By the late 13th century, Varangians were mostly ethnically assimilated by the Byzantine Greeks, though the Guard remained in existence until at least mid-14th century. In 1400, there were still some people identifying themselves as "Varangians" in Constantinople. History The earliest members of the Varangian guard came from Kievan Rus'. A treaty between Rus' and the Byzantine empire under Basil I was agreed in 874 after a period of hostilities. A clause in the treaty obliged Rus' to provide men for Byzantine service. Renewed hostilities between 907 and 911 ended with a new treaty under which any Rus' who chose could serve Byzantium as a right. The scholarly consensus is that the Rus' people originated in what is currently coastal eastern Sweden around the eighth century and that their name has the same origin as Roslagen in Sweden (with the older name being Roden). According to the prevalent theory, the name Rus, like the Proto-Finnic name for Sweden (*Ruotsi), is derived from an Old Norse term for "the men who row" (rods-) as rowing was the main method of navigating the rivers of Eastern Europe, and that it could be linked to the Swedish coastal area of Roslagen (Rus-law) or Roden, as it was known in earlier times.Stefan Brink, 'Who were the Vikings?', in The Viking World, ed. by Stefan Brink and Neil Price (Abingdon: Routledge, 2008), pp. 4–10 (pp. 6–7). The name Rus would then have the same origin as the Finnish and Estonian names for Sweden: Ruotsi and Rootsi."Russ, adj. and n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, June 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/169069. Accessed 25 July 2018. As early as 911, Varangians are mentioned as fighting as mercenaries for the Byzantines. About 700 Varangians served along with Dalmatians as marines in Byzantine naval expeditions against the Emirate of Crete in 902 and a force of 629 returned to Crete under Constantine Porphyrogenitus in 949. A unit of 415 Varangians was involved in the Italian expedition of 936. It is also recorded that there were Varangian contingents among the forces that fought the Arabs in Syria in 955. During this period, the Varangian mercenaries were included in the Great Companions (Gr. Μεγάλη Εταιρεία). In 988, Basil II requested military assistance from Vladimir I of Kiev to help defend his throne. In compliance with the treaty made by his father after the Siege of Dorostolon (971), Vladimir sent 6,000 men to Basil. Vladimir took the opportunity to rid himself of his most unruly warriors which in any case he was unable to pay. This is the presumptive date for the formal, permanent institution of an elite guard. In exchange for the warriors, Vladimir was given Basil's sister, Anna, in marriage. Vladimir also agreed to convert to Christianity and to bring his people into the Christian faith. In 989, these Varangians, led by Basil II himself, landed at Chrysopolis to defeat the rebel general Bardas Phokas. On the field of battle, Phokas died of a stroke in full view of his opponent; upon the death of their leader, Phokas' troops turned and fled. The brutality of the Varangians was noted when they pursued the fleeing army and "cheerfully hacked them to pieces". These men formed the nucleus of the Varangian Guard, which saw extensive service in southern Italy in the eleventh century, as the Normans and Lombards worked to extinguish Byzantine authority there. In 1018, Basil II received a request from his catepan of Italy, Basil Boioannes, for reinforcements to put down the Lombard revolt of Melus of Bari. A detachment of the Varangian Guard was sent and in the Battle of Cannae, the Byzantines achieved a decisive victory. The Varangians also participated in the partial reconquest of Sicily from the Arabs under George Maniakes in 1038. Here, they fought alongside Normans recently arrived in Italy seeking adventure and Lombards from Byzantine-held Apulia. A prominent member of the Guard at this time was Harald Hardrada, later King of Norway as Harald III (1046 to 1066). However, when Maniakes ostracised the Lombards by publicly humiliating their leader, Arduin, the Lombards deserted and the Normans and Varangians followed them. Not long after, the catepan Michael Doukeianos had a force of Varangians stationed at Bari. On 16 March 1041, they were called up to fight the Normans near Venosa; many drowned in the subsequent retreat across the Ofanto. In September, Exaugustus Boioannes was sent to Italy with only a small contingent of Varangians to replace the disgraced Doukeianos. On 3 September 1041, they were defeated in battle by the Normans. Many of the last catepans were sent from Constantinople with Varangian units. In 1047, John Raphael was sent to Bari with a contingent of Varangians, but the Bariots refused to receive his troops and he spent his term at Otranto. Twenty years later, in 1067, the last Byzantine catepan in southern Italy, Mabrica, arrived with Varangian auxiliaries and took Brindisi and Taranto. At the disastrous Battle of Manzikert in 1071, virtually all the Emperor's Guards fell around him. Composed primarily of Scandinavians for the first 100 years, the guard began to see increasing numbers of Anglo-Saxons after the successful invasion of England by the Normans. In 1088, a large number of Anglo-Saxons and Danes emigrated to the Byzantine Empire by way of the Mediterranean. One source has more than 5,000 of them arriving in 235 ships. Those who did not enter imperial service settled on the Black Sea coast, building and garrisoning the town of Civetot for Alexios I. Those who did became so vital to the Varangians that the Guard was commonly called the Englinbarrangoi (Anglo-Varangians) from that point. In this capacity, they fought in Sicily against the Normans under Robert Guiscard, who unsuccessfully sought to invade the lower Balkans as well. Writing about the unit as it was in 1080, the chronicler and princess Anna Komnene refers to these "axe-bearing barbarians" as being "from Thule", likely a reference to the British Isles or Scandinavia. Likewise, the Byzantine civil-servant, soldier and historian John Kinnamos calls these "axe-bearers" that guarded the Emperor "the British nation, which has been in service to the Romans' Emperors from a long time back". Kinnamos was writing in the later 12th century, indicating perhaps that the more Dane and Saxon composition of the guard continued to the point of the Fourth Crusade. After the end of the Crusade led by the Norwegian King Sigurd I Magnusson, the guard had an influx of Norwegian Warriors. The Norwegian King sold his ships in Constantinople and returned to Norway with only a 100 men, out of an original army of around 6,000. The Varangians relied on the broad-bladed Dane axe as their main weapon, although they were often also skilled swordsmen or archers. In some sources, such as Anna Komnene's The Alexiad, they are described as mounted; both Vikings and elite Anglo-Saxon warriors routinely used horses for strategic mobility even though they normally fought on foot. The guard was stationed primarily around Constantinople, and may have been barracked in the Bucoleon palace complex. The guard also accompanied armies into the field, and Byzantine chroniclers (as well as several notable Western European and Arab chroniclers) often note their battlefield prowess, especially in comparison to the local barbarian peoples. They were vital to the Byzantine victory under the emperor John II Komnenos at the Battle of Beroia in 1122. The Varangians hacked their way through the enemy's circle of Pecheneg wagons, collapsing the Pecheneg position and causing a general rout in their camp. The Varangians were described by 11th-century Byzantine historian Michael Psellus as thus: “The whole group carry shields and brandish on their shoulders a certain single-edged, heavy-iron weapon", which is understood to have been the daneaxe (many Byzantine writers referred to them as "axe-bearing barbarians", pelekyphoroi barbaroi, rather than as Varangians). However, a mistranslation of the Greek text has led some to refer to the weapon as a rhomphaia, which most likely occurred as a product of Atticism in Byzantine literature. They were prominent in the defence of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade. Of the role of the guard, it is said that "the fighting was very violent and there was hand to hand fight with axes and swords, the assailants mounted the walls and prisoners were taken on both sides". The latest mention of the Varangian guard is in the Greek version of the Chronicle of the Morea, which states that this unit escorted the Prince of Achaia away to prison after the Battle of Pelagonia in 1259; historian D. J. Geanakoplos suggests they were reconstituted by Theodore I Laskaris to strengthen his claim as the rightful Emperor. People identified as Varangians were to be found in Constantinople around 1400. Function The duties and purpose of the Varangian Guard were similar—if not identical—to the services provided by the Kievan druzhina, the Swedish/Norwegian hird, and the Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon housecarls. The Varangians served as the personal bodyguard of the emperor, swearing an oath of loyalty to him; they had ceremonial duties as retainers and acclaimers and performed some police duties, especially in cases of treason and conspiracy. They were headed by a separate officer, the akolouthos, who was usually a native Byzantine. The Varangian Guard was only used in battle during critical moments, or where the battle was most fierce. Contemporary Byzantine chroniclers note with a mix of terror and fascination that the "Scandinavians were frightening both in appearance and in equipment, they attacked with reckless rage and neither cared about losing blood nor their wounds". The description probably refers to berserkers, since this state of trance is said to have given them superhuman strength and no sense of pain from their wounds. When the Byzantine Emperor died, the Varangians had the unique right of running to the imperial treasury and taking as much gold and as many gems as they could carry, a procedure known in Old Norse as polutasvarf ("palace pillaging"). This privilege enabled many Varangians to return home as wealthy men, which encouraged even more Scandinavians to enlist in the Guard in Miklagarðr (Swedish = Miklagård = 'The Great City', i.e. Constantinople). The loyalty of the Varangians became a trope of Byzantine writers. Writing about her father Alexius's seizing of the Imperial throne in 1081, Anna Komnene notes that he was advised not to attack the Varangians who still guarded the Emperor Nikephoros for the Varangians "regard loyalty to the emperors and the protection of their persons as a family tradition, a kind of sacred trust". This allegiance, she noted, "they preserve inviolate, and will never brook the slighted hint of betrayal". Unlike the native Byzantine guards so mistrusted by Basil II, the Varangian guards' loyalties lay with the position of Emperor, not the man who sat on the throne. This was made clear in 969 when the guards failed to avenge the death by assassination of Emperor Nikephoros II. A servant had managed to call for the guards while the Emperor was being attacked, but when they arrived he was dead. They immediately knelt before John Tzimiskes, Nikephoros' murderer and hailed him as Emperor. "Alive they would have defended him to the last breath: dead there was no point in avenging him. They had a new master now." This reputation exceeds the truth in at least two recorded instances. In 1071, after Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes was defeated by Sultan Alp Arslan, a palace coup was staged before he could return to Constantinople. Caesar John Doukas used the Varangian guard to depose the absent emperor, arrest Empress Eudoxia, and proclaim his nephew, stepson of Diogenes Michael VII, as emperor. Thus, instead of defending their absent emperor, the Varangians were used by the usurpers—proving their loyalty to the throne, if not always the current occupier of that throne. In a more sinister episode, the historian Joannes Zonaras reports the guard revolting against Nikephoros III Botaneiates after the blinding of the general Nikephoros Bryennios in 1078, "planning to kill him" but being suppressed by loyal troops. They subsequently asked for and received a pardon. Runestones There are a number of raised stone memorials called runestones throughout Scandinavia. The runestones are unevenly distributed in Scandinavia: Denmark has 250 runestones, Norway has 50 while Iceland has none. Sweden has as many as between 1,700 and 2,500Harrison & Svensson 2007:192 depending on definition. The Swedish district of Uppland has the highest concentration with as many as 1,196 inscriptions in stone, whereas Södermanland is second with 391. Many date to the Viking Age, and there are many associated with the Varangian Guards. These Varangian runestones commemorate various fallen warriors through carved runes, and mention voyages to the East (Austr) or the Eastern route (Austrvegr), or to more specific eastern locations such as Garðaríki (what is today Russia and Ukraine). The losses that the Varangian Guard suffered are reflected by the largest group of runestones that talk of foreign voyages, such as those termed the Greece Runestones. These were raised by former members of the Varangian Guard, or in their memory. A smaller group consists of the four Italy Runestones which were raised in memory of members of the Varangian Guard who died in southern Italy. The oldest of the Greece runestones are six stones in the style RAK, a style which is dated to the period before 1015 AD. The group consists of Skepptuna runestone U 358, Västra Ledinge runestone U 518, Nälberga runestone Sö 170 and Eriksstad runestone Sm 46. One of the more notable of the later runestones in the style Pr4 is Ed runestone U 112, a large boulder at the western shore of the lake of Ed. It tells that Ragnvaldr, the captain of the Varangian Guard, had returned home where he had the inscriptions made in memory of his dead mother. The youngest runestones, in the style Pr5, such as Ed runestone U 104 (presently in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford), are dated to the period 1080–1130, after which runestones became unfashionable. The Varangians did not return home without being imprinted by Byzantine culture in one way or another, as exemplified by the Byzantine cross carved on the early eleventh century Risbyle runestone U 161, and which today is the coat-of-arms of Täby, a trimunicipal locality and the seat of Täby Municipality in Stockholm County, Sweden. The runes were made by the Viking Ulf of Borresta, see Orkesta runestone U 344, in memory of another Ulf, in Skålhamra, and at the request of the latter's father. Norse sagas According to the sagas, the West Norse entered the service of the Guard considerably later than the East Norse. The Laxdœla saga, informs that the Icelander Bolli Bollason, born c. 1006, was the first known Icelander or Norwegian in the Varangian Guard. Travelling to Constantinople via Denmark, he spent many years in the Varangian Guard; "and was thought to be the most valiant in all deeds that try a man, and always went next to those in the forefront." The saga also records the finery his followers received from the Emperor, and the influence he held after his return to Iceland: The Varangian Guard is mentioned also in Njal's Saga in reference to Kolskegg—an Icelander said to have come first to Holmgard (Novgorod) and then on to Miklagard (Constantinople), where he entered the Emperor's service. "The last that was heard of him was, that he had wedded a wife there, and was captain over the Varangians, and stayed there till his death day." One of the members of the Varangian Guard was the future king Harald Sigurdsson III of Norway, known as Harald Hardråde ("Hard-ruler"). Having fled his homeland, Harald went first to Gardariki and then on to Constantinople, where he arrived in 1035. He participated in eighteen battles and during his service fought against Arabs in Anatolia and Sicily under General George Maniakes, as well as in southern Italy and Bulgaria. An extensive account of Harald Sigurdsson's journeys is found in Harald Sigurdsson's Saga. During his time in the Varangian Guard Harald earned the titles of manglavites and spatharokandidatos. But his service ended with his imprisonment for misappropriation of imperial plunder taken during his command. He was released upon the dethronement of the Emperor Michael V, and saga sources suggest he was the one sent to blind the Emperor when he and his uncle fled to the church of Studion Monastery and clung to the altar. Harald then sought to leave his post, but was denied this. He eventually escaped and returned home in 1043, becoming King of Norway before eventually dying at the Battle of Stamford Bridge while invading England in 1066. The Varangian Guard regained some of its old Scandinavian flavour when Harald Hardråde's grandson, Sigurd I of Norway, went on the Norwegian Crusade to the Holy land. After fighting battles against the Muslims, King Sigurd in 1110 let the rest of his force, who originally numbered 6,000 men, join the Varangian Guard. King Sigurd returned home with fewer than a hundred of his personal Guard. Most of the Old Norse narratives which deals with Norwegians or Icelanders in the Varangian Guard are from the 13th century, and bear witness to a continued interest and generally positive views towards Byzantium within the West Norse cultural area. See also Byzantine army Byzantine bureaucracy Druzhina German Guard Harald Hardrada Hird Housecarl Komnenian army Leidang Manglabites New England (medieval) Optimatoi Piraeus Lion (inscription made by Swedish Varangians) Swedes (Germanic tribe) Thingmen Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks Varangian runestones Västgötalagen Citations General bibliography Primary sources Alexiad by Anna Komnena Chronicon universale anonymi Laudunensis Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos Heimskringla Historia ecclesiastica by Ordericus Vitalis Játvarðar Saga Laxdœla saga Strategikon of Kekaumenos by Kekaumenos Secondary sources Buckler, Georgina. Anna Komnena: A Study. Oxford: University Press, 1929. Blondal, Sigfus. Varangians of Byzantium: An Aspect of Byzantine Military History. Trans. by Benedikt S. Benedikz, Cambridge: 1978. . D'Amato, Raffaele. The Varangian Guard 988–1453. Osprey Publishing, 2010. . Davidson, H. R. Ellis. The Viking Road to Byzantium. London: 1976. . Enoksen, Lars Magnar. (1998). Runor: historia, tydning, tolkning. Historiska Media, Falun. . Jansson, Sven B. (1980). Runstenar. STF, Stockholm. . Jakobsson, Sverrir, The Varangians: In God's Holy Fire (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020), Theotokis, Georgios. "Rus, Varangian and Frankish Mercenaries in the Service of the Byzantine Emperors (9th–11th c.). Numbers, Organisation and Battle Tactics in the operational theatres of Asia Minor and the Balkans". Byzantine Symmeikta'', vol. 22, Athens: 2012. External links English Refugees in the Byzantine Armed Forces: The Varangian Guard and Anglo-Saxon Ethnic Consciousness by Nicholas C.J. Pappas for De Re Militari.org 980s in military history Basil II Byzantine mercenaries Early Germanic warfare Guards units of the Byzantine Empire Medieval bodyguards Military units and formations established in the 10th century Warfare of the Middle Ages

The New Haven Line runs from New Haven, Connecticut, southwest to Mount Vernon, New York. There it joins the Harlem Line, where trains continue south to Grand Central Terminal in Manhattan. The New Haven Line carries 125,000 passengers every weekday and 39 million passengers a year. The busiest intermediate station is , with 8.4 million passengers, or 21% of the line's ridership. The line was originally part of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, forming the southern leg of the New Haven's main line. It is colored red on Metro-North system maps and timetables; the New Haven used red in its paint scheme for much of the last decade of its history. The section from Grand Central to the New York-Connecticut border is owned by Metro-North Railroad, and the section from the state line to New Haven is owned by the Connecticut Department of Transportation (CTDOT). From west to east in Connecticut, three branches split off: the New Canaan Branch, Danbury Branch, and Waterbury Branch, all owned by CTDOT. The New Haven Line is part of the Northeast Corridor; its share of the Northeast Corridor is the busiest rail line in the United States. Amtrak's Northeast Regional and Acela Express use the line between New Rochelle, New York and New Haven. Shore Line East (SLE), a commuter service operated by Amtrak for CTDOT, also operates over the New Haven Line from its normal terminus at New Haven, with limited express service to Stamford with a single stop in . History Before Metro-North The rail line from New York to New Haven was completed by 1849, and commuters started using the trains soon afterward. The line was part of the New York and New Haven Railroad — after 1872, the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad — which had trackage rights over the New York Central Railroad's New York and Harlem Railroad into Grand Central. The Great Blizzard of 1888 blocked the rail line in Westport, between the Saugatuck and Green's Farms stations. It took eight days to restore service, as snow was dug out by hand. The line was grade separated into a cut in Mount Vernon in 1893 as a result of multiple collisions between trains and horsecars. As part of the construction of Grand Central Terminal in the early 1900s, all of New York Central's lines that ran into the terminal were electrified. Third rail was installed on the Hudson and Harlem Divisions, while the New Haven Division received overhead wires on the segments that were not shared with the Harlem and Hudson Division. Steam locomotives on the New Haven Division were replaced with electric locomotives, and later electric multiple units. New Haven Division electric trains started running to Grand Central in October 1907. The New Haven was merged into Penn Central in 1969. On November 25, 1969, Penn Central, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, and the states of New York and Connecticut agreed that New York would buy its section of the line and Connecticut would lease its section as far as New Haven. The acquisition took place on January 1, 1971, and included the three branches. After Penn Central went bankrupt, the Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail) took over operations in 1976. The MTA took over operations in 1983, and merged Conrail's former commuter rail lines in the New York area into Metro-North. The MTA undertook to rebuild the railroad, upgrading signals, tracks, ties, roadbeds, and rolling stock. New and closed infrastructure Over the years, some stations have been abandoned or closed, and some characteristics of the line have changed. The Columbus Avenue station in Mount Vernon was closed in the Penn Central era, due to its proximity to Mt. Vernon station and the expense of converting it to high-level platforms. It had previously been a transfer station to the overhead viaduct station of the New York, Westchester and Boston Railway; an impressive ruin remains and is easily visible from passing trains. Other stations abandoned along the mainline include Devon, at the junction of the Waterbury Branch, and Norwalk, replaced by South Norwalk. The changeover from catenary to third rail was moved from Woodlawn to just west of in the early 1990s. The catenary poles are still intact as they carry several communications lines. There is an abandoned rail yard just east of Port Chester station. The New Haven's Harlem River and Port Chester Railroad, diverging from the main line below New Rochelle, ran local passenger service to the Harlem River Terminal in the South Bronx until 1931, and has several abandoned stations. It was a major freight route for the New Haven to Queens, where it interchanged with the Long Island Rail Road and the Pennsylvania Railroad. Four new stations are planned along this route as part of Metro-North's Penn Station Access. As a largely four-track electrified mainline, the New Haven Line is capable of supporting a mix of local and express service, allowing for a higher density of stations than many other commuter rail lines. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were stations in every population center along the line. Although some of these were dropped over the years due to low ridership, no new stations were added to the New Haven Line mainline for over 100 years ( station on the Danbury Branch opened in 1985). opened in December 2011 to support a new commercial development. After a decade-long process choosing between locations in West Haven and Orange, West Haven station opened in August 2013, filling the longest gap on the line. Currently, a study is being undertaken to detail the costs and benefits of implementing more frequent service on the line. The line would have to be upgraded to accommodate additional service. Incidents and accidents Fatal accidents The Norwalk rail accident occurred at the Norwalk River bridge in Norwalk, Connecticut on May 6, 1853, killing 48 people. Another occurred in Westport, Connecticut in 1895, and another in that town on October 3, 1912. Another fatality occurred in August 1969 on the New Canaan branch. There was also a collision in Mount Vernon in 1988 that killed an engineer. More recently, in 2012 two people were killed by a train-car collision at an ungated grade crossing on the Danbury Branch in Redding, Connecticut, and in 2013 a track worker was struck and killed in West Haven. Non-fatal incidents The May 2013 Fairfield train crash resulted in 72 injuries after two trains collided following a derailment near . On September 25, 2013, a Con Edison failure required the use of diesel locomotives and bus service between Mount Vernon and Harrison for 12 days. Operations Passenger service Main Line New Haven Line trains primarily use electric multiple unit (EMU) consists of Kawasaki M8 railcars. Stamford Transportation Center divides the line into two zones. Most trains either operate in an "inner" zone from Grand Central Terminal to Stamford; and an "outer" zone from Stamford to New Haven. Outer zone trains generally originate in New Haven, running local to Stamford and making most stops. They then run express to Grand Central with a single stop at Harlem–125th Street and sometimes Greenwich as well. Trains from the inner zone generally originate in Stamford, running local to Grand Central and making most stops, also stopping at station. Passengers heading from one zone to another can make cross-platform interchanges at Stamford. During peak hours, trains generally run in shorter, express zones, making limited stops as they fill faster, with some overlap in start and end stations to allow for intra-zone transfers for those traveling locally. Many of these trains begin their runs at intermediate stations within their zones, and then run express to Grand Central or vice versa. All New Haven Line electric trains change over between third rail and overhead catenary between Mount Vernon East and Pelham, at normal track speed. Inbound trains to Grand Central lower their pantographs in this area, while outbound trains raise them; the third rail shoes stay in the same position both in and out of third rail territory. Both catenary and third rail overlap for a quarter-mile between Mount Vernon East and Pelham to facilitate this changeover. The entire mainline is grade-separated with no grade crossings, although there are several privately marked-pedestrian crossings in many of the storage yards such as the East Side Yard in Bridgeport. Branches Within the Metro-North system, the New Haven Line is the only line with operating branches. The New Haven Railroad, Metro-North's predecessor, had an extensive branch network in Connecticut, including: a branch off the Danbury Branch at the appropriately named Branchville, CT to Ridgefield, CT; another branch off the main line for freight at Bridgeport known as the Berkshire (a never-used bridge spans the Merritt Parkway in Trumbull that would have accommodated this branch under potential reactivation scenarios); and the Maybrook line, which connected the Waterbury Branch with the Danbury Branch, with several branches of its own. Branch lines generally operate as their own zones, with the first main line station as a terminus rather than Grand Central, providing transfers to other main line stations or Grand Central. During peak hours, some of these trains run express on the main line through to Grand Central, but generally remain as local service on the branch itself. The New Canaan Branch is electrified, while the Danbury and Waterbury branches use train consists powered by diesel locomotives. Some main line trains will occasionally use diesel equipment in revenue runs for positioning or due to equipment shortages. In contrast with the main line, the branches operate almost entirely at grade, with frequent crossings. Sports special services Yankee Stadium Yankees–East 153rd Street station opened on May 23, 2009. Although it is a Hudson Line commuter station, it offers New Haven and Harlem Line commuters direct game-day service on weekends and after weeknight games, and shuttle service from station during peak periods. The Yankee Stadium station, 125th Street and are the three Metro-North stations that serve New Haven Line customers without being located on the Line itself. Meadowlands game day service The Train to the Game service on the New Haven Line to the Meadowlands Sports Complex operated only for Sunday 1 pm New York Giants and New York Jets NFL games. The first game scheduled was on September 20, 2009, when the New York Jets hosted the New England Patriots, following a successful test of trains in non-revenue service on August 23. The service was operated using New Jersey Transit (NJT) equipment under an operating agreement among NJT, Metro-North, and Amtrak. NJT equipment was required as its electric locomotive power was capable of running under the various catenary systems over three separate railroads using different power supplies. The program was only offered for the early afternoon games so that the NJT equipment could be moved back in place for the Monday morning rush hour. The service made limited stops on New Haven Line, and used the Hell Gate Line to access New York Penn Station and Secaucus Junction. At Secaucus, riders transferred to a shuttle on the Meadowlands Rail Line. Stops included New Haven, West Haven, Bridgeport, Fairfield, Westport, South Norwalk, Stamford, Greenwich, Rye, Larchmont, Penn Station, and Secaucus. Shared trackage and operating agreements Although the New Haven Line shares track with the Harlem Line in the Bronx, along this line it stops only at , due to an 1848 agreement with the Harlem Line's predecessor railroad, the New York Central. This agreement granted the New Haven predecessor New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad trackage rights over the Harlem Line to Grand Central Terminal, but restricted its service in the Bronx to discharge service only (i.e. no boarding revenue passengers). This agreement continued until 2019, due to the operating agreement between Metro-North and the Connecticut Department of Transportation (CTDOT), which means passengers traveling between Fordham and Manhattan could not ride on a New Haven Line train. Beginning April 14, 2019, passengers heading to and from Grand Central can also travel on New Haven Line trains. This was a result of an agreement reached with CDOT, under which revenue from tickets between Fordham and Manhattan would be split between Metro-North and CDOT. While the New Haven Line's one stop in the Bronx is currently at Fordham, from 1848 until the 1920s that stop was instead at . The New Haven Line is also operated in Connecticut under an agreement between Metro-North and the CTDOT, in which costs for main line operation are shared (currently 65% CTDOT and 35% Metro-North) and costs for branch service are borne 100% by CTDOT. Infrastructure Control points/signals Since 1996, the New Haven main line and New Canaan branch have used Automatic Train Control (ATC) in conjunction with cab signals, a safety feature used in routing trains, keeping safe distances, and moderating train speeds. Signals are controlled from a centralized location, the Operations Control Center in New York City. Until the 1980s, the New Haven Line had a decentralized signaling system, and each section of track was controlled by a separate switch tower. The switch towers themselves did not get radio communication with each other until the late 1960s, when Penn Central took over the New Haven Line. Track interlockings are governed within Control Point boundaries, or CPs. The New Haven Line is unique in that the CPs are known (informally) by nicknames for their region. In December 2020, Positive Train Control was fully implemented on the mainline and several branch lines. Signals on the New Haven Line had once been mounted on the catenary bridges; these were all replaced throughout the 1990s and into the early 2000s with wayside "dwarf" signals at track level along the right-of-way. The form of signalization known as Centralized Traffic Control, or CTC, is used on the main line and the New Canaan Branch, as well as on the Danbury Branch starting in 2013. The Waterbury Branch is currently "manual block", or unsignalled, territory. Traction power substations The New Haven's traction power system was originally constructed to operate at 11 kV, 25 Hz, using power supplied by the Cos Cob Power Station. The power station was shut down around 1986 and Metro-North converted the traction power system to 60 Hz operation. Traction power is converted from utility-supplied 115 kV (single phase) to 27 kV (single phase with center tap), which is distributed using an auto-transformer system. Power is supplied to the catenary at 12.5 kV, 60 Hz. Stations The following connecting rail services are available from Amtrak, Metro-North Railroad and Shore Line East. Milepost Zero on the New Haven Line is at the north property line of 42nd Street (i.e. 200–300 ft south of the ends of the tracks). Rolling stock Electric Since the main line and the New Canaan Branch are equipped with 12.5 kV 60 Hz overhead catenary, as opposed to just the 750 V DC third rail of the Hudson and Harlem Lines, different rolling stock that can operate with either power system runs on the New Haven Line. This rolling stock, originally produced by General Electric in two batches (144 in 1972–73 and 100 in 1975–77), was initially branded as the M2 Cosmopolitan, with later versions being made on license by Tokyu Car (model M4, 1988) and Morrison-Knudsen (model M6, 1994). Cosmopolitans can be easily spotted by their red stripe along the side, the presence of pantographs on the lead cars in each set, and a dynamic braking grid on the roof. M2s operate in married pairs, differentiating them from their predecessor equipment of Pullman Standard and 4400-series washboard MU's (retired since the late 1970s and early 1980s). M4s and M6s also operate in triplets, with the middle "D" car not having a cab. Many M2s were reconditioned to extend their useful life beyond the expected 25 years (as of 2014 most are over or approaching 40 years old), undergoing a Critical Systems Repair (CSR) program. To replace its aging M2 fleet and increase its total fleet size, Metro-North and CTDOT have undertaken to purchase from Kawasaki Rail Car an initial order of 300 M8 EMUs. The initial order consists of a "base order" of 210 and a "first option" of 90 cars. This order is estimated to cost $760 million. The base order cost is to be split as per the CTDOT/MTA operating agreement (65%/35%, respectively). Although the cost sharing is to conform with the operating agreement, due to Metro-North's capital budgeting process, Metro-North will initially pay only the first $100 million of the order, and CTDOT will pay the remaining $660 million. Metro-North will bring its contribution to the required 35% upon passage of its 2010–2014 capital budget. Until then, CTDOT will retain title to any rail cars which exceed its 65% share. M8s are similar to the M7As running on the Harlem and Hudson lines. They each have two single-leaf doors on each side and a full-width operator's cab, eliminating the so-called "railfan" windows at the front and rear of each train and restricting passengers' ability to walk between car pairs. M8s have the additional capability of running east of New Haven and along the Hell Gate Line west of New Rochelle to Penn Station over the former Harlem River and Port Chester Railroad. In order to run east of New Haven, the M8s are equipped with Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement System (ACSES) as required by Amtrak. In order to run from New Rochelle to Penn Station, the cars will be equipped with third rail shoes that can operate on both over- and under-running third rail systems. Third rail will have to be extended in Queens for the M8s to overcome a gap between suitable catenary (Amtrak's catenary supply changes in Queens from the compatible system to the incompatible , the M8s would need to have extensive modifications in order to support the electrical system) and the third rail utilized by the Long Island Rail Road. Originally, delivery of the first six cars for testing was to be in July 2009, but was delayed until December 2009 for varied reasons such as design revisions and production delays. The contract allows for additional options for CTDOT of an additional 80 cars, which may be used for Cafe Cars or for use on Shore Line East at CTDOT's sole expense, an option that has since been exercised. Procurement of more than 380 cars would require additional authorization (PA 05-4 JSS provides funds to acquire at least 342 rail cars at slightly under $900 million). On July 20, 2011, the Connecticut Department of Transportation announced the order of 25 unpowered M8 railcars, with options for up to 25 more, at a cost of US$93 million to replace the 48-car M6 fleet. The CSR program was modified in 2008 as the delivery of M8s neared. Cars that underwent CSR earlier in the program were undergoing additional renovation. Funding was identified in the MTA's 2010 capital program to continue the CSR program if the M4 and M6 cars were not retired. The M2's are slated for retirement as sufficient numbers of the Kawasaki-made M8s enter service and alleviate current equipment shortages. A new rail car facility to accommodate the new M8 cars is being built in New Haven. Although the project itself is not controversial, the building of it is. Originally estimated at $300 million, the facility is now expected to cost in excess of $1 billion. Diesel As with the Harlem and Hudson Lines, diesel-powered trains are driven by Brookville BL20GH and dual-mode GE Genesis P32AC-DM locomotives, paired with Shoreliner coaches. While some peak-period trains operate directly to and from Grand Central Terminal with Genesis P32AC-DM dual-mode locomotives only, most New Haven Line diesel-only territory is operated as shuttle service between Danbury and South Norwalk, or between Waterbury and Bridgeport. Pool service Rolling stock used for Metro-North diesel service is in pool service, meaning that diesel consists feature both CTDOT-owned red-striped and Metro-North-owned blue-striped coaches operating on any of Metro-North's three lines, along with diesel power in either Metro-North or CTDOT paint schemes. Service expansions Planned and proposed stations Devon A 2010 study of the New Canaan and Waterbury branches considered the construction of a station at Devon Wye in Milford, Connecticut, where the Waterbury Branch joins the New Haven mainline. The station would allow service to be increased on the branch by running some trains to the new station with connections to New Haven trains, rather than taking up slots on the busy mainline. The two station alternatives would have cost $73 to $114 million. For six months in 2015, a temporary Devon Transfer station served as the transfer point between mainline service and Waterbury Branch trains. The first phase of repairs to the adjacent Housatonic River Railroad Bridge over the Housatonic River prevented Waterbury Branch trains from accessing the normal transfer point at Bridgeport, necessitating the temporary transfer station. The Devon Transfer station was re-activated in 2016 from April until October to accommodate additional repairs and catenary wire work. Barnum On July 16, 2014, Connecticut Governor Malloy approved $2.75 million for the planning of a station in the East End of Bridgeport, Connecticut. The new station, was to be called after showman and former Bridgeport mayor P.T. Barnum, and was planned to open in 2021. The station would have had two island platforms, allowing for improved express service on the New Haven Line, increasing capacity. As of 2019, the project has been cancelled by the Connecticut DOT after determining they were not in the financial position to undertake the project. Orange After several years of contention, West Haven was chosen over Orange in December 2001 as the site for a new station, which opened in 2013. However, local advocates continued to push for an additional station in . In July 2011, Governor Malloy signed a bill that sought a funding source, but that committed no funds to the project. On February 1, 2017, the Connecticut State Bond Commission authorized $21 million for design work for the station, in addition to funding for the upgrade of a station on the Danbury Branch. Design on the station began in January 2017, and construction of the station was to begin in spring 2019, before being completed in fall 2021. In November 2017, the Connecticut DOT announced that it would halt funding for the construction of Orange station and the accompanying transit-oriented development as the state was running out of funds for transportation projects. Georgetown In connection with the planned redevelopment of the Gilbert & Bennett Wire Mill as a residential neighborhood, reopening a Georgetown station on the Danbury Branch has been approved, though not yet scheduled or funded. The previous station was abandoned in the 1970s due to low ridership. Wilbur Cross Parkway The Waterbury and New Canaan Branch study also considered a new station on the Waterbury Branch as a park-and-ride station off the Wilbur Cross Parkway near where it meets the Merritt Parkway in Milford. The station was estimated to cost $41 million to construct. Danbury Branch study Although not yet past the Draft Environment Impact Statement stage, a study of enhancing service on and extending the Danbury Branch would include additional stations in North Danbury (Federal Road), , and New Milford. The draft EIS was due by 2010, and the final EIS by 2011. The Spring 2009 Update for the first time held out the possibility of extension all the way to Pittsfield, MA, the original route of the New Haven Berkshire Division. Trackage rights would have to be negotiated with the Housatonic Railroad, which owns the line beyond Danbury to New Milford. Enhancements to the Danbury Branch being studied also include re-electrification of the branch (the branch was electrified from 1925 to 1961), addition of passing sidings, realignment and/or super-elevation of track to eliminate or alleviate curvature and enhance speeds, and installation of automated train control signalling. The new signal system finally began operation in 2013, but extensive work was still ongoing in 2014 because of unresolved problems with the drop gates at grade crossings. Earlier versions of the study examined service to Newtown and Brewster along the Beacon/Maybrook line, as additional branches off the Danbury Branch. These options were not recommended due to limited ridership potential versus additional cost. Penn Station Access As part of the 2015–2019 MTA Capital Program, additional service from the New Haven Line will be provided to New York Penn Station over the Hell Gate Line of the Northeast Corridor, owned by Amtrak. Trackage rights and union agreements would have to be negotiated for this service. Commuter service over this line, formerly the Harlem River Branch of the predecessor New Haven, ended in 1931. New stations will be built at Hunts Point, Parkchester–Van Nest, Morris Park, and Co-Op City. This project was dormant from approximately 2002 to 2009, but an environmental assessment was announced by Metro-North, to be completed by 2011. The study was in conjunction with ongoing studies for the best uses of Penn Station. The study advances a single option of full (both peak and off-peak) service to Penn on the New Haven and Hudson Lines. Separate options for off-peak service are still being considered separate from the study, as implementation could take place with existing infrastructure and equipment. However, the project was delayed, so environmental and federal reviews are to be completed by 2017. On January 8, 2014, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo voiced support for the project in his 2014 State of the State address. In its 2015–2019 Capital Program, the MTA budgeted $695 million for New Haven Line Penn Station Access work, including track, structures, signal, power and communications work along the Hell Gate Line, specifications for rolling stock for the line, and construction of the four new stations. New track will be installed between the Parkchester/Van Nest station and north of the Co-Op City station. Three bridges along the route will be rehabilitated or replaced. The MTA plans to complete necessary environmental and federal reviews by 2017. Service will begin after East Side Access service commences. The opening of that project would divert some Long Island Rail Road trains to Grand Central Terminal, therefore opening up slots at Penn Station for Metro-North service. During peak hours there will be between six and ten trains to Penn Station. There will be four trains per hour to Connecticut in the reverse peak direction, and there will be two trains per hour to and from Penn Station during off-peak and weekends. In a limited form, it already takes place with the Jets/Giants game-day service to the Meadowlands, although it is not intended as service to Penn. Waterbury–Bristol–New Britain–Hartford As of February 2009, Connecticut legislators were discussing service on an old New Haven passenger line that ceased passenger service decades prior known as the Highland Line, part of the original New England Railroad, also known as the Central New England Railway, both eventual subsidiaries of The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. Currently, this is a freight-only line operated by Pan Am Railways. Station stops would include two in Bristol, as well as in New Britain, between Waterbury and Hartford. The next step is a preliminary scoping study, which would be followed by environmental studies. It is unknown if this will be a Metro-North extension of the Waterbury Branch. Tappan Zee Bridge / I-287 Corridor The New York State Department of Transportation, the New York State Thruway Authority, and Metro-North conducted extensive studies concerning the replacement of the deteriorated Tappan Zee Bridge. Proposals for rail connections to the New Haven Line were ultimately rejected as too expensive. See also Connecticut Commuter Rail Council References Notes Further reading External links Metro-North Railroad - official site Route on OpenStreetMap Passenger rail transportation in Connecticut Passenger rail transportation in New York (state) Rail infrastructure in Connecticut Rail infrastructure in New York (state) Metro-North Railroad New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad lines Amtrak Transportation in Fairfield County, Connecticut

Forest kindergarten is a type of preschool education for children between the ages of three and six that is held almost exclusively outdoors. Whatever the weather, children are encouraged to play, explore and learn in a forest environment. The adult supervision is meant to assist rather than lead. It is also known as Waldkindergarten (in German), outdoor nursery, or nature kindergarten. Activities A forest kindergarten can be described as a kindergarten "without a ceiling or walls". The daycare staff and children spend their time outdoors, typically in a forest. A distinctive feature of forest kindergartens is the emphasis on play with objects that can be found in nature, rather than commercial toys. Despite these differences, forest kindergartens are meant to fulfill the same basic purpose as other nurseries, namely, to care for, stimulate, and educate young children. Each forest kindergarten is different, partly because the organisations are independently minded. But typical activities and goals may include: Location and organization Forest kindergartens operate mainly in woodland. There should be a building where children can shelter from extreme weather. They may also spend a small part of each day indoors, although that is more likely to be for administrative and organisational reasons, such as to provide a known location where parents can deliver and collect their children. If the woodland is too far away to walk, a vehicle might reluctantly be used for transport. Children are encouraged to dress for the weather, with waterproof clothes and warm layers, according to the climate. History In rural areas, and historical times, access to nature has not been a problem. Over the last century, with increasing urbanisation and "nature deficit disorder", there have been many changes in stance on outdoor education. The first forest kindergarten was created by Ella Flautau in Denmark in the early 1950s. The idea formed gradually as a result of her often spending time with her own and neighbors' children in a nearby forest, a form of daycare which elicited great interest among the neighborhood parents. The parents formed a group and created an initiative to establish the first forest kindergarten. In Sweden in 1957, an ex-military man, Goesta Frohm, created the idea of "Skogsmulle". "Skog" means wood in Swedish. "Mulle" is one of four fictional characters he created to teach children about nature, along with "Laxe" representing water, "Fjällfina" representing mountains and "Nova" representing an unpolluted nature. Forest schools based on Frohm's model, called "I Ur och Skur" (Rain or Shine Schools) moved the idea from occasional activities to formal nursery schools, being set up by Siw Linde in 1985. Juliet Robertson's review of Skogsmulle is a valuable modern-day summary. Nature kindergartens have existed in Germany since 1968 but the first forest kindergarten was first officially recognized as a form of daycare in 1993, enabling state subsidies to reduce the daycare fees of children who attended forest kindergarten. Since then, the forest kindergartens have become increasingly popular. As of 2005 there were approximately 450 forest kindergartens in Germany, some of which offer a mix of forest kindergarten and traditional daycare, spending their mornings in the forest and afternoons inside. By late 2017, the number of forest kindergartens in Germany surpassed 1,500. In 2009, the Forestry Commission Scotland (FCS) undertook a feasibility study to create a Forest Kindergarten pilot project in Glasgow and the Clyde Valley. This Scottish-specific model is based upon empowering early years educators to lead weekly sessions in their local woodland or other greenspace using a child-centred approach. The first FCS Forest Kindergarten 3-day training took place in February 2012. In 2017 the course became a Scottish Qualification Award (SQA) at SCQF Level 7. This Forest Kindergarten training has now been embedded in various Early Years College courses within Scotland and delivered by Learning through Landscapes across the UK. This qualification will soon operate in the rest of the UK under NOCN Accreditation. Aotearoa New Zealand Enviroschools started in 2001, and often incorporate a Māori perspective, and Australia has bush or beach kinders (kindergartens) that provide an outdoor learning program. From 2018 on all forest kindergartens are invited to celebrate the International Day of Forest Kindergarten every year on 3 May. Effects The fact that most forest kindergartens do not provide commercial toys that have a predefined meaning or purpose supports the development of language skills, as children verbally create a common understanding of the objects used as toys in the context of their play. Forest kindergartens are also generally less noisy than closed rooms, and noise has been shown to be a factor in the stress level of children and daycare professionals. For inner-city girls, having sight of a green space from home improves self-discipline, while the same effect was not noted for boys in the study as they were more likely to play further from home. Playing outside for prolonged periods has been shown to have a positive impact on children's development, particularly in the areas of balance and agility, but also manual dexterity, physical coordination, tactile sensitivity, and depth perception. According to these studies, children who attend forest kindergartens experience fewer injuries due to accidents and are less likely to injure themselves in a fall. A child's ability to assess risks improves, for example in handling fire and dangerous tools. Other studies have shown that spending time in nature improves attention and medical prognosis in women (see Attention Restoration Theory). Playing outdoors is said to strengthen the immune systems of children and daycare professionals. When children from German Waldkindergartens go to primary school, teachers observe a significant improvement in reading, writing, mathematics, social interactions and many other areas. Forest kindergartens have been recommended for young boys, who may not yet demonstrate the same fluency in typical school tasks as their female counterparts, to prevent negative self-esteem and associations with school. Roland Gorges found that children who had been to a forest kindergarten were above average, compared by teachers to those who had not, in all areas of skill tested. In order of advantage, these were: Motivation Helicopter parenting is becoming more clearly recognised in the culture of fear of today's risk averse society. While some parents rush to 'wrap their children in cotton wool', others see outdoor play and forest kindergartens as a way to develop a mature and healthy outlook on life, as well as practical skills and health. Doing this at a young age is hoped to bring lifelong benefits to the child. It is consistent with the notions of slow parenting, the "idle parent" and "free range kids". See also Free-range parenting German Forest Outdoor education Urban forest Adventure playground Helicopter parent Slow parenting Wandervogel References Related organisations American Forest Kindergarten Association, U.S. Forest Kindergarten Model based on the Waldkindergarten and Nordic Models. Learning through Landscapes Is a non-profit organisation providing SQA Accredited Forest Kindergarten Awards in the UK. Eastern Region Association of Forest and Nature Schools (ERAFANS), a 501(c)3 non-profit organization that offers nature-based professional development to teachers and childcare providers. Play England, charity raising awareness of the value of play PlayScotland charity encouraging children to play Association of all Forest Kindergartens in Czech Republic Natural Start Alliance in United States Alternative education Early childhood education Kindergarten School types Environmental education Outdoor education

Humphrey Mackworth was an English politician and soldier of Shropshire landed gentry origins. He was military governor of Shrewsbury, in succession to his father and namesake, for almost five years under the Protectorate, from 1655 until late in 1659. He represented Shrewsbury in the First, Second and Third Protectorate Parliaments. Origins and early life Mackworth was probably born in September 1631 as he was baptised on the 10th of the month in St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury, his local parish church. His parents were: Humphrey Mackworth of Betton Strange. At the time Mackworth senior was an ambitious young lawyer, a member of Gray's Inn, who was just making a transition from collecting reports on cases in London to working for the town of Shrewsbury. This move brought success and the position of alderman in 1633. The Mackworths originated in Mackworth, near Derby, where the senior branch of the family, the Mackworth baronets, had their seat at Mackworth Castle until migrating to Normanton, Rutland in the 17th century. Humphrey's very junior branch of the family had been involved in Shrewsbury's commerce and politics for about a century and had held Betton Strange, a manor a few miles south of the town, since 1544. Anne Waller, Mackworth's first wife, who had married him by May 1624. She was the daughter of Thomas Waller of Beaconsfield, and distantly related to the poet Edmund Waller. The younger Humphrey is sometimes stated to be the second child of the marriage. He had an older brother Thomas Mackworth (1627–96), who played a considerable part alongside him in the politics of Shropshire. However, there was another brother, William, who had died in a few months before his own birth. Later came three sisters, starting with Anne, born a year after Humphrey. the family lived at Betton Strange, although Humphrey the elder also had official lodgings in town. The children were presumably brought up as Puritans. In autumn 1633, during a canonical visitation of St Chad's by Robert Wright, the Bishop of Lichfield, the incumbent Peter Studley included Humphrey Mackworth among the heads of twenty families who refused to bow at the name of Jesus or to kneel at the altar rail—a refusal which meant they were "wilful refusers to communicate for the gestures sake." His mother, Anne, died when the young Humphrey was four years old and was buried at St Chad's on 26 May 1636. The young Humphrey entered Shrewsbury School in 1638, the same year as his elder brother. In July of the same year his father married Mary Venables, by whom he was to have two more children. The elder Humphrey continued to agitate against Laudianism and was a supporter of Parliament from the outset of its conflict with the king. At the outbreak of the English Civil War in the late summer of 1642, the royalists under Francis Ottley, a relative of the Mackworths, seized the initiative and occupied Shrewsbury and began arresting or expelling the Puritan clergy. Ottley invited Charles I to come to Shrewsbury and the royal army occupied the town from 20 September to 12 October. Moving south, the king paused at Bridgnorth to issue a proclamation ordering the arrest of "some persons of good quality," whom he intended to put on trial for high treason. Only three were named and Mackworth senior was one of them. The family's home and estates were sequestered by the royalists, and apparently under Ottley's control, as it was he who later received correspondence on the matter from Dorothy Gorton, young Humphrey's paternal grandmother, and also the widow of Ottley's uncle, whose jointure properties had been confiscated. It is not clear exactly where and how family life continued over the succeeding two or three years, as the elder Humphrey was constantly mobile, participating in Parliamentarian county committees and their offshoots all over the West Midlands, and helping to organise the reconquest of Shropshire from an initial foothold at Wem. However, he was in London for a considerable time early in 1644, in connection with the trial of Archbishop William Laud Humphrey's elder brother, Thomas, was admitted to Gray's Inn, their father's Inn of Court, on 6 February 1645, so it is possible the family took refuge in the capital while the war was at its height in Shropshire. However, the published record of Thomas's admission to Gray's Inn calls him the "son and heir of Humphrey M., of the city of Coventry," which perhaps shows that city was regarded as the normal residence of the Mackworths. The supposition is strengthened by Parliament's reprimand to Mackworth senior later in the year for spending too much time in Coventry, where he was the steward, the senior record keeper and archivist of the city. With the capture of Shrewsbury by the Parliamentarians in February 1645, Mackworth senior was acclaimed governor by his colleagues of the Shropshire committee, although he had to wait until June 1646 for confirmation by Parliament. At some stage, as a degree of security was established, the family probably joined him at Shrewsbury, although there were still royalist uprisings. The most serious threat came in 1651 with the appearance of Charles Stuart at the head of a large Scottish army, to whom Colonel Mackworth refused to surrender. It is known that Thomas was a captain commanding a garrison troop at Shrewsbury in the days preceding the arrival of the Scots. It is likely that Humphrey too gained military experience around this time: certainly he was paid as a captain during the first year of his governorship. Political emergence However Mackworth junior's most important early appointments were legal, not military. He seems to have been appointed town clerk of Shrewsbury in 1652 and was certainly active in the post during the following year. Unlike Thomas, he had no previous legal training and so was admitted to Gray's Inn on 19 November 1652. It is possible that he was at least offered the post of recorder, a post previously held by his father. However, it was Thomas Jones who was to serve as recorder through the younger Humphrey's governorship. Colonel Mackworth was appointed to the Protector's Council in February 1654 and he and his wife were given a government mews house in London. His commitments in London were heavy and must have necessitated a trustworthy deputy in Shrewsbury. Oliver Cromwell decided on a parliamentary experiment later in the year, and elections were held under the Instrument of Government for a single-chamber legislature with a new distribution of seats and a £200 property qualification. Mackworth senior was returned as one of the four MPs for Shropshire while the younger Humphrey was one of the two representatives for Shrewsbury. According to Hilda Johnstone, he "apparently played no great part," as with his other stints in parliamentary. However, on 26 September "Mr Mackworth" was appointed to a very important committee, reviewing the future of the army and navy and on 5 October to a committee on elections in Ireland. Johnstone credits both of these to Mackworth senior, but he was elsewhere given his rank of Colonel, so they seem more likely to have figured the younger Humphrey. A deadlock between the mainly Presbyterian parliament and the Protector meant that no legislation was passed. After subjecting its members to a hectoring closing speech, Cromwell prorogued the parliament in January 1655. Governor of Shrewsbury Colonel Mackworth died intestate in London some time in late December 1654, while the parliament was not yet dissolved, and was buried on 26 December in Westminster Abbey. The younger Humphrey seems to have succeeded smoothly as effective governor of Shrewsbury. He describes himself in action, confidently making decisions and issuing orders, in a letter to John Thurloe, Secretary to the Protector's Council and Cromwell's spy chief, on 8 March 1655. The royalist rising of 1655 The occasion for Mackworth's copious correspondence with Thurloe was an attempted royalist uprising in Shropshire. The royalist strategy was to draw out Protectorate forces from the capital before launching more serious uprisings in Kent, Surrey and London itself. However, the overall plan was betrayed to Cromwell by Sir Richard Willis, 1st Baronet, a double agent and the local garrisons warned. The tactics for Shropshire and the Welsh Marches were revealed to a local Parliamentarian in a note from an informer received on 7 March, the day before the planned rising, and passed on to the authorities. A "troope or smalle army of cavalleers," under Sir Arthur Blaney, was to eliminate Parliamentarian gentry in the Oswestry area before seizing Chirk Castle. Larger parties, under Sir Thomas Harris of Boreatton and Ralph Kynaston of Llansantffraid-ym-Mechain, were to surprise and take Shrewsbury. Cromwell had written to William Crowne, the husband of Mackworth's aunt, on 5 March, "it being justly apprehended that the Cavalier party intends speedy execution of a very evil design in the parts about Shrewsbury, which they specially intend because of the weakness of the garrison, and the multitude of Malignants thereabouts," that reinforcements were on the way, together with commissions to raise more troops, and that he was to join Mackworth at Shrewsbury. This letter too arrived the night before the rising. Mackworth wrote to warn Sir Thomas Middleton at Chirk Castle and summoned reinforcements from Hereford but, as the matter was becoming too urgent to wait, he and Crowne were thrown back on their own resources to disrupt the royalist arrays. Mackworth called in all the Castle garrison, placed checkpoints on all the town gates and sited artillery in commanding positions. Crowne mobilised, at his own expense, a force of 50 infantry and cavalry, made up friends from Shrewsbury and the immediate area, which served until the main cavalry reinforcements arrived a full ten days later: the total cost was £37, which Crowne reclaimed from State coffers the following July. Mackworth requisitioned twenty horse for a raid on Boreatton, hoping to seize the ringleaders before the royalists could assemble their forces. A short first-hand account of the affair was given some years later in a petition of John Evanson of Shrewsbury to Richard Cromwell: In the insurrection of March 1655, the judges were seized upon at Salisbury assizes, and the same design was carrying on in several parts of England. On information that Sir Thos. Harris, living 5 miles from Shrewsbury, was ready to head a party of horse and foot, I and others were sent to apprehend him. We found him with 20 others in arms, 20 horse with saddles fitted for holsters, 14 cases of pistols, and a barrel of gunpowder, and after some opposition, we seized him and 7 others—the rest escaping through by-ways—and brought them to Shrewsbury, whence he was sent to London, and committed to the Tower. His estate being sequestered by the Commissioners for securing the peace, I was entrusted with the management of it ; but after 2 years, he obtained leave to return home, and now he distrains his tenants for the money received by me. I beg a speedy course for their relief and indemnity.''' The attempt on Chirk Castle also was foiled. By 9 March Kynaston had been captured and revealed under interrogation by Thomas Lloyd, High Sheriff of Montgomeryshire, that the plotters had intended to gain access to Shrewsbury by sending in soldiers in female dress to pose as sight-seers to help secure the gates. The town was then to be seized by a much larger number of royalists, who would be concealed as drinkers in the surrounding ale-houses. However, measures against the rebels were soon hampered by the regime's habitual parsimony. On 10 March Crown wrote to Cromwell, reporting that Harris still denied involvement in any plot, but that many local people wanted the conspirators pursued, something he was keen to do if he only had the money and manpower. Half of Cromwell's promised reinforcements had arrived on the day of the uprising, but too late to act: the other half had not yet arrived from Derby. Mackworth wrote to Colonel Philip Jones, a member of the Protector's Council, to beg his intercession for more resources, as they had insufficient forces even to guard the prisoners. However, he admitted that he had rounded up some who were simply well-known royalist sympathisers rather than actual suspects. Mackworth and Crowne began to question witnesses and suspects. Some, like Joseph Jenkes of Frankwell were informers keen to incriminate neighbours and acquaintances. Others, like John Griffiths of Stanwardine in the Field, had small but useful pieces of information about Harris and the other plotters. Some of the gentry, like Edward Vaughan, had heard a great deal of the activities of the main plotters, but had actually witnessed little. However, Arthur Vaughan, his brother was able to confirm that Kynaston had been recruiting plotters in the alehouses. And so it went on, with John Thurloe receiving numerous reports during the latter part of March and April. Reynolds wrote to Thurloe on 17 March, praising Mackworth's zeal: "The young governour hath behaved himselfe verry discreetly and faithfully, and will, I hope, receive encouragement in these his hopefull beginings." Although some of those detained later alleged torture, little real evidence emerged, partly because Mackworth's prompt action had itself prevented large numbers from committing themselves to the rising. Even those who were clearly guilty were treated leniently, as Evanson's report made clear of Harris, who suffered only two years' sequestration of his estates. He was too well-connected for serious punishment because he had married a daughter of the illustrious Parliamentarian Major General Mytton, as later did Thomas Mackworth. Harris's confidant Eyton escaped from Shrewsbury prison down a bedsheet, although wearing leg-irons: an incident for which Mackworth apologised to Oliver Cromwell in August. To ensure the garrison itself was less open to local influence, on 10 April Cromwell ordered a company from Worcester to replace the Shrewsbury company, although the Worcester men arrived late and Mackworth was still trying on 24 July to get arrears of pay for their predecessors. Later that day the Protector's Council decided to make him head of a further company of soldiers, who were to be sent to him. Meanwhile, he and his designated second-in-command were to be paid as captain and lieutenant. On 13 September the Council noted that funding for this company was yet to be provided and resolved to put the matter right. In so doing, it accorded Mackworth the title Colonel, perhaps for the first time officially. The Ottley case In October 1655 Mackworth wrote to Richard Ottley warning of a petition that had been lodged with Cromwell against him. The relationship between the Ottley family and the Mackworths was at least ambivalent. Although related by both blood and marriage, the elder Humphrey Mackworth and Sir Francis Ottley had taken radically opposed stances during the Civil War and participated closely in the sequestration of each other's estates. There may have been a continuing feud, as Mackworth seems to have been behind one or more attempts to pursue Sir Francis in the law courts under the Commonwealth. According to Mackworth's letter, Richard Ottley was facing a large claim for compensation from a Mary Moloy. She was, according to her petition, the daughter of a hero of the Nine Years' War in Ireland and the widow of Hugh Lewis, a London goldsmith. In a letter to Ottley, Mackworth alleged that during the Civil War Sir Francis Ottley had confiscated from Lewis jewellery worth £600. When Moloy later sued him, Sir Francis had offered £300 as compensation. After his death she had pursued the matter with Richard, his son and successor, who had given her nothing. Her petition to Cromwell had resulted in the matter being referred to Mackworth on 13 October for him to find a speedy resolution or else report back. Mackworth required Ottley either to return to Shrewsbury or otherwise come to a settlement with Moloy. Referring to the uprisings, he recommended Ottley to come to an arrangement, as he would "find his Highness so far Exasperated to the King's party or any that did Adhere to him that upon Mrs. Molloy's proofe of her Petition I am very Confident he and his Councell will Adjudge her the Whole, which how you will be able to withstand I know not." Some hard negotiation must have followed as Ottley ended by paying Moloy the much smaller sum of £60: Moloy's receipt, dated 28 November 1655 and foreswearing all future claims, is preserved in his papers. It is unclear whether the younger Humphrey Mackworth was pursuing a family feud as the available evidence is insufficient to show whether he had encouraged Moloy to bring the action or was simply trying to find a fair settlement. It seems unlikely that he considered the Ottleys easy to intimidate, as both Richard and his brother Adam were fellow members of Gray's Inn, at least as well versed in the law as himself. Order and dissolution Much of Mackworth's work was probably fairly mundane. On 23 April 1655 he made his first recorded appearance on the magistrate's bench at the quarter sessions in Shrewsbury. He appeared at the remaining sessions of the year, on 17 July and at Michaelmas, alongside his brother Thomas and various Roundhead veterans like Robert Corbet of Stanwardine and Lancelot Lee. The business was varied, including much that could be seen as local government alongside the administration of justice: cautions and warrants for good behaviour, appointment of a gaol keeper for Bridgnorth and constables for Walford and Yockleton, orders for payment of arrears and support of illegitimate children, settlement of vagrants, repairs to churches and bridges, ale licences. There were other small but important matters. In September Mackworth helped Richard Swayne, a Shrewsbury butcher, to obtain justice. Swayne was imprisoned for debt, yet was owed £4 8s. 8d. () annually by the State because a patch of his land had been taken to extend the fortifications of Shrewsbury Castle. He had received only £20 in 11 years: the outstanding rent would see him released from prison. Mackworth supported his petition and the Protector's Council resolved he or his wife should receive £20 () forthwith. Later in the year there began a short-lived break in the normal pattern of administration, the Rule of the Major-Generals. James Berry, an Independent, was appointed the regional representative of central government and arrived in Shrewsbury on 28 November and leaving on a tour of inspection on 3 December: both arrival and departure were celebrated by the mayor and aldermen with expensive feasts at inns in the town. By the time he returned in early January, he had formed a poor opinion of Shropshire's governing class: Berry went on to commend Thomas Hunt, a steadfast committee man of the Civil War period, who was a Presbyterian, but a man he considered reliable. He persuaded Hunt to become Sheriff. There was no specific criticism of Mackworth but Berry never mentioned him, which was criticism enough. On 12 December he sent a self-congratulatory letter to Thurloe, remarking: There was indeed a slightly larger attendance by the justices of the peace at the January quarter sessions—15, compared with 12 in October, although there had been only 4 the previous January. However, those who attended were regulars. Berry made the justices sign several public declarations and the one he refers to in his letter may have been against undesirable ale-houses, which was signed by Mackworth, Mytton, Corbet and several others. Berry railed against Roman Catholics and, like other Puritans, was fearful and suspicious of the Quakers, who had preachers active in Shrewsbury in 1656. However, the Major-Generals were retired early the next year and little came of Berry's reforming zeal. Mackworth apparently did not share it in great measure and meanwhile seems to have become happily attached to the town of Shrewsbury, giving up all larger ambition. This was illustrated by a conversation he had with John Bampfield, formerly an enthusiastic royalist but later a supporter of the Protectorate. Accused of further disloyalty, Bampfield reported:Being with the governor of Shrewsbury 14 days ago, he told me that Hopton had endeavoured to draw him to the royal party, assuring him that Charles Stuart had 17,000 men at the water side. I answered that when I left France 3 weeks ago, he had not 3,000, and I advised him not to trust any of that party, who had been unfaithful to each other, and advised him to marry some relation of those in power about his Highness, and to take active service if the English engaged in any foreign war, as being more honourable than shutting himself up in a garrison; but he said he liked his garrison, and should keep it if he could. I advised him to go oftener to Court, and spend his leisure at Whitehall, and give up some dissolute company he kept. This was all our discourse, and I appeal to the world whether it deserves banishment or imprisonment.It seems that it was Mackworth himself who raised suspicions of Bampfield, who continued to assert his own loyalty. Member of Parliament Mackworth was again MP for Shrewsbury in the Second Protectorate Parliament of 1656–8, which was elected under the Instrument of Government, like its predecessor, although with results markedly more favourable to the government. There is a possibility of confusing him in the records with his brother Thomas, who sat for Shropshire, but there are few mentions of Mackworth in the House of Commons Journal for the parliament. One definite appointment was on 27 September 1656 to a committee considering an Act for the Increase and Preservation of Timber. Mackworth was also returned to a Parliament, with the old, unreformed distribution of seats and a small upper chamber, that assembled to hear an opening address from Richard Cromwell on 27 January 1659. Once again, he played little part in the proceedings, although an incident shortly before the parliament was dissolved starkly revealed his financial difficulties. On 9 April 1659, after noting huge holes in the accounts, the House of Commons resolved to call to account all the Farmers of the Excise of Beer and Ale who lived in or near London at two days notice. These were the contractors who collected the tax for the government and included numerous MPs and officials. Mackworth held the farm for Lancashire and a summons was delivered to his landlord at his lodgings. The next sitting of the house, on 11 April, duly noted that he owed £822 10s. – a very large sum but the lowest of those listed, although many of the rest were owed by consortia of excise farmers. Mackworth stood to announce that he had paid in more than £200 that day and promised to pay the remainder within two weeks. However, the parliament came into conflict with the army. Under threat of a coup'' led by Charles Fleetwood, Richard Cromwell dissolved the parliament on 22 April. Disappearance The Protectorate was now in crisis and a revival of royalist feeling was evident in Shropshire. As early as October 1658 Mackworth had organised a petition to the Council, complaining of the seditious activities of John Tench, a local royalist who was now agitating openly. More worrying, however, was that John Betton, the mayor, had begun to install Tench and other royalists in public office. However, when Mackworth himself was replaced, some time in late 1659, it was with Edmund Waring, a steadfast Puritan and Commonwealth man who was to suffer repeated persecution after the triumph of Charles II, often at the hands of Richard Ottley. Mackworth seems to have signed for his final instalment of pay as governor on 27 September, covering the period up to 31 August 1659. A brief note of quarter sessions held in May 1660 shows him appearing as a justice of the peace for the last time: the justices dealt with petitions from five paupers. He served the Commonwealth to the bitter end and disappeared. After the Restoration he was never mentioned again in public records. Even the date of his death is unknown. Family No children of Mackworth are known. Bampfield's reported comments show that Mackworth was unmarried at least until 1657 and there is no record of his marrying thereafter. As a younger son of an intestate father, his marriage prospects among the local gentry would have been limited and Bampfield's encouragement to look for a political marriage was probably sincere. However, Bampfield also remarks on his "dissolute company," which seems to have escaped the notice of the observant, frank and humorous James Berry. This raises the possibility of secret extra-marital relationships, possibly homosexual. Footnotes References 1631 births Date of death unknown English lawyers English MPs 1654–1655 English MPs 1656–1658 English MPs 1659 17th-century English Puritans Members of Gray's Inn People educated at Shrewsbury School People from Shrewsbury Roundheads

Ulaid (Old Irish, ) or Ulaidh (Modern Irish, ) was a Gaelic over-kingdom in north-eastern Ireland during the Middle Ages made up of a confederation of dynastic groups. Alternative names include Ulidia, which is the Latin form of Ulaid, and in Cóiced, Irish for "the Fifth". The king of Ulaid was called the rí Ulad or rí in Chóicid. Ulaid also refers to a people of early Ireland, and it is from them that the province of Ulster derives its name. Some of the dynasties in the over-kingdom claimed descent from the Ulaid, but others are cited as being of Cruithin descent. In historical documents, the term Ulaid was used to refer to the population group of which the Dál Fiatach was the ruling dynasty. As such, the title Rí Ulad held two meanings: over-king of Ulaid and king of the Ulaid, as in the Dál Fiatach. The Ulaid feature prominently in the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology. According to legend, the ancient territory of Ulaid spanned the whole of the modern province of Ulster, excluding County Cavan, but including County Louth. Its southern border was said to stretch from the River Drowes in the west to the River Boyne in the east. At the onset of the historic period of Irish history in the 6th century, the territory of Ulaid was largely confined to east of the River Bann, as it is said to have lost land to the Airgíalla and the Northern Uí Néill. Ulaid ceased to exist after its conquest in the late 12th century by the Anglo-Norman knight John de Courcy, and was replaced with the Earldom of Ulster. An individual from Ulaid was known in Irish as an Ultach, the nominative plural being Ultaigh. This name lives on in the surname McAnulty or McNulty, from Mac an Ultaigh ("son of the Ulsterman"). Name Ulaid is a plural noun and originated as an ethnonym; however Irish nomenclature followed a pattern where the names of population groups and apical ancestor figures became more and more associated with geographical areas even when the ruling dynasty had no links to that figure, and this was the case with the Ulaid. Ulaid was also known as Cóiced Ulad, the "Fifth of Ulster", and was one of the legendary five provinces of Ireland. After the subsequent loss of territory to the Airgíalla and Northern Uí Néill, the eastern remnant of the province that formed medieval Ulaid was alternatively known as in Cóiced, in reference to the unconquered part of Cóiced Ulad. The Ulaid are likely the Ούολουντιοι (Uoluntii or Voluntii) mentioned in Ptolemy's 2nd century Geographia. This may be a corruption of Ούλουτοι (Uluti). The name is likely derived from the Gaelic ul, meaning "beard". The late 7th-century writer, Muirchú, spells Ulaid as Ulothi in his work the Life of Patrick. Ulaid has historically been anglicised as Ulagh or Ullagh and Latinized as Ulidia or Ultonia. The latter two have yielded the terms Ulidian and Ultonian. The Irish word for someone from Ulaid is Ultach (also spelt as Ultaigh and Ultagh), which in Latin became Ultonii and Ultoniensis. Ulaid gave its name to the province of Ulster, though the exact composition of it is disputed: it may derive from Ulaidh with or without the Norse genitive s and Irish tír ("land, country, earth"), or else the second element may be Norse -ster (meaning "place", common in Shetland and Norway). The Ulaid are also referred to as being of the Clanna Rudraige, a late form of group name. Population groups within Ulaid According to historical tradition, the ruling dynasties of the Ulaid were either of the Ulaid population-group or the Cruthin. Medieval Irish genealogists traced the descent of the Ulaid from the legendary High King of Ireland, Rudraige mac Sithrigi. The Cruthin on the other hand is the Irish term for the Picts, and are stated as initially being the most powerful and numerous of the two groupings. The terms Ulaid and Cruthin in early sources referred to the Dál Fiatach and Dál nAraidi respectively, the most powerful dynasties of both groups. The general scholarly consensus since the time of Eoin MacNeill has been that the Ulaid were kin to the Érainn, or at least to their royal families, sometimes called the Clanna Dedad, and perhaps not their nebulous subject populations. T. F. O'Rahilly notably believed the Ulaid were an actual branch of the Érainn. Also claimed as being related to the Ulaid are the Dáirine, another name for the Érainn royalty, both of which may have been related or derived from the Darini of Ptolemy. There is uncertainty however over the actual ancestry of the people and dynasties within the medieval over-kingdom of Ulaid. Those claimed as being descended from the Ulaid people included medieval tribes that were said to be instead of the Cruthin or Érainn, for example: the Dál Riata, Dál Fiatach, and Uí Echach Arda are counted as being of the Ulaid. The Dál Riata and Dál Fiatach however professed to be of Érainn descent. Despite this the term Ulaid still referred to the Dál Fiatach until the Anglo-Norman conquest of the over-kingdom in the late 12th century. the Conaille Muirtheimne, Dál nAraidi and Uí Echach Cobo are counted as being of the Cruthin. However, after the 8th century, the Síl Ír—the book of genealogies on the descendants of the mythical Ír—focuses on the theme that they are the fír Ulaid, "the true Ulaid". The Dál nAraidi still maintained the claim in the 10th century, long after their power declined. History of the over-kingdom Early history Ptolemy's Geographia, written in the 2nd century, places the Uoluntii or Voluntii in the southeast of what is now Ulster, somewhere south of the River Lagan and north of the River Boyne. To their north were the Darini and to their south were the Eblani. Muirchú's "Life of Patrick", written in the 7th century, also says that the territory of the Ulothi lay between the Lagan and the Boyne. In the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology—which survives in texts from the 8th century onward—the pre-historic Ulaid are said to dominate the whole north of Ireland, their southern border stretching from the River Boyne in the east to the River Drowes in the west, with their capital at Emain Macha (Navan Fort) near present-day Armagh, County Armagh. According to legend, around 331 AD the Three Collas invaded Ulaid, destroyed its ancient capital Emain Macha, and restricted Ulaid to the eastern part of its territory: east of the Lower Bann and Newry River. It is said that the territory the Three Collas conquered became the kingdom of Airgíalla. Another tradition that survived until the 11th century dated the fall of Emain Macha to 450 AD—within the time of Saint Patrick—which may explain why he chose Armagh, near Emain Macha, as the site of his episcopacy, as it would then still be under Ulaid control. It may also explain why he was buried in eastern Ulster in the restricted territory of the Ulaid rather than at Armagh, as it had by then come under Airgíallan control. It is likely that the Airgíalla were not settlers in Ulaid territory, but indigenous tribes; most of whom were vassals of the Ulaid before casting off Ulaid overlordship and becoming independent. It has been suggested that the Airthir—in whose lands lay Emain Macha—were originally an Ulaid tribe before becoming one of the Airgíalla. Towards the end of the 5th century, the Ulaid sub-group Dál Riata, located in the Glens of Antrim, had started settling in modern-day Scotland, forming a cross-channel kingdom. Their first settlements were in the region of Argyll, which means "eastern province of the Gael". It is to these boundaries that Ulaid entered the historic period in Ireland in the 6th century, though the Dál nAraidi still held territory west of the Bann in County Londonderry. The emergence of the Dál nAraidi and Dál Fiatach dynasties may have concealed the dominance of earlier tribal groupings. 6th to 7th centuries By the mid-6th century, the Dál Riata possessions in Scotland came under serious threat from Bridei I, king of the Picts, resulting in them seeking the Northern Uí Néill's aid. The king of Dál Riata, Áedán mac Gabráin, had already granted the island of Iona off the coast of Scotland to the Cenél Conaill prince and saint, Columba, who in turn negotiated an alliance between the Northern Uí Néill and Dál Riata in 575 at Druim Ceit near Derry. The result of this pact was the removal of Dál Riata from Ulaid's overlordship allowing it to concentrate on extending its Scottish domain. That same year either before or after the convention of Druim Ceit, the king of Dál Riata was killed in a bloody battle with the Dál nAraidi at Fid Euin. In 563, according to the Annals of Ulster, an apparent internal struggle amongst the Cruthin resulted in Báetán mac Cinn making a deal with the Northern Uí Néill, promising them the territories of Ard Eólairgg (Magilligan peninsula) and the Lee, both west of the River Bann. As a result, the battle of Móin Dairi Lothair (modern-day Moneymore) took place between them and an alliance of Cruthin kings, in which the Cruthin suffered a devastating defeat. Afterwards the Northern Uí Néill settled their Airgíalla allies in the Cruthin territory of Eilne, which lay between the River Bann and the River Bush. The defeated Cruthin alliance meanwhile consolidated themselves on Dál nAraidi. The Dál nAraidi king Congal Cáech took possession of the overlordship of Ulaid in 626, and in 628 killed the High King of Ireland, Suibne Menn of the Northern Uí Néill in battle. In 629, Congal led the Dál nAraidi to defeat against the same foes. In an attempt to have himself installed as High King of Ireland, Congal made alliances with Dál Riata and Strathclyde, which resulted in the disastrous Battle of Moira in 637, in modern-day County Down, which saw Congal slain by High King Domnall mac Áedo of the Northern Uí Néill and resulted in Dál Riata losing possession of its Scottish lands. The Annals of Ulster record that in 668, the battle of Bellum Fertsi (modern-day Belfast) took place between the Ulaid and Cruithin, both terms which then referred to the Dál Fiatach and Dál nAraide respectively. Meanwhile, the Dál nAraidi where still resisting the encroaching Northern Uí Néill and in 681, Dúngal Eilni, king of the Dál nAraidi, and his ally Cenn Fáelad of Ciannachta were killed at Dún Cethirinn. 8th to 10th centuries By the 8th century the territory of the Ulaid shrunk to east of the Bann into what is now the modern-day counties Antrim, Down and Louth. In either 732 or 735, the Ulaid suffered a heavy defeat at the hands of the Cenél nEógain led by Áed Allán in the battle of Fochart in Magh Muirthemne, which saw the king of Ulaid, Áed Róin, decapitated. As a result, the Cenél nEógain brought Conaille Muirthemne under their suzerainty. The taking over of the Ulaid's ancestral lands by first the Northern Uí Néill and the end of their glory led to a constant antagonism between them. It was in the 8th century that the kingdom of Dál Riata was overrun by the Dál nAraidi. The Dál Fiatach dynasty held sway over Ulaid until the battle of Leth Cam in 827, when they attempted to remove Airgíalla from Northern Uí Néill dominance. The Dál Fiatach may have been distracted by the presence of at least one Viking base along Strangford Lough, and by the end of the century, the Dál nAraidi had risen to dominance over them. However, this only lasted until 972, when Eochaid mac Ardgail restored Dál Fiatach's fortunes. During the 9th and 10th centuries, the Vikings had founded several bases in Ulaid, primarily at Annagassan, Carlingford Lough, Lough Neagh, and Strangford Lough. There was also a significant port at Ulfreksfjord, located at Latharna, present-day Larne, County Antrim. All but Ulfreksfjord were destroyed by the combined efforts of the Ulaid and the Northern Uí Néill, however as a result they deprived themselves of the economic advantages provided by prosperous Viking settlements. 11th century In 1000 the Viking king of Dublin, Sigtrygg Silkbeard, was expelled by Brian Boru the High King of Ireland, and was refused sanctuary by the Ulaid. Eventually Sigtrygg was forced to return to Dublin and submitted to Brian. Sigtrygg didn't forget the Ulaid's refusal, and in 1001 his fleet plundered Inis Cumhscraigh and Cill Cleithe in Dál Fiatach, taking many prisoners. Sigtrygg's forces also served in Brian's campaigns against the Ulaid in 1002 and 1005. At Craeb Telcha in 1003 the Northern Uí Néill and Ulaid fought a major battle, the Ulaid inauguration site. Here Eochaid mac Ardgail, and most of Ulaid's nobility were slaughtered, along with the Northern Uí Néill king. The result was a bloody succession war amongst the princes of the Dál Fiatach, who also had to war with the Dál nAraidi who eyed the kingship. In 1005, Brian Boru, marched north to accept submissions from the Ulaid, and set-up camp at Emain Macha possibly with the intention of exploiting the symbolism it held for the Ulaid. From here, Boru marched to the Dál nAraidi capital, Ráith Mór, where he received only the submissions of their king and that of the Dál Fiatach. This however appears to have been the catalyst for a series of attacks by Flaithbertach Ua Néill, king of the Cenél nEógain, to punish the Ulaid. In 1006, an army led by Flaithbertach marched into Leth Cathail and killed its king, followed by the slaying of the heir of Uí Echach Cobo at Loughbrickland. The battle of Craeb Telcha resulted in the inability of the Ulaid to provide any useful aid to Boru, when in 1006 he led an army made up of men from all over Ireland in an attempt to force the submission of the Northern Uí Néill. Having marched through the lands of the Cenél Conaill and Cenél nEógain, Boru led his army across the River Bann at Fersat Camsa (Macosquin) and into Ulaid, where he accepted submissions from the Ulaid at Craeb Telcha, before marching south and through the traditional assembly place of the Conaille Muirtheimne at i n-oenach Conaille. Flaithbertach Ua Néill continued his attacks on Ulaid in 1007, attacking the Conaille Muirtheimne. In 1011, the same year Boru finally achieved hegemony over the entire of Ireland, Flaithbertach launched an invasion of Ulaid, and after destroying Dún Echdach (Duneight, south of Lisburn) and the surrounding settlement, took the submission of the Dál Fiatach, who had the Ulaid kingship, thus removing them from Boru's over-lordship. The next year, Flaithbertach raided the Ards peninsula and took an uncountable number of spoils. At Ulfreksfjord in 1018, a combined force of native Irish, led by a king called Conchobar, and their Norse allies, led by Eyvind Urarhorn, defeated a major Viking expedition launched by the Earl of Orkney, Einar Sigurdsson, who was aiming to re-assert his father's lordship over the seaways between Ireland and Scotland. In 1022, Niall mac Eochaid, the king of Ulaid, inflicted a major defeat on Sigtrygg's Dublin fleet, decimating it and taking its crew captive. Niall followed up this victory in 1026 attacking Finn Gall, a Viking settlement just north of Dublin itself. Sigtrygg's nephew, Ivar Haraldsson, plundered Rathlin Island just off the north coast of Ulaid in 1038 and again in 1045. The latter attack saw Ímar kill Ragnall Ua Eochada, the heir-apparent of Ulaid and brother of Niall mac Eochaid, along with three hundred Ulaid nobles. In retribution Niall again attacked Finn Gall. In 1087, a son of the king of Ulaid, allied with two grandsons Ragnall, attacked the Isle of Man in a failed attempt to oust Godred Crovan, king of Dublin and the Isles. At the end of the 11th century, the Ulaid had a final revival under Donn Sléibe mac Echdacha, from whom descended the Mac Dúinn Shléibe—anglicised MacDonlevy—kings that ruled Ulaid in the 12th century, with the Dál Fiatach kingship restricted to their dynasty after 1137. They developed close ties with the kingdom of the Isles. The Mac Dúinn Shléibe kings desperately maintained the independence of Ulaid from the Mac Lochlainn rulers of the Northern Uí Néill. 12th century By the beginning of the 12th century the Dál nAraidi, ruled by the Ó Loingsigh (O'Lynch), had lost control of most of Antrim to the Ua Flainn (O'Lynn) and became restricted to a stretch of land in south Antrim with their base at Mag Line (Moylinny). The Ua Flainn were the ruling sept of the Airgíallan Uí Thuirtre as well as rulers of Fir Lí, both of which lay west of the River Bann. In a process of gradual infiltration by marital and military alliances as well as growing pressure from the encroaching Cenél nEógain, they moved their power east of the Bann. Once they had come to prominence in Antrim the Ua Flainn styled themselves as king of Dál nAraidi, Dál Riata, and Fir Lí, alongside their own Uí Thuirtre. By 1130, the most southerly part of Ulaid, Conaille Muirtheimne, had been conquered by Donnchad Ua Cerbaill, king of Airgíalla. The part of Muirtheimne called Cualigne was subsequently settled by the Airgíallan Uí Méith (from which Omeath derives its name). The earliest Irish land charter to survive is that of the grant in 1157 of land to the Cistercians in Newry, which lay in Uí Echach, by the High King Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn. This grant was made with the consent of the king of Ulaid, Cú Ulad Mac Dúinn Sléibe, and the king of Uí Echach, Domnall Ua hÁeda. The Annals of Ulster record that in April 1165, the Ulaid, ruled by Eochaidh Mac Dúinn Sléibe, turned against Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn, and attacked the Uí Méith as well as the Uí Breasail in modern barony Oneilland East, County Armagh (which was also formerly part of Ulaid), and the Dál Riata. In retaliation Mac Lochlainn led a force consisting of the Northern Uí Néill and Airgíalla into Ulaid killing many and expelling Eochaid from the kingship. In September Eochaid tried to reclaim the kingship, however was expelled by his own people who feared reprisals from Mac Lochlainn, upon whose command had Eochaid confined by Ua Cerbaill. The next month Mac Lochlainn led another raid into Ulaid, receiving their hostages along with a large amount of their treasure. Later that same month Ua Cerbaill along with Eochaid held a meeting with Mac Lochlainn where Eochaid requested the kingship of Ulaid in return for the hostages of all Ulaid, which included the son of every chief along with his own daughter. Eochaid also gave Mac Lochlainn a considerable amount of treasure along with the territory of Bairrche, and the townland of Saul. In turn, Mac Lochlainn swore an oath to the Bishop of Armagh amongst other nobles for his good behaviour. Mac Lochlainn then give Bairrche to Ua Cerbaill for his part in mediating what turned out to be short-lived reconciliation. Over the following century, the Airgíallan Mughdorna would settle Bairrche, and from them derives its present-day name of Mourne. Despite his oath, Muirchertach had Eochaid seized and blinded, after which his allies abandoned him, and he was reduced to a handful of followers. With sixteen of these closest associates, he was killed in 1166. In 1170 Eochaid's brother Magnus who had become king of Ulaid expelled the Augustinian canons from Saul. Ulaid and the Normans Despite the turmoil amongst the Ulaid, they continued to survive but not for much longer. In 1177 Ulaid was invaded by the Normans led by John de Courcy, who in a surprise attack captured and held the Dál Fiatach capital, Dún De Lethglaise (Downpatrick), forcing the Ulaid over-king, Ruaidrí Mac Duinn Sléibe (Rory MacDonleavy), to flee. A week later, Mac Duinn Sléibe returned with a great host from across Ulaid, and despite heavily outnumbering de Courcy's forces, were defeated. In another attempt to retake Dún De Lethglaise, Mac Duinn Sléibe followed up with an even greater force made up a coalition of Ulster's powers that included the king of the Cenél nEógain, Máel Sechnaill Mac Lochlainn, and the chief prelates in the province such as the archbishop of Armagh and the bishop of Down. Once again however the Normans won, capturing the clergy and many of their relics. In 1178, after John de Courcy had retired to Glenree in Machaire Conaille (another name for Conaille Muirtheimne), Mac Duinn Sléibe, along with the king of Airgíalla, Murchard Ua Cerbaill (Murrough O'Carroll), attacked the Normans, killing around 450, and suffering 100 fatalities themselves. Despite forming alliances, constant inter-warring amongst the Ulaid and against their Irish neighbours continued oblivious to the threat of the Normans. De Courcy would take advantage of this instability and over the following years, despite some setbacks, set about conquering the neighbouring districts in Ulaid shifting the focus of power. By 1181, Mac Duinn Sléibe and Cú Mide Ua Flainn, the king of Uí Thuirtre and Fir Lí in County Antrim, had come around and served loyally as sub-kings of de Courcy. Mac Duinn Sléibe, possibly inspired by the chance to restore Ulaid to its ancient extent, may have encouraged de Courcy to campaign westwards, which saw attacks on Armagh in 1189 and then Derry and the Inishowen peninsula in 1197. De Courcy would style himself as princeps Ultoniae, "master of Ulster", and ruled his conquests like an independent king. The Uí Echach Coba in central and western Down however escaped conquest. In 1199 King John I of England sent Hugh de Lacy to arrest de Courcy and take his possessions. In 1205, de Lacy was made the first Earl of Ulster, founding the Earldom of Ulster, with which he continued the conquest of the Ulaid. The earldom would expand along the northern coast of Ulster all the way to the Cenél nEógain's old power-base of Inishowen. Until the end of the 13th century, the Dál Fiatach, still led by the Mac Dúinnshléibe, retained a fraction of their power being given the title of rex Hibernicorum Ulidiae, meaning "king of the Irish of Ulaid". The Gaelic title of rí Ulad, meaning "king of Ulster", upon the extinction of Dál Fiatach was usurped by the encroaching Ó Néills of the Cenél nEógain. Religion Ulaid was the location where the future patron saint of Ireland, Saint Patrick, was held during his early captivity. It is here that he made the first Irish converts to Christianity, with the Dál Fiatach the first ruling dynasty to do so. Patrick died at Saul, and buried at Dún De Lethglaise, which in the 13th century was renamed Dún Phádraig, which became Anglicised as Downpatrick. When Ireland was being organised into a diocesan system in the 12th century, the following dioceses where created based on the territory of the main dynasties of the Ulaid: the diocese of Down, based on the territory of the Dál Fiatach, with its cathedral at Bangor, however later moved to Downpatrick by John de Courcy; and the diocese of Connor, based on the territory of the Dál nAraidi. Around 1197 the diocese of Down was split in two with the creation of the diocese of Dromore, based on the territory of the Uí Echach Cobo, with its cathedral at Dromore. Principal churches/monasteries The chief churches, or more accurately monasteries, of the main sub-kingdoms of Ulaid were: Mag Bile (modern Irish: Maigh Bhile, meaning "plain of [the] sacred trees"), now known as Movilla in County Down. It was the chief church of the Dál Fiatach, and linked with their ecclesiastical origins, having been founded circa 540 by St. Finnian of Movilla, who was of the Dál Fiatach. The name Mag Bile suggests that this monastery was purposely built on the site of an ancient sacred tree. Bennchair (modern Irish: Beannchar, possibly meaning "place of points"), now known as Bangor in County Down. Built circa 555 or 559 by St. Comgall of the Dál nAraidi in what was Dál Fiatach territory, it was one of the main monastic foundations in Ireland. Condaire (modern Irish: Coinnire, meaning "[wild-]dog oak-wood"), now known as Connor in County Antrim. It was the chief church of the Dál nAraidi located in the minor-kingdom of Dál Sailni, and was founded by St. Mac Nisse. It would become the cathedral for the diocese of Connor. Airther Maigi (modern Irish: Oirthear Maí, meaning "the east of the plain"), now known as Armoy in County Antrim. It was the chief church of the Dál Riata founded by St. Olcan; however, after Dál nAraidi expansion in the 7th century it lost its episcopal status and was superseded by the church of Connor. Droma Móir (modern Irish: Droim Mór, meaning "big ridge"), now known as Dromore in County Down. It became the chief church of the Uí Echach Cobo, and was founded circa 510 by St. Colmán. It would become the cathedral for the diocese of Dromore. Artefacts Although Francis John Byrne describes the few La Tène artefacts discovered in Ireland as 'rather scanty', most of the artefacts (mostly weapons and harness pieces) have been found in the north of Ireland, suggesting 'small bands of settlers (warriors and metalworkers) arrived' from Britain in the 3rd century BC, and may have been absorbed into the Ulaid population. Kingdoms, dynasties, and septs By the 12th century Ulaid was divided into four main dynastic sub-kingdoms, each consisting of smaller petty-kingdoms: Dál Fiatach, an Ulaid people based at Dún De Lethglaise (present-day Downpatrick, County Down), who dominated the over-kingship of Ulaid and had interests in the Isle of Man. Their principal sept were the Mac Duinnshléibhe. Dál nAraidi a Cruithin people, dominated by the Dál nAraidi of Magh Line based at Ráith Mór (near present-day Antrim town, County Antrim). They were the Dál Fiatach's main challengers for the over-kingship. Their principal sept were the Uí Choelbad. Uí Echach Cobo, a Cruithin sept, kin with the Dál nAraidi, who also challenged for the over-kingship of Ulaid. They were based in modern-day County Down, possibly at Cnoc Uí Echach (Knock Iveagh). Their principal sept were the Mag Aonghusa; Uí Tuirtri, originating from Airgíalla they took control of most of Dál nAraidi's territory. Its principal sept was the Uí Fhloinn. In the 10th-century revision of the Lebor na Cert, the following twelve Ulaid petty-kingdoms are given as paying stipends to the king of Ulaid: Dál nAraidi of Magh Line Cobha, ruled by the Uí Echach Cobo Dál Riata, based in the Glens of Antrim Airrther, a district located in eastern County Armagh Uí Erca Céin, a branch of the Dál nAraidi Leth Cathail, a branch of the Dál Fiatach, located in and around the modern barony of Lecale, County Down Conaille Muirtheimne, close kin of the Uí Echach Cobo, located in and around the modern barony of Dundalk, County Louth Dál mBuinne, also known as the Muintir Branáin, a branch of the Dál nAraidi located along the border area between County Antrim and Down Uí Blathmaic, a branch of the Dál Fiatach whose territory was located in the north-western part of the barony of Ards and part of Castlereagh; Na hArda, ruled by the Uí Echach Arda, a branch of the Dál Fiatach whose territory was located in the northern part of the Ards peninsula Boirche, alias Bairrche, a branch of the Dál Fiatach located in what is now the barony of Mourne in southern County Down Duibhthrian, west of Strangford Lough, County Down. Other territories and dynasties within Ulaid included: Cuailgne, located in the area of Carlingford Lough and Dundalk, County Louth. Their name is preserved in the name of the parish of Cooley, as well as the Cooley Peninsula. Cooley is the location of the Táin Bó Cúailnge or Cattle Raid of Cooley. Dál Sailni, a client-kingdom of the Dál nAraidi of Magh Line. Whilst the Uí Choelbad dynasty of Dál nAraidi supplied the principle kings, the Dál Sailni held the principle church of Connor. After the Viking period, the church of Connor and the territory of the Dál Sailni were taken over by the Uí Tuirtri. Cineál Fhaghartaigh, an offshoot of the Uí Echach Cobo, who at one time held the modern baronies of Kinelarty, Dufferin, and part of Castlereagh. Monaig, a people whose locale is disputed. The annals and historians make mention of several different Monaigs: the Monaigh Uladh, in the area of Downpatrick; Monaich Ulad of Rusat; Monaigh at Lough Erne, County Fermanagh; Monaigh Aird, in County Down; the Cenél Maelche/Mailche in Antrim, County Antrim, "alias Monach"; Magh Monaigh; Monach-an-Dúin in Cath Monaigh, possibly in Iveagh, County Down. The ancient Manaigh/Monaigh who settled near Lough Erne, are associated with the Menapii, a Belgae tribe from northern Gaul. Descended houses The first king of Scotland, Kenneth MacAlpin, founder of the House of Alpin, is said to descend from the mid-6th-century king of Dál Riata, Gabrán mac Domangairt. Along with this, the following Scottish Highland houses are reputed to be of Ulaid descent: McEwen, MacLachlan, McNeills, and the MacSweens. The royal House of Stuart is also claimed as being descended from the Ulaid. In medieval literature According to medieval pseudo-historians a group of brothers known as the Three Collas in the 4th century founded the over-kingdom of Airgíalla after a decisive defeat of the Ulaid, and afterwards destroyed their ancient capital Emain Macha. This however is a fabrication. The Ulaid feature in Irish legends and historical traditions of prehistoric times, most notably in the group of sagas known as the Ulster Cycle. These stories are set during the reign of the Ulaid king Conchobar mac Nessa at Emain Macha (Navan Fort, near Armagh) and tell of his conflicts with the Connachta, led by queen Medb and her husband Ailill mac Máta. The chief hero is Conchobar's nephew Cú Chulainn, and the central story is the proto-epic Táin Bó Cúailnge, "The Cattle Raid of Cooley". In this period Ireland is said to have been divided into five independent over-kingdoms—or cuigeadh, literally meaning "a fifth"—of which Ulaid was one, with its capital at Emain Macha. Medieval pseudo-historians called this era Aimser na Coicedach, which has been translated as: "Time of the Pentarchs"; "Time of the Five Fifths"; and "Time of the provincial kings". It was also described as "the Pentarchy". In some stories Conchobar's birth and death are synchronised with those of Christ, which creates an apparent anachronism in the presence of the Connachta. The historical Connachta were a group of dynasties who traced their descent to the legendary king Conn Cétchathach, whose reign is traditionally dated to the 2nd century. However, the chronology of early Irish historical tradition is inconsistent and highly artificial. One early saga makes Fergus mac Léti, one of Conchobar's predecessors as king of the Ulaid, a contemporary of Conn, and Tírechán's 7th century memoir of Saint Patrick says that Cairbre Nia Fer, Conchobar's son-in-law in the sagas, lived only 100 years before the saint, i.e. in the 4th century. Kenneth Jackson, based on his estimates on the survival of oral tradition, also suggested that the Ulster Cycle originated in the 4th century. Other scholars, following T. F. O'Rahilly, propose that the sagas of the Ulster Cycle derive from the wars between the Ulaid and the midland dynasties of the Connachta and the nascent Uí Néill in the 4th and 5th centuries, at the end of which the Ulaid lost much of their territory, and their capital, to the new kingdoms of the Airgíalla. Traditional history credits this to the Three Collas, three great-great-great-grandsons of Conn, who defeated the Ulaid king Fergus Foga at Achad Lethderg in County Monaghan, seized all Ulaid territory west of the Newry River and Lough Neagh, and burned Emain Macha. Fergus Foga is said to have been the last king of the Ulaid to reign there. The Annals of the Four Masters dates this to AD 331. O'Rahilly and his followers believe the Collas are literary doublets of the sons of Niall Noígiallach, eponymous founder of the Uí Néill, who they propose were the true conquerors of Emain in the 5th century. The Kings of Tara in the Ulster Cycle are the kindred of the Ulaid, the Érainn, and are generally portrayed sympathetically, especially Conaire Mór. It was remembered that the Connachta and Uí Néill had not yet taken the kingship. Tara was later occupied by the Laigin, who are to some extent strangely integrated with the Connachta in the Ulster Cycle. The latter later took the midlands from the Laigin and their historical antagonism is legendary. The Érainn, led by Cú Roí, also rule in distant Munster and, while presented as deadly rivals of the Ulaid, are again portrayed with unusual interest and sympathy. Cultural impact There two known communities in North Carolina, the United States, that are likely to have been named after Ulaid - Mount Ulla and Ulah. The Ulaid have inspired the name of traditional Irish group Ulaid featuring Dónal O'Connor, John McSherry & Seán Óg Graham who have released two critically acclaimed albums. See also Cruthin List of kings of Ulster List of clans and septs in Ulaid Osraige Early history of Ireland Early Medieval Ireland 800–1166 References Bibliography External links Genealogy of the kings of the Ulaid Gaelic-Irish nations and dynasties Kingdoms of medieval Ireland Ulster Cycle Ancient Irish dynasties Prehistoric Ireland Former kingdoms in Ireland

Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge is a heritage-listed former road bridge and now footbridge over the Murray River at Barooga-Cobram Road, Barooga, New South Wales, Australia. The bridge links Barooga with Cobram, its sister town in Victoria. It was designed by Ernest de Burgh (engineer) and the New South Wales Department of Public Works and built from 1900 to 1902. It is also known as RMS Bridge No 3247. It is owned by Transport for NSW. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 1 April 2016. History Timber truss bridges in New South Wales The development of bridge technology and design was relatively static for thousands of years, with either simple, short bridges built of timber beams across a stream or substantial stone masonry arch bridges spanning rivers. In Australia, stone (and brick) arch bridges provided the major form of bridge until the middle of the nineteenth century, after which, local engineers turned to timber truss bridges to provide the majority of river crossings, with the (expensive) imported wrought iron bridges reserved for railways and the larger and more heavily trafficked roads. Although timber beam bridges are limited by the dimensions of available materials, timber offered the cheapest and quickest bridge solution. In NSW, the availability of excellent hardwoods provided Public Works engineers McDonald, Allan, Dare and De Burgh with a uniquely strong and durable material for timber truss bridges. Timber beam bridges served NSW well for 150 years as relatively inexpensive structures to aid the movement of goods and people. The emergence of steel in the latter half of the nineteenth century provided a cheaper, stronger and more adaptable material for bridges than cast or wrought iron. It was rapidly adopted worldwide, its application limited only by its relative cost. In Australia, this meant that its use continued to be constrained until after local manufacture commenced in 1915. In response, the timber truss bridge designs in NSW evolved after 1899 to include steel members in critical locations such as bottom chords, whilst continuing to utilise timber for the majority of the bridge structure. There were five main types of timber truss bridges erected in NSW, distinguished by the evolving arrangement of the primary truss members. The five types are: 1. Old Public Works Department Truss (PWD) - A basic truss bridge, based upon English models, in use from 1860 to 1886. It took advantage of the local hardwoods for its main members and was a solid and durable design 2. McDonald Truss - Built from 1886 to 1893, the McDonald truss improved upon the Old PWD type by addressing several of its particular shortcomings. These included the placement of cast-iron shoes at the junctions between timber beams, the end members were doubled and splayed for better lateral stability and wrought-iron rods were utilised for vertical tension members. 3. Allan Truss - Built from 1893 to 1929, the Allan type also used cast iron connection pieces and vertical iron rods but was a significant improvement on the McDonald type, with most main members doubled and spaced, a simplified tensioning system and using smaller individual pieces of timber. 4. De Burgh Truss - The De Burgh Truss was built from 1899 to 1905. This truss was a composite truss, utilising timber and steel in combination. It was distinguished by the use of pin-joints in the connections between the steel bottom chords and the steel diagonal rods. 5. Dare Truss - The Dare Truss is very similar to an Allan truss but used steel bottom chords. Designed by Harvey Dare and built from 1905 to 1936, the Dare Truss incorporates the best features of both the Allan Truss and the De Burgh Truss, whilst eliminating the pin-joints of the latter that proved problematic in maintenance. The Dare Truss was the most successful of the timber/steel composite trusses. The Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge uses De Burgh Trusses. The De Burgh Truss is unique amongst the five timber truss types in NSW, as it was the first to depart from the process of evolution from the previous "standard type". The defining features included the "Pratt" truss arrangement, with timber vertical posts, timber top-chords and steel rods as inclined tension members, bottom chords formed by continuous parallel steel plates, steel plates and diagonal rods connected to the bottom chords by turned pins. The Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge was also a movable lift-span bridge. Opening bridges were required in order to provide clearance for masted vessels. For the inland river system of the Darling, Murray and Murrumbidgee, the majority of craft were paddle-steamers and loaded barges. These craft were typically not tall and could pass under most bridges when water levels were low. However, during high water level periods, particularly floods, additional headroom was required and this was provided by an opening span over the main channel. These telescopic bridges were only suitable for small openings and, where larger ships were operating, swing-span bridges were used. Opening-span bridges were built from 1890 until 1941, after which no new opening bridges were erected on the Murray River. Agriculture, Navigation and the Commonwealth The context for the design and construction of the Old Cobram Bridge was the historical transition of the Murray River from being used primarily for navigation to being used primarily for irrigation water supply. During the 1870s, the closer settlement of the Riverina region for agriculture was struggling with the vagaries of climate and water in western NSW. Selectors obtained land and, in optimal conditions, produced excellent yields, with wheat predominating over other crops. However, rainfall was irregular and tended towards periods of oversupply (flood) followed by long periods of undersupply (drought). Farmers quickly realised that, without some regularity of water supply, their future was doubtful. Consequently, from the mid-1880s, the possibilities of land irrigation were closely investigated. George Chaffey, an engineer brought out from California, commenced designing a massive irrigation scheme at Mildura in 1887. Whilst this scheme had its own story of success and failure, it represented a concerted state investment to create a permanent agricultural settlement along the Murray River and to institute a means of exploiting the Murray River for agriculture. In 1893, representatives of the three states met in Melbourne and considered the matter of installing locks on the Murray River to preserve supplies for irrigation, whilst permitting ongoing navigation. The prospect of this damming of the river caused considerable concern in South Australia but, when the matter was raised, NSW denied that South Australia had any claim to the waters of the Murray; since no tributaries entered within its territory, South Australia had no rights to water beyond that which flowed across the border. These conflicts of interests tended to stymie any co-ordinated action and the matter of apportioning the Murray's waters between the states remained unresolved. As independent states in economic competition with each other, the idea of co-operative action for mutual benefit was rife with complications and arguments. Federation in 1901, however, meant that the three states in which the Murray flowed were no longer in competition and, as this coincided with extremely dry conditions in the Murray River regions, there was considerable impetus to address the matter. The government leaders decided that a tri-state Royal Commission should be set up to investigate the 'conservation and distribution of the Murray and its tributaries for the purposes of irrigation, navigation and water supply'. The Royal Commission's subsequent report of 1902 recommended joint control of the Murray by the three states and a joint funding arrangement for water conservation infrastructure such as dams and weirs. By the beginning of the twentieth century, this transition was well underway, with river navigation trade almost completely moribund by the 1930s. However, during the early twentieth century, the option for river transport was preserved by, amongst other measures, the continued construction of opening bridges across the Murray River. Erection and Operation of the Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge Public meetings were held in the district almost every year from 1894, urging the local members of parliament to persuade the Government of New South Wales and Government of Victoria to approve the construction of the bridge. By November 1899, Government Ministers in both states were able to report that decisions had been taken to proceed with the bridge and that specifications were being prepared. In 1900, after question as to the erection of a bridge over the Murray River at Cobram had been under considerable consideration, it was decided that the bridge would be financed and built by the Victorian government. Once completed, it appears that the Victorian Country Roads Board was responsible for maintenance of the Bridge as well. The construction of the bridge across the Murray River at Cobram-Barooga became evidence of the value of the wool industry in the vicinity and of the economic flows of goods between NSW and Victoria in the late nineteenth century. The story of Cobram-Barooga is representative of the story of the development of the Murray River generally and illustrates the competition between townships for a bridge as a formal border crossing and as a guarantee of ongoing economic development. Additions were made to the lift span in January 2000. A new bridge for road traffic was built in 2006, next to the Cobram-Barooga Bridge which then became a dedicated pedestrian foot bridge. The northern approach (NSW end) was subsequently removed and replaced with a staircase that is considered to be unsympathetic and intrusive. Description The Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge is a timber truss, lift-span bridge that formerly carried two traffic lanes across the Murray River between Cobram (Victoria) and Barooga (NSW). It is now a pedestrian bridge having been superseded by a parallel bridge for vehicular traffic. The primary axis of the bridge is east-west. The bridge has a clearance over normal water level of 7.9m with the lift span closed and 14.3m with the lift span open. It is a large twelve-span bridge of timber, steel, iron and concrete and features a steel lift-span on an iron and concrete substructure with two large De Burgh composite timber-steel truss spans. The three main spans include a single, vertical-lift opening span supported on cast iron piers in the centre of the bridge, flanked by a single De Burgh Truss span on each side. The eastern (NSW) side has been truncated and retains only one timber beam approach span, which terminates in a steel fence and stair to ground level. All three timber beam approach spans survive on the western (Victorian) side. The outer ends of the truss spans and the approach spans are carried on timber trestles on timber piles. The outer ends of the lift span are carried on twin cylindrical cast iron piers with intermediate perforated steel plate braces. The lift span is formed by a roadway between riveted Pratt-Truss box-girders with a span of 18m. The road deck on the lift span is narrower than the approaches and reduces to one traffic lane. The lifting superstructure comprises four steel lattice towers, connected at their upper level by steel lattice girders. The two De Burgh truss spans, each 31.7m, are of composite timber and steel construction, with paired timber top chords and vertical struts with steel rods forming diagonals within each panel. The approach spans range from approximately 9.1m to 11m in length and are of timber beam construction, comprising five parallel timber logs spanning between timber and trestle piers. Each span has been strengthened by the addition of four steel RSJs, one each located in between the timber logs. There is a footway on the southern side with a timber guardrail but the majority of the timber decking of the footway has been removed. The footway is absent on the lifting span and the footways have an entrance to the road deck on either side of the opening span. Pedestrians were required to share the road deck with vehicles for the length of the opening span. The bridge fabric condition was reported to be generally good as at 8 September 2015. The northern approach (NSW end) has been removed and replaced with a staircase that is considered to be unsympathetic and intrusive. Future remodelling of stairs or replacement would be recommended. The integrity has been spoilt by removal of northern approach spans but the remaining components are largely intact. Heritage listing The Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge is of state heritage significance because it is an excellent, intact and rare example of a Hinton-type vertical lift-span opening bridge with De Burgh Truss side spans and timber beam approaches. It is historically one of the significant crossings of the Murray River and the NSW/Victoria state border and the construction of this vertical lift-span opening bridge records the original use of the Murray River for commercial transport of wheat and wool produce. The establishment of the bridge reflects the historical development of the Riverina region of NSW and its relationship across the Murray River with railway transport to Melbourne, the history of which was also a significant element in the economic and agricultural development of northern Victoria. The Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge is directly associated with the Federation of the Australian states in 1901. Its construction was delayed until the outcomes of the Federation proposals were known and this association, in the context of the past and future use of the Murray River, illustrates the economic relationships between the states in the 1890s and the motivations for Federation. Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 1 April 2016 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. The Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge is of state historical significance as the original road link over the Murray River in this location, which served this role for over a century and a significant crossing point over the boundary of the states of NSW and Victoria. The Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge is of state significance as a significant relic of the era when motor vehicles were still virtually unknown and the horse and bullock-drawn wagon was still the major form of heavy road transport. The importance of the bridge was to provide access for heavy goods vehicles to deliver agricultural produce from NSW to the railhead at Cobram for transport to the markets and wharves of Melbourne. In this regard, the bridge is a relic of the nineteenth century economy of Australia, which was focused upon agricultural produce, particularly wool and wheat, much of which was created in the southwest of NSW and north-west of Victoria. The historical origins of the Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge and the reasons for its construction are components in the story of the settlement, development and economic history of the Riverina region and the equivalent region in northern Victoria. The goldrushes, cattle droving, mobs of sheep and laden wool wagons are all key iconic images of Australian colonial history in which the Murray River has had a significant role or relationship. The crossings of the Murray River have influenced the locations of major road and railway routes on both sides of the NSW-Victorian border and the waters of the River have been a key factor in the commercial agricultural development of what has been some of the most productive land in modern Australia. The inclusion of a lift-span in the Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge has historical significance as a relic of the commercial value of the shipping traffic using the Murray River in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Although with hindsight it is clear that this bridge was built at the latter end of the era of commercial shipping on the river, at the time it was built the value of this trade was still sufficient to warrant state investment in the provision of lift-span bridges. The importance of this trade over the previous four decades was such that it was key to the development of the state of Victoria and the nineteenth century prosperity of Melbourne, as evidenced by the investment in railway construction serving this area, and was influential in the early economic development of South Australia, as evidenced by the horse-drawn tramway from Goolwa to Port Elliot, serving the Murray River steamer trade, being completed two years prior to the establishment of railways in Adelaide. The lift-span in the Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge is also historical evidence of the economic and political relationships between the states of NSW, Victoria and South Australia in the decade before Federation of the states in 1901. The need to maintain shipping navigation in the waterway was as much a political necessity as a commercial requirement and reflected the ongoing debate of the time regarding the competition between the states regarding the use of natural resources for economic purposes. At the end of the nineteenth century, all three states desired access to the Murray River waters for agricultural irrigation. Conflict over the inequality of access to the resource was finally resolved through Federation. The story of the Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge in this context represents a singular example of the myriad of similar issues that led to the federation of the states (rather than any other outcome) at the beginning of the twentieth century. The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history. The Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge is of state significance ss an important example of the work of engineer Ernest De Burgh, a significant engineer in the history of NSW, and of the work of the NSW Public Works Department. In 1891, De Burgh became Supervising Bridge Engineer and from 1901 to 1903 was Engineer for Bridges in the NSW Public Works Department, both significant roles. His most important works followed his appointment to the Water Supply department, where he was responsible for the construction of Cataract Dam for the Sydney water-supply and was associated with Leslie Wade in the design and construction of Burrinjuck Dam and the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Scheme. He went on to design and supervise construction of the Cordeaux, Avon and Nepean dams (Sydney's fourth water-supply), the Chichester scheme for Newcastle and the Umberumberka scheme for Broken Hill. In 1921-25, he was a member of the Federal Capital Advisory Committee and prepared the original plans for Canberra's water-supply. The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. The Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge is of state significance because it demonstrates the high level of technical achievement by the bridge engineers of the NSW Public Works Department in the late nineteenth century in NSW. The design of this type of vertical lift-span was largely developed in NSW with no practical overseas precedents and the efficacy and durability of the design is evidenced by the survival of this bridge and many of its peers for over a century of use. The timber truss spans represent a sophisticated application of standard designs over a wide range of applications and these De Burgh composite trusses were a significant improvement over the all-timber designs used previously. The development of timber truss designs based on the use of Australian hardwoods was unique to NSW and was a significant engineering and economic achievement that was key to the industrial and social development of Australia in the late nineteenth century. The lift span of the Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge illustrates a stage in the historic development of opening bridge engineering design in Australia. The adoption of the vertical-lift type of opening bridge for river crossings in NSW in the late nineteenth century required creative and original engineering, as the existing precedents overseas had little direct application. The series of nineteenth century lift-span designs in NSW exhibit an engineering capability of international standard for the period and the Old Cobram Bridge is a key example in the set of surviving vertical-lift type bridges. The De Burgh timber truss spans of the Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge are relics of the progressive development of timber truss design in NSW and illustrate an important stage in the evolution of the design. The difference of the De Burgh truss from its predecessors illustrates both the historic need to embrace composite materials for bridges for practical and economic reasons and the ongoing adoption of new approaches and innovations in engineering by the engineers of the NSW Public Works department. The Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge demonstrates local heritage significance for the aesthetic qualities of timber bridges that are typically valued by a significant part of the community, especially the natural materials, a human scale and familiar proportions and the combination of sounds and smells in addition to appearance. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. The Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge has local level significance to the communities of Cobram and Barooga as a traditional crossing, as a key icon of the locality and as a local amenity. It is featured prominently in local tourism brochures and websites and the story of the bridge is closely tied to the history and identity of the two townships. (Local Significance) The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge is of state significance for its research potential as a De Burgh truss bridge. De Burgh bridges illustrate an important stage in the evolution of timber truss bridge design, and Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge is one of only four such bridges to be retained in the long term in NSW. Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge is also of state significance for its research potential as a key example of the three surviving vertical lift-span bridges of the Hinton Bridge type designed by Ernest De Burgh, and one of only two that retain all of their lift-span operating mechanisms intact. The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge is of state significance because it is the one of three surviving vertical lift-span bridges of the Hinton Bridge type designed by Ernest De Burgh and is one of only two that retain all of their lift-span operating mechanisms intact. It is one of nineteen vertical lift-span bridges of all eras surviving in NSW. The Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge is one of nine surviving bridges in NSW which utilise De Burgh composite timber-truss spans and one of only four which are designated for retention in the long term. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales. The Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge is of state significance because it encapsulates a representative example of a vertical lift-span of the Hinton Bridge type and two representative examples of De Burgh composite timber-truss spans. The Old Cobram-Barooga Bridge is broadly representative of an opening bridge dating from the turn of the twentieth century on an inland river in NSW, demonstrating the principal characteristics of a timber truss bridge with timber beam approach spans and a central steel opening span. Opening bridges have been built across the inland rivers of NSW from the 1870s to the 1970s, the majority of which were vertical lift-span bridges. See also References Bibliography Attribution External links New South Wales State Heritage Register Bridges in New South Wales Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register Bridges in Victoria (Australia) Crossings of the Murray River Bridges completed in 1902 1902 establishments in Australia Pedestrian bridges in Australia Vertical lift bridges in Australia Bridges in the Riverina Borders of Victoria (Australia) Borders of New South Wales Victorian Heritage Register Victorian Heritage Register Hume (region) Shire of Moira

Ercole Consalvi (8 June 1757 – 24 January 1824) was a deacon and cardinal of the Catholic Church, who served twice as Cardinal Secretary of State for the Papal States and who played a crucial role in the post-Napoleonic reassertion of the legitimist principle of the divine right of kings, of which he was a constant supporter. Biography Early life Consalvi was born in Rome, a descendant of the ancient noble family of the Brunacci of Pisa. The cardinal's grandfather, Gregorio Brunacci, had taken the name and arms of the late Marquess Ercole Consalvi of Rome, as was required in order to inherit the large fortune the original Consalvi had left. Ercole was the son of Mario Giuseppe Consalvi, the Marquess of Toscanella, and Countess Claudia Carandini of Modena. At the death of his father in 1763, Ercole was entrusted to the care of Cardinal Andrea Negroni. He was educated at the college of the Piarists from 1771 to 1776. He then entered the seminary founded in Frascati by the English Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart, who was also called Duke of York by Jacobites, thus often referred to as "Cardinal York", and who was the Stuart pretender to the throne of Great Britain. He became a favorite of the Cardinal's and was helped by him to obtain high office in the Roman Curia while still a young man. At the completion of his seminary studies in 1776, Consalvi took minor orders, and was named a member of a congregation charged with the direction of municipal affairs. The years from 1776 to 1782 were devoted to the studies of jurisprudence and ecclesiastical history in the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in Rome, which trained students for the diplomatic corps of the Holy See. There he had among other professors the Jesuit scholar, Zaccaria. He then began studies in both civil and canon law at La Sapienza University, from which he received doctorates in both fields in 1789. He had become an official of the Papal Court in 1784, serving in various administrative offices (votante di segnatura; auditor of the Rota for Rome) for the next 14 years in Rome, where he was known as Monsignore Ubique on account of his taste for travelling and cultivating interesting people. Diplomat After the French Revolutionary Army invaded Italy in 1798, Consalvi was jailed in the Castel Sant'Angelo in connection with the death of General Duphot and condemned to deportation. As an "enemy of the Roman republic" his property was confiscated. But he was soon released and joined Pope Pius VI in exile. An able diplomat, he was nominated after the death of that pope to be secretary of the conclave that met in Venice from November 1799 to March 1800 to choose his successor, and resulted in the election of Pope Pius VII. Consalvi was created Cardinal-Deacon and named Cardinal Secretary of State by the new pope in the secret consistory of 11 August 1800, receiving the red hat from him in a public consistory on 14 August 1800. In this capacity Consalvi first endeavoured to restore better conditions in the Papal States. He introduced free trade, withdrew from circulation all depreciated money, and admitted a large number of laymen to Government offices. On 20 October 1800, he was assigned the titular church of Sant'Agata dei Goti (later transferred to that of the Basilica of Santa Maria ad Martyres (Our Lady of the Martyrs), better known as the Pantheon, on 28 July 1817). In his new position of Secretary of State, he immediately left Rome for Paris in June 1801 to negotiate an understanding with the French, that resulted in the Church's Concordat of 1801 with Napoleon. While not effecting a return to the old Christian order, the treaty did provide certain civil guarantees to the Church, acknowledging "the Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman religion" as that of the "majority of French citizens". In Paris he enjoyed a considerable social success thanks to his personal charisma, to which even Napoleon was not immune. Consalvi was highly cultivated and a lifelong devotee of poetry, the arts and sciences, archaeology, and, in particular, music. He did much to embellish Rome and to make it an art-centre by designing public promenades along the Tiber, restoring the ancient monuments, and filling the museums with statues unearthed by excavations made under his direction. Consalvi was ordained to the subdiaconate and then to the diaconate on 20 and 21 December 1801, respectively. He was never elevated to the sacramental offices of priest or bishop. But he acted as virtual sovereign in Rome during the absence of Pius VII in Paris for the coronation of Napoleon as emperor. Due to his firm stance against the Napoleonic government and his opposition to the participation of the Papal States in France's Continental Blockade, he was required to resign in June 1806 as Cardinal Secretary of State, from which he went on to serve in various functions of the Curia. When the French entered Rome in 1808 and formally abolished the temporal power of the pope, Consalvi broke off all relations with the French. When France annexed the Papal States in 1809 and took the pope into exile in Savona, Cardinal Consalvi was forcibly taken to Paris. There he was met by Napoleon himself, who offered him an annual pension of 30,000 francs. This he refused. When he and twelve other cardinals refused to attend Napoleon's marriage to Princess Marie Louise in 1810, they were stripped of their property and ecclesiastical status, becoming known as the black cardinals. Consalvi and the others were also forced to reside in various cities in France, in his case, Reims. This lasted until Pius VII signed the Concordat of Fontainebleau in January 1813. The cardinal was then allowed to leave his place of forced residence and joined the Pope. Consalvi then promptly persuaded Pius to retract the concessions he had made to Napoleon, which he began to do in March of that same year. In consequence of his role in shifting Pius' position, the French authorities first barred Consalvi from seeing the Pope, then the following January again sent him into exile, this time in Béziers. This exile, however, lasted only a matter of weeks, as he was freed by the French Provisional Government on 2 April 1814, shortly before Napoleon's final abdication. He was then able to rejoin the Pope in Italy, at which time he was reappointed to the office of Secretary of State. Cardinal Bartolomeo Pacca, who was kidnapped along with Pope Pius VII, took the office of Pro-Secretary of State in 1808 and maintained his memoirs during his exile. His memoirs, written originally in Italian, have been translated into English (two volumes) and describe the ups and down of their exile and the triumphant return to Rome in 1814. Policy of Papal Neutrality After the fall of Napoleon, he was papal plenipotentiary at the Congress of Vienna and was able to convince the victorious powers to restore the Papal States almost entirely (although the Papacy had been forced to accept the French annexation of Avignon). Pius VII and Consalvi realized that in the face of Metternich's new international system, a neutral position for the pope might be a way for the increasingly marginalized papal state to "find relevance in a new system of bloc state power relationships". This position was first articulated by Consalvi at the time of the 1821 Neapolitan revolt against Austria. Consalvi wrote, "The Holy Father, because of his position as Visible head of the Church, and as an essentially peaceful sovereign, will continue to maintain ...a perfect neutrality toward all nations".<ref>Brady, Joseph H., Rome and the Neapolitan Revolution of 1820-1821: A Study in Papal Neutrality", New York. Columbia University Press, 1937, p. 108</ref> For the remainder of the pontificate of Pius VII, Consalvi was the virtual ruler of Rome. Consalvi went on to reform the administration of Rome and to some extent modernized the city. He was said to be so much in control of the pope that Pius would have to wait at the gates of paradise until the cardinal came from purgatory with the keys. He concluded another Concordat with France in 1817 and in 1818 was instrumental in the re-establishment of the English College. He retired when Pius died in 1823. At the time of his own death the following year, he headed the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith to which he had just been appointed a few days prior. Although a consummate diplomat and man of the world, Consalvi has been called "one of the purest glories of the Church of Rome". He secured the Protestant artist Thorwaldsen's right to create the burial monument for Pope Pius VII in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Consalvi died in 1824 and is buried in the Church of San Marcello al Corso. Works Decisiones Sacrae Romanae Rotae coram R.P.D. Hercule Consalvi, ejusdem Sacrae Rotae auditore, nunc S.R.E. Diacono Cardinali tituli S. Mariae ad Martyres, S[anctis]s[i]mi D.N. Papae Pii VII. Status, Breviumque a secretis by Ercole Consalvi; Alexander Spetia; Catholic Church. Rota Romana. Romae : Typis Bernardini Olivieri typographi Archigymnasii Romani, 1822. Mémoires Paris : Henri Plon, 1864 Mémoires Paris : Second Edition with considerable augmentation and notes by Jacques Crétineau-Joly, 1866 Memorie del Cardinale Ercole Consalvi, Mario Nasalli Rocca, Roma : A. Signorelli 1950 Memoiren des Cardinals Hercules Consalvi, Staatssecretair Sr. Heiligkeit Pius VII Paderborn : Dr. u. V. der Junfermann'schen Buchh. (J. C. Page, Wittwe), 1870 Biography Cenni biografici sul cardinale Ercole Consalvi Venezia, 1824 References Further reading Ellis, John Tracy. Cardinal Consalvi and Anglo-Papal Relations, 1814-1824 (1942) online review Hales, E. E. Y. "Cardinal Consalvi: The Tragedy of Success." History Today'' (Sep 1960) 10#9 pp 616-622. External links Alison Yarrington, ‘Under Italian skies,’ the 6th Duke of Devonshire, Canova and the formation of the Sculpture Gallery at Chatsworth House 1757 births 1824 deaths Carandini family Cardinal Secretaries of State Diplomats of the Holy See 19th-century Italian cardinals Members of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith Clergy from Rome Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy alumni

Jose Prakash (14 April 1925 – 24 March 2012) was an Indian actor and singer who worked in Malayalam cinema. He was a singer turned actor who had appeared in more than 300 films mostly in antagonist roles. He was awarded with the J. C. Daniel Award in 2011, a day before he died aged 86. In a career spanning for around 40 years, he is known for portraying some of the iconic villain characters in the Malayalam film industry. Later, he switched to character roles in the mid 90s. Personal life He was the eldest of the eight children of Kunnel K.J. Joseph & Eliyamma Joseph on 14 April 1925 at Changanassery, Kottayam. He has four younger brothers and three sisters, among whom the youngest brother, Prem Prakash, is also an actor. He had his primary education from Sacred Heart Public School, Kottayam. He was settled around 30 years in Madras and later moved to Cochin. In 2003 his right leg had to be amputated due to Diabetes. He was married to Chinnamma, who predeceased him. They have 6 children, 2 sons and 4 daughters: Elsamma Thomas (nee Joseph), Rajan Joseph, Gracy Maliakal, Shaji Joseph, Jasmine Joseph, and Susan Joseph. He lived with his youngest son Shaji Joseph in Cochin till his death on 24 March 2012. Script writers Bobby-Sanjay and Malayalam movie director Dennis Joseph are his nephews. Early career Jose Prakash was in the Indian army before entering the film industry. While in the army he had the rare distinction to serve as the body guard of Mahatma Gandhi during the time of partition. Like other actors of that age he was not a theatre or stage artist. He had served for Indian army for 8 years. He later left army and return to his homeland and start small business. Having interest in cinema and music from childhood he started a small club with his friends called Kottayam Arts Club in which he was the lead singer. Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair once saw his performance and called him as a singer for his debut directorial film Sheriyo Thetto. It was Thikkurissy who gave him the name Jose Prakash. Film career Singer Jose Prakash started his early career as a singer who lend his voice for Prem Nazir, Sathyaneshan Nadar etc. Malayalam industry was not professional at early 1950s usually actors sing for themselves. Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair introduced him to V. Dakshinamoorthy who liked his voice and lend his voice for the film Sheriyo Thetto in 1953 directed by Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair. In this film philosophical number "Paadu pettu paadangalil" sung by Jose Prakash introduced a new trend in Malayan cinema. He also did a small role in the movie. He was not at all a professional singer and does not attend any musical class. In the early 1960s Malayalam film industry became professional and the introduction of talented singers like A. M. Rajah, K. J. Yesudas ended the careers of all non professional singers. Up to the 1960s he had sung around 60 songs for various actors like Prem Nazir etc. Actor During his singing career he had done small roles and cameos for films. His first break as an actor was Bhakta Kuchela in 1961. But his major break as a villain was Olavum Theravum in 1969 and he later went on to do many films mostly in villain roles. In 1971, he acted in the first ever investigative sequel C.I.D. Nazir (1971) directed by P. Venu. Later he worked with P. Venu in many of his films. He and K. P. Ummer dominated Malayalam film industry in the role of Antagonist and was a hard target for Heroes. Up to date he had acted for more than 350 films in Malayalam language. He retired from film industry in 2003 due to health reasons. His last film was Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum directed by Sibi Malayil. After a long gap of 8 years he did a small cameo role in Traffic. Awards Kerala State Television Awards 1993:Kerala State Television Award For Best Actor - Mikhayelinte Santhathikal 2006 Bahadoor Award 2011 J C Daniel Award Filmography As an actor Traffic 2011 Highway Police 2006 as Father John Mr. Brahmachari 2003 Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum 2003 Kanalkkireedam 2002 The Gift Of God 2002 Pathram 1999 Vazhunnor 1999 as Bishop Meenathil Thalikettu 1998 Man of the Match 1996 Thumbolikkadappuram 1995 Agrajan 1995 Highway 1995 Puthran 1994 as michael Bheesmacharya 1994 Chukkan 1994 as Narayanan Akashadoothu 1993 Devasuram 1993 Mayaamayooram 1993 Maanthrika Cheppu 1992 Ragam Anuragam 1991 Kadalora Kattu 1991 Indrajaalam 1990 Orukkam 1990 as Father Francis Arakkal Kadathanadan Ambadi 1990 Veena Meettiya Vilangukal 1990 Kottayam Kunjachan 1990 Ee Kannikoodi 1990 Adikkurippu 1989 Adharvam 1989 Kodugallur Bagavathi 1989 Dhinarathrangal 1988 Loose Loose Arappiri Loose 1988 Vrutham 1987 as Jailor Aankiliyude Tharattu 1987 Oru Sindoora Pottinte Ormaykku 1987 Aalippazhangal 1987 as Sekharan Thampi Rajavinte Makan 1986 Kshamichu Ennoru Vakku 1986 Sayam Sandhya 1986 Snehamulla Simham 1986 Niramulla Raavukal 1986 as Sudevan Adukkan Entheluppam 1986 Rajavinte Makan 1986 Aayiram Kannukal 1986 Ente Kanakkuyil 1985 Eeran Sandhya 1985 Akalathe Ambili (1985) as Kurichan Akkachide Kunjuvava 1985 Upahaaram 1985 as Fernandez . Sammelanam 1985 as Ananthan Nambiar Madhuvidhu Theerum Munpe 1985 Ee Sabdam Innathe Sabdam 1985 Aa Neram Alppa Dooram 1985 Nirakkoottu 1985 Parannu Parannu Parannu 1984 Koottinilamkili 1984 Piriyilla Naam 1984 Jeevitham 1984 Pavam Poornima 1984 as Thampi Thacholi Thankappan 1984 as Guptha Manithali 1984 Oru Kochu Kadha Arum Parayatha Kadha (1984) as Advocate Swanthamevide Bandhamevide 1984 Sabadham 1984 as Viswanadhan Thampi Kurishuyudham (1984) as Father Fernandez Koodevide 1983 Himam (1983) as Jaykkal Nadi Muthal Nadi Vare 1983 Passport 1983 Ahankaram 1983 Oru Mukham Pala Mukham 1983 Belt Mathai 1983...Alexander Kodumkattu 1983 Ankam 1983 as Chacko Maniyara 1983 Enne Njan Thedunnu 1983 as Doctor Earadi Koodevide 1983 Sara Varsham 1982 Rakthasakshi 1982 Aarambham 1982 as Sebastian Aranjaanam 1982 as Colonel Shila 1982 Ahimsa 1982 Drohi 1982 Chilanti Vala 1982 Panchajanyam as Madhavan Thampi Saram 1982 Aasha as Mathew Cheriyan Dheera 1982 Shaari Alla Sharada 1982 Ithu Njangalude Katha 1982 Kaliyamardhanam 1982 John Jaffer Janardhanan 1982 Ithiri Neram Othiri Karyam 1982 Oru Vilippadakale 1982 as Dr Cheriyan Saahasam 1981 Kilugaatha Changalakal 1981 Nizha Yudham 1981 Choothattam 1981 Aarathi 1981 Thrishna 1981 as K V S Panikkar Raktham 1981 Ahimsa 1981 Agnisharam 1981 Thadavara 1981 as Kollakkaran Karimpoocha 1981 Sambhavam 1981 Swarnappakshikal 1981 Adimachangala 1981 Maniyan Pilla Adhava Maniyan Pilla 1981 as Parameshwaran Pilla Agni Yudham 1981 Prema Geethangal 1981 as P K Panikkar Ariyappedatha Rahasyam 1981 as Sreedharan thampi (P. Venu) Love In Singapore 1980 Air Hostess 1980 as Menon Chandrahasam 1980 as Rathnakaran Agnikshetram 1980 as Vishwanathan Manushya Mrugam 1980 as K. G. Menon Shakthi 1980 Kadalkkattu 1980 Prakadanam 1980 as Damodharan Anthapuram 1980 Edan Thottam 1980 Avan Oru Ahankari 1980 Ival Ee Vazhi Ithu Vare 1980 Baktha Hanuman 1980 Aagamanam 1980 as Issac Agniparvatham 1979 Puthiya Velicham 1979 Avano Atho Avalo 1979 as Surendran Mamangam 1979 Yakshipparu 1979 Irumbazhikal 1979 as Swami Pichathikuttappan 1979 (P. Venu) Alavuddinum Albutha Vilakkum 1979 Vijayanum Veeranum 1979 as Surendran Nair Tharangam 1979 as Gopalan Thuramugham 1979 Kathirmandapam 1979 Ward No.7 1979 (P. Venu) Sarppam 1979 Vaaleduthavan Valaal 1979 Rakthamillatha Manushyan 1979 as Menon Vijayam Nammude Senani 1979 Peruvazhiyambalam 1979 Prabhu 1979 as Gauri Sankar Prasad Eeta 1978 Beena 1978 Aval vishwathayayirunnu 1978 as Psychiatrist Velluvili 1978 as Minnal Moidu Yaagaaswam 1978 Amarsham 1978 Itha Oru Manushyan 1978 as Narayanan Thampi Aalmarattam 1978 (P. Venu) Lisa 1978 Rajan Paraja Kadha 1978 Ithanente Vazhi 1978 Avakaasham 1978 Kudumbam Nammukku Sreekkovil 1978 as Dharmapalan Aanakkalari 1978 Rowdy Ramu 1978 Kanalkkattakal 1978 as Vikraman/Prasad Padmatheertham 1978 as Achutha Kurup Aval Kanda Lokam 1978 Karimpuli 1978 Ashokavanam 1978 Ee Ganam Marakkumo 1978 Urakkam Varatha Rathrikal 1978 as Balagangadhara Menon Arum Annyaralla 1978 as Priest Randu Lokam 1977 as Thamarasheri Gopala Kurup Aval Oru Devalayam 1977 Sathyavan Saavithri 1977 as Ashwapathi Nirakudam 1977 Rajaparambara 1977 Aadyapaadam 1977 Sujatha 1977 Madura Swapnam 1977 Parivarthanam 1977 Minimol 1977 Sangamam 1977 Vezhambal 1977 Innale Innu 1977 Sankupushppam 1977 as Dr. Jose Sukradasa 1977 Shanta Oru Devatha 1977 Abhinivesham 1977 as C. P. Menon Sreemad Bhagavath Geetha 1977 Muttathe Mulla 1977 as Thampi Sagakkale Munnottu 1977 Udyanalakshmi 1976 Seemantha Puthran 1976 Agni Pushppam 1976 Paarijatham 1976 Ozhukkinethire 1976 Rajaankanam 1976 Neelasaari 1976 Amba Ambika Ambalika 1976 Themmadi Velappan 1976 as Balakrishnan Light House 1976 Chirkudukka 1976 as Kumar Nee Ente Lahari 1976 Amma 1976 Picnic (1975) as Mooppan Chumaduthaangi 1975 Babumon 1975 as Puli Naanu Hello Darling 1975 as Krishna Kumar Omanakunju 1975 Thomasleeha 1975 Pulivalu 1975 Makkal 1975 Raagam 1975 Ullasa Yaathra 1975 . Pravaham 1975 as Bhaskaran Mattoru Seetha 1975 Love Marriage 1975 as Prakash Love Letter 1975 Chandanachola 1975 Odakuzhal 1975 Sooryavamsham 1975 Priye Ninakku Vendi 1975 Pancha Thanthram 1974 as Prasad Sapthaswarangal 1974 as Madhava Das Honeymoon 1974 College Girl 1974 as Nanu Shaapamoksham 1974 Poothenaruvi 1974 Pattabhishekam 1974 Ankathattu 1974 Rahasya Raathri 1974 Jesus 1973 Panchavadi 1973 as Shekhar Padmavyooham 1973 as Mathachan Ajaathavasam 1973 as Jayaraj Kaapalika 1973 Panitheeratha Veedu 1973 as Hari's father Badradeepam 1973 as Venugopal Thaniniram 1973 as Mathai/Mathew Philip Police Ariyaruthu 1973 as Alex Pacha Nottukal 1973 as Mathews Muthalali Prethagalude Thazvara 1973 (P. Venu) Swapnam 1973 Maasappadi Mathupilla 1973 Veendum Prabhatham 1973 Rakkuyil 1973 Thekkankattu 1973 as Sebastain Pushppanjali 1972 as Damu Sree Guruvayoorappan 1972 Sambhavami Yuge Yuge 1972 as Balaram Aneshwanam Taxi Car 1972 as Shivaram Nirthasaala 1972 as Dayananthan Aaradi Manninte Janmi 1972 as Dr. Menon Shakthi 1972 Manthrakodi 1972 Brahmachari 1972 Prathikaram 1972 as Sreedharan Thampi Avalalppam Vaikipoyi 1971 Jalakanyaka 1971 Makane Ninakku Vendi (1971) ...Pappachan Thapaswini 1971 Vilakkyu Vaangiya Veena 1971 as K.R.Das Achante Bharya 1971 as Rajan Muthassi 1971 Lankadahanam 1971 as Das C.I.D. Nazir 1971 as Shivaram (P. Venu) Nilakkatha Chalanagal 1970 Nizhalattam 1970 as Bhaskaran Abayam 1970 Lottery Ticket 1970 Madhuvidhu 1970 as Sathi's Father Aranaazhikaneram (1970) as Priest Ollavum Theeravum 1970 Kattukurangu 1969 Kannur Deluxe 1969 as Gopalakrishnan Rahasyam 1969 as Karadi Damodharan Chattambikkavala 1969 Kumara Sambhavam (1969) as Devandran Velutha Kathreena 1968 as Superintend Manoharan Love in Kerala 1968 Agniputhri 1967 Subaida 1965 Karutha Kai 1964 as Madhava Menon Adya Kiranangal 1964 as Damodaran Kattumaina 1963 Snapaka Yohannan 1963 as Snapaka Yohannan Ammaye Kaanaan 1963 as Advocate Bhaktha Kuchela 1961 as Nandagopan Chathurangam 1959 Mariakutty 1958 as Ponnappachan Devasundari 1957 Padatha Painkili 1957 as Pothachan Manthravaadi 1956 Harishchandra 1955 CID 1955 Aniyathi 1955 as Doctor Harischandra 1955 Balyasakhi 1954 Manasakshi 1954 Sheriyo Thetto 1953 -Debut Film as singer and actor Alphonsa (1952) Premalekha (1952) As a singer "Om Namashivaaya" - Love in Kerala (1968) "Oronnoro Chenchorathan" - Avan Varunnu (1954) "Neelippenne" - Manasakshi (1954) "Kannuneer Nee Choriyaathe" - Sheriyo Thetto (1953) "Paadupettu Paadangalil" - Sheriyo Thetto (1953) "Thaarame Thaanuvaru" - Sheriyo Thetto (1953) "Vaarmazhaville Va" - Sheriyo Thetto (1953) "Pokaam Pokaam" - Sheriyo Thetto (1953) "Kelkuka Ha" - Alphonsa (1952) "Chinthayil Neerunna" - Visappinte Vili (1952) "Ramanan" - Visappinte Vili (1952) As a Television actor Akashadoothu (TV series) (2012)- A teleserial from Surya TV which is the sequel of the hit Malayalam film Akashadoothu Mikhaelinte Santhathikal - as Mikhael (Doordarshan) Vava (Asianet) Avashthantarangal (Kairali TV) Further reading Jose Prakash Celebrating his 84th birthday-http://www.ratedesi.com/video/v/XJgxBIs0Hpk/Actor-Jose-Prakash-celebrates-84th-birthday! References Sources External links 1925 births 2012 deaths J. C. Daniel Award winners Kerala State Film Award winners 21st-century Indian male actors Male actors from Kottayam Male actors in Malayalam cinema Indian male film actors 20th-century Indian male actors Indian male television actors Male actors in Malayalam television Indian male playback singers 20th-century Indian singers Singers from Kerala People from Changanassery 20th-century Indian male singers

(), or is a Japanese retail company which sells a wide variety of household and consumer goods. Muji's design philosophy is minimalist, and it places an emphasis on recycling, reducing production and packaging waste, and a no-logo or "no-brand" policy. The name Muji is derived from the first part of Mujirushi Ryōhin, translated as No-Brand Quality Goods on Muji's European website. Products and businesses Muji started with only 40 products in the 1980s. Some of their products include pens, pencils, notebooks, storage units, apparel, kitchen appliances, food items, and household care products. Muji has also created an automobile. Muji storefronts such as the one in New York are large and stocked with nearly every single product available. The primary business also includes Café Muji, Meal Muji, Muji Campsite, florist and home furnishing; the company has also engaged in architectural projects such as Muji House. By the end of the 2000s, Muji was selling more than 7,000 different products. It is positioned as a "reasonably priced" brand, keeping the retail prices of products "lower than usual" by the materials it selects, streamlining its manufacturing processes, and minimising packaging. Muji has opened hotels in Shenzhen, Beijing, and Ginza, Tokyo. History Mujirushi (no-brand) Ryōhin (quality goods) began as a product brand of the supermarket chain The Seiyu, Ltd. in December 1980. The Mujirushi Ryōhin product range was developed to offer affordable quality products and were marketed using the slogan “Lower priced for a reason.” Products were wrapped in clear cellophane, plain brown paper labels and red writing. Mujirushi Ryōhin's drive to cut retail prices for consumers saw the company cutting waste by, for example, selling U-shaped spaghetti, the left-over part that is cut off to sell straight spaghetti. In 1981, Seiji Tsutsumi, the president of the Seibu Ryutsu group proposed opening a dedicated shop for Mujirushi Ryōhin products, although the idea was rejected by the directors of Seiyu. The advisory board of the company supported the idea, proposing the idea of a shop positioned against mass production. The company began to develop products that would allow the shop to expand from a supermarket product range to an independent product company. Such products included food, clothing, stationery, and household goods. In 1983, the first directly operated Mujirushi Ryōhin store opened in Aoyama, Tokyo. In 1985, Mujirushi Ryōhin started overseas production and procurement, started to place direct factory orders in 1986, and in 1987 Muji started to develop material globally. In 1989, Ryohin Keikaku Ltd became the manufacturer and retailer for all Mujirushi Ryōhin products and operations, including planning, development, production, distribution and sale. In 1991, Mujirushi Ryōhin opened its first international store in London. In 1995, shares in “Muji Tsunan Campsite” were registered as over-the-counter shares of Japan Securities Dealers Association. In 1998, Ryōhin Keikaku listed on the second section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange. From 2001 onwards, it was listed on the first section. In April 2001 they issued the Muji Car 1000 (ムジ・カー 1000), a limited release of 1,000 badgeless and decontented Nissan Marches, only available online. Intended as an exercise to test their online marketing systems it was developed together with Nissan. The spartanly equipped little car (with the rear seat upholstered in vinyl, for instance) was only offered in "marble white". The brand name "Muji" appears to have been used since around 1999. In 2011, the first Muji store in Aoyama was redeveloped as a concept store with products from around the world. In 2020 and 2021, Muji faced scrutiny over use of cotton produced in under conditions of forced labor in Xinjiang. Muji subsequently stopped labelling goods as "Xinjiang cotton" in certain markets, such as Hong Kong. In December 2021, it was reported that the same Muji garment labelled simply as "organic cotton" in the Hong Kong, Taiwanese, and Japanese markets was still being sold by Muji under the "Xinjiang cotton" banner in China. Countries of operation In Japan, Ryohin Keikaku has 328 directly operated stores, and supplies 124 outlets, . Ryohin Keikaku has three factory outlets at Osaka, Gotenba and Fukuoka. There are 505 International retail outlets , which include UK (12), Finland (1), France (7), Italy (8), Germany (7), Ireland (1), Sweden (1), Spain (6), Poland (1), Portugal (1), United States (17), Canada (8), Hong Kong (19), Singapore (11), Malaysia (7), South Korea (30), Mainland China (264), Taiwan (51), Thailand (17), Australia (5), Indonesia (6), Philippines (5), Bahrain (3), Kuwait (2), Qatar (2), Saudi Arabia (4), UAE (5), Oman (1), India (4), Switzerland (1), Vietnam (2). American Operations Muji entered the US market in 2002; its products were stocked at MOMA, New York. Muji opened its first American store on November 16, 2007, in SoHo, Manhattan. In 2008, it opened two more stores in Manhattan: one in Times Square, and one in Chelsea. On November 30, 2012, it opened its first store on the West Coast in South of Market, San Francisco. In New York City, Muji supplies products to a design store at the Museum of Modern Art and maintains a flagship store. , there are 5 stores in Manhattan, one in northern New Jersey, one in Boston, 6 stores in California, and one in Portland. A small branch is at JFK International Airport, and another location in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, has been announced, but is yet to open. In July 2020, Muji USA filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, citing shutdowns from the COVID-19 pandemic. No-brand branding Muji's no-brand strategy (generic brand) means that little money is spent on advertisement or classical marketing, and Muji's success is attributed to word of mouth, a simple shopping experience, and the anti-brand movement. Muji's no-brand strategy also means its products are attractive to customers who prefer unbranded products for aesthetic reasons, and because it provides an alternative to traditional branded products. In terms of Muji's advertising of their products, Kenya Hara states that because customers perceived Muji in different ways, advertising would have to be used to present information rather than to communicate a message. These customer perceptions included liking Muji's ecological approach, appreciation for their urban aesthetics, a perception of low cost, and a perception of sophisticated design. Muji has released a T-shirt with a rubber square on the chest for customers to design their own logo or message. Muji now sells paper products (such as notebooks) which can be personalized by customers using rubber stamps in-store at no charge. They also sell soft goods (such as T-shirts and hats) which can be computer embroidered to customer specifications, and picked up a few hours or days later. Design Muji is known for its distinctive design, which is extended throughout its more than 7,000 products. Commentators have described Muji's design style as having mundanity, being "no-frills", being "minimalist", and "Bauhaus-style". Muji product design, and brand identity, is based around the selection of materials, streamlined manufacturing processes, and minimal packaging. Muji products have a limited colour range and are displayed on shelves with minimal packaging, displaying only functional product information and a price tag. Detailed instructions included with the product are usually printed only in Japanese, although multilingual translations are starting to be included with some products. Design approach and production On its corporate website, Ryohin Keikaku Ltd rationalises its principles in terms of producing high quality products at "lower than usual" retail prices, true to the original Muji marketing slogan "lower priced for a reason". On its catalogue website Muji states that "at the heart of Muji design is the Japanese concept of Kanketsu, the concept of simplicity", aiming to "bring a quiet sense of calm into strenuous everyday lives". In an interview, Hiroyoshi Azami, President of Muji USA, described Muji's design culture as centred around designing "simple" products that are basic and necessary. In its design, Muji also follows environmental guidelines, seeking to "restrict the use of substances that may have a significant impact on people or the environment" and "reduce waste by standardising modules, facilitating disassembly, and by reducing packaging". The Muji design process resists technology for its own sake, and prototype designs are produced on paper rather than computers, so as not to encourage unnecessary detail. The manufacturing process is determined by the consumer's use of the product, which is a design priority. Finishes, lines, and forms are minimised for manufacturing ease. In recent years, Muji have looked towards appreciating local culture and craftsmanship. The Found Muji line of products is a movement where Muji's designers find products and designs that follow the company's design approach, focusing on crafts and items that are used globally. Designers Muji products are not attributed to individual designers. While Muji has stated that some of its products have been the works of famous international designers, it does not disclose who they are. There are, however, some designers who made their involvement public. The most notable are Naoto Fukasawa, Jasper Morrison, James Irvine, Sam Hecht, and Konstantin Grčić. Muji participates in design collaborations with other companies. In 2001, Muji and Nissan Motors produced the Muji Car 1000. This fuel efficient, low-emission, and low-cost limited edition vehicle aimed to incorporate recycled materials wherever possible. Following Muji's no-brand strategy, the car had no branding logos. Manufacturers Generally, Muji keeps its manufacturing sources private. One notable exception is the brand's collaboration with Thonet, the oldest German furniture maker. In 2008, Muji and Thonet announced their cooperation to produce two lines of minimalist furniture. The first was bentwood chairs designed by James Irvine in homage to the iconic No. 14 chair of Thonet. The second was steel tubular chairs and desks designed by Konstantin Grčić. Roland Ohnacker, managing director of Thonet, stated that the aim was "to help 18 to 35 year-olds enter the Thonet brand world". From Spring 2009, these furniture are available at selected Muji stores. Directors The first art director of Muji was Ikko Tanaka. Tanaka is credited with developing the Muji concept together with Kazuko Koike (marketing consultant), and Takashi Sugimoto (interior designer). Tanaka articulated the Muji vision and appearance, and he provided ideas and prototypes that visualized the design strategy. Tanaka's design strategy included brown paper and clear cellophane packaging. In 2001, Kenya Hara, an internationally recognized graphic designer and curator, took over as art director. He stated that: "I found that the company was at a standstill with the original idea, 'No design', which was advocated at its inception. They also had more than 250 outlets and sold more than 5,000 items, including products that deviated from the initial Muji concept or were low cost, but of substandard quality." Kenya Hara has been credited as key figure in further developing Muji. Hara has a background in graphic design, hence had experience in designing packaging and corporate identities. Beyond that, he is credited with significantly moulding the Muji brand and design identity. In an interview in 2005, Hara stated that "Everything in the world has become an object of interest for me. Everything is designed." Hara has published books on design philosophy, most recently Designing Design. Sam Hecht, Creative Director of Muji Europe, is quoted as saying "The human is not the centre of everything, but on the same level of everything". Design awards and competition In 2005, Muji was awarded five gold product design awards by the International Forum Design in Germany. In 2006, Muji held its first international design competition, “Muji Award 01”. In 2007, Chen Jiaojiao published a book on Muji design and brand entitled "Brands A-Z: Muji". Following The Berlin correspondent for The New York Times reports that the Japanese call Muji-fans “Mujirers”. Muji's international stores and The Muji Catalogue mainly retail Muji home consumer goods, furniture and clothing, while Muji Japan sells in a wide range of sectors, including food, bicycles, camp sites, phones, yoga, florists, cafes, and concept houses. References External links Official Websites www.muji.net Official Japanese site www.muji.com Global site Ryohin Keikaku Co., Ltd. Corporate site Unofficial Materials "MUJI: The Japanese brand without a brand" "Museum Quality" -(New York Times article on Muji in MoMa) Interview with Shoji Ito, Design and Art director of MUJI Japanese companies established in 1980 Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange Japanese brands Retail companies based in Tokyo Retail companies established in 1980 Clothing brands of Japan 1998 initial public offerings Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2020

Clan Douglas is an ancient clan or noble house from the Scottish Lowlands. Taking their name from Douglas in Lanarkshire, their leaders gained vast territories throughout the Borders, Angus, Lothian, Moray, and also in France and Sweden. The family is one of the most ennobled in the United Kingdom and has held numerous titles. The Douglases were one of Scotland's most powerful families, and certainly the most prominent family in lowland Scotland during the Late Middle Ages, often holding the real power behind the throne of the Stewart Kings . The heads of the House of Douglas held the titles of the Earl of Douglas (Black Douglas) and later the Earl of Angus (Red Douglas). The clan does not currently have a chief recognised by the Lord Lyon. The principal Douglas today is the Duke of Hamilton, but as his surname is "Douglas-Hamilton" rather than simply "Douglas" the laws of the Lyon Court prevent him from assuming the chiefship of the name. The original caput of the family was Douglas Castle in Lanarkshire. The Kirk of St Bride at Douglas, along with Melrose Abbey and the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés holds the remains of many of the Earls of Douglas and Angus. The Swedish branch is descended from Field Marshal Robert Douglas, Count of Skenninge, and has been one of Sweden's most prominent noble families since the 17th century. History Origins In modern texts, the family's surname is thought to derive from the village of Douglas, the name of which comes from the Gaelic elements dubh, meaning "dark, black"; and glas, meaning "stream" (in turn from Old Gaelic dub and glais). However, according to the 17th century historian Frederic van Bossen, the Douglas name means "gray hairs in the old language", and it was first given to a Lord Shulton, who lived in the 8th century. Frederic van Bossen states Lord Shulton was a descendant of Adrolena of Shaultow who was a descendant of the Princes of Caledonia. In 1179 William Douglas was Lord of Douglas, he is the first certain record of the name Douglas and undoubtedly the ancestor of the family. He witnessed a charter between 1175 and 1199 by the Bishop of Glasgow to the monks of Kelso. His grandson, also Sir William de Douglas had two sons who fought at the Battle of Largs in 1263 against the Norsemen. One old tradition is that the first chief of Douglas was Sholto Douglas who helped the king of Scotland win a battle in the year 767. This is not substantiated and likely to be pseudohistory. The true progenitor of Clan Douglas was probably "Theobaldus Flammatius" (Theobald the Fleming), who in 1147 received the lands near Douglas Water in Lanarkshire in return for services for the Abbot of Kelso, who held the barony and lordship of Holydean. The Douglas family names consisted of Arkenbald and Freskin, and were believed to be related to the Clan Murray, believed to be descended from a Flemish knight called Freskin. It seems likely that he was the father of the first William Douglas. However the Flemish origin of the Douglases has been disputed, it has been claimed that the lands which were granted to Theobald the Fleming were not the lands from which the Douglas family later emerged. Wars of Scottish Independence During the Wars of Scottish Independence, Sir William Douglas the Hardy, Lord of Douglas was governor of Berwick-upon-Tweed when the town and Berwick Castle were besieged by the English. Douglas was captured and was released only after he had agreed to accept the claim of the Edward I of England to be overlord of Scotland. He subsequently joined William Wallace in fighting for Scottish independence, but was captured and taken to England, where he died in 1298, a prisoner in the Tower of London. The "Good" Sir James Douglas or "Black Douglas" William Le Hardi's son, James Douglas, "The Good Sir James" (c. 1286–1330), was the first to acquire the epithet "the Black". He shared in the early misfortunes of Robert the Bruce and in the defeats at Methven and Dalrigh in 1306. But for both men these setbacks provided a valuable lesson in tactics: limitations in both resources and equipment meant that the Scots would always be at a disadvantage in conventional medieval warfare. By the time the fighting flared up again in the spring of 1307 they had learned the value of guerrilla warfare – known at the time as "secret war" – using fast-moving, lightly equipped and agile forces to maximum effect against an enemy often dependent on static defensive positions. Sir James Douglas recaptured Roxburgh Castle from the English in 1313. He was made a knight banneret, a high honor, and fought at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. The English called Sir James "The Black Douglas" for what they considered his dark deeds: he became the bogeyman of a Northern English lullaby Hush ye, hush ye, little pet ye. Hush ye, hush ye, do not fret ye. The Black Douglas shall not get ye. Unsubstantiated theories point to his colouring and complexion, this is tenuous. Douglas appears only in English records as "The Black" – Scots chronicles almost always referred to him as "The Guid" or "The Good". Later Douglas lords took the moniker of their revered forebear in the same way that they attached the image of Bruce's heart to their coat of arms: to strike fear into the hearts of their enemies and to exhibit the prowess of their race. Crusader King Robert the Bruce had requested that Douglas, latterly his most esteemed companion in arms, should carry his heart to the Holy Land, as atonement for the murder of John III Comyn. Douglas and his knights had been invited to join the forces of Alfonso XI of Castile, Edward III of England's cousin by his mother Queen Isabella, to fight against the Moors in 1330 at the siege of Teba. Outnumbered and cut off from the main Christian force, Douglas was killed leading a cavalry charge. The casket containing the heart of the Bruce was recovered and returned to Scotland, to be interred at Melrose Abbey. Douglas' bones were boiled and returned to Scotland; his embalmed heart was recently recovered in the Douglas vaults at the Kirk of St Bride but his bones are not in the stone vault lying under his effigy and they have yet to be located. Sir Archibald Douglas, Guardian of the Realm The Scottish army that fought and lost the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333 was led by James' youngest brother who had been elected Regent of Scotland in late March 1333. Sir Archibald Douglas has been badly treated by some historians; frequently misidentifying this Douglas warrior as the Tyneman or loser when the moniker was intended for a later less fortunate but equally warlike Archibald. He was mentioned in Barbour's The Brus for his great victory during the Weardale campaign; leading the Scottish army further south into County Durham he devastated the lands and took much booty from Darlington and other nearby towns and villages. Sir James 'The Good' Douglas' son William succeeded to the title as Lord of Douglas but may not have completed his title to the estates, possibly because he might have been underage. He died at Halidon Hill with his uncle, Sir Archibald Douglas. James' younger brother, Hugh the Dull, Lord of Douglas, a canon serving the See of Glasgow and held a prebendary at Roxburgh became Lord Douglas in 1342; Hugh of Douglas resigned his title to his nephew, the youngest surviving son of the Regent Archibald, William Lord of Douglas who was to become the first Earl. The First Earl's legitimate son James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas succeeded him. His illegitimate son by Margaret Stewart, 4th Countess of Angus was George Douglas, 1st Earl of Angus, who was the progenitor of the Earls of Angus also known as the "Red Douglases". The prestige of the family was greatly increased when James Douglas's great nephew, James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas married Isabel, a daughter of King Robert II of Scotland. In 1388 at the Battle of Otterburn he was instrumental to the Scots' victory but was killed during the fighting. Leaving no legitimate heir, his titles passed to the illegitimate son of his great-uncle. 15th century Wars with England Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas did much to consolidate the family's power and influence. He successfully defended Edinburgh Castle against Henry IV of England in 1400 but died the following year. His son, Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas, married the daughter of Robert III of Scotland. The fourth Earl fought against King Henry IV of England at the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403, where he was taken prisoner. In 1406, with the death of the king, the 4th Earl of Douglas became one of the council of regents to rule Scotland during the childhood of James I of Scotland. In 1412, the 4th Earl had visited Paris, when he entered into a personal alliance with John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, and in 1423, he commanded a contingent of 10,000 Scots sent to the aid of Charles VII of France against the English. He was made lieutenant-general in Joan of Arc's French army, and received the title Duke of Touraine, with remainder to his heirs-male, on 19 April 1424. The newly created French duke was defeated and slain at Battle of Verneuil on 17 August 1424, along with his second son, James, and son-in-law John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Buchan. Black Dinner In 1440, the 16-year-old William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas, and his younger brother were invited to dine with the ten-year-old King James II of Scotland. Later called the Black Dinner, the occasion was organised by the Lord Chancellor, Sir William Crichton, and James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas who inherited the young earl's wealth and titles. While they ate, a black bull's head, a symbol of death, was brought in and placed before the Earl. Over the protests of the young King James II, the two brothers were then dragged out to Castle Hill, given a mock trial and beheaded. The Clan Douglas then laid siege to Edinburgh Castle. Perceiving the danger, Crichton surrendered the castle to the king and was rewarded with the title Lord Crichton. It is still unclear exactly who else was ultimately responsible, though it is thought Livingston and Buchan were likely candidates. However, it was James Douglas and his son who profited. Clan conflicts In 1448, Hugh Douglas, Earl of Ormond led a Scottish force to victory against an English army at the Battle of Sark. Sir Alexander Gordon was created Earl of Huntly in 1449. At this time the king was at enmity with the Black Douglases. The Gordons stood on the king's side, and with their men involved in the south of the country, Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray took the opportunity to sack the Gordon lands, setting Huntly Castle ablaze. However, the Gordons returned and quickly destroyed their enemies. Although the castle was burned to the ground, a grander castle was built in its place. The Douglases had a long feud with Clan Colville. Sir Richard Colville had killed the Laird of Auchinleck who was an ally of the Douglases. To avenge this murder the Douglases attacked the Colvilles in their castle, where many were killed. The Douglases levelled the Colvilles' castle and put their men to the sword. William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas personally executed Richard Colville. Murder of the Earl of Douglas by King James II After fruitless feuding with the Douglases, the King invited William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas to Stirling Castle in 1452 under the promise of safe conduct, but then the King accused the Earl of conspiracy in his dealings with the Yorkists in England and through a pact made between Douglas, the Earl of Crawford and the Lord of the Isles. Upon Douglas' refusal to repudiate the pact and reaffirm his loyalty to James II, the King drew his dagger and stabbed Douglas in the throat. The story goes that the King's Captain of the Guard then finished off the Earl with a pole axe. The body was thrown from the window into a garden below, where it was later given burial. A stained glass window bearing the Douglas Arms now overlooks "Douglas Garden", the spot where the Earl is said to have fallen. Feud with the Royal Stewarts In 1455, James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas (the Black Douglas) rebelled against the king but his forces were defeated at the Battle of Arkinholm by the king's forces who were commanded by George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus (the Red Douglas). This brought an end to the Black Douglases. After the battle an act of parliament gave the Earl of Angus the lordship of Douglas with the original possessions of his ancestors in Douglasdale. The 9th Earl of Douglas was later defeated by the forces of King James III of Scotland at the Battle of Lochmaben Fair in 1484. 16th-century conflicts In 1513, there was a strong Douglas contingent at the Battle of Flodden, where two of Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus's sons were killed along with 200 men of the name of Douglas. In 1526, Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus defeated Walter Scott of Branxholme and Buccleuch, chief of Clan Scott, at the Battle of Melrose, who was attempting to rescue the young James V of Scotland from Douglas. A dispute occurred in 1530, when Sir Robert Charteris, the 8th Laird and chief of Clan Charteris fought a duel with Sir James Douglas of Drumlanrig in what was said to have been one of the last great chivalric contests. It was fought with all the observance of a medieval tournament with heralds and the king himself watching from the castle walls. The joust was apparently fought with such fury that Charteris' sword was broken and the king had to send his men-at-arms to part the combatants. Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus held the post of Lord Chancellor and became guardian of James V of Scotland by marrying his widowed mother, Margaret Tudor, with whom he had a daughter, Margaret Douglas, mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. In 1545, Angus led his forces to victory at the Battle of Ancrum Moor where they defeated the English army during the Rough Wooing, and he was also present at the defeat in 1547 at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh. James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, nephew of the 6th Earl of Angus, was a bitter enemy of Mary, Queen of Scots. He was one of the murderers of the queen's secretary David Rizzio and was heavily implicated in the murder of her second husband Lord Darnley. As regent, he was brutal in crushing factions still loyal to Mary, however, he was accused of complicity in the murder of Darnley and was executed in 1581. 17th century and the Bishops' War During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, William Douglas, 11th Earl of Angus, a Catholic, was a supporter of King Charles I. In 1633, he was created Marquess of Douglas. Following the Battle of Kilsyth in 1645, he joined James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose, and was present when Royalist forces fought Covenanter cavalry at the Battle of Philiphaugh where he barely escaped with his life. Following Cromwell's victory, he was able to make peace and was fined £1,000. In 1660, William Douglas, the brother of the second Marquess of Douglas became, through marriage, the Duke of Hamilton. Eventually, the titles of Marquess of Douglas, Earl of Angus, and several others devolved to the Dukes of Hamilton and the heir of that house is always styled 'Marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale'. The Douglas and Hamilton lines became Douglas-Hamilton and, under Scots law, are barred from inheriting the title of chief of Clan Douglas due to the hyphenated surname. This similarly applies to the Douglas-Home family who joined their surnames in the nineteenth century. In 1689, James Douglas, Earl of Angus raised the Cameronian regiment (Earl of Angus's regiment). Although greatly outnumbered, the regiment managed to defeat a larger Jacobite force at the Battle of Dunkeld. The regiment was victorious under the command of Captain George Munro, 1st of Auchinbowie. 18th century and the Jacobite risings In 1703, the Marquisate of Douglas was elevated to a Dukedom. Archibald Douglas, 1st Duke of Douglas married Margaret Douglas (a distant relation) late in life and had no direct heir – the title of Duke became extinct on his death. By the late 17th century, more political power was wielded by the Douglases of Drumlanrig, in Dumfriesshire who are also descended from the Black Douglases. The Douglases of Drumlanrig had become Earl of Queensberry in 1633, Marquises in 1682 and Dukes in 1684. The maneuvers of James Douglas, 2nd Duke of Queensberry, contributed to the Union of 1707. During the Jacobite risings of the 18th century the Douglases continued their support for the British Government. Archibald Douglas, 1st Duke of Douglas led the volunteer horse at Battle of Sheriffmuir during the Jacobite rising of 1715. Also at that fight was the Duke's young cousin, Archibald Douglas, 2nd Earl of Forfar, colonel of the 3rd Regiment of foot, and who died of wounds taken there shortly afterward. Douglas Castle was burnt by the Highland armies of Bonnie Prince Charlie in the Jacobite rising of 1745. Douglas Castle was again burnt down in 1755, and the Duke commenced work on a new edifice designed by Robert Adam. Building work ceased on the Duke's death in 1761, and with it his Dukedom became extinct. The Marquisate of Douglas and Earldom of Angus devolved to James Hamilton, 7th Duke of Hamilton, the senior male-line descendant of William Douglas, 1st Marquess of Douglas, his great-great-great grandfather, by the way of his son, Lord William Douglas, 1st Earl of Selkirk, whom upon his marriage to Anne Hamilton, 3rd Duchess of Hamilton, became William Hamilton, Duke of Hamilton, the adoption of the surname Hamilton being one of the conditions to inheriting the Dukedom. His descendants would later add Douglas back to the surname and become the Douglas-Hamilton branch. 20th century and the World Wars In 1895, Alfred Douglas-Hamilton inherited the Dukedom of Hamilton from his cousin William Douglas-Hamilton, 12th Duke of Hamilton and became Alfred Douglas-Hamilton, 13th Duke of Hamilton. Alfred Douglas-Hamilton was the great-great-great grandson of James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton through a collateral line. During World War 1, Hamilton Palace, the main family seat, was used as a hospital with his blessing. During World War 2, his sons, Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton, George Douglas-Hamilton, 10th Earl of Selkirk, Lord Malcolm Douglas-Hamilton, and Lord David Douglas-Hamilton made history by all being squadron leaders or above at the outbreak of the war. Lord David Douglas-Hamilton was killed in action in 1944. Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton was the first man to fly over Mt. Everest. His son, Angus Douglas-Hamilton, 15th Duke of Hamilton was also in the Royal Air Force and achieved the rank of flight lieutenant during his service in the Cold War. He was the father of the current Duke, Alexander Douglas-Hamilton, 16th Duke of Hamilton. The current heir presumptive to the Dukedom is the 16th Duke's son, Douglas Charles Douglas-Hamilton, Marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale. The Swedish branch The Swedish branch of the Douglas family is descended from the Scottish-born Field Marshal Robert Douglas, Count of Skenninge, who entered Swedish service in 1627. He received the Swedish title of Baron in 1651 and the title of Count (the highest title awarded to non-royalty in Sweden) in 1654. His descendants, the Swedish Douglas family, is one of Sweden's most prominent noble families since the mid 17th century and has included numerous prominent individuals, such as Foreign Minister Ludvig Douglas. Walburga Habsburg, Countess Douglas, the daughter of Austria-Hungary's last crown prince, is a member of this family by her marriage to Count Archibald Douglas. The escutcheon of the Swedish Douglas family's arms is the Scottish Douglas arms. Chief Alexander Douglas-Hamilton, 16th Duke of Hamilton, and 13th Duke of Brandon is heir to the chiefdom of the house of Douglas, but he cannot assume the title of chief since the Lord Lyon King of Arms requires him to assume the single name Douglas. Note that the Duke of Hamilton is the Chief of Clan Hamilton. For a list of the historic chiefs of Clan Douglas see: Earl of Douglas until 1455 and Earl of Angus for after 1455. Douglas castles Aberdour Castle, Fife, held by the Earls of Morton (partially preserved). Balvenie Castle, Moray, held by James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas (ruined). Berwick Castle, Northumberland. Governed by William "le Hardi".(ruined, now forms part of Berwick-upon-Tweed railway station) Bonkyll Castle (Bunkle), Berwickshire. Bothwell Castle, South Lanarkshire (ruins). Bowhill House, Selkirkshire. Home of the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry (preserved). Cranshaws Castle. Dalkeith Castle, Mid-Lothian. (heavily converted) Douglas Castle, in South Lanarkshire (now only minimal ruins remain). Drumlanrig Castle, Dumfries and Galloway. 17th-century mansion house of the Dukes of Buccleuch and Queensberry (preserved). Grangemuir House, Fife. Hawthornden Castle, Mid-Lothian. Hermitage Castle, Roxburghshire, 13th-century Douglas stronghold (restored ruin). Hume Castle, Berwickshire. ancient links with Douglas, home of Sir Alexander Douglas. Kilspindie Castle, East Lothian. Home to the Douglases of Kilspindie, (scant ruins) Langenstein Castle, Germany, to this day home to the Swedish-German branch (Counts Douglas). Lennoxlove House, East Lothian. Home of the Duke of Hamilton, (also the Marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale, Earl of Angus etc.) (preserved). Loch Leven Castle, Kinross. First home of the Earl of Morton (ruins). Lochindorb Castle, Strathspey Morton Castle, Nithsdale, Dumfries and Galloway. ruined former home of the Douglas Earls of Morton. Newark Castle, Selkirkshire. Neidpath Castle, Peeblesshire. Ormond Castle, Black Isle. Roxburgh Castle, captured by Sir James Douglas. Rydboholm Castle, home to the Swedish branch. Sandilands Castle, Fife (ruins). Stjärnorp Castle, Östergötland, Sweden (partially ruined), home to the Swedish branch. Strathaven Castle, South Lanarkshire Strathendry Castle, Fife. Tantallon Castle, East Lothian. Stronghold of the Red Douglases (partially ruined). Threave Castle, Dumfries and Galloway (ruins). Timpendean Tower, Roxburghshire (ruins). Whittingehame Tower, East Lothian. Tartans Eminent members of the Douglas family Douglases have excelled in many fields, from politics to sports, science to the military, and more. Biographies held on Wikipedia can be found in the lists: 'Douglas (surname) and Douglass (surname)'. Family tree Popular culture Samuel Rutherford Crockett's 1899 novel The Black Douglas featured the "Black Dinner". In the Highlander novel Scotland the Brave, James Douglas is a fictional Scot born into Clan Douglas, who died his First Death in 1746 at the Battle of Culloden. The Black Dinner served as inspiration for the events of the Red Wedding depicted in A Storm of Swords, the third book of George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series. Material based on the Red Wedding was included in the episode "The Rains of Castamere" of the HBO drama Game of Thrones which aired on 2 June 2013 in the United States. See also Armigerous clan Earl of Home Scottish clan References Sources External links Clan Douglas Society of North America Douglas Family Site, Brief Historical Account Douglas History The Douglas Archives – a compendium of historical notes and biographies. Douglas Douglas Scottish Lowlands lt:Škotijos klanai

Donnubán ('donuva:n), Donndubán ('donðuva:n), or Donnabán mac Cathail, anglicised Donovan, son of Cahall (died 980), was a tenth-century ruler of the Irish regional kingdom of Uí Fidgenti, and possibly also of the smaller overkingdom of Uí Chairbre Áebda within that. In contemporary sources he is only named king of the former, but his sons and later descendants appear as dynasts of the latter. In addition, at his death in 980 Donovan is styled King of Ressad, a unique title in the surviving Irish annals, and the identity of which place is uncertain. He is the progenitor of the medieval and modern O'Donovan family. Playing a notable role in the early twelfth century fictional political saga Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib (CGG), Donovan is notorious for his alliance with his apparent father-in-law or at least relation Ivar of Limerick, the last Norse king of Limerick, and with Máel Muad mac Brain, king of Desmond, against the rising Dál gCais in the persons of Mathgamain mac Cennétig, king of Cashel, and his famous brother Brian Bóruma, later High King of Ireland. The latter would prove the victors, altering the political landscape of Munster and Ireland forever. It was Donovan's assistance that made Máel Muad King of Munster from 976 to 978. Accession and pedigree The lineage of Donovan as set forth by John O'Donovan in the Appendix to the Annals of the Four Masters positions Donovan as the senior descendant of Oilioll Olum (d. 234 A.D.), and ultimately, the senior descent of the race of Heber. Such a lofty claim attracts considerable scrutiny, and Donovan's lineage suffers criticism as possibly missing a number of generations. It has been argued by one scholar, Donnchadh Ó Corráin, to possibly be a fabrication intended to link the Donovan dynasty to the Uí Chairpre Áebda, although Ó Corráin grudgingly allows that the pedigree may be syncopated. The genealogy of the ÚA CAIRPRI is set forth in Rawlinson B 502, an 11th-century manuscript, from Oilioll Olum to Cenn Faelad, who died approximately 744 A.D. It would appear that Donovan's grandfather, Uainide mac Cathail, is poorly documented, and undocumented in contemporary sources, appearing in the 12th century Caithréim Chellacháin Chaisil, and in records compiled in the 14th–16th centuries as being the grandson of Cenn Fáelad. Generally, five generations of descent will encompass more than 250 years. Other manuscripts have an additional two generations of descent during the 744 to 977 period. Ó Corráin's research does demonstrate that Donovan's ancestry was far from certain only a two hundred years after his death in 977. However, the author of the Caithréim had available to him an extensive collection of official Munster pedigrees and his inclusion of known historical figures for purposes of giving credibility to his propaganda tract would indicate the existence of the individuals. Donnuban's accession to the kingship of Uí Fidgenti appears to be referred to in the mid 10th century Betha Adamnáin. But in this passage the acceding prince in Uí Fidgenti is actually said to belong to the Uí Echach Muman, another name for the Eóganacht Raithlind, an entirely separate dynasty from the southern region of Munster (Desmond), but curiously the one to which Máel Muad mac Brain, Donovan's close ally, happens to belong. With the recent collapse of the Eóganacht Chaisil the Uí Echach or Eóganacht Raithlind were the most powerful of all the Eóganachta remaining at this time. The prominent appearance of the Uí Fidgenti at the same time was undoubtedly related. In any case the passage in Betha Adamnáin is: However, Herbert and Ó Riain believe this is an error, because the Uí Chairpre themselves also descend from a Laippe, and so they conclude Donovan belonged to a sept known as the Ceinél Laippe or Uí Laippe. Thus the passage can actually be used to support his descent from the Uí Chairpre. Notably both of his known sons are described as kings of Uí Chairpre. The Uí Echach may appear either for the above reason, namely Donovan's close association with Máel Muad, or because of influence from another part of the text, or because the name Laippe was found in their dynasty as well. None of this necessarily proves his descent from the early medieval Uí Chairpre but simply associates Donovan's family with the later kingship of their territories in the 10th century. There is no doubt however, regarding his classification as a member of the Ui Fidghente, as he is noted as king of the Ui Fidghente in a number of instances (see below). MacCotter argues Donovan belonged to the Uí Mac Eirc, an early sept of Uí Cairbre possibly giving their name to Kinellerc, the territory surrounding Adare, further noting that another Eirc is a direct ancestor of Donovan. Another early known location of the O'Donovans was at Croom, where in the 1130s they are mentioned in the Caithréim Chellacháin Chaisil, an epic describing both its contemporary and 10th century Munster. That Donovan's wife was the daughter of Ivar of Limerick has long been the oral (an perhaps once written) tradition of the family. Regardless of this, it has been argued that Donovan's mother was also Norse based on his father's other associations, by the 3rd Earl of Dunraven, who argued that his father Cathal's association through marriage with "Amlaf, king of the Danes of Munster" officially created the alliance between them. Something of this sort might even be hinted at in a 14th-century official pedigree, the earliest surviving, reprinted by Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh in the early-mid 17th century, where his own father is given as Amlaíb (mac Cathail). The most commonly accepted genealogy is given by John O'Donovan. In spite of all this controversy, the O'Donovan family belong to the Y-DNA clade R-Z16259, which they share with the Collins, Reagans, and O'Heas (Hayes), all documented either Uí Fidgenti, Corcu Loígde or both. In any event these are both septs of the Dáirine, although the Uí Fidgenti have also been classified relations of the Eóganachta, who have in fact been revealed close relations of the Dáirine under R-A541. This was already expected by a minority in Irish scholarship. Sulcoit It is impossible to prove that Donovan was among those opposing the Dál gCais at the Battle of Sulcoit. According to CGG both Máel Muad and he did support Ivar there, but the annals unfortunately offer no confirmation and no details. Capture of Mathgamain The "new" alliance formed between Ivar, Donovan, and Máel Muad alarmed Mathgamain greatly. Máel Muad had preceded him as King of Munster until deposed around 970, and naturally very much wanted to reclaim the kingdom for himself and for the distressed and disorderly Eóganachta. Also, by the Dál gCais' own confession Mathgamain was committing repeated depredations throughout Munster, and thus had probably become persona non-grata throughout much of the province. The author of CGG further claims Mathgamain took hostages from Donovan at this time, but this is rejected by Canon O'Mahony, noting subsequent events. For a now unknown purpose, Mathgamain agreed to meet with the allies, with Donovan's house chosen as the place for the meeting, possibly because he was perceived to be the most neutral, or because Mathgamain may have hoped to detach him from the alliance. According to Alice Stopford Green this act of going into a probable enemy's house was "the formal sign of submission and renouncing supremacy", and it may have been understood that from there he was to go on to yield allegiance to Máel Muad. Such speculation is extremely unlikely, given Mathgamain's success over a 15-year period of raiding into the territories of Bran and Donovan, and the military strength of his forces and those of his brother, Brian. Today's records do not fully illuminate the events of that day, and the political tides and developing relationships and commerce between the Danes and the Irish, and so the reason for the meeting has been lost. The following annals report Donovan's decision at the meeting regarding his promise of safety to his adversary: The last, from the Annals of the Four Masters, is the latest in date, and in it both Máel Muad and Donovan have been demoted to the rank of lords, whereas Mathgamain is made "supreme King of all Munster". He certainly was not this and was never at any time greater than semi-nominal overlord with substantial opposition. The spectacular success of his younger brother Brian becoming a genuine monarch of Munster and eventually Ireland, had a powerful influence on the minds of later historians. It was Mathgamain's fate to pave the way. Also of interest is the claim made by the author of CGG that he was taken prisoner as a result of Ivar's interference with Donovan, not Máel Muad's. While unsupported by the brief annals this is supported by Donovan's close association with the Limerick dynasty, and Canon O'Mahony has pointed out that Máel Muad was a considerable distance away at the time, making his way north from his stronghold in Desmond. His argument that all of this removes Máel Muad from the plot may or may not be refuted in principle by the fact he quickly received word of the prisoner and ordered him put to death. Final battles and death The sources somewhat disagree on the manner and date of Donovan's death. According to the writer of CGG Brian went on an expedition into Uí Fidgenti against both Donovan and the newly elected king of the Norse of Munster Aralt (Harald), who is given as a third son of Ivar. There, according to CGG, the two were killed in the Battle of Cathair Cuan, presumably referring to a fortress of Donovan's, together with a great number of foreigners or Norse/Danes: But the Annals of the Four Masters, containing a record of this possibly identical battle, do not mention the death of Donovan, nor even mention Harald at all: It is unclear if the Annals of Inisfallen refer to the same or a different event the previous year, but here they do not mention Donovan: In any case, these two accounts support the claims of the O'Donovans in their pedigrees that Donovan survived the battle with Brian. These state that he was killed later in the "battle of Croma" against Dunchuan mac Cennétig, a brother of Brian, and was assisted by the troops of Curradh-an-Roe or Curra the Red and the Corcu Baiscinn, many of whom were slain on the field. However these accounts, as well as the one given by John Collins of Myross, and the one found in the Dublin Annals of Inisfallen, state that Donovan's Norse companion was Auliffe (Olaf), whose parentage is not given. These last two also disagree with the above in stating that Donovan and his Norse companion were killed here. According to the first: Collins of Myross took his own account from an apparently now lost source: Finally, both these accounts, that of CGG, and possibly those in the pedigrees, may all be contradicted by a notice in the Annals of Inisfallen in 980, leaving only the above account in the Annals of the Four Masters and brief notice in the Annals of Inisfallen completely accurate. Here, curiously, no cause of death is given: Concerning the above accounts, the Dublin Annals of Inisfallen are a frequently unreliable 18th century compilation and the source used by Collins is of unknown date, while the earliest account of Donovan's slaying by Brian's army is found in the early 12th century CGG, written over 120 years after the alleged events. The remaining sources offer no confirmation. As Donovan was evidently still alive in 978 he may have supported Máel Muad in the fateful Battle of Belach Lechta, but this is nowhere recorded. No details of this battle, besides his ally's death, are known for certain, nor even its location. Territory The identity of Ress or Ressad is uncertain. According to Paul MacCotter it is "apparently an archaic name for Uí Chairpre or one of its divisions." Noting that Donovan's son Uainide is styled king of Uí Chairpre at his death two years later in 982, MacCotter states "Clearly, Uí Dhonnabháin must have been local kings of... Uí Chairpre Íochtarach." This was the northeasternmost local petty kingdom or túath within Uí Fidgenti and was adjacent to Norse Limerick, a considerable portion of the surrounding settlement of the same name apparently lying within Donovan's own native kingdom. Directly cross the River Shannon to the north could be found Brian's own sept of the Dál gCais, namely the Uí Tairdelbaich or Uí Blait. Occupied? According to the author of CGG the Uí Chairpre/Uí Dhonnabháin were in "occupation" of territory he claims actually belonged to the Dál gCais, namely "... Caille Cormaic, from Oclan to Luimnech, and from Cnam-Coill to Luachair." This region has been difficult to identify, but it apparently stretched east into the modern neighbouring County Tipperary, Cnam-Coill being found a mile or mile and a half east of Tipperary itself. Oclan or Hoclan has not been identified but presumably was to the north of this. Marriage(s) and issue It is the oral tradition of the family that Donovan married a daughter of his ally Ivar of Limerick, although two alternatives exist, each with support. The first is that she was actually the daughter of the later (2nd) Amlaíb/Olaf mentioned above, himself possibly identical with Olaf son of Ivar of Limerick, who was killed along with his father in 977 but who may simply have replaced Aralt in the later accounts of the following battles. Clearly, there was a Danish influence on Donovan, as descendants of Donovan bore Danish names for more than three hundred years, including Amlaíb Ua Donnubáin, who was slain in 1201. In addition, based on naming conventions in the 10th century, it is assumed that Donovan (son of Ivar of Waterford) who was slain in 996, would have been named after his mother's brother, thus making Donovan (slain 977) his uncle. It is possible, that Ivar of Waterford was married to Donovan's daughter, or he could have been married to his sister; a conclusion can not be formed as the ages of the individuals is unknown, and classification into generations is not possible. In any case Donovan's known children were Uainide ("Greenish") mac Donnubáin, king of Uí Chairpre (died 982) other children? Cathal mac Donnubáin, possibly also king of Uí Chairpre or Uí Fidgenti Amlaíb ua Donnubáin O'Donovan family Daughter (or sister) of Donnubáin, assumed to have married Ivar of Waterford Donndubán mac Ímair (slain 996) other O'Donovans? – once commonly believed, but so far unproven. other children Unfortunately no account at all is preserved of the nature of the connection, beyond intermarriage, between Norse Waterford and the O'Donovan family. The name Ragnall is likely to have entered the latter, where it became popular, from the former, where it seems to have been dynastic. In fiction and popular history Donovan makes a number of appearances in Morgan Llywelyn's New York Times best-selling novel Lion of Ireland (1980). Here is mistakenly called king of "Hy Carbery" (Uí Chairpre), which he is never called in contemporary sources. This mistake is also common in many popular histories. Brian Boru is still immensely popular today and so Donovan has the misfortune of appearing as the O'Brian family's most notorious native adversary in numerous popular accounts over the centuries. Notes References Primary sources (epic narrative) Bugge, Alexander (ed. & tr.), Caithreim Cellachain Caisil. Christiania: J. Chr. Gundersens Bogtrykkeri. 1905. Herbert, Máire and Pádraig Ó Riain (eds. & trs.), Betha Adamnáin: The Irish Life of Adamnán. Irish Texts Society 54. 1988. Todd, James Henthorn (ed. & tr.), Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh: The War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill. London: Longmans. 1867. Annals Mac Airt, Seán (ed. & tr.). The Annals of Inisfallen (MS. Rawlinson B. 503). Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1951. edition and translation Mac Niocaill, Gearóid (ed. & tr.), Chronicon Scotorum. Unpublished manuscript. edition and translation O'Donovan, John (ed. & tr.), Annala Rioghachta Eireann. Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters, from the Earliest Period to the Year 1616. 7 vols. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. 1848–51. 2nd edition, 1856. CELT versions. Full scans of Volume II (pp. 700–3, 706–7) and Volume VI (Appendix, Pedigree of O'Donovan, p. 2436). Stokes, Whitley (ed. & tr.), The Annals of Tigernach. Revue Celtique 16–18. 1895–1897. edition at CELT and full scan w/ translations at Internet Archive. Genealogical O'Brien, M. A. (ed.), Corpus Genealogiarum Hiberniai i. Dublin. 1962. John Collins of Myross, Pedigree of the O'Donovan family from the earliest times. Late 18th century paper manuscript commissioned by Richard II O'Donovan. Sir Richard Cox, 1st Baronet, Carberiae Notitia. 1686. extracts published in Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, Volume XII, Second Series. 1906. pp. 142–9 Cronnelly, Richard F., Irish Family History, Part II: A History of the Clan Eoghan, or Eoghanachts. Dublin: Goodwin, Son, and Nethercott. 1864. O'Donovan pedigrees, pp. 252–64 Ó Cléirigh, Cú Choigríche, The O'Clery Book of Genealogies. early-mid 17th century. O'Hart, John. Irish Pedigrees. Dublin: James Duffy and Co. 5th edition, 1892. Secondary sources Begley, John. The Diocese of Limerick, Ancient and Medieval. Dublin: Browne & Nolan. 1906. Green, Alice Stopford, History of the Irish State to 1014. London: Macmillan. 1925. Lee, Timothy, "The Northmen of Limerick", in Journal of the Royal Historical and Archaeological Association of Ireland, Fourth Series, Vol. 9, No. 80 (Jul. – Oct. 1889): 227–231. JSTOR MacCotter, Paul, Colmán of Cloyne: a study. Dublin. 2004. MacCotter, Paul, Medieval Ireland: Territorial, Political and Economic Divisions. Dublin: Four Courts Press. 2008. MacNeill, Eoin, Celtic Ireland. Dublin: The Academy Press. 1981. Reissue with new intro. and notes by Donnchadh Ó Corráin of original Martin Lester Ltd edition, 1921. Nicholls, K. W., "Some place-names from the Red Book of the Earls of Kildare", in Dinnseanchas 3 (1969), pp. 25–37, 61–3. Ó Corráin, Donnchadh, "Caithréim Chellacháin Chaisil: History or Propaganda?", in Ériu 25 (1974): 1–69. Ó Corráin, Donnchadh, Ireland Before the Normans. Gill and Macmillan. 1972. O'Mahony, John, "A History of the O'Mahony septs of Kinelmeky and Ivagha", in Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, Volumes 12–16, Second Series. 1906–1910. Ó Murchadha, Diarmuid, Family Names of County Cork. Cork: The Collins Press. 2nd edition, 1996. Wyndham-Quin, Caroline, and Edwin Windham-Quin, Memoirs of Adare Manor. Oxford: Messrs. Parker. 1865. Map, etc. Ireland 1000 A.D. The Territory of Thomond. John O'Donovan discusses the extent of the Kingdom of Uí Fidgenti. O'Donovan family History of County Limerick Gaelic families of Norse descent 10th-century Irish monarchs 980 deaths Year of birth unknown

This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1983. Specific locations 1983 in British music 1983 in Norwegian music Specific genres 1983 in country music 1983 in heavy metal music 1983 in hip hop music 1983 in jazz Trends CDs become popular among classical music listeners. Events January–April January 1 ZTT Records is founded. The Merchant Ivory film Heat and Dust is released. On the soundtrack, composed by Zakir Hussain, Ivory is featured on tanpura with Hussain (who also appeared in the film) on tabla. January 8 – The UK singles chart is tabulated from this week forward by The Gallup Organization. In 1984 electronic terminals will be used in selected stores to gather sales information, and the old "sales diary" method will be gradually phased out over the next few years. February 2 – "Menudomania" comes to New York as 3,500 screaming girls crowd Kennedy Airport to catch a glimpse of Puerto Rican boy band Menudo, who are playing six sold-out shows at the Felt Forum. February 4 – Karen Carpenter died at age 32 from heart failure due to complications from anorexia nervosa. February 11 – The Rolling Stones concert film Let's Spend the Night Together opens in New York. February 13 – Marvin Gaye performs "The Star-Spangled Banner" before the NBA All-Star Game. February 23 – The 25th Annual Grammy Awards are presented in Los Angeles, hosted by John Denver. Toto win both Album of the Year (for Toto IV) and Record of the Year (for "Rosanna"), while Willie Nelson's cover of "Always on My Mind" wins Song of the Year. Men at Work win Best New Artist. February 26 – Michael Jackson's Thriller album hits #1 on the US charts, the first of thirty-seven (non-consecutive) weeks it would spend there on its way to becoming the biggest-selling album of all time. February 28 – U2 release their 3rd album War which debuts at #1 in the UK and produces the band's first international hit single. March 2 – Compact discs go on sale in the United States. They had first been released in Japan the previous October. March 4 – Neil Young cancels the remainder of his tour after collapsing backstage in Louisville, Kentucky, after playing for seventy-five minutes. April 5 A Generative Theory of Tonal Music by Fred Lerdahl and Ray Jackendoff is published. US Interior Secretary James G. Watt causes controversy when he effectively bans the Beach Boys from a return performance at the Fourth of July festivities in Washington, announcing that Wayne Newton would perform instead. Watt claims that rock bands attract "the wrong element". That same week President Reagan, himself an avowed Beach Boys fan, presents Watt with a plaster foot with a hole in it. April 11 – Dave Mustaine is fired from Metallica just as the band is set to begin recording its début album. He is replaced by Kirk Hammett. April 14 – David Bowie releases Let's Dance, his first album since parting ways with RCA Records and his fifteenth studio album overall. With its deliberate shift to mainstream dance-rock, it would become Bowie's biggest commercial success, at 10.7 million copies sold worldwide. Bowie, however, would experience a critical downturn for the next ten years as a result of his perceived obligation to continue appealing to fans of the album. April 18 – Ellen Taaffe Zwilich becomes the first woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for Music. April 23 – French singer Corinne Hermès, representing Luxembourg, wins the 28th annual Eurovision Song Contest, held at Rudi-Sedlmayer-Halle in Munich, with the song "Si la vie est cadeau". May–August May 16 Singer Anna Vissi marries composer Nikos Karvelas. The Motown 25 Special airs on NBC, celebrating a quarter century of Motown Records. Michael Jackson unveils his moonwalk dance move during a performance of "Billie Jean". May 28–June 4 – The second US Festival is held at Glen Helen Park in California. June 3 – American rock drummer Jim Gordon commits matricide during a schizophrenic episode. June 18–19 – Menudo make their second visit to New York. The band plays four shows at Madison Square Garden and all 80,000 tickets sell out within three days of going on sale. June 20 – Catalunya Ràdio begins broadcasting. July 1 – Chilean Band Los Prisioneros debut at the Miguel Leon Prado High School Song festival. They personify the rebellion of young Chileans leading to protests which eventually oust Augusto Pinochet. July 6 – As a statement of protest against music piracy in the form of home taping, Jean-Michel Jarre releases only one pressing of his latest album "Music for Supermarkets", which is sold at an auction to a French real estate dealer for 69,000 francs (about US$8960). The auction is broadcast live on Radio Luxembourg which also plays the album in full for the first and only time. July 19 – Simon and Garfunkel begin their North American summer tour in Akron, Ohio. July 21 – Diana Ross performs a filmed concert in Central Park in heavy rain; eventually the storm forces her to postpone the rest of the concert till next day. July 25 – Metallica release their debut studio album, Kill 'Em All, since hailed as a groundbreaking release for the burgeoning thrash metal genre. July 29 – Friday Night Videos is broadcast for the first time on NBC. August 5 – David Crosby is sentenced by a judge in Dallas, Texas to five years in prison on drug and weapon possession charges. August 16 Johnny Ramone suffers a near-fatal head injury during a fight over a girl in front of his East Village apartment. Singer Paul Simon marries actress Carrie Fisher. August 20 – The Rolling Stones sign a new $28 million contract with CBS Records, the largest recording contract in history up to this time. September–December September – Bonnie Tyler releases the album Faster Than the Speed of Night in United States September 1 – Joe Strummer and Paul Simonon of The Clash issue a press statement announcing Mick Jones has been fired from the group. September 4 – Phil Lynott performs his final show with Thin Lizzy in Nuremberg, Germany. September 18 – The members of Kiss show their faces without their makeup for the first time on MTV, simultaneous with the release of their album Lick It Up. September 20 – The first ARMS Charity Concert is held at the Royal Albert Hall in London. November 12 – Duran Duran start their SING BLUE SILVER World Tour. The tour begins with sold-out shows in Australia November 26 – Quiet Riot's Metal Health album tops the US album charts, the first heavy metal album to hit #1 in America. December 2 The Uday-Ustav Festival, a tribute to Uday Shankar, is staged at the instigation of Uday's younger brother, Ravi Shankar. Michael Jackson's 14-minute music video for Thriller is premiered on MTV. Phish plays first show. December 25 – Marvin Gaye gives his father, as a Christmas present, an unlicensed Smith & Wesson .38 special caliber pistol so that Gaye could protect himself from intruders. A few months later, Gaye Sr would use it to shoot his son dead. December 31 – The twelfth annual New Year's Rockin' Eve special airs on ABC, with appearances by Culture Club, Rick James, Laura Branigan, Barry Manilow, Mary Jane Girls and David Frizzell. Bands formed See Musical groups established in 1983 Bands disbanded See Musical groups disestablished in 1983 Bands reformed The Animals The Everly Brothers Albums released January–March April–June July–September October–December Release date unknown 21 Years On – The Dubliners (live) Ageless Medley EP – Amy Grant Ain't It Good to Be Free – Bo Diddley All Alone with Friends – Hank Marvin All the Best – Stiff Little Fingers Amore – The Hooters Angstlos – Nina Hagen Bad Influence – Robert Cray Bay of Kings – Steve Hackett Before Hollywood – The Go-Betweens Beat Street – Prism Behind the Scenes – Reba McEntire The Belle Stars – The Belle Stars (debut) The Blasting Concept – Various Artists The Brightest Smile in Town (Dr. John Plays Mac Rebennack, Vol. 2) - Dr. John Buzz or Howl Under the Influence of Heat – Minutemen A Call to Us All – Teri Desario Catch as Catch Can – Kim Wilde Chazablanca – Chaz Jankel A Child's Adventure – Marianne Faithfull Chimera - Bill Nelson A Christmas Album – Amy Grant Come Away with ESG – ESG Crystal Logic – Manilla Road Dagger and Guitar – Sort Sol Dancing for Mental Health – Will Powers (actually Lynn Goldsmith) Dawg Jazz/Dawg Grass - David Grisman David Grisman's Acoustic Christmas - David GrismanDesperate – DivinylsDressed for the Occasion – Cliff Richard and The London Philharmonic Orchestra (Live)Doot-Doot – FreurEmergency Third Rail Power Trip – Rain ParadeEscapade – Tim Finn Everywhere at Once – The Plimsouls Even the Strong Get Lonely – Tammy Wynette Fall in a Hole – The Fall Feeding the Flame – Sad Lovers and Giants The First Four Years – Black Flag The Fittest of the Fittest - Burning Spear The Fugitive – Tony Banks Forged in Fire – Anvil Fortune 410 – Donnie Iris Friends of Hell – Witchfinder General Golden Shower of Hits – Circle Jerks Good as Gold - Red Rockers Good Love & Heartbreak – Tammy Wynette Heart to Heart – Merle Haggard Ich halt zu Dir – Die Flippers Imagination – Helen Reddy Into Glory Ride – Manowar Introducing The Style Council – The Style Council Jonathan Sings! – Jonathan Richman Killer Dwarfs – Killer Dwarfs (Debut) Klass – Bad Manners The Kitchen Tapes – The Raincoats Lesson Well Learned EP – Armored Saint Let's Go - Nitty Gritty Dirt Band Let's Start a War – The Exploited Love Is the Law – Toyah Merry Twistmas – Conway Twitty Music for the Hard of Thinking – Doug and the Slugs Naked – Kissing the Pink Night Dubbing – Imagination Not of this World – Petra One Night with a Stranger – Martin Briley Over the Edge – Wipers Party Tonight – Modern Romance Passionfruit – Michael FranksPlatinum Blonde – Platinum Blonde (debut EP)Playback – SSQ Privilege – Ivor Cutler Prodigal Sons – The Dubliners Neruda – Red Rider The Real Macaw – Graham Parker Riding with the King – John Hiatt Secretos – José José Shine On – George Jones Shock Troops – Cock Sparrer Sleep in Safety – 45 Grave Song and Legend – Sex Gang Children The Southern Death Cult – Southern Death Cult Speeding Time – Carole King The Spell - Syreeta Wright Stages – Elaine Paige Star People – Miles Davis Steeler – Steeler (Yngwie Malmsteen & Ron Keel's 1st band, This band's only release) Strive to Survive Causing Least Suffering Possible – Flux of Pink Indians Struggle for Pleasure – Wim Mertens Sub Pop 9 – Various Artists Syncro System – King Sunny Ade and his African Beats Tales from the Lush Attic – IQ Thank You for the Music – ABBA – compilation That's the Way Love Goes – Merle Haggard Third Generation – Hiroshima A Todo Rock – Menudo Tougher Than Leather – Willie Nelson Travels – The Pat Metheny Group Trick of the Light – Modern Romance Urban Dancefloor Guerillas – P-Funk All-Stars Visions (Gladys Knight & the Pips album) - Gladys Knight & the Pips A Walk Across the Rooftops – Blue Nile Water Sign – Chris Rea We Are One – Maze featuring Frankie Beverly We've Got Tonight – Kenny Rogers Weeds & Water – Riders in the Sky When the Going Gets Tough, the Tough Get Going – Bow Wow Wow Words and Music – Tavares XXV – The Shadows Yes Sir, I Will – Crass Yokan (Hunch) – Miyuki Nakajima You Ain't Seen Nothing Yet – Bachman–Turner Overdrive – compilation Zeichnungen des Patienten O. T. (Drawings of Patient O. T.) – Einstürzende Neubauten Biggest hit singles The following songs achieved the highest chart positions in the charts of 1983. Significant songs Published popular music "I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues" w. Bernie Taupin m. Elton John "An Innocent Man" w.m. Billy Joel "Karma Chameleon" w.m. George O'Dowd, Jon Moss, Roy Hay, Mikey Craig & Phil Rickett "Uptown Girl" w.m. Billy Joel "Total Eclipse of the Heart" – w.m. Jim Steinman Classical music Premieres Compositions Vyacheslav Artyomov – Tristia for solo piano, organ, trumpet, vibraphone and strings Jean-Baptiste Barrière – Chreode I John Cage – Thirty Pieces for String Quartet Friedrich Cerha – Requiem für Hollensteiner George Crumb – Processional for piano Jean Daetwyler – Concerto for Alphorn, Flute, Saxophone and Strings No. 2 Mario Davidovsky – Romancero, for soprano, flute (piccolo, alto flute), clarinet (bass clarinet), violin and violoncello Lorenzo Ferrero Ellipse for flute Onde for guitar Karel Goeyvaerts – Aquarius I (Voorspel)—L’ère du Verseau, for orchestra Jacques Hétu – Clarinet Concerto Simeon ten Holt – Lemniscaat, for keyboard (1982–1983) Wojciech Kilar – fanfare Victoria for mixed choir and orchestra Witold Lutosławski – Symphony No. 3 (1972–83) Krzysztof Penderecki – Viola Concerto John Pickard – Nocturne in Black and Gold Peter Sculthorpe – Piano concerto Karlheinz Stockhausen – Luzifers Tanz, for wind orchestra Iannis Xenakis – Shaar Morton Feldman – Crippled Symmetry Opera Robert Ashley – Perfect Lives (An opera for television) Leonard Bernstein – A Quiet Place Oliver Knussen – Where the Wild Things Are (children's) Olivier Messiaen – Saint François d'Assise Per Nørgård – Det guddommelige Tivoli (The Divine Circus) Jazz Musical theater La Cage aux Folles – Broadway production opened at the Palace Theatre and ran for 1781 performances Doonesbury – Broadway production opened at the Biltmore Theatre and ran for 104 performances Mame (Jerry Herman) – Broadway revival Merlin – Broadway production opened at the Mark Hellinger Theatre and ran for 199 performances Oliver! (Lionel Bart) – London revival On Your Toes – Broadway revival My One and Only – Broadway production opened at the St. James Theatre and ran for 767 performances Singin' in the Rain – London production The Tap Dance Kid – Broadway production opened at the Broadhurst Theatre and ran for 699 performances Zorba – Broadway revival Musical films Carmen Eddie and the Cruisers Flashdance Le Bal Mangammagari Manavadu Narcissus Neti Bharatam The Pirates of Penzance Rock & Rule Staying Alive Yentl Musical television Salad Days Births January–April births January births January 13 – William Hung, American musician January 18 – Samantha Mumba, Irish singer and actress January 19 – Hikaru Utada, Japanese singer and songwriter January 20 – Mari Yaguchi, Japanese singer (Morning Musume) and host January 21 – Rapsody, American rapper January 24 – Frankie Grande, American actor, singer, and dancer January 25 – Andrée Watters, Canadian singer January 30 – Ella Hooper, Australian rock singer-songwriter, musician, radio presenter and TV personality (Killing Heidi + The Verses) February births February 1 – Andrew VanWyngarden, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (MGMT) February 5 – Baby K, Singaporean-Italian singer-songwriter February 8 – Jim Verraros, American singer February 10 – Bless, Canadian rapper February 13 – Joel Little, New Zealand record producer, musician and Grammy Award-winning songwriter (Lorde, Taylor Swift) February 17 – Kevin Rudolf, American record producer and musician February 19 – Mika Nakashima, Japanese singer and actress March births March 3 – Katie White, British singer (The Ting Tings) March 8 – Piano Squall, American pianist March 9 – Mayte Perroni, Mexican singer and actress March 10 – Carrie Underwood, American singer/songwriter March 11 – Thiaguinho, Brazilian singer-songwriter March 14 – Taylor Hanson American band member (Hanson) March 15 – Florencia Bertotti, Argentine actress and singer March 19 – Ana Rezende (Cansei de Ser Sexy), Brazilian March 29 Luiza Sá (Cansei de Ser Sexy), Brazilian Jamie Woon, British singer, songwriter and record producer, March 30 – Hebe Tian, member of the Taiwanese girl-group S.H.E March 31 – 40 (record producer), Canadian record producer, collaborator with Drake April births April 4 – Tei, Korean ballad singer April 15 – Margo Price, American singer-songwriter April 16 – Marié Digby, American singer, songwriter, guitarist, and pianist April 18 – Reeve Carney, American singer-songwriter and actor April 20 – Sebastian Ingrosso, Swedish DJ, actor and record producer. May–August births May births May – October (singer), British musician, producer, singer-songwriter, experimentalist and recording artist May 8 Bondan Prakoso, Indonesian singer Matt Willis, British musician (Busted) and presenter May 10 – Moshe Peretz, Israeli musician May 11 – Holly Valance, Australian actress, singer and model. May 14 – Anahí, Mexican singer and actress May 15 – Devin Bronson, American guitarist, songwriter and producer June births June 2 – Brooke White, American singer June 3 – Kelela, American singer and songwriter. June 8 – Lee Harding, Australian singer June 15 – Laura Imbruglia, Australian indie rock singer-songwriter. June 16 – Jen Majura, German guitarist, bassist and singer. June 17 Connie Fisher, British actress and singer Lee Ryan, British singer June 27 – Evan Taubenfeld, American guitarist, singer, and songwriter (Avril Lavigne) June 30 Patrick Wolf, English singer-songwriter Cheryl, former member of Girls Aloud, British singer-songwriter and television personality July births July 1 Leeteuk, South Korean singer-songwriter and actor. Marit Larsen, Norwegian musician (M2M) July 2 – Michelle Branch, American singer-songwriter and musician (The Wreckers) July 3 Steph Jones, American singer-songwriter Matt Papa, American singer-songwriter July 4 Ben Jorgensen, American singer, guitarist, member of Armor For Sleep Andrew Mrotek, American drummer (The Academy Is...) July 7 – Ciara Newell, Irish singer (Bellefire) July 9 – Lucia Micarelli, violinist and actress July 10 – Heechul, South Korean singer, songwriter July 11 Megan Marie Hart, opera singer Marie Serneholt (A*Teens) July 18 – Aaron Gillespie, drummer (Underoath) July 21 – Eivør Pálsdóttir, Faroese singer and composer July 23 – Bec Hewitt, Australian singer, dancer, and actor July 24 – Morgan Sorne, American singer-songwriter and multi-media artist August births August 7 – Christian Chávez, Mexican singer and actor August 8 – Vanessa Amorosi, Australian singer/songwriter August 9 – Ashley Johnson, American actress, voice actress and singer. August 14 – Sunidhi Chauhan, playback singer August 18 Danny!, American record producer/recording artist Mika, British singer Emma McKenna, Canadian singer-songwriter August 19 Tammin Sursok, South African-born Australian actress and singer. Missy Higgins, Australian singer-songwriter, musician and actress. August 21 - Brody Jenner, American dj August 25 – James Righton, English musician, multi instrumentalist August 28 – Alfonso Herrera, Mexican singer and actor August 30 – Jun Matsumoto, Japanese singer and actor September–December births September births September 12 – Frank Dukes, Canadian record producer and dj September 14 – Amy Winehouse, English soul, jazz, blues and rnb singer-songwriter (died 2011) September 17 – Jennifer Peña, American singer and actress September 25 – Donald Glover, American actor, comedian, writer, director, rapper, and DJ September 30 – T-Pain, American rapper & singer-songwriter October births October 7 – Flying Lotus, American rapper and producer, founded Brainfeeder October 10 Alyson Hau, Hong Kong radio DJ Jack Savoretti, English acoustic artist (Kylie Minogue) Lzzy Hale, American singer, songwriter, and musician. (Halestorm) October 20 – Alona Tal, Israeli singer and actress. October 22 – Plan B, English hip hop rapper October 24 – Adrienne Bailon, American singer and actress October 26 – Houston, American R&B singer October 29 Amit Sebastian Paul, Swedish singer (A-Teens) Richard Brancatisano, Australian actor/musician October 30 – Diana Karazon, Jordanian singer November births November 7 – Forrest Kline, American singer and songwriter (Hellogoodbye) November 10 – Miranda Lambert, American country musician November 14 Lil Boosie, American rapper Chelsea Wolfe, American singer-songwriter November 16 Fallon Bowman, South African–born guitarist (Kittie) K, South Korean singer November 27 – Nyla, Jamaican singer and songwriter (Brick & Lace) November 28 Rostam Batmanglij, American musician (Vampire Weekend) Tyler Glenn, American alternative singer (Neon Trees) December births December 3 – Sherri DuPree, American singer-songwriter December 12 – Katrina Elam, American country singer-songwriter December 15 – Brooke Fraser, New Zealand singer-songwriter, musician December 17 – Kosuke Saito, Japanese DJ December 29 – Jessica Andrews, American country music singer December 31 – Sayaka Ichii, Japanese singer (Morning Musume) Birth date unknown unknown Dan Sultan, Australian alternative rock singer-songwriter-guitarist Joseph Tawadros, Egyptian-born Australian oud virtuoso Deaths January–April deaths January deaths January 5 – Amy Evans, operatic soprano and actress, 98 January 7 – Edith Coates, operatic mezzo-soprano, 74 January 28 – Billy Fury, singer, 42 (heart attack) January 31 – Lorraine Ellison, soul singer, 51 February deaths February 4 – Karen Carpenter, singer and drummer, 32 (cardiac arrest due to anorexia nervosa) February 8 Charles Kullman, operatic tenor, 80 Alfred Wallenstein, cellist, 84 February 12 – Eubie Blake, pianist, 96 February 18 – Leopold Godowsky, Jr., violinist and chemist, 82 February 22 – Sir Adrian Boult, conductor, 93 February 23 – Herbert Howells, organist and composer, 90 February 28 – Winifred Atwell, Trinidadian pianist, 69 March deaths March 6 – Cathy Berberian, singer and composer, 57 March 7 Igor Markevitch, Ukrainian composer and conductor, 70 William Walton, British composer, 80 April deaths April 4 – Danny Rapp (Danny and the Juniors), 41 (suicide by gunshot) April 5 – Cliff Carlisle, country and blues singer, 79 April 13 – Dolo Coker, jazz pianist and composer, 55 April 14 – Pete Farndon (The Pretenders), English bassist, 30 (drug overdose) April 17 – Felix Pappalardi, American producer and bassist, 43 (gunshot) April 23 – Earl Hines, American jazz pianist, 79 April 30 Muddy Waters, blues singer and guitarist, 70 (heart attack) George Balanchine, Russian-American choreographer, 79 May–August deaths May deaths May 23 George Bruns, film composer, 68 Finn Mortensen, composer and music critic, 61 May 25 – Paul Quinichette, saxophonist, 67 June deaths June 2 – Stan Rogers, folk musician, 33 June 25 – Alberto Ginastera, Argentine composer, 67 July 4 – Claus Adam, cellist, 66 July 5 – Harry James, bandleader, 67 July deaths July 12 – Chris Wood, rock musician, 39 July 23 – Georges Auric, French composer, member of Les Six, 84 July 27 – Jerome Moross, composer, conductor and orchestrator, 69 July 30 – Howard Dietz, lyricist, 86 August deaths August 2 – James Jamerson, bassist, 47 August 3 – Helge Bonnén, pianist and composer, 87 August 6 – Klaus Nomi, singer, 39 (complications from AIDS) August 13 – Zdeněk Liška, Czech film composer, 61 August 14 – Omer Létourneau, pianist, organist, composer and conductor, 92 August 17 – Ira Gershwin, American lyricist, 86 August 24 – Arkady Filippenko, composer, 71 September–December deaths September deaths September 5 – John Gilpin, dancer, 53 (heart attack) September 24 – Isobel Baillie, operatic soprano, 88 September 25 – Paul Jacobs, American pianist, 53 (complications from AIDS) October deaths October 16 Øivin Fjeldstad, violinist and conductor, 80 George Liberace, violinist and arranger, 72 November deaths November 3 – Alfredo Antonini, conductor, 82 November 7 – Germaine Tailleferre, composer, only female member of Les Six, 88 November 15 – John Grimaldi, English keyboard player and songwriter (Argent), 28 November 19 – Tommy Evans, bassist of the rock group Badfinger, 36 (suicide) December deaths December 6 – Lucienne Boyer, French singer, 80 December 11 – Simon Laks, Polish composer and violinist, 82 December 28 – Dennis Wilson, American singer, songwriter and drummer, 39 (drowned) Death date unknown date unknown Antonio Mairena, Andalusian flamenco singer, 73 or 74 Pat Smythe, Scottish-born jazz pianist, 59 or 60 Awards Grammy Awards Grammy Awards of 1983 Country Music Association Awards Eurovision Song Contest Eurovision Song Contest 1983 Charts List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1983 1983 in music (UK) :Category:Record labels established in 1983 See also Ronald Reagan in music References 20th century in music Music by year

Cobra Kai is an American martial arts comedy-drama television series and a sequel to the original The Karate Kid films by Robert Mark Kamen. The series was created by Josh Heald, Jon Hurwitz, and Hayden Schlossberg, and is distributed by Sony Pictures Television. It stars Ralph Macchio and William Zabka, who reprise their roles as Daniel LaRusso and Johnny Lawrence from the 1984 film The Karate Kid and its sequels, The Karate Kid Part II (1986) and The Karate Kid Part III (1989). Set 34 years later, Cobra Kai continues the original Karate Kid saga, last seen in The Next Karate Kid (1994). In particular, it re-examines the "Miyagi-Verse" narrative from Johnny's point of view, his decision to reopen the Cobra Kai karate dojo, and the rekindling of his old rivalry with Daniel. Cobra Kai also stars Courtney Henggeler, Xolo Maridueña, Tanner Buchanan, Mary Mouser, Jacob Bertrand, Gianni DeCenzo, Peyton List, and Vanessa Rubio, with Martin Kove and Thomas Ian Griffith also reprising their roles from the films. The series has high viewership on both YouTube and Netflix, and has received critical acclaim. The third season was nominated for "Outstanding Comedy Series" at the 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards. The first season launched on YouTube Red in 2018, with a second season following in 2019. After production of season three was completed, YouTube decided to stop producing scripted original programming, leaving the show without a home. Netflix acquired the series in June 2020, and released the third season on January 1, 2021. Netflix renewed the series for a fourth season, which released on December 31, 2021. In August 2021, ahead of the fourth season premiere, the series was renewed for a fifth season. Plot Thirty-four years after being defeated by Daniel LaRusso in the 1984 All-Valley Karate Tournament, Johnny Lawrence, now in his 50s, works as a part-time handyman and lives in an apartment in Reseda, Los Angeles, having fallen far from the wealthy lifestyle in Encino that he had been accustomed to growing up due to suffering from depression and alcoholism after being traumatized by Kreese's assault against him (from The Karate Kid Part II). He has a son named Robby from a previous relationship whom he abandoned following his birth. After losing his job due to an argument with one of his clients, a down-and-out Johnny uses karate to defend his new teenage neighbor Miguel Diaz from a group of bullies. Initially reluctant, Johnny agrees to train Miguel in karate and decides to reopen the Cobra Kai karate dojo as a chance to recapture his past; however, this act reawakens his rivalry with Daniel, who was a 2-time All Valley champion (in 1984 and 1985) and is now the owner of a highly successful car dealership chain, is married to co-owner Amanda, and has two children: Samantha and Anthony. Daniel is finally living the wealthy lifestyle he envied as a kid when he lived in Reseda. However, after his friend and mentor Mr. Miyagi died, Daniel's struggle to meaningfully connect with his children has disrupted the balance in his life. Meanwhile, his mother Lucille, his other source of support, has a complicated relationship with Amanda. Johnny's dojo attracts a group of bullied social outcasts who find camaraderie and self-confidence under his tutelage, a marked contrast to the kind of students Johnny and his friends were when training in the original Cobra Kai run by John Kreese. Johnny develops a bond with Miguel in a manner that resembles the relationship between Daniel and Mr. Miyagi. Cobra Kai's philosophy, however, remains mostly unchanged, though Johnny tries to infuse it with more honor than Kreese did. Thus, Miguel develops into a very different kind of student than Daniel, or even Johnny, was; he also begins dating Samantha. As a means of revenge against his estranged father, Robby convinces Amanda to hire him for a position at the LaRusso Auto dealership and develops a close friendship with Daniel, who is initially unaware of Robby's parentage. He even studies Mr. Miyagi's form of Karate with Daniel and befriends and eventually starts dating Samantha after her breakup with Miguel. She eventually joins her father's dojo, along with some Cobra Kai defectors. Miguel later begins dating a new Cobra Kai student, Tory Nichols, who becomes Sam's arch-rival. Johnny's efforts to reform Cobra Kai are threatened by the unexpected reappearance of Kreese, who aspires to bring the dojo back to its originally ruthless form while instigating further conflict between the rival dojos. The story's development revolves around these primary relationships, which lead to conflicts that are ultimately the product of Daniel and Johnny's inability to move away from the past. Cast and characters Overview Archival footage The following characters only appear via archival footage from the film series: Pat Morita as Mr. Miyagi Chad McQueen as Dutch Israel Juarbe as Freddy Fernandez Danny Kamekona as Sato Toguchi Nobu McCarthy as Yukie Sean Kanan as Mike Barnes Robyn Lively as Jessica Andrews Episodes Production The thematic genesis for Cobra Kai began with two works of pop culture. First, the 2007 music video for the song "Sweep the Leg" by No More Kings stars William Zabka (who also directed the video) as a caricature of himself as Johnny, and features references to The Karate Kid, including cameo appearances by Zabka's former Karate Kid co-stars. In a 2010 interview, Zabka jokingly discussed this video in the context of his vision that Johnny was the true hero of the film. Then, in 2013, Macchio and Zabka made guest appearances as themselves in the television sitcom How I Met Your Mother ("The Bro Mitzvah"). In the episode, Macchio is invited to Barney Stinson's bachelor party, leading to Barney shouting that he hates Macchio and that Johnny was the real hero of The Karate Kid. Towards the end of the episode, a clown in the party wipes off his makeup and reveals himself as Zabka. Development Cobra Kai was greenlit on August 4, 2017, with ten half-hour episodes, written and executive produced by Josh Heald, Jon Hurwitz, and Hayden Schlossberg. Although the series received offers from Netflix, Amazon, Hulu, and AMC, it ultimately ended up on the subscription service YouTube Red. The trio was joined by executive producers James Lassiter and Caleeb Pinkett of Overbrook Entertainment in association with Sony Pictures Television. YouTube Premium released the first season on May 2, 2018, and the second season on April 24, 2019. The creators of the series explored moving to another platform ahead of the season two premiere, but the deal did not go through. The third season was produced for YouTube and was initially set for a 2020 release. However, on May 28, 2020, Deadline Hollywood announced that the series would be leaving YouTube and moving to another streaming platform, ahead of its third-season premiere. As YouTube was not interested in renewing the series for a fourth season, the producers wanted to find a streaming venue that would leave that option open. On June 22, 2020, it was announced that the show would be moving to Netflix, taking the third season with them. Netflix released the first two seasons from YouTube on August 28, 2020, and the new third season on January 1, 2021. On October 2, 2020, Netflix announced an early renewal for a fourth season, prior to season 3 being released. As part of a video and letter to its shareholders in April 2021, Netflix's co-chief executive officer and chief content officer, Ted Sarandos confirmed that the fourth season of Cobra Kai would appear sometime in Q4 2021. On August 27, 2021, ahead of the fourth season premiere, Netflix renewed the series for a fifth season. Miyagi-Verse Characters from the original four films The Karate Kid (1984), The Karate Kid Part II (1986), The Karate Kid Part III (1989), The Next Karate Kid (1994) comprise the Miyagi-verse that shapes Cobra Kai. Thus, after the launch of Season 1, Elisabeth Shue (Ali Mills) from The Karate Kid, Tamlyn Tomita (Kumiko) and Yuji Okumoto (Chozen Toguchi) from The Karate Kid II, and Robyn Lively (Jessica Andrews) and Thomas Ian Griffith (Terry Silver) from The Karate Kid III, all discussed whether or not they would like to appear in the series. Sean Kanan (Mike Barnes) (also from Karate Kid III) stated in a 2021 interview (when asked if Barnes will appear in the series) that "you probably haven't seen the last of him." Finally, although Hilary Swank (who as Julie Pierce replaced Daniel as Mr. Miyagi's student in The Next Karate Kid), has neither confirmed nor denied her interest, she did acknowledge that it would be a chance to have a "showdown" with Ralph Macchio. In December 2020, the series' co-creators stated that: "In our writers' room we speak about literally every character that has appeared in the Miyagi-verse, so it's obvious that we've spoken about Julie Pierce. As to whether or not she'll return to the series, that's something you'll just have to wait to find out." In 2020, Jon Hurwitz clarified that the "Karate Kid cartoon is not canon. But there is an Easter egg from it in Season 3," in response to the question as to whether "the Karate Kid animated series [is] official within the Karate Kid universe?" The Easter egg was "the Miyagi-Do shrine, briefly seen at Chozen Toguchi's dojo in Okinawa halfway through the season. The artifacts were recovered by Daniel LaRusso and Mister Miyagi in the short-lived Karate Kid animated series, which ran for thirteen episodes in 1989." In a 2021 interview with Slashfilm, the writers noted that they will not be using characters from the 2010 film The Karate Kid, as they are not a part of the "Miyagi-verse": "We've ruled that out completely. Jackie Chan is mentioned in season 1 of the show as an actor, so I think in our world, Jackie Chan is an actor and a performer. If the characters on our show have seen a movie called The Karate Kid, they've seen that one." Casting In Season 1, Ralph Macchio and William Zabka revived their Karate Kid characters, Daniel LaRusso and Johnny Lawrence. Additional Karate Kid actors included Randee Heller, who reprised her role as Lucille LaRusso (Daniel's mother), and Martin Kove, who revived his role as John Kreese. The cast list for Season One was announced on October 24, 2017, and included Xolo Maridueña, Mary Mouser, Tanner Buchanan, and Courtney Henggeler. Ed Asner was cast in a guest role as Johnny's verbally abusive step-father, Sid Weinberg. On December 19, 2017, Vanessa Rubio joined the cast as Miguel's mother. In Season 2, Ralph Macchio, William Zabka, Xolo Mariduena, Tanner Buchanan, Mary Mouser, and Courtney Henggeler all returned, with Jacob Bertrand, Gianni DeCenzo, and Martin Kove being promoted to series regulars and newcomers Paul Walter Hauser and Peyton List joining the cast. Actors from The Karate Kid, Rob Garrison (Tommy), Ron Thomas (Bobby), Tony O'Dell (Jimmy), and Randee Heller (Lucille LaRusso) made guest appearances during this season. In Season 3, Ralph Macchio, William Zabka, Xolo Mariduena, Tanner Buchanan, Mary Mouser, and Courtney Henggeler all returned. Actors from The Karate Kid and The Karate Kid II, Elisabeth Shue (Ali Mills), Ron Thomas (Bobby), Tamlyn Tomita (Kumiko), Traci Toguchi (Yuna), and Yuji Okumoto (Chozen Toguchi) all made guest appearances during this season. In Season 4, Vanessa Rubio and Peyton List were promoted to series regulars, while Dallas Dupree Young and Oona O'Brien were cast in recurring roles. In addition, Thomas Ian Griffith reprised his role as Terry Silver from The Karate Kid III, and actors from The Karate Kid and The Karate Kid II, Yuji Okumoto (Chozen Toguchi) and Randee Heller (Lucille LaRusso), made guest appearances. Filming Principal photography for the first season began in October 2017 in Atlanta, Georgia. Filming took place at various locations throughout that month at places including Union City, Marietta, and the Briarcliff Campus of Emory University. In November 2017, shooting moved to locales such as the North Atlanta Soccer Association Tophat fields in East Cobb. In December 2017, the production was working out of Marietta and Conyers. Various exterior shots were also filmed in parts of Los Angeles such as Tarzana and Encino. Exterior locations included Golf N' Stuff in Norwalk and the South Seas Apartments in Reseda, both of which were originally featured in The Karate Kid. Principal photography for the second season began in September 2018 in Atlanta, Georgia. In October 2018, production continued around Atlanta with shooting also occurring in Marietta. In November 2018, the series was filming in Union City. In December 2018, shooting transpired at the closed Rio Bravo Cantina restaurant in Atlanta. Principal photography for the fourth season began in February 2021 and ended in April 2021 in Atlanta, Georgia. Filming for the fifth season began in September 2021, and finished in December 2021. Release Marketing In January 2018, the series was promoted at the annual Television Critics Association's winter press tour where YouTube's global head of original content Susanne Daniels described the show saying, "It is a half an hour format but I would call it a dramedy. I think it leans into the tone of the movies in that there are dramatic moments throughout. I think it's very faithful really in some ways to what the movie set about doing, the lessons imparted in the movie if you will. It's next generation Karate Kid." The first trailer was released on February 15, 2018, the second on March 1, 2018, and the third a week later. The final official trailer was released on March 21, 2018, and included the announcement that the show would premiere on May 2, 2018. On April 17, 2019, YouTube Premium released a six-minute commercial parodying ESPN's 30 for 30, featuring the main cast members and select ESPN personalities analyzing the 1984 match between Daniel and Johnny. It was nominated for a Clio Award. Premiere The series held its world premiere on April 24, 2018, at the SVA Theatre in New York City, New York, during the annual Tribeca Film Festival. Following the screening, a discussion was held with writers, directors, and executive producers Hayden Schlossberg, Jon Hurwitz, and Josh Heald, in addition to series stars and co-executive producers William Zabka and Ralph Macchio. On April 25, 2018, YouTube partnered with Fathom Events for special screenings of the first two episodes of the series at around 700 movie theaters across the United States. The event also included a screening of the original film. Reception Critical response At the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the entire series (Seasons 1–4) received a 93% approval rating. The first season had a positive response from critics. At the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a 100% approval rating, with an average score of 7.50 out of 10 based on 49 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads: "Cobra Kai continues the Karate Kid franchise with a blend of pleasantly corny nostalgia and teen angst, elevated by a cast of well-written characters." Cobra Kai was 2018's best-reviewed TV drama on Rotten Tomatoes. Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 72 out of 100 based on 11 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". The second season had a positive response from critics. At the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an 90% approval rating with an average score of 7.40 out of 10, based on 31 reviews. Its critical consensus reads: "While Cobra Kai's subversive kick no longer carries the same gleeful impact of its inaugural season, its second round is still among the best around – no amount of mid-life crisis and teenage ennui's ever gonna keep it down." Metacritic's weighted average assigned the second season a score of 66 out of 100, based on 7 critics, indicating generally favorable reviews. The third season of the series had a positive response from critics. At the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an 90% approval rating, with an average score of 8.00 out of 10 based on 51 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads: "By pairing its emotional punches with stronger humor, Cobra Kai's third season finds itself in fine fighting form." On Metacritic with his weighted average, assigned a score of 72 out of 100, based on 15 critics, indicating generally favorable reviews. The fourth season had a positive response from critics. As of January 27, 2022 it holds a 95% approval rating, with an average score of 7.90 out of 10 based on 37 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads: "Cobra Kai still delights in a fourth season that mines great fun from shifting alliances, chiefly the uneasy truce between Johnny Lawrence and Daniel LaRusso." Metacritic's weighted average assigned the fourth season a score of 70 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating generally favorable reviews. Viewership YouTube The first episode, which was posted on YouTube for free along with episode two, had been viewed 5.4 million times within the first 24 hours. While it was noted that the response had been, in part, a result of YouTube releasing the episode for free, it was noted by Cinema Blends Britt Lawrence that, "YouTube Red's new series debuted to numbers that should make rival streaming services take notice." By October 30, 2018, ahead of the second-season premiere, YouTube was promoting the report that the first episode had then been viewed over 50 million times. The first episode was No. 8 on YouTube's list of ten top-trending videos of 2018. According to market research company Parrot Analytics, the first season of Cobra Kai was the world's most in-demand streaming television show during May 2018. Parrot Analytics later reported that the second season of Cobra Kai was the world's most in-demand digital television show during April 2019 through May 2019. , the season 1 premiere has over 90million views, and the season 2 premiere has over 86million views. Netflix After the series moved to Netflix in August 2020, Season 1 and Season 2 of Cobra Kai became the most-watched series on the platform. It was the most-watched show on streaming media in the United States between August 29 and September 6, according to Nielsen ratings. During the week, the show's 20 episodes drew nearly streaming minutes in the United States. The first season was watched on Netflix by member households in its first four weeks, making Cobra Kai the most-streamed show on Netflix during the month of September 2020. In February 2021, after the release of Season 3, Forbes announced that it "kicked off 2021 as one of most viewed original series on a streaming platform". During the period of December 28, 2020January 3, 2021, it came in "second only to Netflix's Bridgerton", with over 2.6 billion viewing minutes. Cobra Kai then moved to first place during the period of January 4–10, 2021. Cultural commentary Critics offered cultural commentary in response to the third season of Cobra Kai (January 2021). Jen Yamato of Los Angeles Times stated that by the end of season three, "there are now three white men at the center of Cobra Kai, a franchise rooted in and deeply indebted to Eastern tradition." Gustavo Arellano of Los Angeles Times suggested that Cobra Kai offers a "way forward for all of us during these tumultuous times", as he "saw this uplifting season [3] finale the weekend before the Jan. 6 U.S. Capitol invasion. The Hollywood Reporter, former NBA champion and student of martial arts Kareem Abdul-Jabbar suggested that his friend and teacher, the late Bruce Lee, was linked to the influence of the original Karate Kid films. Finally, Albert Wu and Michelle Kuo of the Los Angeles Review of Books argued that while the original Karate Kid "film functioned as a post-Vietnam critique of American empire, staking its position explicitly: pacifism over violence, peace over war, an admittedly romanticized version of Eastern wisdom over the macho bravado of jock culture," Cobra Kai "models" the "unending appeal" of the "American Empire." Awards and nominations |- | rowspan="5" align="center"| 2018 | rowspan="2" align="center"| Teen Choice Awards | Choice Summer TV Show | Cobra Kai | | rowspan="2" align="center"| |- | Choice Summer TV Star | Xolo Maridueña | |- | align="center"| Imagen Awards | Best Young Actor – Television | Xolo Maridueña | | align="center"| |- | align="center"| Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards | Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Comedy Series or Variety Program | Hiro Koda | | align="center"| |- | align="center"| Rotten Tomatoes | Golden Tomato (Best TV Drama) | Cobra Kai | | align="center"| |- | rowspan="4" align="center"| 2019 | align="center"| Shorty Awards | Best Web Series | Cobra Kai | | align="center"| |- | align="center"| Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards | Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Comedy Series or Variety Program | Hiro Koda | | align="center"| |- | align="center"| Teen Choice Awards | Choice Summer TV Show | Cobra Kai | | align="center"| |- | align="center"| Clio Awards | Television/Streaming: Social Media-30 for 30 | Cobra Kai | | align="center"| |- | rowspan="13" align="center"| 2021 | align="center"| Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards | Favorite Family TV Show | Cobra Kai | | align="center"| |- | rowspan="3" align="center"| MTV Movie & TV Awards | Best Show | Cobra Kai | | rowspan="3" align="center"| |- | Best Fight | "Finale House Fight" | |- | Best Musical Moment | "I Wanna Rock" | |- | align="center"| Screen Actors Guild Awards | Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Comedy or Drama Series | Cobra Kai | | align="center"| |- | align="center"| Hollywood Critics Association TV Awards | Best Streaming Series, Comedy | Cobra Kai | | align="center"| |- | align="center"| Primetime Emmy Awards | Outstanding Comedy Series | Hayden Schlossberg, Jon Hurwitz, Josh Heald, Caleeb Pinkett, Susan Ekins, James Lassiter, Will Smith, Ralph Macchio, William Zabka, Luan Thomas, Joe Piarulli, Michael Jonathan Smith, Stacey Harman, Bob Dearden and Bob Wilson | | rowspan="4" align="center"| |- | rowspan="3" align="center"| Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards | Outstanding Sound Editing for a Comedy or Drama Series (Half-Hour) and Animation | Patrick Hogan, Jesse Pomeroy, Daniel Salas, Ryne Gierke, AJ Shapiro, Andres Locsey, Shane Bruce and Mitchell Kohen | |- | Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (Half-Hour) and Animation | Joe DeAngelis, Chris Carpenter, Mike Filosa and Phil McGowan | |- | Outstanding Stunt Performance | Jahnel Curfman, Julia Maggio, John Cihangir and Marc Canonizado | |- | rowspan="3" align="center"| People's Choice Awards | The Show of 2021 | rowspan="3" | Cobra Kai | | rowspan="3" align="center"| |- | The Drama Show of 2021 | |- | The Bingeworthy Show of 2021 | |- | rowspan="5" align="center"| 2022 | align="center"| Screen Actors Guild Awards | Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Comedy or Drama Series | Cobra Kai | | align="center"| |} Home media During the show's time on YouTube Red, it was announced that Cobra Kai would not be released on DVD. However, once the show made its move to Netflix, Sony Pictures released the first and second seasons in a "Collector's Edition" DVD set on November 24, 2020 in the United States. On January 11, 2022, Sony Pictures will release the third season on DVD in the United States. The series has also been released on Blu-ray in the United Kingdom. Soundtracks Season 1 Madison Gate Records released the official soundtrack on May 4, 2018. La-La Land Records released the physical version of the soundtrack with additional tracks in June 2018. The soundtrack CD was released in Australia on January 8, 2018. Track listing Cobra Kai: Wax Off – EP Madison Gate Records released an extended play entitled Cobra Kai: Wax Off – EP on July 23, 2021, featuring extended versions of four previously released tracks from the first two seasons soundtracks. Track listing Video games Cobra Kai: The Karate Kid Saga Continues, a video game based on the series, was released for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch on October 27, 2020, and for Microsoft Windows on January 5, 2021. A mobile game entitled Cobra Kai: Card Fighter was released on March 19, 2021, on iOS and Android devices. References External links (includes trailers for all seasons) The Karate Kid and Cobra Kai (video) – Reunited Apart, December 21, 2020 Whoopi Goldberg Shares Thoughts on "Cobra Kai" Series (video) – The View, September 09, 2020 Ralph Macchio and William Zabka Discuss "Cobra Kai" and Reminisce About Mr. Miyagi (video) – The View, January 12, 2021 What if the Karate Kid Isn't the Hero? (podcast) – The New York Times, January 28, 2021 Cobra Kai 2010s American comedy-drama television series 2010s American high school television series 2010s American teen drama television series 2020s American comedy-drama television series 2020s American high school television series 2020s American teen drama television series 2018 American television series debuts Coming-of-age television shows English-language Netflix original programming English-language television shows Japan in non-Japanese culture Live action television shows based on films Martial arts television series Midlife crisis in television Television series about bullying Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television series set in 1965 Television series set in 1968 Television series set in 1979 Television series set in 1984 Television series set in 2018 Television shows filmed in Atlanta Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television shows set in Los Angeles Television shows adapted into video games YouTube Premium original series Works about school bullying Fictional rivalries

The Lehigh Canal or the Lehigh Navigation Canal is a navigable canal, beginning at the mouth of Nesquehoning Creek on the Lehigh River in eastern Pennsylvania in the United States. It was built in two sections over a span of twenty years, beginning in 1818. The lower section spanned the distance between Easton, Pennsylvania and present-day Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania. In Easton, the canal met the Delaware and Morris Canals, which allowed goods to be transported further up the east coast. At its height, the Lehigh Canal was long. Although the canal was used to transport a variety of products, its most significant cargoes were anthracite coal and pig iron, which proved cornerstones of the American Industrial Revolution. Their mining and transport defined the character of the towns surrounding the canal. The route consisted initially of canals and dammed-off sections of the Lehigh River. Boatmen had to navigate barges periodically from the canal through a lock onto the river or vice versa. This design saved time and money and made the canal functional while it was being built, although it made for a slower, more difficult trip for canal-boat captains. History Early history The Lehigh Coal Mine Company (LCMC) was founded in 1792, a few months after anthracite was discovered at Sharp Mountain (a peak of the Pisgah Ridge near present-day Summit Hill, Pennsylvania); Its principals secured rights to over before the Lehigh Canal was built. The company found it fairly easy to find and mine coal from a pit on the mountainside. The coal had to be loaded into sacks and then onto pack animals, which carried the coal at least to the Lehigh shore. Disposable skiffs known as arks were built from local timber, which were manned along the lower Lehigh River rapids. Despite many politically connected stockholders and officers, the operation was unsupervised by upper management. With no officer willing to manage from the field, the LCMC hired contractors or sent out teams, which was only sporadically successful in getting coal to Philadelphia. Firewood and charcoal were expensive and hard to find in the eastern U.S. by the War of 1812. Before the war, the LCMC's record of getting coal to market was so dismal that coal imported from England was cheaper and more readily available. The War of 1812 gave the company an incentive to send another expedition by independent contractors in 1813. After a year, they had built five boats but brought only two to market. This resulted in another financial loss for the company and proved the last straw for many of the company's backers, who were unwilling to fund more expeditions. The Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company, its founder Josiah White and White's protégé and partner Erskine Hazard (operations managers into the mid-1860s) established a reputation for innovation. White and Hazard researched (or invented) emerging technologies as needed, pioneering industrial innovations including the first wire suspension bridge over the Schuylkill River. Background The lower canal began as a collection of removed stone obstructions and low rock dams with a system of wooden "bear-trap locks" invented by Lehigh Navigation Company managing partner Josiah White, who debugged scale models of the lock design on Mauch Chunk Creek. Experiments with the bear-trap locks gave Bear Lane, an alley in Mauch Chunk off Broadway in today's Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania, its name. White and partner Erskine Hazard, who operated a wire mill, foundry and nail factory at the Falls of the Schuylkill, needed energy. After learning the value of anthracite during the British blockades in 1814, White and Hazard joined a number of Philadelphians in a joint-stock venture to build the Schuylkill Canal but quarreled with those on the board of managers who did not favor rapid development. They learned that the managers of the Lehigh Coal Mine Company were willing to option their rights because of their long-term inability to make a profit by transporting anthracite nearly from Pisgah Ridge. The Lehigh Navigation Company held a charter to improve the navigability of the Lehigh River, but had accomplished little and the charter would expire in 1817. White and Hazard made a proposal specifying improvements for downriver navigation only, and received a charter giving the company ownership of the river in March 1818. The charter had a fall-back provision allowing the legislature to require improvements enabling two-way navigation. Lower canal Sometimes called "The Stone Coal Turnpike", the lower canal () was built by the Lehigh Navigation Company as a "toll road" to supply coal to Eastern seaboard cities between 1818 and 1820 (downriver traffic only). It was rebuilt (with locks supporting two-way traffic) between 1827 and 1829 by the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company and remained in operation until 1931. The lower canal connected the eastern part of the southern Coal Region to the Delaware River basin (primarily the Panther Creek Valley, Nesquehoning Creek Valley and mines in Beaver Meadows and along Black Creek), connecting via Penn Haven Junction to the canal head at Mauch Chunk (now Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania). The lower canal began below Packers Dam. A wing wall projected into the upper pool to create slack water next to the loading docks, at the same level as the top of the first guard dam. That dam (known as Dam 1) was downstream of Broadway, opposite Flagstaff Hill and the cross-canal Bear Mountain for which Mauch Chunk was named. The 44 lift locks begin with Lock 1 at the dam. This was a weighing lock, using a platform which lifted a barge and weighed the boat and its load. Each non-LC&NC barge on the canal was recorded. Empty weights were subtracted, and tolls were assessed by the ton per mile traveled. Most of the 44 locks on the descent to Easton were spillway variants of White's bear-trap lock. When tipped or triggered, they released several acre-feet (creating a wave to raise the water level as the canal boat sank downriver). The canal carried central Lehigh Valley anthracite to northeastern urban markets, particularly Philadelphia, Trenton and Wilmington, and supporting new industry in Bristol, Allentown and Bethlehem, Pennsylvania with the Morris and Delaware and Raritan Canals and a number of railroads. The privately funded canal became part of the Pennsylvania Canal system, a complex of canals, towpaths and (eventually) railroads. Initial construction The lower canal improvements were initially designed and engineered by LC&N founder Josiah White after the company become disenchanted with the Schuylkill Canal's board of directors. By the winter of 1814, the company was interested in transporting Lehigh Valley coal to Philadelphia. By late 1822, skepticism about anthracite was waning. The cost of building an ark for every load of coal delivered to the Philadelphia docks in 1822 (as LC&N operations were hitting their stride) worried the company's board of directors. By mid-1822, managing director Josiah White was consulting with veteran Erie-Canal lock engineer Canvass White. By late in the year, White had shifted construction efforts from improving the one-way system (begun in 1818) to a test project on the four upper dams of the canal. The project involved two-way dams and locks with a wider lift channel and lengths of over , capable of taking a steam tug and a coastal cargo ship from from the Delaware to the slack-water pool at Mauch Chunk. In 1823, White and Hazard proposed a plan to the Pennsylvania legislature. Further construction In 1823, after building and testing four locks, Josiah White made a proposal to the Pennsylvania legislature to continue the improvements down the Lehigh River. His plan included locks suitable for a coastal schooner and towing steam tug, the types of boats which dominated ports along the of the Delaware River controlled by the LC&N. The following year, the legislature rejected his proposal; lumber and timber interests feared that damming would prevent them from rafting logs on the rivers to local sawmills. White and Hazard scrambled to increase mine production while producing enough lumber for arks to send their coal along the Delaware to Philadelphia. In 1827, a revision to the Main Line of Public Works funded the promised Delaware Canal. The LC&N began converting the canal to support two-way operation, work which continued into 1829. In 1831, the LC&N stopped making one-way arks and began building large, durable barges, expecting their return via a connection with the Delaware Division of the Pennsylvania Canal in Easton. The expanded Lehigh Canal extended , between Mauch Chunk and Easton. Its 52 locks, eight guard locks, eight dams and six aqueducts allowed the waterway to rise over in elevation. A weigh lock south of Mauch Chunk determined canal-boat fees. A cable-ferry connection across the Delaware River to the Morris Canal and through New Jersey created a more-direct route from the Lehigh Canal to New York City. To the south, the Delaware and Raritan Canal had a complementary canal built along the east bank of the Delaware. Upper canal Inspired by the successful transport of freight over the Allegheny Front escarpment via the Allegheny Portage Railroad system, during the mid-1830s the business community and the legislature sought a extension. The Upper Lehigh Canal, designed by Canvass White, was built from 1837 to 1843 as authorized by the 1837 revision of the Main Line of Public Works. The upper Lehigh was a turbulent river with steep sides; a large portion was in a ravine, the Lehigh Gorge. The upper canal rose over in elevation to the Mauch Chunk slack-water pool. Unlike the lower canal (where most locks lifted less than in easy stages, the upper-canal design relied on deep-lift locks. The maximum lift on the lower canal was less than , but the upper-canal locks lifted a maximum of ; this is comparable to the lift of the lower canal in a bit over half the distance, using less than as many locks per mile. The upper canal design's 20 dams, 29 locks and a number of reservoirs provided working flow even in dry summers. The project included four major construction hurdles and three new railroad projects, for which LC&N created a new subsidiary: the Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad (LH&S). From north to south, the rail projects were: The rail connection from the Pennsylvania Canal landing docks at Pittston to an assembly rail yard in Ashley The Ashley Planes incline plane railway to Solomon Gap (below Penobscot Knob) and through a cutting, a man-made ravine over deep connecting to an assembly rail yard in Mountain Top A marshaling yard in Mountain Top with a railroad running down a ridge to White Haven and the new upper-canal docks, with a turnaround staging yard at the docks. In 1855, as competition increased, the canal reached its peak of more than one million tons of cargo. After that, coal mined in the Schuylkill Valley supplanted coal supplied by the Lehigh Canal. Collapse The canal's collapse began when a wet spring in 1862 repeatedly overfilled embankment dam reservoirs until the dam above White Haven failed, triggering a cascade of failing dams in a flood on June 4. Between 100 or 200 lives were lost in the villages and canal works below, the number varying by source. The Pennsylvania legislature forbade the rebuilding of the upper canal. The canal was used for transportation until the 1940s (about a decade after similar canals ceased operations), and it was North America's last fully functioning towpath canal. In 1962, most of it was sold to private and public organizations for recreational use. Modern history Several segments of the canal were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, including "Lehigh Canal", "Carbon County Section of the Lehigh Canal" (#79002179), "Lehigh Canal: Eastern Section Glendon and Abbott Street Industrial Sites" (#78002437) and "Lehigh Canal; Allentown to Hopeville Section" (#79002307). For the Carbon County section, also known as "Upper Canal Lock #1 to Lower Canal Dam #3", the listing included 30 contributing structures. The eastern section (now preserved as a recreational-boating area) runs along the Lehigh River from Hopeville to the confluence of the Lehigh and Delaware Rivers in Easton and includes the Chain Bridge, which was NRHP-listed in 1974. The eastern-section listing is for a area with three contributing buildings, seven contributing sites and 11 contributing structures. The Allentown-to-Hopeville section is a area which includes Greek Revival and Federal architecture in its contributing building and 13 contributing structures. Present activities An 8-mile (13-km) segment of the canal towpath has been converted into a multi-use trail from Freemansburg through Bethlehem to Allentown. The trail runs along the river and active railroad tracks. A section near Jim Thorpe is also accessible to recreational users. The final section in Easton is maintained and operated by the National Canal Museum. Other short sections are accessible, but portions of the canal towpath are worn and unsafe to access. Gallery See also Delaware and Lehigh National Heritage Corridor List of canals in the United States Allegheny Aqueduct Delaware Canal – A sister canal from the mouth of the Lehigh River and canal terminus, feeding urban Philadelphia connecting with the Morris and Lehigh Canals at their respective Easton terminals. Delaware and Hudson Canal - Another early coal canal Delaware and Raritan Canal – A New Jersey canal connection to the New York & New Jersey markets shipping primarily coal across the Delaware River. The D&R also shipped Iron Ore from New Jersey up the Lehigh. Chesapeake and Delaware Canal – A canal crossing the Delmarva Peninsula in the states of Delaware and Maryland, connecting the Chesapeake Bay with the Delaware Bay. Delaware and Hudson Canal – Another early built coal canal as the American canal age began; contemporary with the Lehigh and the Schuylkill navigations. Morris Canal – Another important American Industrial Revolution canal feeding steel mills ores from Central New Jersey and coal to New York and New Jersey Markets. Pennsylvania Canal System – an ambitious collection of far-flung canals, and eventually railroads authorized early in 1826. Schuylkill Canal – Navigation joining Reading, PA and Philadelphia. Union canal - 1811 private stock company that completed the "golden link between the Schuylkill and Susquehanna rivers in 1828, thereby connecting the Schuylkill Navigation company with the Pennsylvania canal in Middleton. Notes References External links Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation: National Canal Museum: Lehigh Navigation Historic photos of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Canal Delaware & Lehigh Canal State Heritage Corridor Lehigh Canal history Lehigh Canal National Heritage Corridor Aqueducts in the United States Aqueducts on the National Register of Historic Places Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania Canals in Pennsylvania Canals on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania Canals opened in 1829 Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania National Register of Historic Places in Carbon County, Pennsylvania National Register of Historic Places in Northampton County, Pennsylvania Navigable aqueducts Transportation buildings and structures in Carbon County, Pennsylvania Transportation buildings and structures in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania Transportation buildings and structures in Northampton County, Pennsylvania Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Pennsylvania

The England women's cricket team represents England and Wales in international women's cricket. The team is administrated by England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB); they played their first Tests in 1934–35, when they beat Australia 2–0 in a three-Test series. Their current captain is Heather Knight. There is also an England Women's Academy team, consisting of players just below the full England squad. In 2017, they won the BBC Sports Personality Team of the Year Award. History The pioneers England were a part of the first Women's Test series, as their team led by Betty Archdale touring Australia in the summer of 1934–35, three years after the Bodyline tour by the men. The team and their captain received "warm" responses from the Australian crowds. Winning both the first two Tests and drawing the third, England won the first women's test series, and also beat New Zealand by an innings and 337 runs on the way home, where Betty Snowball contributed an innings of 189, which was to remain a women's Test record for half a century. However, their leading player, and one of the best-known women cricketers of the era, was the allrounder Myrtle Maclagan. She scored the first ever century in a woman's Test match on 7 January 1935. Two years later, England suffered their first Test defeat, at the hands of Australia at Northampton. As Australia made their inaugural tour, an England team including seven debutantes conceded 300 on the first day, and despite bowling Australia out for 102 in the second innings they lost by 31 runs. England recovered to take the second Test after a first-innings 115 from Myrtle Maclagan, who also took five wickets opening the bowling, and the third Test was drawn to ensure a 1–1 series tie. Losing the Ashes England began playing women's Test cricket again in 1948–49, when they toured Australia for a three-Test match series. An England team with seven debutantes, lost the Women's Ashes to Australia after losing the first Test and drawing the final two. Two of their eleven made half-centuries on tour: Molly Hide, who also batted out the third day of the final Test to make England's only century in Australia this season to draw the game, and Myrtle Maclagan, who hit 77 in the second Test. Both had Test experience from before the War. Maclagan was also England's leading wicket-taker on tour, with nine wickets, ahead of Hide and Mary Johnson who took six each. However, England still beat New Zealand in their Test one month after the conclusion of the Ashes. In 1951, Australia toured England for the first time in 14 years. After drawing the first Test at Scarborough, England gained a lead of 38 on first innings after Mary Duggan's five wickets, and set a target of 159, larger than any score in the previous three innings, and a record of that time. Australia were 131 for eight after Duggan took four more wickets, but England conceded 29 for the ninth wicket. Thus, they surrendered the Ashes again, despite winning the final Test by 137 runs after another Duggan nine-wicket-haul to draw the series at 1–1. England's next international series involve a visit from New Zealand in 1954. England won the first Test, despite giving up a deficit of 10 on first innings, but drew the second and third; the third Test saw a whole day's play lost to rain. Excluding one-offs, this was England's first series win since their inaugural series. England went on tour of Australasia once again in 1957–58, nine years after their previous tour, but by now Mary Duggan had taken over as captain. For a change, they began against New Zealand, where they drew both Tests; despite Duggan's five-for in the final innings, New Zealand closed on 203 for nine after being set 228 to win. They then moved on to Australia, where their series began with an abandoned match at North Sydney Oval in February, and the second Test at St Kilda had the first day rained off. When the teams came in to bat, though, Duggan set a women's Test record; she claimed seven Australian batters, all for single-digit scores, and in 14.5 overs she conceded six runs, bettering Maclagan's previous best of seven for 10. The record stood for 38 years. However, Betty Wilson replied with seven for seven as England were bowled out for 35, three short of Australia's total, and then made a second-innings hundred as Australia set a target of 206 in 64 overs. England lost eight wickets for 76, but still managed the draw, while Wilson claimed four wickets to become the first Test player to score a hundred and take ten wickets in a match. Wilson also hit a hundred in the third Test at Adelaide, but Cecilia Robinson replied with a hundred of her own, lasting into the final day's play. With Ruth Westbrook and Edna Barker also scoring half-centuries, England gained a first-innings lead, but Australia batted out to make 78 for two and draw the game. The fourth Test was also drawn; England trailed by 27 going into the final day, but Robinson carried her bat to 96 not out as England survived 102.5 overs and set Australia a target of 162. England only got one wicket in reply, however, to draw the game. Unbeaten 1960s After the 1950s, where England had lost two and won two Tests, England went through the 1960s without losing any of their 14 Tests, with the majority, ten, drawn. Their first series were against Test debutantes South Africa. Once again, the series had a majority of draws, but an England side captained by 23-year-old Helen Sharpe won the series 1–0 after claiming the third Test at Durban by eight wickets. South Africa gained first innings leads in the first and last Test, however, but followed on in the second Test which was affected by rain. In 1963 England took what was to be their last series win over Australia for 42 years. In the first Test, England made 91 for three in the final innings, but in the second match at the North Marine Road Ground in Scarborough England were 97 behind with nine second-innings wickets in hand by the close of the second day. Wickets fell steadily throughout the third day, and England fell from 79 for four to 91 for nine; however, Eileen Vigor and June Bragger held on for the tenth wicket to draw the game. Three weeks later, the teams met for the third and final decider at The Oval, and captain Mary Duggan, in her last Test, scored her second Test century as England declared on 254 for eight. Australia replied with 205, then took two English wickets on the second day, and were set a target of 202. With Duggan and Anne Sanders doing the brunt of the bowling, England took the first nine wickets for 133, before Australia's No. 10 and 11 built a partnership. However, Edna Barker was brought on as the seventh bowler of the innings, and with her fourteenth ball she had Marjorie Marvell lbw to win the game for England. Rachael Heyhoe-Flint took over the captaincy for the 1966 series against New Zealand, and made her first Test century in her very first Test as captain. New Zealand batted out the match losing twelve wickets, however, and the first Test was drawn. In the second, New Zealand recovered from a first innings deficit to set England a target of 157, which resulted in another draw, and in the third Test England were five for three overnight on the second day, trailing by 65. Another wicket was lost on the third morning, but England held on for 100 overs and set New Zealand 84 in nine overs to win the series. England conceded 35 and could not take a wicket, but still drew the game and the series 0 – 0. England next went on an Oceanian tour in 1968–69, defending the Ashes successfully after another 0 – 0 draw. Debutante Enid Bakewell, aged 28, made a hundred in the first Test, but Australia declared 69 ahead, and England batted out the third day to make 192 for seven; in the second Test Edna Barker registered a hundred, and England set a target of 181, but could only take five wickets for 108 in Australia's final innings. The decider at Sydney also saw a declaration, from Australia, who made 210 for three declared in their second innings, but England lost only six wickets in the chase to draw again. In New Zealand, the same procedure followed: Bakewell scored her second Test hundred and took five wickets in the first drawn Test, where the third innings lasted 4.4 overs before the game was called off as a draw. She followed that up with 114 and eight wickets in the second Test, where England bowled out New Zealand for 186 on the final day, and chased 173 in 42.3 overs after 66 not out in the second innings from Bakewell, and in the third Test New Zealand were bowled out for 214 in 68.3 overs after being set 252 to win. Bakewell made 412 runs in her five Test innings in New Zealand, and coupled that with 19 wickets, and headed both the runs and wickets tally. On the entire tour, also including matches against other opposition, Bakewell scored 1,031 runs and took 118 wickets. First World Cup West Indies had not been granted Test status yet, but England went on two tours there in 1969–70 and 1970–71, sponsored by Sir Jack Hayward. Hayward had received letters from England captain Heyhoe-Flint asking for sponsorship, and after a conversation between the two in 1971, Hayward and the Women's Cricket Association agreed to organise the inaugural Women's World Cup, which was to become the first World Cup in cricket. England fielded two sides: a Young England side, who were bowled out for 57 by Australia in the first Women's One-day International, and the senior side. In addition, three English women, Audrey Disbury, Wendy Williams and Pamela Crain played for the International XI. Young England won one game, against International XI, while the full-strength England side won four of their first five games. In the match with New Zealand, rain forced them off after 15 overs, at 34 for one needing 71 from the last 20, and New Zealand were declared winners on "average run rate". New Zealand were not a threat, however, having lost with two balls to spare against the International XI and by 35 runs against Australia. With the match between Australia and the International XI rained off, Australia went into the final game with a one-point advantage on England, but in "gloriously" fair weather at Edgbaston Enid Bakewell scored her second century of the tournament, and England tallied 273 for three. Bakewell also bowled 12 overs for 28, taking the wicket of top-scorer Jackie Potter, as England limited Australia to 187 in their 60 overs and won the World Cup. 2005 In the 2005 World Cup, England lost in the semi-finals to eventual winners Australia. However, England went on to win the two-Test series against Australia 1–0, claiming the Women's Ashes for the first time in 42 years. The One-Day series between the two sides was closely contested, with Australia winning the final match to take the series 3–2. The Women's team participated in the parade and celebrations held in Trafalgar Square alongside the victorious men's team. With Clare Connor missing the 2005 winter tour, fluent middle order batsman Charlotte Edwards was named captain for the series against Sri Lanka and India, with England easily winning the two ODIs against Sri Lanka before drawing the one Test against India while losing the 5-match ODI series 4–1. Connor announced her retirement from international cricket in 2006, with Edwards now the official captain for the series against India in England. 2008 Despite being written off as underdogs before the Australian tour began, England drew the one-day international series against Australia, two all, and retained the Ashes with a six wicket victory in the one-off test match at Bowral. Isa Guha took nine wickets in the test match, and won the player of the match award, while long serving middle order batsman, Claire Taylor scored two gritty fifties. Captain Charlotte Edwards hit the winning runs, as she had at the Sydney Cricket Ground in her 100th one day international. 2009 England won the 2009 World Cup, held in Australia, defeating New Zealand by 4 wickets in the final at North Sydney Oval. They lost only one match in the tournament, against Australia, while they defeated India, Pakistan, New Zealand, Sri Lanka and the West Indies. Claire Taylor was the most prolific batsman in the tournament and Laura Marsh the most successful bowler. Vice captain Nicki Shaw, restored to the team only due to injury to Jenny Gunn, took 4 wickets and hit a vital 17 not out to win the man of the match award in the final. Caroline Atkins, Sarah Taylor and captain Charlotte Edwards were prolific with the bat while bowlers Holly Colvin and Katherine Brunt dominated with the ball. Five England players were named in the composite ICC team of the tournament. Claire Taylor was named one of Wisden's five cricketers of the year, the first woman to be honoured with the award in its 120-year history. England underlined their dominance of the women's game with victory in the inaugural Twenty/20 World Championship at Lords. After qualifying top of their preliminary group, defeating India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan, they overcame a formidable Australian total in the semi-final, thanks to Claire Taylor's unbeaten 76. A spell of 3 for 6 by fast bowler Katherine Blunt saw New Zealand dismissed for 85 in the final at Lords and Player of the Series Claire Taylor saw England to victory with an unbeaten 39. England completed the season by retaining the Ashes with a draw in the one-off test at New Road, Worcestershire thanks to the fast bowling of Katherine Brunt, who took seven wickets, and dogged defensive batting from Beth Morgan, who batted nearly eight hours in the match. 2012 World Twenty20 Heading into the 2012 World Twenty20 in Sri Lanka, England were considered favourites after an 18-month unbeaten streak that only ended in the weeks before the tournament, in a series against the West Indies which England won 4–1. England were forced into a late change for the tournament during this series, when Susie Rowe fractured her thumb and was replaced by the uncapped Amy Jones. England were grouped with Australia, India and Pakistan in Group A, following their group stage exit in the previous World Twenty20. England began with a win over Pakistan, although they were somewhat unconvincing. After an opening stand of 102 between captain Charlotte Edwards and Laura Marsh, England only scored 31 runs in their final 7 overs to finish 133–6. Pakistan never really threatened to cause an upset, and were bowled out for 90 including 4-9 for Holly Colvin. However, Danielle Wyatt suffered an ankle injury whilst bowling and this limited her bowling input for the remainder of the group stage. Any unease at England's first performance was quashed with a thumping nine wicket win over India in their second game, which saw them qualify for the knockout stage. India were limited to 116-6 off their 20 overs, before another impressive stand of 78 from Edwards and Marsh ended the game as a contest, with Edwards ending on 50* and winning the player of the match award. England's final group game was against Australia, and whilst both sides had already qualified, the game was seen as a good chance to get a psychological advantage before a potential final match-up. Australia posted an impressive 144–5, despite an economical performance from Katherine Brunt, thanks to scores of 39 from Meg Lanning and 38 from Lisa Sthalekar. This time Marsh departed early, bringing Sarah Taylor to the crease, although England continued to struggle to keep with the run rate, losing both Edwards and Arran Brindle. However, Wyatt's arrival at the crease saw a partnership of 65 off 33 balls, leading England's to a comfortable victory, Taylor ending on 65* and Wyatt on 33*. England carried this momentum into their semi-final with New Zealand, Lydia Greenway effecting a run out in the first over to dismiss New Zealand captain Suzie Bates, and thereafter New Zealand were only able to post a disappointing effort of 93–8. England comfortably scored the runs, with contributions from Edwards, Taylor (who finished not out for the third successive game) and Greenway, and reached their second World Twenty20 final. The final took place on 7 October, between England and Australia in Colombo. England maintained their tactic of bowling first when Edwards won the toss, although it was Australia who made the far better start, scoring 47 off their first 6 overs during the powerplay without losing a wicket. Lanning and Alyssa Healy were dismissed soon afterwards, with Colvin taking 2-21 off her 4 overs, but Jess Cameron scored 45 off 34 balls. Although after Cameron's dismissal Australia only scored 23 runs off their final 23 balls, they posted a competitive score of 142–4. England were unable to match Australia's fast start, and with the run rate climbing, Australia were able to take crucial wickets at important times, Ellyse Perry making a huge impact in having Taylor caught behind and taking the catches for both Edwards and Greenway's dismissals. When Brunt was bowled by Jess Jonassen first ball of the 17th over, England needed 42 off 23 balls with just 3 wickets left. Despite valiant efforts from Jenny Gunn and Danielle Hazell, Hazell was unable to hit the final ball of the match for six off Erin Osborne, and Australia won by 4 runs. Despite the defeat, Charlotte Edwards ended as the highest run scorer across the tournament, and was thus named player of the tournament. She was joined in the team of the tournament by Laura Marsh, Sarah Taylor and Katherine Brunt. 2013 Women's World Cup Following on from the disappointment of not winning the world Twenty20, England headed to India for the 2013 Women's Cricket World Cup, defending their 2009 title. England added Georgia Elwiss to their squad from the World Twenty20, and were in Group A with Sri Lanka, West Indies and hosts India. England's tournament got off to a disastrous start, losing a thrilling match to the unfancied Sri Lanka. Sarah Taylor, Laura Marsh and Anya Shrubsole all missed the game injured, and Sri Lanka won the toss and inserted England to bat. The toss would prove crucial many times in this tournament, as the early start times meant that batting during the first hour was extremely difficult, and so it proved in this match, with Charlotte Edwards, Danielle Wyatt and Lydia Greenway all out within the first eight overs. Arran Brindle (31) and Heather Knight (38) lead the recovery, but as soon as England had gained the ascendancy they were both dismissed. It was left to vice-captain Jenny Gunn and debutant Amy Jones to get England to a defendable score, and they did, with Gunn making 52 and Jones 41. Some late hitting from Katherine Brunt and Danielle Hazell lifted England to 238–8, and it seemed as though the disaster the early wickets had promised had been averted. Sri Lanka however pulled off a stunning victory, Chamari Athapaththu scoring 62, and supported by Mendis and Siriwardene, put Sri Lanka in an extremely strong position. Brunt and Elwiss struck back for England, before a brutal 56 from Eshani Lokusuriyage took Sri Lanka to within a run of victory. She was run out in the final over, but Dilani Manodara hit the final ball of the match from Elwiss for six as Sri Lanka won by just one wicket, their first every victory over England. Whilst this result did not put England's chances of qualification in too much danger, it highlighted potential weaknesses for other sides to exploit. Taylor, Marsh and Shrubsole all returned for the second game against India, although England again lost the toss and found themselves batting. Whilst Goswami dismissed Wyatt cheaply, Edwards and Taylor both survived and then prospered. Taylor was run out for 35, but Edwards carried on, and reached her 7th ODI hundred, and when Brindle added 37*, England had reached 272–8. Despite 107* from Harmanpreet Kaur, England won by 32 runs, with the outstanding Brunt taking 4-29 from her 9 overs, and Holly Colvin's miserly spell where she conceded just 29 runs from her 10 overs. England's final game was against the West Indies, with only the winner guaranteed a spot in the super sixes. West Indies won the toss and surprisingly elected to bat, which soon backfired against Brunt and Shrubsole. West Indies were reduced to 31-6 and ended 101 all out, Shrubsole taking 4-21 and Brindle 3–0, although this was not achieved without worry for England as Edwards left the field ill and Brunt injured herself celebrating the wicket of Deandra Dottin. England achieved the target with 40 from Wyatt, taking them through to the next stage. However, Sri Lanka then gained another shock victory, over hosts India, taking them through along with England and West Indies. This result meant England carried through one win and one defeat instead of two wins, which would soon prove crucial. England's first game in the Super Sixes was against Australia, and the game began well for England, who won the toss having found out Australia would be missing their star pace bowler, Ellyse Perry, injured. Brunt and Shrubsole soon reduced Australia to 32–5, taking full advantage of early swing, before Lisa Sthalekar and Sarah Coyte managed to get Australia to a poor but not wholly uncompetitive 147 all out. England began poorly, and found themselves 39–6, including a second successive first ball duck for Taylor. Greenway made a gutsy 49, but her dismissal seemingly marked the end of the match. England needed 34 when their last pair of Holly Colvin and Anya Shrubsole came together, but they took England to within three runs of victory, before Erin Osborne crucially dismissed Colvin to win the game for Australia. England now needed other results to go in their favour to reach the final, but responded superbly, bowling South Africa out for just 77 in their next match, with Shrubsole again to the fore, taking outstanding figures of 10-5-17-5, and Wyatt picking up three cheap wickets. England achieved the target in just 9.3 overs, boosting their net run rate, vital should they finish level on points with another team. England went into their last Super Sixes match against New Zealand knowing that if Australia beat the West Indies and they beat New Zealand, they would reach the final. However, during the early stages of the match news came through that West Indies had staged a remarkable comeback victory over Australia, meaning those two teams would contest the final, and England and New Zealand would finish 3rd and 4th. The game lost some of its intensity after the news came through, but England posted 266–6, with Taylor scoring 88 and Edwards 54. New Zealand appeared to be well on the way to victory at 145–1, but good spells of bowling from Gunn and Colvin saw New Zealand collapse and England win by 15 runs. The same sides then contested the 3rd/4th place playoff, where the once again impressive Colvin helped limit New Zealand to 220–8. England successfully chased this target down to finish 3rd in the tournament, with Taylor, Greenway and Brindle supporting a match winning hundred from Edwards, who became the first woman to score 5,000 runs in ODIs as she finished 106*. Edwards, Brunt, Colvin and Shrubsole all were named in the team of the tournament, giving England the most representatives with four. 2013 Ashes victory England's summer began with a change in coaching structure, with the coach of the previous five years Mark Lane leaving, to be replaced by Paul Shaw. England began the summer with a 2 ODI, 2 Twenty20 international series against Pakistan, which was used as a chance to give some of the fringe and younger players international experience due to the need to expand the squad along with some residual injuries to senior players. England won the ODI series 2-0 and tied the Twenty20 series 1-1, with international debuts for Natalie Sciver, Lauren Winfield and Natasha Farrant. The Ashes began with the four-day Test match at Wormsley, with Australia making strong progress on the first day, reaching 243–3 at the close on a slow pitch. This was extended to 331-6 declared before lunch on the second day, Sarah Elliott completing her maiden Test century. Arran Brindle departed early, but a flowing fifty partnership from Heather Knight and Sarah Taylor put England in the ascendancy. Taylor was dismissed by Holly Ferling as England dramatically slumped to 113-6 and were in sudden danger of being forced to follow on. That they did not was due to a partnership of 156 between Knight and Laura Marsh, which ultimately saw England cede only a lead of 17 to Australia. Knight, in only her second Test, scored 157 in nearly seven hours of chanceless batting, winning her the player of the match award. Marsh's innings, 55 off 304 balls and 343 minutes, was one of the slowest international fifties recorded but helped England escape from the trouble they were in. From the close of England's 1st innings the match petered out into a draw, the slow pitch preventing either side from forcing victory. With the Ashes now contested across all three formats, the drawn Test meant that England would have to win the combined ODI and Twenty20 match series at least 8-4 (2 points for a win) to win back the Ashes. They began badly in the first ODI at Lords, where Australia batted first and scored 203–8, due to good performances from Katherine Brunt and Marsh with the ball. England began well if a little slowly but faded against the Australian spinners, as despite 61 from Edwards, they slumped to a 27 run defeat. England came back strongly in the second ODI at Hove, batting first and making 256–6 in their 50 overs. Edwards led the way with her 6th consecutive ODI fifty, with all of the top six making at least 26. Brunt and Anya Shrubsole then dismissed both openers, including the dangerous Meg Lanning for zero, and despite 81 from Jess Cameron, England won by 51 runs, although Marsh injured her shoulder and missed the remainder of the series. The final ODI again took place at Hove, and after rain reduced the game to 36 overs a side, Australia scored an imposing 203–4, led by Lanning's 64. The Australia innings was notable for the remarkable dismissal of Australian captain Jodie Fields, who was brilliantly caught one-handed by Taylor as Fields attempted to reverse sweep Danielle Hazell. England chased down this target impressively, as after Edwards early dismissal, Knight and Taylor combined for a partnership of 126 in 18 overs. They fell for 69 and 64 respectively, but Sciver and Gunn saw England home and into a series lead. The Twenty20 series began at a packed Chemlsford, and England posted 146–4, owing much to Taylor, who made 77. Australia's reply never got started until some late hitting from Perry and Haynes, but England won by 15 runs despite to loss of Shrubsole to injury to move within one victory of winning the series. In the next game at the Rose Bowl, Australia batted first and made 127–7, Hazell bowling well to take 2-11 off her 4 overs. England's reply began poorly when they slumped to 9–3, but Lydia Greenway, who made an unbeaten 80 off 64 balls, led England to both victory in the match and series, with the number of commentators praising her innings for its quality under pressure. England then thumped a deflated Australia in the final match of the series, taking the Ashes 12–4. Australia could only manage 91-7 off their 20 overs against a very disciplined performance from England's bowlers and fielders, and after the loss of three early wickets, Greenway and Sciver saw England to a comfortable win. Knight, who tore her hamstring in the final match, collected the player of the series award. 2014–present: Professional era In February 2014, the ECB decided to invest in the women's game providing central contracts to 18 players by May. In October 2019, national director Clare Connor announced plans to grow all areas of the women's game, with the addition of 40 new full-time contracted players. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the initial announcement of players was delayed until June 2020, where the ECB announced the first 25 of 40 players to receive the new regional retainers contracts. The split of the full 40 players will be made up of 5 players from each of the grouped 8 regions. Status of Wales The England women's cricket team, as a part of the England and Wales Cricket Board, represents both England and Wales. Welsh cricketers such as Lynne Thomas have therefore played for England. Cricket Wales has continually supported the ECB, and the Wales women's national cricket team effectively functions as a domestic team within the women's county cricket structure, competing in the Women's County Championship until 2019 and continuing to compete in the Women's Twenty20 Cup. Wales is included as part of the country's new regional domestic structure and is part of the Western Storm regional hub, as well as being represented by Welsh Fire in The Hundred. The absence of a Welsh cricket team that compete internationally in men's cricket has led to a number of comments from politicians and debates within the Senedd. It is unclear, however, whether these calls extend to the women's game. Wales did compete internationally in the Women's European Championship in 2005, as the tournament was held in Wales, playing against England and three other European women's cricket sides. Tournament history Women's Cricket World Cup 1973: Winners 1978: Runners-up 1982: Runners-up 1988: Runners-up 1993: Winners 1997: Semi-Finals 2000: Fifth Place 2005: Semi-Finals 2009: Winners 2013: Third Place 2017: Winners Women's European Cricket Championship 1989: Winners 1990: Winners 1991: Winners 1995: Winners 1999: Winners 2001: Runners-up 2005: Winners (Development Squad) 2007: Winners (Development Squad) (Note: England sent a Development Squad to every European Championship tournament, but it was only specifically referred to as such in 2005 & 2007). ICC Women's World Twenty20 2009: Winners 2010: Group stage 2012: Runners-up 2014: Runners-up 2016: Semi-Finals 2018: Runners-up 2020: Semi-Finals Honours Women's World Cup: Champions (4): 1973, 1993, 2009, 2017 Runners-up (3): 1978, 1982, 1988 Women's T20 World Cup: Champions (1): 2009 Runners-up (3): 2012, 2014, 2018 Current international rankings top 10 The ICC Women's Rankings incorporates results from Tests, ODIs and T20Is into a single ranking system. Current squad This is a list of players who are either centrally contracted by England, or were included in a squad for their series against India, New Zealand or Australia. Players in italics are uncapped. ECB central contract refers to the period of 2021–2022. Full-time domestic contract refers to players playing professionally for a regional hub side for the 2021 season, and do not have a full-time England contract. Records Test cricket - individual records Players shown in bold are still active in international cricket Most matches Highest run scorer Highest scores Highest wicket taker Best bowling figures ODI cricket - individual records Players shown in bold are still active in international cricket Most matches Highest run scorers Highest scores Highest wicket takers Best bowling figures Twenty20 International cricket - individual records Players shown in bold are still active in international cricket Most matches Highest run scorers Highest scores Highest wicket takers Best bowling figures References Bibliography England women's national cricket team Women's cricket teams in England Women's national cricket teams 1934 establishments in England W C

Women's Coalition of Milwaukee operated from 1972 to 1987 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and was founded by individual members of Milwaukee's local National Organization for Women chapter. The Women's Coalition proposed to "serve as an advocate for women; to interpret to the community at large the special concerns and problems of women." The first original bylaws of this feminist organization is "To form a coalition of feminist groups ... to combat sex discrimination ... to provide assistance to new feminist groups and create alternative institutions within the women's movement ... to educate women regarding their legal rights, vocational possibilities and personal health ... to serve as an advocate for women; to interpret to the community at large the special concerns and problems of women." Important Dates October 1972 - Doors open for Women's Coalition of Milwaukee at 2211 E Kenwood Boulevard January 1973 - The Women's Crisis Line begins formal operations October 1973 - Attorney L. Mandy Stellman created the Articles of Incorporation which allowed the organization to become a non-profit corporate entity 1974 - Received its first substantial funding outside of small donations 1975- Task Force on Battered Women is established May 1975 - The Women's Crisis Line independently becomes the Women's Crisis Line, Inc. October 2 & 3, 1976- Wisconsin Conference on Battered Women November 1976- The Task Force on Battered Women takes initial steps to become independent and moves to West Fond du Lac Avenue July 1978- Doors open for Sojourner Truth House 1979- The Task Force on Battered Women becomes fully independent and relocates to Mitchell Street 1979- The Women's Crisis Line, Inc. is sponsored with the Counseling Center of Milwaukee 1981- Sojourner Truth House is expanded 1986- The Women's Crisis Line, Inc. becomes affiliated with the Women's Health Institute at Good Samaritan Medical Center Getting Started Individual members of Milwaukee's NOW chapter including Sharon Senese, Judy Anderson, Carolyn Mueller, Ellen Guiseppi, and Susan Luecke are considered the Coalition's "founding mothers" and kick started the organization. Surviving on only volunteers and donations, the Coalition sponsored workshops on self-defense, legal rights, women's history, health issues, childcare, feminism, assertiveness training, and consciousness raising. After gaining momentum and publicity, the Women's Coalition of Milwaukee received its first substantial funding outside of small donations. They received a $1,000 grant from the Catholic Campaign for Human Development and a $500 grant from the United Church of Christ for educational purposes. The IBM Corporation donated printing equipment worth $1,700 and, in the largest contribution to date, United Community Services bestowed a $3,200 grant on the Coalition to develop further programming. These forms of funding allowed the Coalition to hire its first paid staff positions in 1974. Projects Women's Crisis Line The first project of the Women's Coalition of Milwaukee, still running today at Milwaukee's Good Samaritan Medical Center, was started to provide people with help that was not being given by other existing social services and was set up as a feminist institution. Approximately thirty volunteers served at all times to cover alternate four-hour shifts and all workers at the Women's Crisis Line were women. This was because the center was created for women and was therefore run by women; additionally these women could relate to the other women in need. The information provided by the callers and workers was used to identify where there was help needed in the community which then led to the formation of the Sexual Assault Counseling Unit, the Sexual Assault Treatment Center, and the Task Force on Battered Women. The crisis line was a successful first project for the Coalition because the Coalition bylaws strived "to develop alternative institutions within the women's movement." The center, being a feminist institution, also adapted a feminist philosophy as The Crisis Line's policy statement stated, "No matter what your personal views, when counseling, you should suggest all the alternatives to a particular woman's problem (non-sexist, of course) and leave the final decision up to her ... As women, we feel this society treats us with disrespect, treats us as if we are sick or crazy because we do not fit the mold they have made for us ... Women in this country for too long have had other people (men) make their decisions, and we will at no time perpetuate this ..." The Women's Crisis Line was not only helpful, it was successful. "In its first month of operation, the Crisis Line received 119 calls, and one year later, in January 1974, the monthly total reached 755. By mid-1977, the Crisis Line reported that the number of calls received each month averaged between 1,200 and 1,500. The major areas of concern expressed by callers included relationships, family conflicts, divorce, depression, legal issues, and pregnancy and other health concerns. Many callers sought referrals to local professional and social service providers knowing that Crisis Line staff made referrals only to those individuals and services with an established record of fair and sensitive treatment of women. Sexual assault accounted for 30–35 calls per month, and potential suicides constituted 10 calls each month." Due to gaining of momentum, idea of the Women's Crisis Line to go independent and break off from the Women's Coalition of Milwaukee stemmed from Crisis Line Director Karen Coy. The group wanted to become independent mainly because of financial reasons though not all members were in favor of the split. In May 1975 it became an independent organization but remained in close communication with the Women's Coalition of Milwaukee by continuing to work with them on other projects in the Milwaukee area. Though split, the Women's Coalition of Milwaukee is often referred to as the independent organization's 'mother' agency. The organization then transferred to the Counseling Center of Milwaukee as they found sponsorship in 1979 and later became affiliated with the Women's Health Institute at Good Samaritan Medical Center in 1986. The Women's Crisis Line not only helped the community, it also raised awareness which started other programs as a result. One of the programs that was created through the crisis line was the Sexual Assault Counseling Unit in the Milwaukee County District Attorney's Office. Previously, there had been cases of officers of the Milwaukee Police Department being insensitive and even discriminatory when approaching cases of sexual assault. The tipping point of the Coalition was when Sharon Senese observed a police officer approach a victim of sexual assault saying "If women want to prevent rape, they should keep their legs crossed... How many rapes do you really think are rapes?". The Anti-Rape Council was then formed because of the initial efforts of Sharon Senese which influenced members of the Crisis Line, Coalition, NOW, League of Women Voters, YWCA, and other women's groups to join in her efforts. The creation of the Anti-Rape Council further increased the awareness of sexual assault and other crimes that were previously ignored which resulted in more legal action taking place. With this raised awareness the Sexual Assault Treatment Center of Greater Milwaukee was created independently in 1976. Task Force on Battered Women Initially started by Nova Clite and Virginia Ray, the information collected by the Women's Crisis Line indicated that there was a clear need for a place to help women that encountered violent abuse. Usually brought on by the victim's spouse, the Coalition felt as though there was not nearly enough awareness of this problem and that victims of domestic abuse did not have a safe place to go. The Women's Coalition of Milwaukee then started the Task Force on Battered Women in 1975 in order to provide counseling, shelter, advocacy, and other services for battered women and their children. The Coalition tried to focus on why this issue was so prevalent in the community and why women were primarily affected. They came to the conclusion that "woman battering was seen as a manifestation of the imbalance of power relations between the sexes, as an overt, physical expression of the subjection of women. Task Force members believed only an overall transformation of society in which men shed their dominant role and attitudes and women were accorded equal treatment and respect could ultimately redress this social problem. While feminists at the Coalition used educational and agitational methods to work toward the long-term goal of social change, they realized that immediate relief and social services were necessities for battered women in Milwaukee". The Task Force gained momentum in 1976 when donations were gathered to increase its budget to $13,000. This increase in budget lead to increased training for counseling workers and helped to create the first Wisconsin Conference on Battered Women that featured feminist writer Lisa Leghorn at the Milwaukee YWCA on October 2 and 3, 1976. Similar to the Women's Crisis Line, the Task Force on Battered Women also sought independence from the Women's Coalition of Milwaukee in November 1976 and moved location to West Fond du Lac Avenue. Official independence followed through for the Task Force on Battered Women in 1979 and relocated again to Mitchell Street. The organization continued to thrive after cutting ties from the Women's Coalition of Milwaukee and even influenced other organizations to form such as the Sojourner Truth House and other shelters for victims of family violence in the Milwaukee area. Sojourner Truth House Initially created as an immediate escape for women in potentially dangerous situations, Sojourner Truth House was created as a result of Rosemary Caravella's previous efforts. She had started an unofficial setup of homes in the Milwaukee area that served as a safe space for victims but could not provide enough care for these people as a shelter would. This fueled the creation of the Sojourner Truth House. Though eventually prosperous, the project was not fully supported for nearly three.years. "The new contacts with lawyers, politicians, and social service personnel facilitated what was, nevertheless, a laborious process. The labyrinthine negotiations with contractors, insurers, city zoning and building authorities, lawyers, bankers, funders, and neighborhood associations took almost three years. Family Hospital finally leased a building to the Task Force for a minimal sum and localfoundations, along with United Way and federal Housing and Urban Development grants, supported the new shelter." The first facility opened its doors July 1978 and contained enough room for 18 women and children and later expanded in 1981 with enough room for 32 women and children. The efforts of Sojourner Truth House also influenced other organizations within the community, "after Sojourner Truth House opened, two other shelters (not directly affiliated with the Task Force) were established in the Milwaukee area, the Milwaukee Women's Refuge and Waukesha's Sister House. In addition, three major hospitals, Children's, Northwest General, and Good Samaritan, responding to the need first identified by feminists, developed special units for the treatment of domestic abuse and child abuse victims". The shelter originally started by the Women's Coalition of Milwaukee aimed to help victims of family abuse and stimulated the community by raising awareness for people in these situations. "In 1987, the Task Force on Battered Women continues to offer counseling, support groups, and referrals for battered women in Milwaukee. The total number of individuals aided has risen steadily each year since the Task Force began. In 1976, approximately 400 received aid. According to Task Force Co-Director Connie Corrao, by 1983, the yearly total of clients jumped to 6,000, and during 1986, the Task Force aided a total of 10,700 battered women and their children. Corrao noted that the dramatic increase does not necessarily mean the problem of woman battering is becoming more widespread. Rather, the increase is due largely to successful community education efforts which familiarized battery victims with the many new support services available." This extremely charitable organization is remains up and running today and still thrives in the Milwaukee area. Find out more information at: http://www.sojournertruthhouse.org/ References History of Milwaukee National Organization for Women History of women in Wisconsin