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Trilobites were savvy killers who hunted down their prey and used their many legs to wrestle them into submission, newly discovered fossils suggest. The fossils come from a site in southeastern Missouri, not far from the city of Desloge. They are trace fossils, which means they preserve not the organisms themselves, but their burrows. The burrows were made by various species of trilobite as well as by unknown, wormlike creatures. A statistical analysis of these burrows and their intersections shows that they cross one another more than expected, a sign that the trilobites were deliberately hunting down their wormy prey. In a subset of those cases, the trilobites seemed to sidle up to the burrows in parallel, perhaps so they could latch onto the worms lengthwise with their row of legs. [Video: Primitive Sea Creatures Were Advanced Ninja Attackers] "This is legitimately the moment of interaction between the trilobite and the animal that it ate," said study researcher James Schiffbauer, a paleobiologist at the University of Missouri. The discovery of these fossils came about by accident. During a department field trip to visit a local lead mine, the researchers made a side trip to a known fossil spot. While there, study co-author John Huntley, also a professor at the University of Missouri, stumbled across a block of fossilized burrows, frozen in silty shale. The sediment was set down during the Cambrian period, between 540 million and 485 million years ago, when the area was a shallow nearshore environment. The shallow bottom was likely covered with a dense microbial mat, which made for a rich food source for wormy (or "vermiform") creatures. These worms were, in turn, prey for trilobites. "It became sort of a small shallow-water hunting ground for the trilobites," Schiffbauer told Live Science. Graduate student Tara Selly took on the painstaking task of cataloguing and counting the burrows and their intersections. Her findings revealed that the worm and trilobite tunnels intersected about 30 percent of the time - more than would be expected based on chance alone. "Likely one-third of [the burrows] were actually capturing predatory events," Selly told Live Science. The trilobites known from this area belong to species with particularly large eyes, Schiffbauer said. Those eyes may have made them adept hunters, he said, able to seek out burrow entrances or impressions. The critters would then burrow down to grasp their prey. "What we're seeing is really sophisticated behavior fairly early on in what some people would say is a very simple creature," Schiffbauer said. The trilobites might also have used scent to sniff out their prey, he said. Predation is important to understand, Huntley told Live Science, but it can be hard to see in the fossil record. Some Cambrian fossils have recorded animals inside the gut tracts of other animals, but it's not clear whether they were hunted and eaten or scavenged. Other signs of predation in the fossil record are wounds or drill holes in skeletons or shells, Huntley said. "In this case, what we're getting is actually impressions of the body," Huntley said. "It's a different window into this process that we know is important ecologically and really important evolutionarily as well." The research iss detailed online in the Feb. 15 issue of the journal Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. In Images: A Filter-Feeding Cambrian Creature Cambrian Creatures Gallery: Photos of Primitive Sea Life Beastly Feasts: Amazing Photos of Animals and Their Prey Copyright 2016 LiveScience, a Purch company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. Article first appeared on LiveScience.

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Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy Linked to Autism Study Shows Epilepsy in People With Autism Is Often Hard to Treat WebMD News Archive April 19, 2011 -- Epilepsy that is difficult to treat may be more common in those with autism than previously believed, new research suggests. "In general, we knew prior to this study that people with autism have significantly elevated rates of epilepsy," says researcher Orrin Devinsky, MD, professor of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry at the New York University School of Medicine. Devinsky is also director of the NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center. In his new research, he found that epilepsy in autism is often treatment-resistant. ''Among those with autism who have epilepsy, in many cases it is difficult to control with medication,'' he says. In the small study, about 55% of those with sufficient data available had treatment-resistant epilepsy, he tells WebMD. The research is published online in the journal Epilepsia. It follows research published last week in the Journal of Child Neurology finding those with both autism and epilepsy have a higher death rate than those with autism alone. Autism spectrum disorders, a group of developmental disabilities, affect about one in 110 U.S. children, according to the CDC. Epilepsy, a brain disorder involving spontaneous seizures, affects about 3 million Americans, according to the Epilepsy Foundation. Autism Patients With Epilepsy Devinsky evaluated the records of 127 patients with autism and at least one epileptic seizure over a 20-year period. He looked at laboratory and clinical data from the patients who had been coming to the NYU Epilepsy Center. He defined treatment-resistant as failing two trials of tolerated drugs to treat epilepsy. Overall, Devinsky found that 33.9% of the patients had treatment-resistant epilepsy and 27.5% were seizure-free (no seizures during a 12-month period). The other 38.6% had insufficient information or infrequent seizures and were not placed into a category. "We only have good follow-up data on two-thirds of the 127," he says. "Of those two-thirds, more than 50% have intractable epilepsy." Those who were treatment-resistant reported seizure onset at an earlier age than those who were seizure-free. They also had more regression in developmental tasks. And they had more delays in motor and language skills. Devinsky found that four patients who underwent epilepsy surgery had little or no improvement. Nine patients had another treatment, vagus nerve stimulation. Two of those had limited improvement and seven had no improvement in their epilepsy, he says. "If a person with autism develops epilepsy and it's not easily contained with medication, he should seek consultation or care at an epilepsy center," Devinsky says. If a child with autism has a seizure, he says, it's important to get an evaluation. Autism and Epilepsy Linked, but Why? The new research confirms what experts have suspected, says Solomon Moshe, MD, professor of neurology, neuroscience, and pediatrics and director of child neurology and clinical neurophysiology, Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y.

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WHAT IS AN UMBILICAL HERNIA? An umbilical hernia happens when part of your intestine bulges through the opening in your abdominal muscles near your belly button (navel). Umbilical hernias are common and generally harmless. Umbilical hernias are most common in infants, but they could affect adults as well. In an infant, an umbilical hernia might be particularly evident when the infant cries, causing the belly button to protrude. This is a typical sign of an umbilical hernia. Children’s umbilical hernias usually close on their own in the first two years of life, though some remain open into the fifth year or longer. Umbilical hernias that appear during adulthood are more likely to require surgical repair. An umbilical hernia makes a soft swelling or bulge near the navel. In babies who have an umbilical hernia, the bulge might be visible only when they cry, cough, or strain. Umbilical hernias in children are generally painless. Umbilical hernias that appear during adulthood might cause abdominal discomfort. WHEN SHOULD YOU SEE A DOCTOR? If you suspect that your baby has an umbilical hernia, speak with the baby’s doctor. Look for emergency care if your baby has an umbilical hernia and: - Appears to be in pain - Starts to vomit - Has tenderness, swelling, or discoloration at the area of the hernia The same guidelines apply to adults. Speak with your doctor if you have a bulge near your navel. Look for emergency care if the bulge becomes painful or tender. Immediate diagnosis and treatment could help prevent complications. During gestation, the umbilical cord passes through a tiny opening in the baby’s abdominal muscles. The opening generally closes just after birth. If the muscles do not connect together completely in the midline of the abdominal wall, an umbilical hernia might appear at birth or later in life. In adults, excessive abdominal pressure contributes to umbilical hernias. Causes of increased pressure in the abdomen are: - Multiple pregnancies - Fluid in the abdominal cavity - Previous abdominal surgery - Long-term peritoneal dialysis to treat kidney failure Umbilical hernias are most common in infants — particularly premature babies and those with low birth weights. In the United States, black infants appear to be at slightly increased risk of umbilical hernias. Boys and girls are equally affected by the condition. For adults, being overweight or having multiple pregnancies might increase the risk of developing an umbilical hernia. This kind of hernia tends to be more common in women. For children, complications of an umbilical hernia are uncommon. Complications could happen when the protruding abdominal tissue becomes trapped (incarcerated) and could no longer be pushed back into the abdominal cavity. This decreases the blood supply to the section of the trapped intestine and could lead to abdominal pain and tissue damage. If the trapped portion of the intestine is fully cut off from the blood supply, it could lead to tissue death. Infection might spread throughout the abdominal cavity, causing a life-threatening situation. Adults with umbilical hernias are somewhat more likely to have a blockage of the intestines. Emergency surgery is generally required to treat these complications. An umbilical hernia is diagnosed when a physical examination is carried out. Sometimes imaging studies — like an abdominal ultrasound or a CT scan — are used to screen for complications. Most umbilical hernias in babies close on their own by age one or two. Your doctor might even be able to push the bulge back into the abdomen during a physical examination. You must not try this on your own, however. For children, surgery is generally reserved for umbilical hernias that: - Are painful - Are slightly larger than 1/4 to 3/4 inch (one to two centimeters) in diameter - Are large and do not decrease in size over the first two years of life - Do not disappear by age five - Become trapped or block the intestine For adults, surgery is generally recommended to avoid possible complications, particularly if the umbilical hernia gets bigger or becomes painful. During surgery, a tiny incision is made near the belly button. The herniated tissue is returned to the abdominal cavity, and the opening within the abdominal wall is stitched closed. In adults, surgeons usually use mesh to help strengthen the abdominal wall. If you or anyone you know is suffering from an umbilical hernia, our expert providers at Specialty Care Clinics will take care of your health and help you recover.

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- Research article - Open Access Travel risk behaviours and uptake of pre-travel health preventions by university students in Australia BMC Infectious Diseases volume 12, Article number: 43 (2012) Forward planning and preventative measures before travelling can significantly reduce the risk of many vaccine preventable travel-related infectious diseases. Higher education students may be at an increased risk of importing infectious disease as many undertake multiple visits to regions with higher infectious disease endemicity. Little is known about the health behaviours of domestic or international university students, particularly students from low resource countries who travel to high-resource countries for education. This study aimed to assess travel-associated health risks and preventative behaviours in a sample of both domestic and international university students in Australia. In 2010, a 28 item self-administered online survey was distributed to students enrolled at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. Multiple methods of distributing links to the online survey were utilised. The survey examined the international travel history, travel intentions, infection control behaviours and self-reported vaccination history. A total of 1663 respondents completed the online survey, 22.1% were international students and 83.9% were enrolled at an undergraduate level. Half had travelled internationally in the previous 12 months, with 69% of those travelling only once during that time with no difference in travel from Australia between domestic and international students (p = 0.8). Uptake of pre-travel health advice was low overall with 68% of respondents reporting they had not sought any advice from a health professional prior to their last international trip. Domestic students were more likely to report uptake of a range of preventative travel health measures compared to international students, including diarrhoeal medication, insect repellent, food avoidance and condoms (P < 0.0001). Overall, students reported low risk perception of travel threats and a low corresponding concern for these threats. Our study highlights the need to educate students about the risk associated with travel and improve preventative health-seeking and uptake of precautionary health measures in this highly mobile young adult population. Although immunisation is not an entry requirement to study at Universities in Australia, large tertiary institutions provide an opportunity to engage with young adults on the importance of travel health and provision of vaccines required for travel, including missed childhood vaccines. The international education sector has continued to evolve enormously in the last two decades. In 1990, Australia welcomed 47,000 international students and by 2000, this number had grown to 188,000 . In 2010, there were 469,619 enrolments by full-fee paying international students on student visas, with 227,230 (48%) enrolled in higher education courses . International students originate from more than 190 countries-from major cities to remote rural villages, primarily from China and India, with approximately half aged 20-24 years and a quarter aged 25-29 years . Entrants to Australia on student visas, including international university students, comprise a increasing proportion of travellers, from 3.7% of short-term arrivals in 2000 to 6.3% in 2010 . All entrants to Australia have the potential to import disease, including visitors and returning Australians. There are limited data on the infectious disease risks for international students from low resource countries studying in high resource countries, such as Australia. However, recent examples highlight the need to understand this globally mobile group. In 2007, a case of poliomyelitis in an international student returning to Australia from a short trip to Pakistan to visit friends and relatives was the first case in Australia since 1977 . A 10 year review of tuberculosis (TB) cases in the state of Victoria, Australia found 37.9% of multi-drug resistant TB patients were international students . Domestic university students may also be at an increased risk of importing infectious diseases as a result of missed childhood vaccinations during periods of declining disease transmission combined with high rates of travel to areas of high infectious disease endemicity. Currently in Australia, childhood immunisation coverage is high, with > 90% of children aged 24 months assessed as fully immunised and close to 90% of 6 year olds . However, coverage at 24 months during the 1990s, was well below 75%, and young Australian adults entering University, may well be susceptible to a number of vaccine preventable diseases. In Australia, young adults returning from abroad have been implicated in a number of measles clusters in the past decade, including one outbreak involving 74 cases . Furthermore, the congregation of students with high rates of social contact may amplify infectious disease outbreaks. The importation of mumps by a student to a university in Iowa, USA in 2006 resulted in a large sustained outbreak, both within the student campus and outside the student community, with waning immunity in this population group implicated as a contributing factor . Prior to and during travel abroad, travellers often do not seek or follow appropriate travel health advice from travel health professionals . Of travellers who do not seek pre-travel preventative health advice, many may not be aware of the health risks and the protection available from pre-travel immunisation. Of those who do seek advice, a substantial proportion of travellers utilize information sources unlikely to provide sufficient, tailored information on risks, preventative measures and vaccinations such as travel agents, the internet or family and friends . As a result, many travellers undertake their journey unprepared and susceptible to potential infectious disease threats . Forward planning and preventative measures before travelling can significantly reduce the risk of many vaccine preventable diseases such as measles and hepatitis A . However, many travellers do not take advantage of available precautions which may be related to their knowledge, attitudes and practices towards infectious disease prevention. In contrast to the USA, where many States and individual tertiary institutions require proof of vaccination prior to college enrolment, there are no existing requirements at universities in Australia regarding proof of immunisation. International student visa applications require x-ray screening for tuberculosis if they are from medium or high risk TB countries. However, no immunisation records are reviewed upon entry to Australia or to University. International students are of particular interest in the study of travel-related infectious disease risks as many undertake multiple return visits to their home country during the course of their studies and they fall outside the health systems which target resident and migrant populations. Because of the continued threat of importation and local spread of vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccination of this at-risk group should be a high priority. Although there have been several studies on Australian travellers in general, there is still limited information on the uptake of vaccination and preventative health advice in susceptible populations such as young domestic or international students studying in Australia. This study aimed to supplement this paucity of research related to the travel health risk appraisal, pre-travel health advice-seeking behaviours and vaccination uptake of young university students in Australia. An anonymous online cross-sectional survey was conducted among students of the University of New South Wales (UNSW). All students enrolled during the study period were eligible to participate, regardless of their course, year of enrolment or stage of candidature. Recruitment of participants was from the study population of approximately 46,302 students, including 11,686 international students based on enrolments for the previous calendar year (2009) at UNSW. The anonymous online survey was placed on a host survey website "SurveyMonkey" (SurveyMonkey.com, LLC, USA) and the link was made available to all students from the University of New South Wales website between July 23rd 2010 and September 22nd 2010. Multiple methods were employed to raise awareness of the survey. All Head of Schools from all Faculties were informed of the study via email and requested to forward survey information and the link to student coordinators and student representatives. The link for the survey was publicised through the School of Public Health and Community Medicine and Faculty of Medicine websites and via the main UNSW online student gateway. The study was further publicised through flyer handouts and posters on campus. Students were informed that the study was looking at risk perceptions and preventative practices towards infectious diseases and other threats, but the link to travel was not revealed. Students were incentivised to participate with a prize of small gift vouchers to four randomly selected eligible students who completed the survey. Ethics approval was provided through the Medical and Community Health Research Ethics Advisory Panel, University of New South Wales. A structured, 28 item self-administered questionnaire was designed with a primary focus on risk perception and identifying the travel practices of students. The questionnaire was developed through a literature review of previous survey-based research of international traveller behaviour, and the adaption of questions from previously published research carried out by study authors and with permission from Hartjes et al . Questions primarily focused on four vaccine-preventable diseases; hepatitis A, hepatitis B, influenza and measles. A pilot study was conducted on four students to assess accessibility, comprehension and relevance, with no necessary modifications identified. The questionnaire contained the following: Eight items measured the participants travel history including the number of trips taken in the last 12 months and details of the most recent trip including travel destinations, length of stay, reasons for travel, and whether the respondent had sought travel health advice from any sources prior to departure. Several questions within this section were drawn from previously validated surveys . Three items assessed the participant's knowledge of vaccine-preventable diseases, including examination of the participant's awareness of the availability of vaccines for some common travel diseases and a self-reported history of uptake of common travel vaccines prior to travel and health precautions used during travel in the past 12 months. Students were asked to select those diseases which were vaccine-preventable from a list of common travel diseases with several diseases with no vaccine available such as the common cold, HIV and dengue included as false responses. Risk perceptions towards 13 different events were assessed using four items. In the first two items, participants were asked to indicate how likely they thought each event may occur for them while travelling internationally and while remaining in Australia. Likelihood was assessed on a 5-point scale (1 = not at all likely to 5 = very likely). In the second two items, participants were asked to indicate how worried they were that the 13 events would occur while in Australia and while travelling. Worry was assessed on a 5-point scale (1 = not at all worried to 5 = very worried). These risk perception questions were adapted with permission from previously validated questions developed by Hartjes et al , whose study was aimed towards a population group of US study abroad students. An additional question assessed perceptions of the seriousness of hepatitis A, dengue, measles and influenza infections. A 7-point scale (1 = extremely unaffected to 7 = extremely affected) was used to rate how students perceived how each of the four diseases would affect their health. Lastly, nine demographic items including age, gender, living arrangements, country of birth, stage of study, Faculty, time spent in Australia and country of residence concluded the survey. Data were analysed using SPSS (16.0) for Windows, Rel. 11.0.1. 2001. Chicago: SPSS Inc and EpiInfo (version 3.3.2) CDC, Atlanta. Statistical association between categorical variables were analysed using Pearson chi-square tests and a p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Linear variables were analysed using independent and paired sample t-tests. During analysis, response categories such as the "effect of measles on health" were collapsed into "extremely affected" and "other" for the calculation of odds ratios. A total of 2,049 students responded to the online survey, of which 1,663 respondents (81%) completed all survey questions and were included in the final data. Based on total student population in 2009, approximately 4.4% (2,049/46,302) of students responded to the survey. Of students enrolled at UNSW during 2009, 25% were international students, compared to 22.1% in our survey population. Survey respondents were also younger (84.3% aged ≤ 24 years) overall than the UNSW student body in 2009 (67% aged ≤ 24 years). Of the 1,296 domestic students who completed a survey, 915 (70.6%) were Australian-born, with 54 other countries of birth represented. Of the international students (n = 367), 285 (77.7%) were from countries in Asia and most had been living in Australia for less than 2 years (n = 244, 66.5%). Other demographic characteristics, by enrolment status are shown in Table 1. Half (49.8%, 829/1,663) of all students reported that they had travelled to an international destination in the previous 12 months, of which 69.4% (578/829) reported one trip during this time. There was no significant difference in the proportion of domestic (49.7%) and international students (50.4%) who had travelled internationally in the last 12 months (p = 0.8). The most common travel destinations were in North and South East Asia (73.7%, 621/829) for both domestic and international students (Table 1). Of those travelling in the previous 12 months, 216 (26%) reported travel only to countries deemed low risk for infectious disease, including the USA, Canada, New Zealand, Japan and Europe. Significantly higher proportion of international students travelled outside these low risk destinations (170, 91.4%) compared to domestic students (444, 68.9%). Overall, travel for the purpose of a holiday was the most common reason cited for their most recent international trip (52.6%, 436/829). However, significantly more international students reported visiting friends and relatives compared to domestic students (52.2% vs. 30.3%, p < 0.001) (Table 1). Of the international students, 232 (63.2%) reported a return visit to their home country since commencing their current university course. 85 international students (23.2%) reported one visit and 147 (40.1%) reported two or more visits. Uptake of pre-travel health advice and preventative measures Of the students who had travelled in the previous 12 months (n = 829), uptake of pre-travel health advice was low; with only 32.4% (269/829) of respondents reporting that they sought preventative health advice prior to their last trip from a health professional. Domestic students were significantly more likely to seek pre-travel health advice from a health professional (38.2% vs. 12.4% OR: 4.4, 95% CI 2.8-7.0; P < 0.001). Students aged 17-20 years (P = 0.04) and those who had only travelled once in the previous 12 months (P = 0.007) were significantly more likely to have sought pre-travel preventative health advice from a health professional prior to their last trip. Of the students who indicated that they visited a health professional prior to their most recent trip, most reported seeing a general practitioner (90.7%, 244/269). Other sources of information are shown in Table 1. One fifth (20.9%, 173/829) reported also seeking information from other sources, with government websites such as the Smartraveller (a website of the Australian Federal Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade: http://www.smartraveller.gov.au/) the most commonly reported source. The second most common information source were family members or friends followed by travel guide books. Domestic participants who sought professional pre-travel preventative health advice were 2.4 times more likely to report seeking health information from other sources (31.7% vs. 16.1%, OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.7-3.5 P < 0.001). There was no association between seeking professional and other sources of health information for international students (P = 0.2). For domestic students, those who had travelled to visit friends or families were significantly less likely to seek health advice from a health professional (OR: 0.5, 95%CI: 0.4-0.7 P < 0.001) or other sources (OR: 0.5, 95%CI: 0.3-0.7 P = 0.001) than those travelling for other reason. For international students, there were no significant differences in pre-travel preventative health seeking by reason for travel (P = 0.4). In this study, uptake of common vaccines was poorly reported. While a number of students reported ever receiving a vaccine for hepatitis B (36.4%), influenza (25.2%), hepatitis A (30.6%) and measles (20.9%), a substantial proportion of students were unable to recall if they had received a vaccine for hepatitis B (13.0%), influenza (13.2%), hepatitis A (16.4%) and measles (17.0%). Overall, 51.8% of students reported no or don't know for the four vaccines. Those who had sought professional pre-travel health advice were more likely to report a prior vaccination for hepatitis A (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.5-2.9 P < 0.001), hepatitis B (OR: 1.9 95% CI: 1.4-2.5 P < 0.001) and influenza (OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.6-3.1 P < 0.001). Sun screen (567/829, 68.4%) and travel insurance (492, 59.3%) were stated as the two most common health precautions reported by students who had travelled in the past 12 months. Only 19.2% (192/829) of students reported carrying condoms with them on any trip in the past 12 months. Differences in uptake of precautionary travel health measures between domestic and international students are shown in Table 2. Knowledge on travel diseases One in five (19.8%, 330/1663) respondents incorrectly indicated the availability of a vaccine for the common cold, while 80.6% (1341/1663) were aware of the availability of an influenza vaccine. Respondents who had sought pre-travel advice from a health professional were more likely to be aware of the availability of vaccines for hepatitis A (OR: 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-1.9 P = 0.05), hepatitis B (OR: 1.8 95% CI 1.2-2.7 P = 0.002) and measles (OR: 1.8, 95% CI:1.2-2.6 P = 0.001). Compared to international students, domestic students were significantly more likely to be aware of the availability of vaccines for; hepatitis A (OR: 1.3 95%CI: 1.0-1.7 P = 0.03), hepatitis B (OR: 2.0, 95%CI: 1.5-2.5 P < 0.001), influenza (OR: 2.5 95%CI: 1.9-3.2 P < 0.001) and measles (OR: 3.7 95% CI: 2.9-4.8 P < 0.001). Overall, respondents did not feel overly worried about any of the listed travel threats, nor did they think they were 'highly likely' to occur while travelling abroad or in Australia. However, students did perceive that most of the threats were significantly more likely to occur while travelling overseas than in Australia. In contrast, respondents felt that a sexually transmitted infection (p < 0.001) and excessive sun exposure (P < 0.001) were more likely to occur while in Australia, while motor vehicle accidents were equally likely to occur in both setting (P = 0.3) (Table 3). Of the four infectious diseases rated, 40% of participants reported their health would be extremely affected by hepatitis A, 37.6% by dengue, 18.8% by measles and 9.3% by an influenza infection. In contrast to international students, domestic students were more likely to rate their health to be extremely affected if they contracted dengue (39.8% vs. 30% OR: 1.6, 95%CI: 1.2-2.0 p = 0.001) or hepatitis A (43.1% vs. 28.9%, OR: 1.9, 95%CI: 1.5-2.4 P < 0.0001). Students who nominated their health to be extremely affected by hepatitis A were 1.3 times more likely to report a previous vaccination for hepatitis A (OR: 1.3, 95%CI: 1.0-1.6 P = 0.03) and were more likely to have reported seeking pre-travel health advice from a health professional (OR: 1.5, 95%CI: 1.1-2.1 P = 0.005) and other sources (OR: 1.8, 95%CI: 1.2-2.5 P = 0.001). Students who reported their health would be extremely affected by dengue were also more likely to have sought advice from alternate sources other than health professionals (OR: 1.6, 95%CI: 1.1-2.2 P = 0.01). Numerous surveys identify that travellers considerably underestimate the risks associated with travel to developing countries and a subsequent lack of preparation to avoid infectious disease risks [16–22]. This is especially true for younger travellers, who are disproportionately represented in studies assessing infectious symptoms post-travel [23–31]. For example, the incidence of post-travel illness in Swedish travellers who had attended a travel clinic for pre-travel health advice was greatest in those aged 10-24 years (65%) compared to those aged 25-49 years (49%) and those aged 50 years or more (33%) . Younger travellers are at greater risk of infectious diseases which have been attributed to a higher susceptibility, particularly to vaccine-preventable diseases and greater exposure due to increased risk taking behaviours and travel to high-risk destinations [9, 32]. Our study found a low risk perception across all of the health threats, for both domestic and international students, which support the previous findings of USA study abroad students . Students in our study perceived a low personal likelihood of health threats occurring both in Australia and while travelling. The lowest likelihood and worry scores were for the individual infectious diseases included in the survey; dengue, hepatitis A, hepatitis B and measles, despite the fact that they are commonly reported in travellers . Despite more than a third of students reporting that a hepatitis A or dengue infection would 'extremely affect' their health, the majority of students were barely worried. In a Finnish study of risk taking behaviours during travel, willingness to take health risks were associated with younger age , which may partially explain our results. Consistent low risk perceptions were also illustrated in a Canadian study on the beliefs and attitudes of students towards measles immunisations. In that study, 67% of students with no immunity to measles perceived little or no risk of acquiring measles and no need to be immunised for the disease . In addition to low risk perception, was the low pre-travel preventative health preparation undertaken by our young, globally mobile student population. Uptake of pre-travel health advice was low overall with 68% of respondents reporting they had not sought any advice from a health professional prior to their last international trip. Our international students were far less likely to seek pre-travel advice from a health professional compared to their domestic counterparts. In the few studies that are available on student travellers, it is apparent that a large proportion of students do not seek health advice prior to travel [14, 36]. For example, Abdullah et al reported that only 25% of Hong Kong students had sought pre-travel health advice, with 41% seeking information from 'non-expert' sources . While it is likely that the level of pre-travel assessment and preparation will differ for students by destination (i.e. high vs low risk countries) and prior travel experience; travel consultation may still be required. For example, many young adult Australians are at risk of measles infection. In the past few years there have been several large and ongoing outbreaks of measles in a number of countries in Europe as well as in New Zealand and also several large outbreaks of mumps in the USA in educational institutions . Given that many students are not aware of their immunisation status and many will travel during their university years (including multi-country trips to both high and low risk destinations), pre-travel consultation for this age group may increase awareness of destination-specific risks and provide protection for a lifetime of travel. We also identified that there were variances amongst our participants in regards to the level of knowledge about travel-related diseases and their personal vaccination histories. Only one in two students were able to correctly identify the availability of the hepatitis A vaccine and more than one in five incorrectly reported that a vaccine for dengue existed. In addition, more than one in ten indicated that they did not know whether they had been previously vaccinated against measles, hepatitis A, hepatitis B and influenza. These deficits in knowledge are consistent with past studies of the general travelling population in which travellers are either unaware of their own immunisation status or have significant misimpressions of their vaccine history . Gaps in knowledge of personal susceptibility and vaccination status may result in many travellers, including student travellers, choosing to forgo pre-travel vaccination assessments despite lack of existing immunity . The reported uptake of vaccines was slightly higher amongst our participants than the rates reported by two previous studies. The first study by Hartjes et al. of USA study abroad students found that 42% had received at least one travel vaccine despite students studying in low income countries highly endemic for many vaccine-preventable diseases . Lower uptake rates were reported in a Canadian study of tertiary education students, with 34.4% reporting a history of hepatitis A vaccination, despite 60% reporting prior travel and 81% reporting intention to travel to hepatitis A endemic countries . Few travellers, including young adults, are able to accurately recall prior vaccination and information on vaccination coverage for university age Australians is not easily attainable. Australia has a vaccine registry but it is restricted to vaccines received prior to 7 years of age and to Australian's born during or since 1996. Australian children are registered on the Australian Childhood Immunisation Registrar (ACIR) upon registration with Medicare (99% of Australians) and can be added to the register by their health provider (including migrants) at anytime up to 7 years of age . However, no register exists for older age groups in Australia and while there has been debate around the inclusion of a "whole-of-life" immunisation register, no definitive actions have been undertaken. From 2013 onwards, Australian-born students or migrants (arriving prior to age 7) entering University in Australia will have been registered on the ACIR and vaccines received up to 7 years of age will be available to registered providers. In future cohorts of commencing university students, access to national vaccine registers may assist providers of travel health advice in determining missed childhood vaccinations and identifying at-risk young adults prior to travel. Other options for determining the vaccination status of international students is required. Currently, there are no existing requirements at universities in Australia regarding proof of immunisation and status may only be reviewed if the student presents for a consultation. Education institutions may be the last opportunity to capture young adults in vaccination programs and universities clinics may provide the ideal opportunistic environment to improve vaccine coverage and thereby reduce travel risks. However, only 9 international and 15 domestic students indicated that they had attended the University Health Clinic, highlighting an under-utilised domain for travel health provision. Alternatively, education campaigns targeting young adults could also utilise the university networks and information gateways, such as distributing information brochures at the time of enrolment, during orientation week or through university-wide emails and newsletters. Other mediums favoured by young adults such as popular internet sites should also be considered as a possible means of information provision to this susceptible cohort and in increasing uptake of pre-travel preventative health advice. UNSW has embraced technology with campus information being delivered via Twitter and YouTube, while urgent SMS messaging, Facebook, Yammer and other similar sites could also be utilised. Given that the bulk of University community is under 25 years old it is an entirely appropriate to use this new technology. Despite the university-wide broadcast of the survey and the obtained sample size being sufficiently large to draw statistical conclusions on the total UNSW population, the generalizability of our study is limited by the low response rate obtained. Our survey relied on a convenience sample, and as such may not be representative of the entire student population due to self-selection bias. However, information provided to students on the nature of the study prior to participation did not describe travel health or immunisation, but rather risk perceptions and practices towards infectious diseases in general and therefore may have reduced the opportunity for self-selecting by the students who have an interest in travel health or vaccination. Cross-sectional surveys, by their nature, are subject to recall bias. In this study, we asked students to describe their last episode of travel (undertaken in the previous year). Retrospective self-report of travel behaviours may have resulted in recall bias, contributing to the higher reported uptake rates. The population of domestic and international students to tertiary education institutions is large. In 2008, 1.1 million students were enrolled in public universities in Australia, including 770,000 domestic students . Our study highlights the variability in the uptake of pre-travel health advice, vaccination and other precautions and the low risk perception in this age group. Limited data focus on young travellers despite high international student numbers and a high likelihood of travel in this age group. What we do know is that young adults, including university students, have a high likelihood of international travel. What we are not doing is targeting these students appropriately to ensure adequate protection from a lifetime of travel health risks. There is a need to improve health-seeking and knowledge of personal susceptibility and travel-health risks in this highly mobile young adult population. The next step is determining the most appropriate strategies for increasing pre-travel health preparation, and particularly for vaccine preventable diseases. Council of Australian Governments (COAG): International Student Strategy for Australia. [http://www.coag.gov.au] Australian Education International (AEI): International student numbers 2010. Research Snaphot. 2011, Australian Government: Canberra, [http://www.aei.gov.au] Australian Bureau of Statistics: 3401.0 Overseas arrival and departure data, Australia. Time-series spreadsheets. Table 1: Short-term Movement, Visitor Arrivals - Intended Length of Stay and Main Reason for Journey: Original. January 1991-December 2010. [http://www.abs.gov.au] Thorley B, Kelly H, Roberts J: Importation of wild poliovirus into Australia, July 2007. Commun Dis Intell. 2007, 31: 299- Lavender CJ, Brown LK, Johnson PD: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Victoria: a 10-year review. Med J Aust. 2009, 191: 315-318. Hull B, Dey A, Mahajan D, Menzies R, McIntyre PB: Immunisation coverage annual report, 2009. Commun Dis Intell. 2011, 35: 132-148. Lambert SB, Morgan ML, Riddell MA, Andrews RM, Kelly HA, Leydon JA, Catton MC, Lynch PA, Gercovich DK, Lester RA, et al: Measles outbreak in young adults in Victoria, 1999. Med J Aust. 2000, 173: 467-471. Polgreen PM, Bohnett LC, Yang M, Pentella MA, Cavanaugh JE: A spatial analysis of the spread of mumps: the importance of college students and their spring-break-associated travel. Epidemiol Infect. 2010, 138: 434-441. 10.1017/S0950268809990719. World Health Organisation: Health risks and precautions: General considerations. International Travel and Health Situation as on 1 January 2009. 2009, Switzerland: World Health Organisation Crockett M, Keystone J: "I hate needles" and other factors impacting on travel vaccine uptake. J Travel Med. 2005, 12 (Suppl 1): S41-46. World Health Organisation: Vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccines. International Travel and Health Situation as on 1 January 2009. 2009, Switzerland: World Health Organisation, 95-145. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): School Vaccination Requirements, Exemptions & Web links. Immunization requirement reports. [http://www2a.cdc.gov/nip/schoolsurv/schImmRqmt.asp] Heywood AE, Watkins RE, Pattanasin S, Iamsirithaworn S, Nilvarangkul K, Macintyre CR: Self-reported symptoms of infection among travelers departing from Sydney and Bangkok airports. J Travel Med. 2010, 17: 243-249. 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2010.00422.x. Hartjes LB, Baumann LC, Henriques JB: Travel health risk perceptions and prevention behaviors of US study abroad students. J Travel Med. 2009, 16: 338-343. 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2009.00322.x. Heywood AE, Watkins RE, MacIntyre CR: Health-seeking and vaccination habits of a sample of Australian travellers. 11th Conference of the International Society of Travel Medicine: 2009. 2009, Hungary: Budabest, 24-28. Laver SM, Wetzels J, Behrens RH: Knowledge of malaria, risk perception, and compliance with prophylaxis and personal and environmental preventive measures in travelers exiting Zimbabwe from Harare and Victoria Falls International airport. J Travel Med. 2001, 8: 298-303. Van Herck K, Van Damme P, Castelli F, Zuckerman J, Nothdurft H, Dahlgren AL, Gisler S, Steffen R, Gargalianos P, Lopez-Velez R, et al: Knowledge, attitudes and practices in travel-related infectious diseases: the European airport survey. J Travel Med. 2004, 11: 3-8. LaRocque RC, Rao SR, Tsibris A, Lawton T, Barry MA, Marano N, Brunette G, Yanni E, Ryan ET: Pre-travel health advice-seeking behavior among US international travelers departing from Boston Logan International Airport. J Travel Med. 2010, 17: 387-391. 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2010.00457.x. Lopez-Velez R, Bayas JM: Spanish travelers to high-risk areas in the Tropics: Airport survey of travel health knowledge, attitudes, and practices in vaccination and malaria prevention. J Travel Med. 2007, 14: 297-305. 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2007.00142.x. Wilder-Smith A, Khairullah NS, Song JH, Chen CY, Torresi J: Travel health knowledge, attitudes and practices among Australasian travelers. J Travel Med. 2004, 11: 9-15. Hamer DH, Connor BA: Travel health knowledge, attitudes and practices among United States travelers. J Travel Med. 2004, 11: 23-26. Toovey S, Jamieson A, Holloway M: Travelers' knowledge, attitudes and practices on the prevention of infectious diseases: results from a study at Johannesburg International Airport. J Travel Med. 2004, 11: 16-22. Ahlm C, Lundberg S, Fesse K, Wistrom J: Health problems and self-medication among Swedish travellers. Scand J Infect Dis. 1994, 26: 711-717. 10.3109/00365549409008640. Fleck S, Jager H, Zeeb H: Travel and health status: a survey follow-up study. Euro J Pub Health. 2006, 16: 96-100. Redman CA, Maclennan A, Wilson E, Walker E: Diarrhea and respiratory symptoms among travelers to Asia, Africa, and South and Central America from Scotland. J Travel Med. 2006, 13: 203-211. 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2006.00046.x. Rack J, Wichmann O, Kamara B, Gunther M, Cramer J, Schonfeld C, Henning T, Schwarz U, Muhlen M, Weitzel T, et al: Risk and spectrum of diseases in travelers to popular tourist destinations. J Travel Med. 2005, 12: 248-253. Winer L, Alkan M: Incidence and precipitating factors of morbidity among Israeli travelers abroad. J Travel Med. 2002, 9: 227-232. Abdullah AS, McGhee SM, Hedley AJ: Health risks during travel: a population-based study amongst the Hong Kong Chinese. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2001, 95: 105-110. 10.1080/00034980020035979. Cossar JH, Reid D, Fallon RJ, Bell EJ, Riding MH, Follett EA, Dow BC, Mitchell S, Grist NR: A cumulative review of studies on travellers, their experience of illness and the implications of these findings. J Infect. 1990, 21: 27-42. 10.1016/0163-4453(90)90600-D. Cabada MM, Maldonado F, Mozo K, Seas C, Gotuzzo E: Self-reported health problems among travelers visiting Cuzco: a Peruvian Airport survey. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2009, 7: 25-29. 10.1016/j.tmaid.2008.09.005. Steffen R, Rickenbach M, Wilhelm U, Helminger A, Schar M: Health problems after travel to developing countries. J Infect Dis. 1987, 156: 84-91. 10.1093/infdis/156.1.84. Pizam A, Jeong GH, Reichel A, van Boemmel H, Lusson JM, Steynberg L, State-Costache O, Volo S, Krosebacher C, Kucerova J, et al: The relationship between risk-taking, sensation-seeking and the tourist behavior of young adults: A cross-cultural study. J Travel Res. 2004, 42: 251-260. 10.1177/0047287503258837. Freedman DO, Weld LH, Kozarsky PE, Fisk T, Robins R, von Sonnenburg F, Keystone JS, Pandey P, Cetron MS, Network GS: Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers. N Engl J Med. 2006, 354: 119-130. 10.1056/NEJMoa051331. erratum appears in N Engl J Med. 2006 Aug 31;355(9):967 Aro AR, Vartti AM, Schreck M, Turtiainen P, Uutela A: Willingness to take travel-related health risks-a study among Finnish tourists in Asia during the avian influenza outbreak. Int J Behav Med. 2009, 16: 68-73. 10.1007/s12529-008-9003-7. Pielak KL, Hilton A: University students immunized and not immunized for measles: a comparison of beliefs, attitudes, and perceived barriers and benefits. Can J Public Health. 2003, 94: 193-196. Abdullah As AM, Hedley AJ, Fielding R: Prevalence of travel related illness amongst a group of Chinese undergraduate students in Hong Kong. J Travel Med. 2000, 7: 125-132. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Mumps epidemic--Iowa, 2006. MMWR. 2006, 55: 366-368. Matheson K, Halperin B, McNeil S, Langley JM, Mackinnon-Cameron D, Halperin SA: Hepatitis A and travel amongst Nova Scotia postsecondary students: evidence for a targeted vs. universal immunization strategy. Vaccine. 2010, 28: 8105-8111. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.107. Hull BP, Deeks SL, McIntyre PB: The Australian Childhood Immunisation Register-A model for universal immunisation registers?. Vaccine. 2009, 27: 5054-5060. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.056. Skull SA, Nolan TM: Australia needs an expanded immunisation register for further improvements in vaccine delivery and program evaluation. Med J Aust. 2007, 187: 504-505. Australian Government Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations: Students: Selected Higher Education Statistics. 2008, Full year, [http://www.dest.gov.au/sectors/higher_education/publications_resources/profiles/Students/2008_full_year.htm] The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/12/43/prepub The authors would like to thank the University of New South Wales staff who assisted in the distribution of this survey within the UNSW student community and on UNSW web portals. No external funding source was used to undertake this study. CRM receives funding from influenza vaccine manufacturers GSK and CSL Biotherapies for investigator-driven research. These payments were not associated with this study. The remaining authors have no competing interests. MZ/HS/AH participated in the design of the study and survey, undertook the distribution and collection, performed the analysis and drafted the manuscript. CRM participated in the study design and coordination and in the editing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. About this article Cite this article Heywood, A.E., Zhang, M., MacIntyre, C.R. et al. Travel risk behaviours and uptake of pre-travel health preventions by university students in Australia. BMC Infect Dis 12, 43 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-12-43 - Risk Perception - International Student - Health Advice

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One of the most controversial debates in Oregon’s state capitol this year is banning single-use bags, Senate Bill 536. There is something more important to add to the debate than just the rhetoric from environmental activists, politicians, paper companies and grocery stores. The question of whether government has the right to ban a product and to force retailers to charge a government-created price is an important one to consider, and it has significant implications for government involvement in Oregonians’ lives. In addition to an outright ban on plastic bags, SB 536 forces retail stores to charge shoppers wanting a paper bag a minimum price set by the government. Currently, for convenience and ease at checkout, stores usually offer “free” bags to shoppers but embed the cost of these bags into the price of other products purchased at the store. SB 536 advocates want to attach a direct price to the single-use bags in order to reduce consumption. In this case, the Oregon government would impose a minimum price of five cents per paper bag. It is interesting to note that there has been little political backlash regarding this escalating power of government. Since when have Oregonians thought that it was the “right” of government to set prices on products or not to allow stores to embed the price of a product into the overall cost of doing business? Businesses embed prices all the time. Grocery carts, coffee cups, fast food packaging are all examples of embedded prices. Shoppers are not charged for their usage directly but pay for them through higher prices on food or coffee. If SB 536 passes, Oregonians essentially would be allowing government to force retail stores to redo their business model and set prices for a product. This sets up a precarious precedent that government can have the right to impose prices on every product it deems harmful to society. This also would mean government has the right to impose maximum prices for products as long as politicians argue that it would be for the common good. This is eerily comparable to price controls in Cuba and the former Soviet Union, and we all know how well that works out. Although on the surface the government-imposed price on paper bags looks fairly harmless, it is truly a dangerous overreach of government. What about the outright ban? This is an equally destructive and dangerous encroachment of government. Many reasons cited for the ban are questionable environmental claims, but advocates also claim that this would be a job stimulus program for the state because of Oregon’s paper industry. Even though those claims have been found to be false and there would actually be a net job loss, there is a more important underlying issue. If we allow government to ban a product because some politicians deem it bad for society or, in this case, good for job growth, what is next? Government could have the right to ban all fruit not grown in Oregon or all cars not manufactured in the state. If Senate Bill 536 passes, Oregonians are setting a standard that our rights can be trampled on. Giving the government the right to force you not to purchase a product and to control prices is much scarier than the existence of plastic bags, contrary to what some environmental activists may believe. Todd Wynn is Vice President at Cascade Policy Institute, Oregon’s free market public policy research center. He received his bachelor’s degree in Business Economics from California State University Long Beach and his masters in International and Developmental Economics from University of San Francisco.

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Monson Maine Slate Company, ca.1900 Contributed by Monson Historical Society Purchase a reproduction of this item on VintageMaineImages.com. This is an open pit slate mining operation showing the men going down into the quarry in the "box" which was lowered into the pit by the hoist shown on the upper right of the photo. The slate would then be brought up to the top of the quarry by the chains used to lower the "box". There were a series of bells used to tell the hoister operator if the men needed to come up to the surface, if a load of slate was ready to be raised, and so on. The series of indentions shown in the photo were called ledges. - Title: Monson Maine Slate Company, ca.1900 - Creation Date: circa 1900 - Subject Date: circa 1900 - Town: Monson - County: Piscataquis - State: ME - Media: photo - Dimensions (cm): 18.7 x 23.6 - Local Code: MHS 110-063 - Object Type: Image For more information about this item, contact: Cross Reference Searches LC Subject Headings Share what you know about this item ... Or if there's a problem with this page, tell us. We do NOT offer appraisals on like items. Check our Note on Appraisals.

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As if the world isn't already TENSE enough what with just surviving another Rapture, today I'm going to focus on creating tension with dialogue. And I'm going to use a couple of plays as examples since they are great sources. Without tense dialogue the audience falls into a stupor. |In a Stupor| Here's a little bit from Edward Albee's Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf--there are four characters in the room during this exchange--a young couple, Nick and his wife as well as George and Martha, the seasoned combatants.See if you feel just a touch of tension. NICK (Peers at Martha) Your eyes are ... brown, aren't they? Green! (A little too fast) Well, in some lights they look brown but they're green. Not like his . . . more hazel. George has watery blue eyes. . . milky blue. Make up your mind, Martha. I was giving you the benefit of the doubt. (Now back to the others) Daddy has green eyes, too. He does not! Your father has tiny red eyes...like a white mouse. In fact, he is a white mouse. You wouldn't dare say a thing like that if he was here! You're a coward! Can you picture the other two people in the room with George and Martha? In the audience, I was cringing. What sharp spear of a word would they hurl at each Now, here's a small of bit of classic dialogue tension. The audience knows what Iago is up to and watches as he starts to weave his web of suspicion to trap Othello My Noble lord,-- What dost thou say, Iago? Did Michael Cassio, when you woo'd my lady, Know of your love? He did, from first to last: why dost thou ask? But for a satisfaction of my thought; No further harm. Why of thy thought,Iago? I did not think he had been acquainted with her. O,yes; and went between us very oft. Indeed! ay, indeed" discern'st thou aught in that? Is he not honest? Honest, my lord! Notice that in these very different examples there are some The language is lean. No fat, but lots of sub-text in each one. Martha choose the very unflattering adjectives, milky and watery, to describe George's eye color. Iago chooses the single word, indeed, which I guess you could translate as, "foolish dupe." He then repeats Othello's word, honest, implying, "whatever!" The words themselves seem pretty innocent, but their meaning isn't and that's what the reader picks up. That's what creates the tension. Here are a couple of earlier post about dialogue ifyou'd like to see them. As always I really love your comments. If you have a great example or want to add to what I've shared, please do. I learn so much from my readers.

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Read the claims below and select an effective claim for “Home in Amarna.” Though Tutankhamun ruled a short time, he made a large impact on the world. Tutankhamun worked hard to become a strong leader by practicing his archery and weaponry daily, as well as driving a chariot and studying daily with tutors. Tutankhamun lives a privileged life and often played with other children behind the palace walls, as well as studying daily to learn as much as he could. Though Tutankhamun came to rule as a young child, he worked very hard to become a strong leader to rule his people well. Stacey Warren - Expert brainly.com Hey! We 've verified this expert answer for you, click below to unlock the details :) At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. I got my questions answered at brainly.com in under 10 minutes. Go to brainly.com now for free help!

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Ballet, Pointe, Tap, Jazz, Musical Theater/Character, Lyrical, Modern, & Hip-Hop Ballet: A classical, theatrical, highly disciplined form of dance, which is the foundation for all other styles of dance. Ballet is based on techniques that have been developed over centuries. Pointe: A part of classical ballet technique made possible by special shoes that enable dancers to dance on the tips of their toes. A special style available to only advanced ballet dancers. Tap: A dance in which beats are audibly tapped out with the toe or heel by dancers wearing shoes with special taps. Tap is a rhythmic style that incorporates all genres of dance. Jazz: A dance form that has many origins which is usually matched to upbeat music. Jazz dancing often uses bold, dramatic body movements, including body isolations and contractions. Musical Theater: A form of jazz used in musicals which requires performance skills by adding theatrical elements to dance choreography. Lyrical: A dance style that combines elements of ballet, jazz, and modern dance techniques to tell a story. It is usually performed to music with lyrics and the song's lyrics are the main inspiration for the movement. Choreography is often emotional and delicate. Modern: A form of dance that encourages dancers to use their emotions and moods to design their own steps and routines. Improve is a large part of modern dance. It has no set guidelines for movement, instead of following a structured code of technique, as in ballet. It is a grounded style unlike ballet which is light and airy. Hip-Hop: A style of dance evolved from the hip-hop culture or street dancing performed to rap or hip-hop music. It includes moves such as breaking, popping, locking, and krumping. Personal interpretation are essential to hip-hop dancing. Only combination classes are offered at FTR. Description below will give you an idea of genres taught and estimated weekly studio time. Contact us for pricing! 45 mins/wk (Ballet,Tap,Jazz) Age 2.5-5 years old 1 hour/wk (Ballet,Tap,Jazz) Age 4-6 years old 1hr15mins/wk(Ballet,Tap,Jazz) Age 5-7 years old 1hr30mins/wk(Ballet,Tap,Jazz,Hip-Hop) Age 6-8 years old 1hr45mins/wk(Ballet, Tap, Jazz,Hip-Hop,Lyrical) Ages 8-9years old 2hrs/wk(Ballet,Tap,Jazz,Hip-Hop, Lyrical) Age 7-10 years old 2hrs45mins/wk(Ballet,Tap,Jazz,Hip-Hop,Lyrical,Modern) Age 10-13 years old 3hrswk(Ballet,Tap,Jazz,Hip-Hop,Lyrical,Modern) Age 11-14 years old 4hrs/wk (Ballet,Tap, Pointe,Jazz,Hip-Hop,Lyrical,Modern) Age 11+ up If you are interested in hip-hop and tap classes for your son please contact us for further details *The age ranges and class lengths listed are only a reference. All placements are based on each individual student's ability and maturity!*

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The next significant advance for cardiovascular ultrasound will be the introduction of clinical three-dimensional (3-D) imaging. With increasing computer power and software and hardware, 3-D ultrasound imaging will become a reality over the next few years. Of all cardiovascular abnormalities, congenital heart disease is one of the most logical entities to lend itself to wide-field and 3-D presentation. Tomographic two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiography has in great part replaced cardiac catheterization as the means of accurately visualizing congenital cardiac defects. However, two distinct limitations exist with current 2-D presentations: (1) limited field of view (ie, 90° sector) and (2) tomographic slices that must be assimilated by the examiner into a 3-D or four dimensional diagnosis. True 3-D imaging has the ultimate capability of rendering anatomy in a format comparable to looking at the actual cardiac specimen. If electronic rendering were really feasible and of suitable quality, one could envision electronically extracting the heart from a living human and examining abnormalities much as one might examine a cardiac specimen (ie, 'electronic vivisection'). This article reviews the state of the art of wide-field and 3-D cardiovascular ultrasound in the assessment of congenital heart disease. |Original language||English (US)| |Number of pages||6| |Journal||American Journal of Cardiac Imaging| |State||Published - Jan 1 1995| ASJC Scopus subject areas - Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging - Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine

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Running Experiments in Outer Space Learn how the emerging market of small satellites, CubeSats are democratizing access to student space exploration. This workshop will include running hands-on experiments using CubeSat sensors in the classroom. These same sensors are available on a constellation of CubeSats for student experiments. Attendees will work with the tools used to design and upload experiments to satellite in low earth orbit. Data analysis and visualization of previous space experiment data will be used to demonstrate the tools for creating a shareable experiment portfolios. Additional Supporting Materials - Learn how to run hands-on classroom experiments with sensors and Arduino micro-controller - Learn how to document the engineering / scientific method of an experiment into a shareable student portfolio - Learn how to design experiments to be run on satellites in low earth orbit - Kevin Cocco, CTO, Ardusat Inc. Kevin Cocco, CTO, Ardusat Show me another

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en

SpaceX has made the claim that with their new Falcon 9 rocket, they're able to lift satellites to low Earth orbit for a thousand dollars a pound and eventually, the Wall Street Journal reports, fifty dollars a pound. Let's repeat that: Fifty dollars a pound. If true, that's astonishing. The biggest barrier to moving into space is the cost of moving matter into orbit and beyond. If it's not Elon Musk talking through his hat, that's revolutionary. At that price, you could put an exact replica of Sputnik into orbit for less than ten thousand dollars. Which is something I think we should do. The first artificial satellite ever was launched into space in 1957. It was, yes, part of the Cold War competition between the Soviet Union and the United States. It was also one of the greatest accomplishments of the human race. That can never be taken away from the nations -- Russia foremost, but the others should not be forgotten -- that did the deed. The United States successfully redefined the competition in space as a race for the Moon, which we consequently won. But there was no serious commitment in the US to space exploration until the Soviet Union demonstrated they were far, far ahead of us on that front. Which is to say, we won the race in 1969 -- but we wouldn't have been anywhere near the Mare Tranquillitatis then if it hadn't been for the fierce but peaceful competition between two great powers. Now, there are 71 space organizations, thirteen of which have launch capability and six of which have full launch capability (Russian, the United States, China, Japan, Europe, India), plus rather a lot of private concerns. It's a good time to honor our past. Just wanted to put that thought in your head. And as always... I'm on the road again. More when I get home.

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CC-MAIN-2020-29

http://floggingbabel.blogspot.com/2018/02/

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en

How to Protect Your Urban Farm from Soil Contaminants A large concern with your urban farming site is the contamination from past use of your site. Old industrial cities, in particular, may have soils contaminated with a variety of chemicals. Contaminated soil is an especially important issue if you’re growing edible crops or have young children or grandchildren who may ingest the soil. Many of the chemicals enter the body through ingestion, but some risk of exposure through breathing in chemical dust is possible as well. Common contaminants to be aware of The chemical lists look scary, but don’t let them deter you from growing food and flowers in the city. The reality is that even though most urban soils have some detectable contaminants, the levels in most cases may not be high enough to warrant action on your part. |Source||Previous Site Usage||Specific Contaminants| |Paint (before 1978)||Old residual buildings; mining, leather, tanning, landfill operations; aircraft component making||Lead| |High-traffic areas||Next to heavily trafficked highways and roadways; near roadways built before leaded fuel was phased out||Lead, zinc, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)| |Treated lumber||Lumber treatment facilities||Arsenic, copper, chromium| |Burning waste||Landfill operations||PAHs, dioxins| |Contaminated manure||Agriculture||Copper, zinc (from copper and zinc salts added to animal feed)| |Coal ash||Coal-fired power plants; landfills||Molybdenum, sulfur| |Sewage sludge||Sewage treatment plants; agriculture||Cadmium, copper, zinc, lead, persistent bioaccumulative toxins (PBTs)| |Petroleum spills||Gas stations; residential/commercial/industrial uses (anywhere an above-ground or underground storage tank has been located)||PAHs, benzene, toluene, xylene, ethyl benzene| |Pesticides||Widespread pesticide use, such as in orchards; pesticide formulation, packaging, and shipping||Lead, arsenic, mercury chlordane, and chlorinated pesticides| |Commercial/industrial site usage||Factories manufacturing building supplies, chemicals, and other potentially hazardous materials||PAHs, petroleum products, solvents, lead, other heavy metals (such as arsenic, chromium, cadmium, mercury, zinc)| |Dry cleaners||Service businesses using chemicals for clothes cleaning||Stoddard solvents, tetrachloroethene| |Metal-finishing operations||Factories using hazardous chemicals during painting and finishing work||Metals and cyanides| |*Adapted from the EPA| To determine whether the toxin levels are high enough to warrant action, you simply have to hire a professional to do a soil test to check for heavy metals or other pollutants. You can work with the cooperative extension service in your state or a private soil lab. These tests can get pricey if you’re testing for a number of possible contaminants, so narrowing the list to the most likely culprits is a good idea. Doing a soil test on healthy soil every three to four years is fine. You may be able to find city, state, or federal programs to help offset the cost of these tests. Check online or with your local health department. The soil test results give you the soil’s contaminant levels and the safe standard for each contaminant. You can use this information to determine what action (if any) that you take. Tips to avoid contamination in your soon-to-be garden Creating a little green patch in the city can be tough when you’re worried about contamination from chemicals and other toxins. However, don’t let it stop you from trying. Here are some tips to avoid contamination: Locate your garden away from building foundations. Lead-based paint chips are most likely found close to buildings where painting occurred. This advice is especially important if the building is old enough to have had lead-based paint used on it. (Lead was banned as a paint additive in 1978.) Build raised beds, lay a sheet of landscape fabric on the bottom, and bring in fresh soil and compost to fill them. However, don’t use chemically treated lumber in your raised bed construction; otherwise you risk introducing new toxins to your soil. Build a fence or plant a hedge as a barrier to block dust from potential sources of contamination, such as highways or railroad tracks. After all, it’s not only old chemicals and pollutants that are a concern. Present-day vehicle and industrial exhaust can also drift into your yard and contaminate the soil. Mulch thickly (roughly 4 inches) around your plants to minimize their contact with the soil. Teach young children not to eat dirt or unwashed vegetables. Most contaminants get into the body through ingestion. As a result, all produce should be cleaned thoroughly before storing or eating. And, of course, mud pies are a no-no. Wear gloves in the garden and wash your hands thoroughly after working in the garden. Even though most contaminants are introduced through the mouth, some folks can also have skin reactions to chemicals in the soil. So gloves are important. Also, if you don’t wear gloves and wash after gardening, you risk putting the chemicals into your mouth when eating, coughing, or otherwise touching your face. If you’re growing vegetables, grow fruiting crops, such as tomatoes, peppers, beans, and okra, rather than root crops, leafy vegetables, or herbs. Fruiting crops are held above the soil and are less likely to have contaminants on them compared to these other crops. If you do grow leafy vegetables, be sure to remove the outer and bottom leaves before eating. These parts of the plant are in closest contact with the soil and have the most potential to be contaminated. And if you grow root veggies, peel them to remove the skins where contaminants may reside. Maintain a pH of 6.5 or more. The higher pH makes metals less mobile in the soil and lessens the amount taken up by the plants. Replace contaminated soil. You can physically dig out contaminated soil and send it to a toxic waste site. Then bring in new soil that you know isn’t contaminated.

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CC-MAIN-2013-48

http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-to-protect-your-urban-farm-from-soil-contamina.html

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en

A higher number of traffic-related fatalities occur at night with fatigue being a significant factor in most cases. Reduced visibility and inappropriate driving add to that risk – that is why we advise all drivers and riders to adopt defensive driving techniques. Those most at risk are fearful of driving in low light or older motorists and young professionals with low mileage under their belt. Knowing the dangers of night driving is essential. To help mitigate the risks, read our night-time driving tips: - Lights: Make sure all external lights are clean and in good working order and interior lighting is turned off. Use your lights properly and be careful not to dazzle or cause discomfort to other road users. Always use dipped headlights in urban areas or when approaching oncoming vehicles and a full beam on all other roads, particularly unlit rural lanes. - Eyes: Routinely have your sight examined every two years, depending on your age, risk factors and whether you wear corrective lenses. To avoid being dazzled by oncoming headlights, keep your attention on the left-hand kerb. You can also adjust the rear-view mirror to reflect light away from your eyes. - Speed: It is safer to maintain a steady speed when driving in the dark. Increasing and dropping your speed can be distracting for you and confusing for drivers following behind. Aim for a speed suitable for the road conditions and one that you can maintain. This should also help with eco-economy as you use more fuel when speed dips and bursts. - Distance: It is harder to spot hazards at night so get into the habit of increasing the two-second time gap between you and the vehicle in front. Following too close reduces your visibility and reaction time, and your headlights could also distract or intimidate the driver in front. - Tiredness: Falling asleep when driving overnight accounts for 40 per cent of collisions in the UK. To prevent drowsy driving make sure you take regular breaks every two hours, particularly when driving long distances. - Slow down: Give yourself time to read the road for signs of other road users by travelling slower than normal. Pedestrians and cyclists will be harder to spot in the dark, particularly if they are not wearing reflective clothing. Slowing down will also allow your eyes time to adjust when travelling from well-lit to dark roads. - Visibility: A dirty windscreen may appear clean during the day but will increase glare from other vehicles at night. They are also prone to steam up. To help keep your windscreen clean, avoid touching it with your hands as the oil from your skin will smear the glass. Instead, keep a microfibre cloth to hand to wipe away dust. - Stay alert: Be aware of what is happening around you as other drivers may not be as cautious. Slow down more than you usually would at junctions and check your side and rear-view mirrors regularly. Defensive driving techniques can save your life so be sure to use these skills during night-time driving.

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CC-MAIN-2020-16

https://www.thettcgroup.com/news-and-resources/driving-at-night/

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en

NEOCLASSICAL PHYSICS AND QUANTUM GRAVITY Imagine that nature is emergent from pairs of Planck scale fundamental particles, the electrino and the positrino, which are equal yet oppositely charged. These are the only carriers of energy, in electromagnetic and kinetic form. Now add in an infinite 3D Euclidean space (non curvy) and Maxwell’s equations. 𝗡𝗣𝗤𝗚 explores this recipe for nature and how it emerges as a narrative that is compatible with GR and QM, yet far superior in ability to explain the universe and resolve open problems. For 𝗡𝗣𝗤𝗚 basics see: Idealized Neoclassical Model and the NPQG Glossary. Consider spacetime to be a dense, ‘lightly’ interactive medium from the perspective of our anthropocentric scale. Imagine that Einstein’s spacetime maps to a classical solution of a superfluid gas of composite particles made from electrinos and positrinos, the two fundamental particles of nature. Imagine spacetime gas particles are so fine grained that typical standard matter-energy can be represented by a graph of these higher level composite particles and their locations and velocity vectors within the spacetime gas. The radius of a particle shell is determined by both the particle formulation (in terms of electrinos and positrinos) and the particle energy. Most of the particles that compose each of us and that we interact with are low energy particles, near the freezing end of the energy spectrum and thus near the maximum radius they can support in stable form. As these particles gain energy their radius will shrink, possibly imperceptibly from the detection capability of our current instruments. As you can imagine, at the smallest of scales, this discrete world of particle shells and payloads is not easily described by mathematics of functions and derivatives. Zooming out, we observe that there are patterns implemented in the spacetime matrix that are repeatable and predictable and there emerges some sort of decisioning, reasoning, emotion, and so forth that is collectively and logically defined as life. That thing we identify as life controls itself to a large degree. Life has free will to take actions as compared to a lifeless collection of particles such as a rock. A rock can not decide to move from here to there. A life form can expend energy to take actions and manipulate nature. There are some 60 decimal orders of magnitude from the Planck scale to the size of the observable universe. At what scales could life, according to our definition of life, form? Is our definition of life unbiased by our own form and implementation? Have we overlooked scales of intelligence above or below our own? Why are we so special at this scale? Is our scale of life special because it is more energy efficient? J Mark Morris : San Diego : California: January 25, 2020 : v1

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CC-MAIN-2020-10

https://johnmarkmorris.com/2020/01/25/the-matrix/

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When you think of this famous individual, you probably immediately focus your mind on the European discovery of the Americas; however, reviewing a Christopher Columbus timeline will remind you that there was more to this man's life. In October, Christopher Columbus is born in Genoa, Italy. At the young age of 14, Columbus goes out into the seas for the very first time and began working on a ship. At the age of 23, Columbus was hired as a sailor, went to the island of Khios and spent a year on the island. He returned to Italy financially independent. Columbus begins a series of voyages over the next seven years which will wind up taking him to faraway lands such as Guinea and Iceland. Columbus married Felipa Perestrello e Monis, who was the daughter of a wealthy Portuguese nobleman. Columbus and Felipa have a son together named Diego. Felipa passes away at an untimely age. Columbus starts to envision his trip to the Indies; however, he has difficulty finding financial backing for his expedition. Columbus moved to Spain and went by the name Cristóbal Colón. Columbus has another son named Fernando. Fernando's mother was Beatriz Enriquez de Arana, who was not married to Columbus. On August 3, Columbus begins his journey to the Americas with three ships and about 100 men. On August 10 he arrived at the Canary Islands and stopped for provisions and repairs. On September 6 he left for the Indies. October 12 at 2:00 a.m., Rodrigo de Triana, the Pinta lookout, spots what is called the "New World." On October 29, the expedition lands in Cuba. On November 22, the Pinta captain decides that they will leave the expedition. On December 5, Columbus arrives in Hispaniola and found a settlement which he called La Navidad. On December 25, the Santa Maria sinks. On January 15 Columbus and both ships depart for Spain, leaving 39 men in La Navidad. However, the two ships are separated in a storm. On February 15 the Santa Maria island is seen. On March 4th, the company arrived in Portugal. On March 15 the company returned to Spain. On November 3, Columbus went to the Greater Antilles and landed in Puerto Rico. On November 22, he returned to La Navidad and found that his men who he had left there eleven months ago had been killed and the colony was destroyed; so, he started a new one called Isabela. Columbus visited quite a few different areas during this year: When he returned to Hispaniola in August of this year, he made himself Governor of the area. War started between the Spaniards and the Taino during this year, and it lasted until 1495. Columbus enslaved 560 people against the wishes of the King and Queen. On March 10 he headed back to Spain with the 560 slaves. Around 200 died during the trip. On June 8 he reached the coast of Portugal. Columbus heads for the Canary Islands with six ships. On June 19 he arrived in the Canary Islands and sent some ships to the Hispaniola Islands while he went for the Cape Verde Islands with others. On July 4 he left the Cape Verde Islands and headed towards Trinidad On July 31 he arrived in Trinidad. On August 13 he arrived in Margarita. On August 19 he returned back to Hispaniola to be their governor again. But due to his poor health he asked for help and Bobadilla was appointed. In October Columbus was arrested by Bobadilla and sent back to Spain. Columbus was jailed for six weeks in Spain before being released. On June 15 Columbus landed in Martinique with four ships but continued on since a hurricane was predicted. On June 29 he arrived at Santa Domingo but was not allowed to tie up his boats at the port. On July 30, just over a month later, he arrived on the Mosquito Coast and went on to Honduras, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Panama. On January he announces the town of Garrison on Rio Belen. On April 6 Garrison is attacked and destroyed by the natives. On April 16, ten days after the attack, he decides to head back home. On June 25 the ships sunk and became abandoned in Jamaica. On June 29 Columbus and his crew were rescued from Jamaica. On November 7 Columbus returned to Spain. On May 20 he passed away from Reiter's Syndrome at the age of 55. Columbus' likeness was placed on a U.S. postage stamp. He made many voyages and had great accomplishments in his life. If he had not passed away, who knows how many more voyages he would have gone on?

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CC-MAIN-2014-23

http://biography.yourdictionary.com/answers/timelines/christopher-columbus-timeline.html

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en

A question ‘Can you use interviews in a research paper?’ is quite a common one that is often heard from high school students and even sophomores. The concept of including a piece of conversation into an academic paper sounds rather odd since such works are normally based on credible data that is books, research papers, theses, and others. However, fear not, as interviews in research are a common practice, so the answer is “Yes, you can.” Moreover, if you conduct an oral investigation on a topic and include it into your work, your teacher can start regarding you as a persistent and hard-working student, who do care about the overall well-being of a study field. If you don’t have enough time – feel free and write research papers for money. The problem is how to arrange a piece of colloquial speech or undocumented material in research that aims for academic credibility. For this, we need to have an insight into a means of incorporating interviews in a research paper, which are, in fact, citation styles. First, let’s define a citation style is. A citation style is a way of including directly or indirectly information from various sources (dissertations, theses, scientific articles, reports, etc.). It has various formats дand depends on the institution or organization a person studies or works at. On the other hand, all citation styles have two main approaches to incorporating data into a paper. The first one is conducted by means of direct quotation, which is framed by brackets. The second one allows a writer to put a quote in simpler words and introduce it to a reader as their own opinion, while a source reference is a must anyway. Interviews and a Research: - Direct Quote You can add information from a conversation or an interview by including the exact citation into a text. For this, give some information about the interviewee, the date of an interview, and relatable background information. For example, you can put it this way: From a private interview conducted on the 3rd of November, 2017, a staff member stated, ‘I believe that the quality of the company’s products has decreased drastically since 2015.’ Also, it’s allowed to add the author’s personal opinion or explanation to a direct quote by putting it in brackets to separate the exact speech from additional information. Moreover, it’s advised to mark parts of a speech that have been missed out due to their irrelevance by adding ellipsis signs where such speech should have been. Get more information about: “Can You Use Quotes in a Research Paper?” In case, if a citation is too expanded to be incorporated into a paragraph, you need to turn such a piece into a blockquote. This is applicable in cases when a quote is longer than four lines or has more than 40, or 100 words (depending on a style), and is not interrupted by the writer’s comments. Such a style as APA has a specific recommendation for this case. It states that the left margin has to be exactly 1.5 in cases where it’s used. Modern Language Association recommends sliding the left margin 1 in a way, where a block quote is used. No matter what style you’re using for a research paper, you shouldn’t mark a quote in any way. - Quotes included in a text When you use a citation in a paragraph in combination with the rest of text then you need to mention what is the source of a quote. Personal communication is a phrase used and added to references in the American Psychological Association style when a conversation is face-to-face or by means of correspondence, etc. For instance, (E. Smith, personal communication, October 26, 2018). - Interviews as a Reference When you include an interview in a research paper, you probably, don’t possess a hard copy of it so you cannot refer to it. Since every statement and quote has to be mentioned in the sources, you need to add a copy of your approximate interview to your appendix. Otherwise, it might be unaccepted by a teacher. Moreover, if a conversation is documented and is a part of your work you can now paraphrase it and avoid using a direct citation. For example: In accordance to a conversation held with MR. Y (App. 1), it’s believed that… Based on an interview with Prof. S we have concluded that… But remember, if a script of an interview is not added or is not allowed to be attached to a research paper as an appendix then you cannot paraphrase it, but you can only use direct quotes. - Can I Use Names? When referring to an interview and you have it as an appendix you most probably want to mention a person that you’ve had the conversation with. However, you need to make sure that this person has granted you with a right to say their name. If not, then your source is not eligible and can be easily discarded by your teachers. Lastly, using an interview in a research paper is a great idea since it showcases your curious attitude toward a subject. If you pay attention to details and formats, you’ll receive the desired and good mark!

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CC-MAIN-2020-05

https://researchpapers.io/can-you-use-interviews-in-a-research-paper/

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Dr. Lockwood has written or co-authored several books on cruelty to animals. Encyclopaedia Britannica’s Advocacy for Animals spoke with Dr. Lockwood recently about educating the public, and public servants, about animal cruelty; how animals can teach children compassion; and his boyhood preparation for his work in the field of forensics. The World Wildlife Fund, also called the World Wildlife Fund for Nature, with its familiar panda logo, is renowned for its wide-ranging conservation efforts. The Switzerland-based organization is generally known simply by its initials, WWF. Its mission statement signals the scope of its commitment: “To stop the degradation of the […] With its striking black-and-white coat, round black ears, circular black eye patches set against a large white face, bulky body, and waddling gait, the giant panda is one of the world’s most beloved animals. Unfortunately, it also is one of the most endangered. Foie gras (French for “fat liver”), the enlarged liver of a duck or goose, is a food currently inciting much controversy. It is produced through the force-feeding of large quantities of grain to the bird, a process usually referred to by the French term gavage.

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CC-MAIN-2017-39

http://advocacy.britannica.com/blog/advocacy/2007/03/

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ITS Canada defines Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) as the application of advanced and emerging technologies (computers, sensors, control, communications, and electronic devices) in transportation to save lives, time, money, energy and the environment. Even with this definition, the term 'ITS' is elastic, capable of broad or narrow interpretation by practitioners and suppliers. It is multi-modal, covering surface, air and marine. It is heavily focused on surface transportation: private automobiles, commercial vehicles, and public transit. Because these are dynamic systems, the term 'ITS' is understood to include consideration of the vehicle, the infrastructure, and the driver or user, interacting together dynamically. The congestion and safety problems in Canada's transportation networks, combined with continued growth, the fiscal reality of restricted budgets, and environmental and land use constraints, have resulted in a shift in focus toward demand management and more efficient use of the existing infrastructure. The application of ITS is critical to achieving these goals. ITS provide an important key to achieving many of today's transportation objectives: mobility, safety, efficient transportation, providing a financial base for new infrastructure (through the monetization of assets), public-private partnerships, and transportation demand management (through road pricing, transit, and High Occupancy Vehicles (HOVs), which in turn can reduce greenhouse gases. Leading-edge technologies are already in use and are being developed to improve transportation around the world. The Connected Vehicle is one such example, whereby computer and communication systems are integrated to provide an intelligent link between travellers, vehicles, and the infrastructure to address the challenges that modern society faces, such as an increasing number of vehicles on surface routes. Traffic collisions and congestion take a heavy toll in lives, lost economic productivity and wasted energy. Fulfilling the need for transportation systems which are economically feasible and environmentally efficient requires new ways of solving transportation challenges. Goals of ITS include moving towards a fully integrated transportation management system, improving efficiency, safety, productivity and general mobility, while reducing threats to travel safety and security as well as the negative effects to the environment such as pollution. ITS Canada strives to foster new ITS applications, promote government-industry cooperation, and strengthen the Canadian industry in order to maximize existing infrastructure. ITS involves a broad range of technologies that affect the design, construction, management and operation of transportation systems. Governments around the world - including those in Europe, the United States, Asia and Canada - are investing billions of dollars in ITS solutions to solve transportation problems. Development and deployment is a multi-billion dollar global enterprise. ITS Canada to provides leadership, not only in the use of ITS to enhance transportation facilities here in Canada, but also in the export of our ITS technologies abroad and the implementation of international standards. The partnership between transportation agencies, EMS providers and law enforcement agencies is an important one. With the heightened focus on security of the nation's transportation infrastructure, the role of law enforcement agencies has greater significance. The emergency service providers (fire, police, ambulance), and their ability to respond quickly with the right resources, are integral to the optimal operation of the ground transportation system. ITS offers the tools for emergency service providers and transportation agencies to integrate their services through the provision of appropriate real-time information. This enables them to be more responsive, thereby serving the public better. A prime example of this is the RESCU program in Toronto, which provides integrated police and transportation services from a single operations centre. Signal pre-emption devices allow emergency vehicles to have priority passage through intersections. These systems are now broadly deployed across the country and around the world.

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CC-MAIN-2017-30

https://www.itscanada.ca/about/index/index.html

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en

Ghana ranks 135 out of 162 countries in the Gender Inequality Index, where a high rank equals high equality. Women should always be considered as a particularly vulnerable group though. Ghana has a Workplace Index score of 4.5, a Marketplace Index score of 5.3 and a Community and Environment Index score of 4.2 in the Children’s Rights and Business Atlas, where countries receive scores between 0 and 10. A score closer to 0 reflects a need for basic children’s rights due diligence, while a higher score reflects a need for enhanced or heightened due diligence. Children should always be considered as a particularly vulnerable group though. Persons with Disabilities Due to differences in data collection and definitions it is difficult to compare countries on disability prevalence rates. Persons with disabilities should always be considered as a particularly vulnerable group though. Minorities and Indigenous Peoples According to the World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples, the main ethnic groups in Ghana are Akan (47.5 %), Mole Dagbani (16.6 %), Ewe (13.9 %), Ga-Dangme (7.4 %), Gurma (5.7 %), Guan (3.7 %), Grusi (2.5 %), Mande (1.1 %) and others (1.4 %). The categories mask a complex diversity of more than 90 ethnic groups and sub-groups. For example, the Akan group includes (Asante) Ashanti, Fanti, Brono, Akyem, Akwapim, Kwahu, Denkyira, Wassa, Nzima and Sefwi among others. While the ethnic communities have traditional homelands, internal migration has rendered these regions somewhat less relevant as ethnic communities have become intermingled throughout the country. For minority groups and those outside the recognized chieftancy system, access to land and political power is an ongoing concern. According to the ILO Global Estimates on International Migrant Workers, migrant workers as a proportion of all workers is 3 % in the subregion Sub-Saharan Africa. Persons in Armed Conflict Ghana ranks 113 out of 179 countries in the Fragile States Index, where a high rank equals high fragility. For monthly crisis updates, check out CrisisWatch.

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CC-MAIN-2023-23

https://www.vulnerablegroups.com/ghana

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Across our planet, about 3,500 species of roaches recognized, but fortunately for humans, only a few are harmful to their health. The favorite places for this insect are trash bins, but they don’t neglect kitchens and other work environments where there are hot conditions. Roaches are active when there are no sources of noise and lights in the environments in which they nest since these animals are awful. They do not like light and avoid taking refuge in cracks and small places. The hours at which they make their exit are the night hours precisely because there are no significant sources of lighting in the rooms. The development of these insects takes place with an incomplete metamorphosis, which means that from the eggs, some smaller specimens are born but have the same appearance as adults, apart from the wings and reproductive organs. The female lay their eggs in a reniform or ovoid shell, in places where they generally hide. In the hatching of eggs, about 20 newborns are born for each egg, and this means that kitchens and other environments could have a significant invasion of these insects. New specimens feed like adults and perform the same actions and in the same places. The nymphs feed independently and without the help of the mother, of which they differ only in size, color, and lack of wings, an organ that they will develop as adults, and that does not allow flight. Where do roaches hide during the day As if his shining armor and wings were not bad enough, this annoying insect seem to have fun in wet pipes. Thanks to the pipes that cross our walls and floors, manage to find a dark and damp hiding place, where they can spend most of their time. Besides, the hot condensate released by some pipes allows cockroaches to heat and proliferate. Where do roaches hide in the night Many loves to go out and walk on the roofs of dark rooms and can fall and escape in seconds! The reason why like to be on the walls and vice versa is a mystery, but if the room is dark enough, they could be right over your head! Fortunately, most of these weeds will run to the shelter, in much narrower places, as soon as the lights come on or you enter the room. To keep in mind, if you want to catch a roach while walking on our roof, it will be quite tricky to say, since they are quite fast creatures and, therefore, will be ready to escape in the blink of an eye. Where do roaches hide in the house We love comfortable furniture with the right amount of compactness, softness, and warmth. Something in their flat and smooth body makes them prone to snuggling in tight spaces where they can feel fabrics or other materials around them. For our unwanted guests, they like our furniture so much that they can squat and lay their eggs there, producing dozens of young people. Eggshells, easily recognizable by their dark brown color, can be found under sofas, tables, and chairs in wood or plastic, so open your eyes! Take special care of the new furniture you bring to your home, inspect every inch for pre-existing eggs, or these small pest creatures. They have been on our planet for 300 million years, as evidenced by the fossils found, means that pest are resistant insects that have evolved, over the entire surface of the earth. They are small with wide legs, with a flattened body that allows them to sneak into cracks and fissures and have a fast pace. Their legs have the proper shape to scale smooth and vertical surfaces, and this explains why they are also often found on ceilings. Finding these bugs is quite complicated, and, in the vast majority of cases, they detected until they reproduce in a big way. For this reason, it is advisable to keep your house neat, to avoid the presence of these pests that may end up affecting the health status of your family. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. These cookies do not store any personal information. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website.

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Nutrition Tips for People with COPD COPD is a serious lung disease that makes it difficult to breathe freely. While there is currently no cure for COPD, you can gain control over it by making the necessary lifestyle changes. The foods you eat have a big impact on your ability to overcome the symptoms. As such, here are a few important nutrition tips for people with COPD. What to Avoid Fried foods aren't a good choice for any individual, regardless of their overall health. But if you're living with COPD, fried foods can be an especially bad food to eat. Any foods that are fried, deep fried, or very greasy can lead to problems like gas and indigestion. Additionally, eating foods that are hard to digest can make you physically uncomfortable. Because fried foods are tough on the body, they can even negatively affect your breathing. It's best to avoid fried food as much as possible. Food High in Salt Salty foods are especially bad for COPD sufferers. While it’s true that salt is an essential mineral, we don’t need lots of it in our diet. Excess salt can cause water retention, which ultimately places more pressure on your diaphragm. Therefore, your lungs will have a harder time expanding to inhale oxygen. To prevent consuming too much sodium, it’s a good idea to start cooking most of your meals at home. Most restaurants tend to use too much salt. When preparing your food, opt to use herbs and spices to add flavor. While grocery shopping at the supermarket, develop a habit of reading the nutrition labels. Specifically, look for foods that are low in sodium. If you’ve been diagnosed with COPD, be sure to keep the consumption of processed meats to a minimum. They are typically made with preservatives called nitrates, which can damage lung tissue over time. Furthermore, these meats tend to be loaded with salt. Some examples of meats to avoid include: - Hot dogs, and; The overwhelming majority of fruits are very nutritious. Unfortunately, certain fruits can worsen the symptoms of COPD. Some fruit, like apples, peaches, and apricots, contains fermentable carbohydrates that can lead to bloating. Berries and pineapples are safer alternatives. Cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli and cauliflower, contain a lot of fiber. While fiber is generally good for you, it can cause bloating. The extra gas makes it harder to breathe for people with chronic lung diseases. If you still desire the nutritional benefits of cruciferous vegetables, limit yourself to only small servings. Foods made with milk are known for increasing mucus and phlegm production. If you start to cough after consuming dairy products, this indicates your body is trying to remove the mucus. Along with the coughing usually comes a bit of discomfort. Soymilk and almond milk are good substitutes. Caffeinated Foods and Beverages People who have COPD should think twice before consuming caffeine. Coffee and chocolate are on the list of things that can exacerbate your symptoms. What to Eat Plenty of Water As a person dealing with COPD, it’s critical for you to stay properly hydrated at all times. Try to drink fresh water throughout the day. This will help thin out your phlegm, thus making it easier to cough out. Foods High in Potassium COPD sufferers are encouraged to consume a potassium-rich diet. This essential nutrient has a serious impact on lung functioning and helps balance out your salt intake. Some great sources of potassium include: - Sweet potatoes; - Oranges, and; Foods High in Coenzyme Q10 According to studies, people with COPD often have low levels of coenzyme Q10. Although the body naturally produces coenzyme Q10, it can gradually become depleted. This is especially true for folks who are not properly managing their COPD symptoms. Foods that contain coenzyme Q10 include tuna, peanuts, and salmon. Keeping your body strong will help you to conquer COPD. To prevent muscle loss, be sure to eat enough lean protein. While it’s recommended to get at least 56 grams of protein per day, active people may need even more. Chicken, eggs, and fish are all healthy sources of lean protein. Maintain a Healthy Weight Research shows about 65 percent of COPD patients are overweight. To no surprise, this extra mass compounds their breathing difficulties. Eating right will help you to shed pounds. Try to put more fresh fruits and vegetables in your diet. Meanwhile, eat less pasta and bread. Plus, drastically lower your consumption of unhealthy snacks, including cakes and soda. Being underweight is also problematic for COPD sufferers. Because COPD causes you to burn more calories when breathing, some people become too thin. To get your weight up, make it a priority to eat a good breakfast every morning. You’ll be far less likely to run out of energy later in the day. A simple bowl of oatmeal and fruit can make a big difference. Healthy fats are great for maintaining weight. For starters, try roasting your vegetables in olive oil. Other healthy fats include: - Whole eggs; - Nuts, and; - Fatty fish. Understandably, some people with COPD have trouble eating an entire meal. A nutritional shake or smoothie may prove to be more enjoyable. Some recipes are especially great for COPD patients. How to Handle Meals Instead of trying to eat three big meals a day, consume five smaller meals. Remember, breakfast is especially important. If you happen to feel a bit exhausted, rest prior to eating. This ensures that you have the energy it takes to actually eat. Although staying hydrated is critical, you don’t want to fill your belly with liquids before eating. Wait at least an hour after your meal to drink. While COPD is serious, it doesn’t have to take the joy out of your life. Adjusting your diet can certainly help your breathing. Focus on making gradual changes each day. With so much research being done, scientists are steadily making strides in the fight against COPD. j.chizhe / Shutterstock

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This is the view of Professor of Psychology Larry D. Rosen from California State University who presented his findings at the 19th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association. Professor Rosen gave a talk under the banner ‘Poke Me: How Social Networks Can Both Help and Harm Our Kids’ in which he spoke at length about the dangers of pre-teens and teenagers in particular using social networks such as Twitter or Facebook for long periods. Those at risk can be identified by vain, aggressive and anti-social behaviour, with pre-teens who use social networking sites on their Macs, iPads, PCs and laptops increasingly likely to suffer from bouts of depression, anxiety and other psychological problems. Professor Rosen said: “While nobody can deny that Facebook has altered the landscape of social interaction, particularly among young people, we are just now starting to see solid psychological research demonstrating both the positives and the negatives.” Scientists also discovered that poorer academic performance could be linked to the increase in use of social networking sites. Teenagers who checked social networking sites at least once during a 15 minute study period were likely to receive lower marks according to scientists. Positive effects can be found for Apple Mac, PC, laptop and other users of social networking sites. For example, the social networks encourage shy people to express themselves, whilst it gives teenagers the chance to empathise with other teenagers.

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College students from 10 countries show stark similarities in how they use media of various forms -- from the Internet to television to cell phones to music -- according to The World Unplugged study, whose results were released this week. The study, which took place in the from September to December of 2010, included nearly 1,000 college students from Argentina, Chile, China (mainland and Hong Kong), Lebanon, Mexico, Slovakia, Uganda, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The study tasked the students to go 24 hours without using any type of media. At the end of this forced withdrawal from media, the students wrote blog posts describing how they handled the day disconnected. Researchers pored over the nearly half a million words in the students' posts in order to complete The World Unplugged study. The results, released this week, confirmed what these students' parents probably already knew, that college students love and even crave media. While the study shied away from diagnosing a media addiction, some student comments stated it bluntly. One student from the United Kingdom wrote: Media is my drug; without it I was lost. I am an addict. How could I survive 24 hours without it? A student from the United States wrote: I was itching, like a crackhead, because I could not used my phone. The study also found that media for many students, in particular their mobile phones, had become almost like another limb -- like an arm or leg -- something they could not do without. Deprived of their phones and other media tools, students found it harder to connect with friends (via Facebook), navigate to new areas (without the aid of a GPS or even MapQuest), and generally carry on with their lives. Some students even found it an alien task to attempt to read an analog clock. On a darker side, researchers found a trend of loneliness and isolation among study participants. Without the ability to call or text friends or communicate via social networking sites, students soon felt as though they were alone. One student from Slovakia came to a somber conclusion: We don't know how to talk, to share our feelings with others in other ways that on Facebook or through a phone. Despite the mental turmoil caused by the withdraw, students in the study found lifting the burden of media led to a greater appreciation of what they thought were mundane things, such as actually taking time to converse with friends face-to-face. One United States student wrote about visiting with friends: I was able to really see them, without any distractions, and we were able to revert to simple pleasures. Two groups conducted the study -- the International Center for Media and Public Affairs (ICMPA) at the University Disable rich-textof Maryland and the Salzburg Academy on Media and Social Change, which gathers college students and faculty from several continents and over a dozen universities in Salzburg, Austria for three weeks during the summer, to focus on understanding and promoting media. These groups confirmed with The World Unplugged study that, for college students around the world, media rules. Written by Earthsky.org [Image by Lars Plougmann]

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By Crystal Rodriguez, North Carolina State University, 2013 ca.1830s? – ca. 1880s? Hannah Bond was an enslaved African American woman who escaped bondage and wrote the earliest known novel written by an African American woman. The unpublished novel was not rediscovered until it was purchased at an auction by Harvard Professor Henry Louis Gates Jr. in 2001. Published in 2002, it became a New York Times bestseller. She lived on the plantation of John Hill Wheeler in Murfreesboro, North Carolina before escaping and wrote the semi-autobiographical novel, A Bondwoman’s Narrative, under the pen name Hannah Crafts. Written between 1855 and 1861, the novel is a description of what being a slave was like in the antebellum south. Hannah’s writing style is unique among the known slave accounts, drawing influences from Charles Dickens' Bleak House (1853), Walter Scott's Rob Roy (1817), and Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre (1847). Hannah was likely born and raised in Virginia. She was taught how to read and write by an elderly white couple that lived on one of the plantations she was enslaved at, but they soon came into conflict with the law, as it was against the law to teach slaves how to read or write. Hannah Bond went through the hands of a number of slave owners; however sufficient evidence is not available to know clearly which slave owners she was owned by. She was a house slave and therefore describes explicitly the differences of that of a house slave to those of a field slave. At one plantation the mistress decided she should marry a field slave. This did not go over well with Bond, who concluded the only way to avoid the marriage was to run away. However, Bond was caught by a slave trader, Mr. Trappe, who sold her to John Hill Wheeler, a plantation owner, congressman, and writer himself. Wheeler bought Hannah as a house slave to assist his wife, Ellen Wheeler, in errands and other personal duties. Bond traveled to Washington, D.C. and Wilmington with Wheeler when his wife traveled with him. It is likely that Wheeler’s plantation library is the source of the majority of books she mimicked in her writing style. Hannah Bond successfully escaped from the Wheeler's Murfreesboro plantation in early May 1857. She disguised herself as a man, assisted by John Hill Wheeler's nephew, John Wheeler, who gave her men's clothing. Using the Underground Railroad, she journeyed to central New York, taking refuge on the farm of the Craft family, from whom she likely took her pseudonym. She went on to move to New Jersey, where she became a school teacher and married a minister. Bosman, Julie. “Professor Says He Has Solved a Mystery Over a Slave’s Novel.” The New York Times. 9/18/13. 11/6/13. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/19/books/professor-says-he-has-solved-a-mystery-over-a-slaves-novel.html?_r=0 Chopra, Sonia. “The Bondwoman’s Narrative: Review.” Book Reporter. 1/21/11. 11/6/13. https://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/the-bondwomans-narrative Crafts, Hannah, and Henry Louis Gates. The bondwoman's narrative. New York: Warner Books. 2003. Longshaw, Judy. “N.Y. Times Details English Chair Gregg Hecimovich’s Work on Identifying Slave Author.” Winthrop University. 9/19/2013. 11/3/13. http://www.winthrop.edu/news-events/article.aspx?id=31675 “The Slave Experience: Education, Arts, and Culture.” Public Broadcasting Service. 2004. 11/10/13 https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/slavery/experience/education/history2.html “People and Events: Conditions of antebellum slavery.” Public Broadcasting Service. N.a. 11/8/13. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2956.html Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., and Hollis Robbins. In Search of Hannah Crafts: Critical Essays on the Bondwoman's Narrative. New York: Basic Civitas Books. 2004.https://www.worldcat.org/title/1069224792 (accessed July 26, 2023). Golphin, Vincent F. A. "Crafts, Hannah (1830-?-1880?). Writing African American Women: A-J. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group. 2006. 229-232. http://books.google.com/books?id=Rq4ULhcfkVkC&pg=PA229#v=onepage&q&f=false (accessed May 22, 2014). 15 November 2013 | Rodriguez, Crystal

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It’s sacred only in the sense that scientific investigation inevitably leads to an understanding of Man and Divinity and a unique knowledge of ‘Self.’ For example, the king’s diadem, with its serpent and vulture, symbolized the principles of life and form. The serpent represented the concept of the Source for all that exists and its manifestation as the cosmos; and the vulture, man’s spiritual immortality. Like a spirit, the vulture, soaring high in the sky, escapes this world to an existence beyond the bounds of Earth. Thus, the pharaoh’s diadem symbolized man’s kingship in a cosmic sense and the mystery of life’s essence, where the mystery is the reality of Cause and Effect. This mystery, which defines the human experience, is abstract but operates through the concrete court of three dimensions to create another abstraction—what we experience as consciousness and self-perception This cosmic and anthropic ‘New Science’ understanding of Man puts forth the same principles that were built into the architecture of Luxor’s Temple of Amun-Mut-Khonsu. The temple was not about the piety of a man, but our solar legacy as the philosophical ‘Divine Man’ portrayed in the great statues of Ramses – the birth of the sun. The temple was (and is) a form of communication, a lesson, and at its core its builders’ philosophy is carved in stone. Amun, Mut, and Khonsu were not ‘gods’ in the western religious sense, but principles that form and explain the nature of mankind as coherently as such an abstract subject can be explained. The definition of Man and the story of the human experience were built into the temple architecture. Physically, the temple describes the structure of man, from the importance of the femur in the creation of blood cells, to the role of the pineal gland in the brain. Spiritually, the temple conveys life’s cosmic drama and Man’s spiritual immortality. Amun was the ‘Hidden One’ or the ‘Invisible One,’ best described today as the western concept of God, omnipotent and omnipresent, or, from a scientific viewpoint, the energy field that pervades all that exists. From the ancient Egyptian point of view, Amun was self-created, the creative power and source for all that exists. Mut, which means ‘mother,’ was Amun’s cosmic wife and the mother of ‘the Son’ Khonsu who represented the King. However, the Kingship of Khonsu was not a physical kingship but refers to a cosmic (or spiritual) ruler made flesh through the principles of nature. Thus, Khonsu the King represents the essence of mankind – the archetypal ‘Man’ – and essence of all who ever lived, is alive now, and will live in the future. Khonsu, by being associated with Re and Thoth, represented the essence of life’s energy and Man’s wisdom and knowledge, where mankind is a consequence of the universe’s evolution culminating in the physical endowment of the universe’s self-perception. In myth, Khonsu was a lover of games, but was also the principle of healing, conception, and childbirth. Literally, he was ‘the king’s placenta Just as the ancient Uroboros – the circular serpent biting its tail – symbolizes, through our modern scientific endeavors we have come full circle in understanding ourselves. No one knows for sure in what culture or at what time the Uroboros was first fashioned as a symbol, but it is one of mankind’s most ancient symbols. Plato tells us in the Timaeus, since nothing outside of him existed, this serpent was self-sufficient. Movement was right for his spherical structure, so he was made to move in a circular manner. Thus, as a result of his own limitations, he revolves in a circle, and from this motion the universe was created. From Egypt’s Ptolemaic period, the artist who drew the Chrysopoeia (gold making) of Kleopatra wrote within the circular serpent: The All Is One. Thus, the serpent is the ancient Egyptian symbol depicting self-creation and the source of life: “It slays, weds, and impregnates itself,” writes Erich Neumann in The Origin and History of Consciousness; “it is man and woman, beginning and conceiving, devouring and giving birth, active and passive, above and below, at once.” The Western world view has a long history of separating the physical from the conceptual; the scientific from the religious. So together, spirituality and technology appear contradictory. This contradiction, however, is based on a naïve and exoteric view of ‘spirit’ and ‘technology. The most interesting question is, where does our ability to observe and perceive come from? According to physicists, it comes from an event called “state vector collapse” where all possible states of the system (the universe) collapse into a single observed state. The desire to know inspires us, and the ever increasing level of knowledge and technology has allowed us to reach new depths in understanding our state of existence. But what might have inspired the ancient Egyptians? Schwaller de Lubicz believed that ancient Egypt was the legacy of a technical civilization for which there is no history or knowledge of in today’s world, a civilization for which spirit and technology were integrated into a worldview that embraced life’s mystery. For me, it is this technical and spiritual legacy that is so evident in the art and culture of ancient Egypt The spiritual technology of ancient Egypt expounds upon the works of Schwaller de Lubicz and tells the untold story behind the birth of the Western religious tradition. The Egyptian Mysteries, as they were called, inspired greatness in men who instilled the concept of the Anthropocosm into our own sacred literature, and it is the same philosophical understanding of nature that is at the forefront of today’s “new science”; whether symbolized by the Uroboros or Schrödinger’s wave equation, human consciousness exists as a local manifestation of a self-perceiving universe. The Chinese underwater city of Shi Cheng Out of interest; Petra, Jordan – Is it an ancient Shiva Temple complex?

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Whether or not you homeschool your child, it is important that you have a good understanding of the different learning styles. This will not only help you to understand the method that your child uses to learn, but it will also help to customize the method that you use to teach your children. As a parent, don't assume the way you learn, is the way your child learns best. If you are able to teach in ways that compliment a specific learning style, you will find that your child is able to retain more information over a longer period of time. You will also find that learning is more exciting for both you and your child. Learning how your child learns can open up many exciting opportunities for them. Here, you will gain an understanding of the importance of learning styles. There are three basic styles when it comes to learning. These styles include auditory learners, visual learners, and kinesthetic learners. Many refer to those that are kinesthetic learners as “tactile” learners. Our children, as well as each of us, have a specific style of learning that is dominant, and a secondary style that we also learn for. It is quite difficult to find an individual who learns in all three styles equally. Kinesthetic learners learn through many unique ways. However, they learn best through the art of moving the body and/or objects, doing things physically, and touching. Visual learners are most inclined toward “seeing” what they are learning. Those that learn in an auditory style learn best by “hearing”, and “listening”. When we started homeschooling my oldest son in kindergarten, we quickly learned that he was a visual learner. He always made it a point to look at a person when being spoken to in order to observe the expressions that we used, and we had to look directly at him when we spoke. He was very creative when it came to numbers. He would often be correct when answering math problems because he would sit and consider the problem in his head. My husband and I often commented on the fact that when we were that age we would often count “on our fingers” when it came to math problems, yet he could just sit for a moment and pull it off the top of his head. When my youngest started kindergarten, the next year, we noticed a considerable difference in his learning, as well as his overall tolerance for the lessons being taught. We found that he was often frustrated and seemed to lack motivation for many of the same projects that his older brother actually enjoyed. We did put forth the effort to ensure that the lessons were fun and engaging for him, but something was wrong and it was important that we identified the trouble immediately. Not doing so could result in his missing out on important skills and lessons that were vital to the importance of his educational future. I begin to research the basics. I went back to the learning styles to review what I had learned about them the previous year. The pieces of the puzzle slowly started to come together. I noticed certain characteristics in my youngest son that were associated with the kinesthetic learning style. For example, he would often line up his toy cars and count them. Many times, he would spell words on the refrigerator with magnetic letters – such as his name. He also had a great need, it seemed, to be physically active and it was hard to get him to sit still for long periods of time. He was always on the go, always researching things around him, and had a great joy when it came to physical play and activities. It had crossed our mind, and the mind of his pediatrician, that he could be experiencing a mild form of autism and attention deficit disorder. That was not the case at all! As the puzzle pieces started fitting together more smoothly, I learned that my youngest son was simply a kinesthetic, or “hands on” learner. He simply enjoyed working with his hands, exploring, moving. While traditional classrooms expect students to sit still, raise their hand if they want to speak or become mobile, and have very few “hands on” lessons, we had the ability to maneuver around his learning style and allow him to learn in the way that was most appropriate to him. We purchased foam letters, numbers, a lot of arts and crafts supplies, and did not restrict his movement or need to explore in any way. Now, he is learning and retaining the information that he needs to succeed! Auditory learners listen to others carefully in order to absorb the information that they need to learn successfully. These individuals often find it necessary to read information aloud, and to listen to every word that another individual says. They take note of the tone, and the pitch that is used in language, and they often learn best through one on one conversation. Many homeschool parents who teach auditory learners use video books, and tape recorders to reinforce the skills that are taught during lessons. All of us, to an extent, learn in an auditory fashion. This is often considered to be a “secondary” learning style to many individuals around the world. As you can see, it is important to truly learn and understand what type of learning style your homeschooled student has. If we fail to understand the learning style of children, they may end up being diagnosed as having ADD, or a similar condition. This is simply because the child who is not learning in the same method that is most comfortable to them are often labeled as having some sort of concentration or attention problem. Most of the time, it is not the student that has the issue, it is the adult that teaches the student. Any adult that takes the responsibility to teach their child should understand that the “norm” is not always that which defines a child, and that is ok. What is important is to understand how to best teach your child based on THEIR learning style.

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|Part 5 - The Future of Wind Power Wind farm of Zond-40 600kW wind turbines in Texas. Present wind turbine siting restraints often require a remote area that is not highly prized as a wildlife habitat or recreational area. But see below. Megawatt-scale Vestas wind turbines recently installed near Sacramento, California with the help of a large crane. Three large turbines operating on a family farm in Wyoming County in Western New York, November, 2003. |Finally Time for In the 1990s, the California wind farm market began to be affected by the expiration or forced re-negotiation of attractive power purchase contracts with the major California utilities: Southern California Edison and Pacific Gas and Electric. And much of the existing inventory of 1980's wind turbines were really an albatross around the wind industry's neck. Renewal was needed, and -- bouyed by "green power" initiatives in Colorado, Texas and elsewhere -- U.S. wind energy development resumed in 1999, with a much broader geographical base. A variety of new wind projects were installed in the U.S. in the late '90s, including a cluster of Zond Z-40 turbines (at left) operated for a utility in southwest Texas, a wind plant of 46 Vestas machines planned for Big Spring, Texas, a 10-megawatt wind plant in Northern Colorado, a number of plants in the upper midwest, and the "re-powering" of some projects in California. Some of these involve foreign machines manufactured in the U.S. There's a sense that the industry is finally on the move again, with over 2000 megawatts of new capacity planned for 2001 in the U.S. alone. Existing and planned U.S. projects can be explored using the Wind Project Map maintained by the American Wind Energy Association. The cost of energy from larger electrical output wind turbines used in utility-interconnected or wind farm applications has dropped from more than $1.00 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) in 1978 to under $0.05 per kWh in 1998, and is projected to plummet to $0.025 per kWh when new large wind plants come on line in 2001 and 2002. The hardware costs of these wind turbines have dropped below $800 per installed kilowatt in the past five years, underpricing the capital costs of almost every other type of power plant. It's difficult to accurately compare the costs of wind plants and fossil fuel plants because the cost drivers are so different. Low installed-cost-per-kilowatt figures for wind turbines are somewhat misleading because of the low capacity factor of wind turbines relative to coal and other fossil-fueled power plants. (Note: "capacity factor" is simply the ratio of actual energy produced by a power plant to the energy that would be produced if it operated at rated capacity for an entire year.) Capacity factors of successful wind farm operations range from 0.20 to 0.35. These can be compared with factors of more than 0.50 for fossil-fuel power plants and over 0.60 for some of the new gas turbines. However, the use of "capacity factor" is also misleading because wind has a "rubber" capacity factor that varies with the density of the wind resource. But that wind resource is constant for the life of the machine and is not subject to manipulation or cost increases. One reason why fossil fuels are so popular with investors is that many of the risks are passed on to consumers. Fossil fuel shortages result in an increase in revenues for investors, who are actually rewarded for: 1) speeding the depletion of a nonrenewable resource or 2) not investing enough of their profits in support infrastructure, which (as we have seen in 2000-2001) drives up prices. If a big oil coal or gas company could start charging for the wind, they would make sure that wind power development happened. In late 1996, with the purchase of Zond Systems by Enron (a now-defunct gas mining and distribution company), the possibility of this happening became very real. (Even though Enron proved to be a poor steward for the Zond technology, the subsequent purchase of what was one of the only viable Enron divisions by GE Energy in 2003 maintained U.S. visibility in the large wind turbine market.) |Lowering the Cost-of-Energy Bar Since the late 1970's the U.S. cost goals for wind power have continued to be about $0.04 per kilowatt hour, despite inflation. Wind turbines have consistently been able to arrive at that level, but by the time they get there, another reduction in the cost of non-renewable fossil fuels has taken place and the bar is lowered further. Cost per kilowatt hour figures of $0.04 or less (in 1998 dollars) are now commonly projected for advanced U.S. wind turbines in 17 mph or better wind regimes, where capacity factors of over 0.40 can be achieved. That means that the wind energy cost goals of 1980 --which seemed daunting or impossible at the time--have been met many times over. (This fact should be remembered by those doubting the achievability of recently refigured cost goals--which are now closer to $0.025/kWh.) The lower cost of energy from these advanced turbines is partly a result of higher efficiencies and rotor loading made possible by improved rotor design, shedding of fatigue loads provided by teetered hubs and flexible structures, and other innovations such as variable speed operation. But reduced weight and material usage and high reliability are perhaps more important factors in the cost equation. Costs of smaller systems vary widely, with installed costs from $2000 to $3000 per installed kilowatt. Energy costs for small turbines of $0.12 to $0.20 are still the norm in the U.S. market. The German Enercon features a huge, low speed "ring" generator Concepts like the ultra-light Wind Eagle could eventually revolutionize wind energy |Worldwide, there are 10 to 12 manufacturers of large, utility-scale systems, marketing 200kW to 3.0 MW systems of various configurations, including three-bladed machines with full-span pitch control and two-bladed, stall control machines with teetering hubs. News on these developments is available from the major industry magazine, The Windpower The more advanced configurations (from an aerodynamic standpoint at least) have been developed under the U.S. Department of Energy Advanced Turbine Program. European manufacturers like Tacke, Micon, Vestas, and Enercon (at left) have commercialized turbines with more conventional rotors, but featuring such important innovations as low speed generators and complete variable speed systems incorporating advanced power electronics. Recently, GE Energy (which purchased the wind division of defunct Enron) has adopted the European design philosophy in the U.S., with its merger of the technical expertise of Zond and Tacke. One of the latest innovations being investigated in the U.S. and Europe is the addition of a hinge at the nacelle-tower attachment, allowing the turbine to "nod" up and down in response to turbulence and wind shear (the difference in wind speed at the top and bottom of the rotor disk). This configuration has been tested at Riso and promises substantial reductions in rotor and drive-train loads and in control system costs. A model intended for commercial development operated in California for several years and has been investigated by the National Wind Technology Center. However, such innovations may not be necessary for wind to meet its cost goals for several years. The result of recent mergers is that, in 2001, there is a virtual internationalization of the wind turbine industry and research community. As recent as 1995, pundits like Paul Gipe could claim that the Europeans' use of smaller machines with conventional aircraft airfoils meant that low tech had beaten high tech in the wind business. In 2001, with European wind turbine power ratings pushing 2 megawatts, Denmark's Riso Laboratories touting its new wind turbine airfoil designs (modeled closely after pioneering activities in the U.S.), and the U.S. company Enron marketing machines from both the U.S. and Europe, there is really very little difference between European and U.S. technology. The last remaining major area of controversy is the issue of two versus three blades for large wind turbines. Theoretically, a two-bladed machine should be less expensive and more efficient than a three-bladed one. But considerable refinements are still needed to offset the greater stability and lower per-blade loads of three-bladed designs. And the optical illusion of speed fluctuations and out-of-plane rotation associated with two-bladed machines makes them less attractive to some onlookers. Time will tell if one design will win out or if both will be able to exist in specific applications. the mid-1980's ESI-80, The Future Is Now In the near future, wind energy will be the most cost effective source of electrical power. In fact, a good case can be made for saying that it already has achieved this status. The actual life cycle cost of fossil fuels (from mining and extraction to transport to use technology to environmental impact to political costs and impacts, etc.) is not really known, but it is certainly far more than the current wholesale rates. The eventual depletion of these energy sources will entail rapid escalations in price which -- averaged over the brief period of their use -- will result in postponed actual costs that would be unacceptable by present standards. And this doesn't even consider the environmental and political costs of fossil fuels use that are silently and not-so-silently mounting every day. The major technology developments enabling wind power commercialization have already been made. There will be infinite refinements and improvements, of course. One can guess (based on experience with other technologies) that the eventual push to full commercialization and deployment of the technology will happen in a manner that no one can imagine today. There will be a "weather change" in the marketplace, or a "killer application" somewhere that will put several key companies or financial organizations in a position to profit. They will take advantage of public interest, the political and economic climate, and emotional or marketing factors to position wind energy technology (developed in a long lineage from the Chinese and the Persians to the present wind energy researchers and developers) for its next round of development. Back to Contents © 1996-2005 TelosNet Web Development

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There are already some happy users of premium telescope mounts that do not need to use any guiding at all. But still most people who deal with astroimaging are obligated to guide their setups for long exposure photography. Guiding itself is pretty old technique that origins in the negative film astrophotography. Those days amateurs used long focal auxiliary refractors with cross hair high magnification eyepiece and they spent whole session observing the star and trying to keep it centered. Guide corrections have been introduced manually. Human eye and brain performed then all guiding logic. Then electronic detectors and computer era has came and whole process has been automated. Small CCD camera is doing short exposures, computer analyses the image and determines star or stars position, calculates error and sends correction commands to the mount. It is now much easier and also more precise. However there is one important thing worth to remember: guiding does not prevent mount from tracking errors. Guide only reacts to the error that already happened and tries to compensate it. Guiding algorithm is being controlled with several parameters that define how it should behave to achieve best outcome – that is astropicture without tracking error. But this is a topic for another entry, that will come in near future 🙂 In this entry I would like to compare off axis guiding (OAG) with guiding using guidescope. These two are probably the most popular guide techniques. Both have advantages and drawbacks and it is quite useful to know them, so we can choose better one. I used for quite a long time each of these two and all following text is basing on my experience. In off axis guiding in the main optical train there is a small prism (usually a few mm large) that redirects small path of light to the outside of the tube, and there some small CCD camera waits for this light to do short exposures, detect stars and calculate guide errors. When you have filter wheel or drawer, probably you need to put OAG device before filter, so the light that comes to guide camera will be unfiltered. Otherwise guide star signal will be limited, and it will be even harder to find proper guide star. The prism itself must be placed in such way it does not interfere with the light cone that comes to main sensor. Otherwise the prism would obscure main detector and that is usually not acceptable. Off axis guiding has several drawbacks. First of all it is less suitable for small aperture and/or slow telescopes (with slow focal ratio). Field of view of such device is quite small, so it can be quite hard to find any guide star. Basing on my experience, with 8″ f/4 newton I almost always was able to find a guide star in OAG camera. With 6″ f/5 newton and 130 f/5.5 refractor I sometimes needed to adjust telescope position to find proper guide star – especially in relatively empty areas like in Lynx for example or Cetus. And basically with OAG you should only use high sensitive mono cameras. Color OSC cameras see even less stars. With OAG I have successfuly used QHY5 and ASI120, but more sensitive ASI290MM gives more stars. And 16 bit cooled QHY6 also worked for me pretty well. Another issue is field curvature / coma. As its name indicates, off axis guider works with light that is running off the telescope axis (so it will not interfere with main sensor). If we have large main detector, we need to put prism quite far away from optical axis, and the image quality in this area may suffer from different distortions, so the star images will no longer be pinpoint. In my 8″ f/4 telescope stars in the guider camera were already little comas (even when using coma corrector). However depending on guiding software algorithm it may handle well with calculating of the centre of such stars. At least MaxIm DL guiding works very well even when stars are not perfectly round. Another thing to consider is mechanics. OAG device plus guide camera are additional load to the focuser, so it needs to handle with more weight. Plus there is usually not much space around main camera, so guide camera for OAG cannot be large. So, as you can see there are pretty many drawbacks of using off axis guiding. But there is one essential benefit: off axis guiding works within the same image train as main detector. It handles very well with all bending and tilting that can be present in amateur setup. If you have not premium grade newtonian with not quite stiff steel tube, or not perfect focuser, or wobbly main mirror cell, then all these components can bend or tilt during session. OAG will catch all these misperfections and will correct them, because it uses the same light and the same image as main detector. For me it was a real cure for my first steel tube 6″ imaging newtonian. With separate guidescope I noticed that each subsequent 5 minutes subframe was a little bit misplaced, so I was not able to take longer pictures, because of the tube bending. And the OAG was the solution in this case. And the second common guiding device is separate guidescope. It is usually small telescope (like 50-80mm aperture refractor, or sometimes telephoto lens) piggybacked to the main optical tube. And guiding camera is attached to this small instrument. Some time ago only long focal length refractor were used for guidescopes, so the guider scale was similar to the main detector pixel scale. But it quickly turned out that is not neccessary at all. Guiding software is able to determine guide star center with 1/10 px precision, so the guider scale can be actually much less. Hovewer there are limitations. First of all guidescope optics quality is quite important. For example I found out that some noname 50mm nice CNC guidescope optics has pretty poor quality. Star diameter (FWHM) in this scope can be as large as 8-10 arc seconds! Cheap GSO or Skywatcher 8×50 finderscopes give better picture. I needed to use barlow plus Fringe Killer filter to obtain acceptable results with this noname 50mm guider. This is even more important when you guide with small pixel modern CMOS camera, like ASI290MM. Then all optics flaws are clearly visible. Also in theory it is possible to have guider with 10 times larger pixel scale than main detector. I would be very conservative in this however. It may work, when you have decent quality guidescope with 16 bit guiding camera. In all other cases I would not recommend guider pixel scale more than five times larger than main detector pixel scale (it also depends of course on the mount tracking capability). I was able to achieve good guiding results with 50/165mm focal length guidescope and ASI290MM camera (2.9um pixel) on 130/910 mm refractor, but I think it worked close to its limits. Guiding this setup worked better with 60/240 guider and also popular 80/400 Skywatcher scope used for guiding (this is my current stationary setup). So, what are the drawbacks of using guidescope? I think most important is that it uses different optical train than main detector. So all mechanical faults and tilts will not be corrected. And that can be easily noticed when we use poor mechanics telescopes and/or long exposures. Another guidescope drawback can be te optical quality – if that is poor, then star image diameter will be pretty large and software will not be able to calculcate star centroid precisely. You can fight chromatic abberations with Fringe Killer filter, but it will not help in all cases and will not remove all optic flaws. Another thing to consider is mounting guidescope to main tube (this connection must be solid) and additional weight of guidescope, that the mount must handle. But still guiding with additional scope is pretty common – it is easy to implement, you do not need to correlate main and guide cameras focal planes (as in OAG case), you should not have problems with finding guide stars even with color cameras. Plus there is no additional load for focuser, and also you do not need to figure out how to put any more devices between camera, filter wheel and corrector to keep perfect backfocus distance. So there is no easy answer, when you need to decide on guiding setup. I try to sum it all up in a table, where basing on my experience I will present my recommendations for either using OAG or separate guidescope. |Off axis guiding||Separate guidescope| |When you have doubts about your telescope stiffnes and mechanics (steel tube newtonian, focuser tilt, etc)||When you have good confidence in your instrument mechanics (good quality focuser, rigid tube refractor, etc)| |When you have medium or large aperture instrument with fast focal ratio, so you will always find proper guide star.||When your instrument has modest aperture and relatively slow focal ratio, so finding guide star in small OAG field of view may be problematic.| |When you have sensitive monochromatic guide camera.||When you use color OSC camera camera, with relatively low sensivity.| |OAG device must be packed into the focuser, between main camera and corrector. Usually not much space, plus more load for focuser.||Guidescope needs to be piggybacked to main tube. This connection must be stiff. More load for the mount.| |Guide camera cannot be large, because there is usually not much space around.||Guiding camera can be relatively larger - for example Atik 16 with cooling.| |Stars visible through OAG prism can be distorted (coma, field curvature), because they are taken from the edge of the field of view.||Poor guidescope optics (usually achromatic doublet) can give stars with large FWHM diameter, so centroid calculation may not be precise.|

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What is a Lottery? Lottery is a game in which numbers are randomly drawn and people who buy tickets have a chance to win a prize. It’s a popular form of gambling, and is often administered by state or federal governments. There is a long tradition of lottery in ancient times, with the practice being traced back to the biblical story of the Israelites’ distribution of their land by lot. Roman emperors also used the technique to distribute property and slaves during Saturnalian feasts, as well as to finance public works. The lottery has long been a source of controversy for its high costs, its potential to ruin lives, and its lack of transparency. It has also been a source of bribery, corruption and graft. A lottery is a low-odds game where winning is determined by chance. The probability of winning varies wildly, depending on the type of lottery, its price and how many tickets are sold. It can be a great source of entertainment, but it’s not as safe or lucrative as other forms of gambling, such as poker or roulette. In some countries, the winner of a lottery is given the option of receiving a lump sum payment or an annuity. This is because the one-time payment has a much lower tax value than an annuity, which is subject to income taxes. Some governments outlaw the practice of lottery while others endorse it to a significant extent, to the point of establishing national or state lottery systems. Some countries also levy taxes on lottery winners. There are several different kinds of lottery games, with some requiring only three or four numbers to be picked. Other types require six or more numbers. Most lottery games involve a random draw of numbers, and the more of the corresponding numbers you pick, the higher your odds of winning. The higher your odds, the larger your prize. The prize money that is won in a lottery game usually ranges from a few thousand dollars to millions of dollars. The odds of winning the jackpot in a lottery are very low, however. If you’re lucky enough to win the lottery, it could make a huge difference in your life. It can take care of your debts, give you a fresh start in life or give you the freedom to travel around the world. In addition, you can use the money to improve your home or invest in a business. Some lotteries are also a great way to help your local community, such as by financing schools and roads. Lottery is a risk-taking activity that can’t be accounted for by decision models that assume expected value maximization. It can, however, be accounted for by models that incorporate risk-seeking behavior. The curvature of the utility function can be adjusted to capture this behavior.

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Walking, biking, skating, and scooting are great ways to get to school. An active commute to start the day sets students up for a safe, healthy, and on-time start for a successful new year of school. Healthy Bodies & Healthy Communities Most of us know that walking or biking to school provides great exercise for students by building strong bones and muscles and improving cardiovascular health. But the benefits of walking and biking also extend to the entire neighborhood and surrounding community. Walks through the neighborhood give neighbors the chance to meet, greet and look out for each other. When neighbors see other families’ children walking to school, feelings of security can increase and create a snowball effect of more students walking together in groups (How to Form a Walking School Bus). Plus, with fewer cars on the road, air quality improves and traffic congestion lessens. Safe & Healthy Habits Studies are showing that children who are active on a regular basis tend to become active adults. Building a routine of walking or biking to school each day is one way to ingrain exercise as a normal, daily activity for a lifetime. (Your children will thank you for instilling exercise as a way of life when they’re older!) Teach your children how to walk and bike safely. Plan – and practice – a safe route to and from school. Learning to navigate the environment is an important part of growing up, and walking to school builds independence, character, and decision making skills. Many parents feel uneasy allowing students to walk for fear of kidnapping or attack. While actual statistics show these occurrences are extremely rare, it is important to talk with children about what to do in an emergency. Some parents feel safer walking with their children and also enjoy the benefits of exercise and shared quality time. Getting to know neighbors along the route also gives students plenty of support options between home and school, if needed. Have a great 2018-19 school year, from Street Smarts Diablo.

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Microservices Architecture – What is a Microservices Architecture? The Open Group defines an architecture (in the TOGAF® 9.1 standard) as: “the structure of components, their inter-relationships, and the principles and guidelines governing their design and evolution over time”. It defines architectural style as: “the combination of distinctive features in which architecture is performed or expressed”. Leveraging the above definitions, this White Paper examines and defines MSA in terms of: - The problem space - The combination of distinctive features - Components, their interaction, and governance MSA is a style of architecture that defines and creates systems through the use of small independent and self-contained services that align closely with business activities. An individual microservice is a service that is implemented with a single purpose, that is self-contained, and that is independent of other instances and services. Microservices are the primary architectural building blocks of an MSA. Conceptual Representation of a Monolith Application Conceptual Representation of a Microservices Solution The need for MSA is driven by the pain points below. Decreasing the complexity of the development, operation, and management of services Changes to components in solutions of interdependent applications and services has the challenge of even a small fix requiring a long change cycle as the entire solution must be validated or, in the case of a monolithic application, rebuilt. Even SOA applications may have dependencies and interactions required by services choreography. The modularity of the components of a non-MSA application tends to weaken over time, making it harder and harder to make changes to only one small part of an application. The independent service nature required for an MSA allows for much easier development and deployment, since the services are both independent and self-contained. Scaling of a monolithic or tightly-coupled application requires scaling of the entire application solution, rather than just the portion that is demanding more resources. Non-MSA SOA applications may have dependencies or sophisticated choreography requiring additional changes. Scaling of an MSA is achieved much more easily because instantiation of additional services is performed independently. Simplify to decrease functional bloat Styles other than MSA often expand the scope of the component parts by adding new functionality to a component or its interdependencies. This complicates the solution or application leading to bloat and demand on the system. With MSA, keeping each service independent and self-contained to a single atomic business function reduces this risk of bloating. Allow faster response to changes in the marketplace or entry into a new market An MSA is synchronized to business unit change velocity needs. - There is joint ownership of the microservices by the business unit and the development team. - As a result of joint ownership and the principles of single responsibility, independence, and self-containment, the microservices can be changed to cater to the changing needs of the business unit, irrespective of other business units of the enterprise. MSA development and deployment does not require a large pre-existing infrastructure. - Since a microservice is based on single atomic business functions they tend to be smaller. - Therefore, due to the MSA characteristics, microservices can be developed in small environments. A large integrated solution or large monolithic application requires large investment in a development environment to support the management of even a small change. The time and cost associated with development, operations, and management of large enterprise applications are reduced. - Testing of a large enterprise application is a significant investment in time and resources, even for relatively minor updates to the application. - Monolithic applications with centralized governance and data management tend to become dependent on a single technology addressing all business functions. - Coordination and management of large developer teams requires a large amount of effort to be devoted to these overhead functions. Advent of paradigms such as Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Deployment (CD), and the inability of the monoliths to meet these, as exemplified by the DevOps culture The DevOps culture emphasizes the collaborative nature of application development and maintenance. It focuses on the elimination of silos between development and operations; i.e., the use of autonomous teams which own the entire life cycle of an application. The distributed, independent nature of microservices lends itself naturally to implementation in this kind of culture. Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Deployment (CD) rely on near-constant integration of software, with automated deployment of the integrated code. The inherent modularity and independence of an MSA and its services lends itself very well to the CI and CD paradigms carried out by a number of distributed teams working off a controlled code base. The advent of cloud and the need to distribute workload elastically between on-premise and cloud MSA enables capabilities such as Web-Oriented Architecture (WOA) as well as allowing for leveraging the resilience and scalability offered by cloud. Service independence allows for services to run anywhere and so cloud becomes a natural place to expand through adding more instantiations in support of demand or through expanding functions and services to an application through the addition of new independent services, which can reside in the cloud. Highly responsive user experience The resilience provided through the parallelism of an MSA, which is enabled by the independence of the microservices, permits rapid failover and self-recovery. These characteristics result in high availability and seamless user interaction. An MSA will generally contain the following features: - Software components are broken down into independent services (this is the fundamental feature of an MSA). - Services are independently deployable. - Services are mapped to atomic business capabilities. - Services are fully decoupled. - Scalability and resilience of the application are achieved through the independence of services and multiple parallel instances of services. The key characteristic of MSA is that software components are implemented as services, rather than, for example, as libraries. These services are independently replaceable and deployable. Services are typically implemented using mandatory well-defined, published interfaces. An MSA will aim for defined service boundaries to avoid interface changes which will affect multiple services, but in some cases this may be unavoidable. The applications built using MSA should keep the microservices decoupled and fully independent. Any choreography in an MSA is performed by the initiating application and not from within or by the microservices. This is done by leveraging simple protocols (such as REST) rather than complex products or a central tool. Governance in an MSA is decentralized or distributed. This allows the developer teams to focus on determining the best technology platform or language implementation to solve their particular problem, and not be trapped in a “one size fits all” paradigm. Determining the right granularity of services in an MSA is more of an art than a science. However, it is imperative for organizations to set the rules of thumb up-front in determining the right level of granularity. Taking a too coarse-grained approach to services can result in a “monolith”, while taking a too fine-grained approach can result in an anti-pattern, referred to as “nano-services” (see APPENDIX A: Service Granularity). A granularity line can be defined based on business activity, business agility, and other considerations. Services that fall around the granularity line are considered microservices; those way above are the monoliths and those way below are the nano-services. Right Level of Granularity An MSA builds on many well established architectural, design, development, and operations paradigms such as object-oriented programming, SOA (see the chapter on SOA and MSA), and Domain-Driven Design (DDD), which provides a set of principles and methods to manage complexity by identifying core and ancillary domains and addressing architecture, development, operations, teams, etc. within the bounded context of each domain. Another very relevant model is the scale cube presented in the referenced book “The Art of Scalability” (refer to http://theartofscalability.com). The scale cube defines a model for scalability through decomposition. Of particular interest in the scale cube is the y-axis which focuses on functional decomposition or services. The definition of MSA, earlier in this White Paper, articulates that it is composed of microservices as building blocks. This section does not distinguish between the characteristics that are specific to the microservices versus ones that are applicable to MSA. The intent is to identify the key characteristics of a solution that is architected as an MSA and, as such, consists of microservices. Most of these characteristics are interrelated to some degree. A key imperative for MSA is service independence. As business needs change and evolve, the impact to every service must be manageable. Service independence minimizes the impact to the service infrastructure by identifying and isolating those services that undergo constant churn. Once identified, these services should be upgradeable or replaceable without any additional changes to the software landscape. Since each service is also self-contained, redeployment of each independent service is simplified since there are no service dependencies to manage. Simpler service redeployments streamline release processes since fewer software assets need to be managed from release to release. A microservice is independent of other microservices or other services. Instances of a microservice are independent of the other instances of the same microservice. Development and deployment of a microservice is independent of the development and deployment of other services. Single responsibility, defined by MSA, is the direct alignment of a service to a singular business activity. For the purpose of this discussion, a business activity can be described as a unit of work performed by the organization that supports an existing business process or function. For single responsibility, the obligation of the service is to map completely to the business activity and deliver whatever business logic is necessary to fulfill the activity. Having each service associated with a single business activity enables the tracking of business change impact through the software service landscape. Impacted services can be more readily and easily identified when supporting a single business responsibility. It is important to decompose the target business process to the right level to achieve the single responsibility, aligned to an atomic business activity, as well as to achieve the decoupled nature to support the resilience and scalability of the solution. The decomposition can be guided by the scale cube and its three dimensions of scaling, particularly the y-axis scaling, which emphasizes the functional decomposition through splitting of applications into multiple microservices. The other influencing concept is the bounded context from DDD, which can help determine the right level of decomposition through context mapping. Self-containment dictates that a service shall encompass all external IT resources (e.g., data sources, business rules) necessary to support the business activity. In addition, self-containment necessitates that service dependencies falling outside the scope of the development team should be minimized or preferably eliminated. By adhering to self-containment, services are inherently more easily replaceable and upgradeable. Along with single responsibility, this characteristic also promotes single ownership of the service since it encapsulates not only specific business requirements (single responsibility) but also specific software dependencies (self-containment). Microservices are packaged with containers and components as single-deployment units. The self-containment principle does not remove the need for orchestration between microservices. The orchestration function is moved to the application and user interaction layer. Hence, to achieve self-containment, proper granularity in decomposition is essential. In order to maintain minimal service dependencies, microservices must be highly decoupled. To achieve this decoupling, the business function must be capable of being decomposed down to the level where a microservice is implementing a single atomic business function. It is this decomposition, and the consequent removal of dependencies between the atomic business functions, that permits the service independence and self-containment required in an MSA. By relying heavily on existing protocols whose sole purpose is to route messages (HTTP, for example), the needs of a service can be reduced to receiving the message request, applying the appropriate business logic, and generating a message response. MSA discourages the use of external data transformation or protocol bridging services since they introduce additional tightly-coupled service dependencies that will need to be managed during upgrades. MSA endorses the concept of smart endpoints, where all logic needed to manage the incoming request and produce an appropriate response remains encapsulated within the service. An MSA must be a highly-resilient architecture. Its microservices must be designed for potential failures because individual service failures should not impinge negatively on the user experience. Since a microservice represents a single responsibility and is self-contained, a service failure could mean that a given business function or process is unable to complete successfully. Lengthy service downtime could also have a significant impact on the entire business. Thus, mechanisms must be in place to ensure timely service recovery. Real-time service monitoring can provide a proactive means for identifying services that are struggling under heavy load or unable to satisfy existing Service-Level Agreements (SLAs). Real-time monitoring of business metrics also provides insight to future business activity changes that will ripple down to IT services. Further, because of the independence of the underlying microservice, new instantiations will be automatically deployed immediately to allow for business continuity without the resolution of the failure itself. Decentralized Data Management Data management is performed by individual services, which are not managed or choreographed in the performance of data updates. Data consistency is achieved eventually, rather than instantaneously. The implementation can support multiple development platforms (e.g., Java®, C++, JS, Ruby, Python, etc.) and technologies, and can be deployed in any of the containers or virtual machines that support these development platforms. The focus here is on the solution and not each individual microservice. Individual microservices may not be implementation-agnostic, but the solution is. Scalability and Resilience through Parallelism Though each microservice will fail, the solution is highly resilient. This is achieved by instantiating multiple instances of a microservice in parallel. This ability to deploy multiple parallel instances results in elasticity and scalability. The number of parallel instances can be increased or decreased to meet the workload demands. For this characteristic, instrumentation and monitoring as listed below is a requirement. Well-Defined Interface with a Published Contract The interface (API) for a microservice is well-defined and published (i.e., available to the general developer community). This API is consistent across MSA implementations, to encourage re-use and avoid breakage (point-to-point integration). Allows Independent Governance This is consistent with the idea of a single team ownership for the cradle-to-grave lifecycle of a microservice. Such a team owns every aspect of its microservices including governance. Hence, governance may be decentralized and autonomous. Single Team End-to-End Ownership One team will own all aspects of a microservice. Its governance, development, testing, deployment, and operations. This is a DevOps model. Instrumentation to Support Elasticity and Resilience An MSA should have provision for instrumentation. An MSA must have the ability to monitor the services and dynamically create instances as needed. Elasticity is the ability of a system to autonomously and dynamically adapt its capacity to handle varying workloads. Proper instrumentation and monitoring ensure the overall solution is resilient and scalable. A microservice is independent of all other services. Independence of services enables rapid service development and deployment, and permits scalability through instantiation of parallel, independent services. This characteristic also provides resilience; a microsservice is allowed to fail and its responsibilities are taken over by parallel instantiations (of the same microservice), which do not depend on other services. When a microservice fails, it does not bring down other services. Both design and runtime independence of services are required. It is necessary for the business to determine whether providing scalability and resilience of the business function are paramount considerations. If so, MSA provides a means of achieving these characteristics. A microservice focuses on one task only and on doing it well. A microservice focuses on delivering a small specific business capability. This develops ideas including the principle of Single responsibility, Open-closed, Liskov substitution, Interface segregation, and Dependency inversion (SOLID), which is a tenet of Object-Oriented Design (OOD) and the core business domain and bounded context of DDD. Microservices are aligned to atomic business functions, which can be modified and deployed independently. To achieve this it is critical that each microservice caters to a single functional responsibility. This requires business function decomposition into atomic functional services and data exchanges. A microservice is a self-contained, independent deployable unit. In order for a microservice to be independent, it needs to include all necessary building blocks for its operation, or there will be dependencies to external systems and services. This has architecture, design, implementation, and deployment implications.

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WEDNESDAY, Oct. 1, 2014 (HealthDay News) — Older adults who have trouble smelling the roses — literally — may face an increased risk of dying in the next several years, new research suggests. In a study of over 3,000 older Americans, researchers found those who were unable to detect scents such as rose, orange and peppermint were more than three times as likely to die in the next five years, versus those with a sharp sense of smell. In fact, anosmia — the inability to distinguish odors — was a bigger predictor of death than major killers such as heart disease, lung disease or cancer, the researchers reported Oct. 1 in the online journal PLOS One. “We were pretty surprised it was such a strong predictor,” said lead researcher Dr. Jayant Pinto, a surgeon at the University of Chicago who specializes in nasal disorders. Now, the question is why. No one is saying anosmia itself kills people, stressed Pamela Dalton, a researcher at the nonprofit Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia. “There’s no need for people to be scared,” said Dalton, who wasn’t involved in the study. But, she said, the findings are important, because they suggest that problems with smell detection can sometimes be a “harbinger” of health issues to come. According to the U.S. National Institutes of Health, 1 to 2 percent of North Americans have trouble detecting scents. In some cases, Dalton said, there is a specific cause, such as benign growths in the nasal cavity, a head injury, or — for a small number of people — lasting effects from a respiratory infection. But aging is the main culprit behind loss of smell, Pinto said. Up to one-quarter of men in their 60s, and 11 percent of women, may have a “smell disorder,” according to the Institutes of Health. In Pinto’s study, however, age didn’t explain the link between anosmia and death risk. Neither did other risk factors for smell loss, such as smoking and heavy drinking. The researchers also accounted for major diseases, including heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes and lung disease, as well as study participants’ performance on a test of memory and thinking skills. Other research has found that problems with scent detection can precede mental decline and dementia, Pinto explained. “Interestingly enough,” he said, “when we controlled for [mental] decline, we still saw this association” between smell loss and death risk. The findings are based on 3,005 U.S. adults ages 57 to 85 who were asked to identify five odors: rose, orange, peppermint, leather and fish. Overall, 78 percent correctly named at least four, and were considered to have a normal sense of smell. Another 20 percent identified two or three scents; close to 4 percent sniffed out no more than one scent, and were considered to have anosmia. Over the next five years, 39 percent of people with anosmia died, versus 19 percent of those with moderate smell loss, and 10 percent of those with a healthy sense of smell. So what’s going on? One theory, Pinto said, is that a poor sense of smell is associated with lifetime exposure to toxins such as on-the-job chemicals or air pollution. Pinto explained that the olfactory nerve, which carries scent information to the brain, is the only one of the cranial nerves that is directly exposed to the environment. He also noted that, unlike our other senses, the sense of smell depends on a constant turnover of primitive cells called stem cells. “In theory,” Pinto said, “[anosmia] could be an indicator that the body’s overall regenerative capacity is in decline.” He said more research is needed to understand the reasons for the findings, and to see whether smell loss is linked to particular causes of death. For now, Pinto said, “I hope this raises awareness that our sense of smell is important.” Problems with smell can be subtle, and people may only realize something is wrong when they can no longer taste and enjoy food, Pinto said. “If you notice a problem, tell your doctor,” he advised. If the cause of the smell loss is treatable, that should improve your quality of life, Pinto said. Dalton agreed, and said she’d like to see doctors routinely evaluate people’s sense of smell, just as they check vision and hearing. The U.S. National Institutes of Health has more on smell disorders. MORE ON MSN

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|Name||Hiram Warren Johnson| |Born||September 2 1866| |Died||August 6 1945| |Birth Location||Sacramento, CA| The governor of California from 1911 to 1917 and a five-term United States senator from California, Hiram Johnson (1866–1945) signed the 1913 alien land act into law and as a senator, played a key role in the passage of Japanese exclusion in 1924. One of the leading exponents of isolationism and unilateralism between the wars, Johnson's was one among many voices from the West calling for the mass removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast. Before the War Hiram Warren Johnson was born on September 2, 1866, to Grove and Ann Johnson in Sacramento, California, the fourth of five children. His father was a successful lawyer and politician, who served in the state assembly and senate and served one term in the U.S. House of Representatives. He entered the University of California in Berkeley in 1884, but left in his junior year to marry Minnie McNeal, taking a job in his father's law office as a stenographer. In 1888, he passed the bar and became a law partner with his father and brother Albert. He and Albert managed his father's successful run for the Congress in 1894, but the brothers later broke with their father over a Sacramento mayoral election and moved their law practice to San Francisco. In San Francisco, Johnson became part of a special prosecution team that saw the conviction of elected officials and political bosses, and he rode his subsequent popularity and notoriety to the governor's office in 1910. In 1912, he broke off with the Republicans and ran for vice-president as Theodore Roosevelt's running mate in 1912. California's anti-Japanese movement reigned during his time as governor, and, despite his initial opposition, he signed the 1913 alien land act into law, rejecting entreaties from the Woodrow Wilson administration. He rationalized that the measure was not discriminatory, since it was the federal government that prohibited citizenship to certain races. Given the overwhelming support of the measure—the Senate voted 35 to 2 in favor and the House 72 to 3—he told Wilson's envoy William Jennings Bryan, "With such unanimity of opinion, even did I hold other views, I would feel it my plain duty to sign the bill, unless some absolutely compelling necessity demanded contrary action. Apparently no such controlling necessity exists." Reelected governor in 1914, Johnson successfully ran for the United States Senate in 1916, resigning the governorship. His long senate tenure was marked by his influence on foreign relations and advocacy of unilateralism and non-intervention. His biographers Michael A. Weatherson and Hal Bochin write that he "was the primary spokesman for neutrality during the period between World War I and World War II." He opposed the League of Nations treaty and helped prevent America's participation in the World Court. And as one of the leaders of a coalition of Western state congressional members, he also played a key role in the prohibition of Japanese immigration that was part of the Immigration Act of 1924 , working closely with friend and anti-Japanese leader V.S. McClatchy . World War II As the senior member of the West Coast congressional delegation, Johnson played a role in creating the public outcry that made mass removal and incarceration possible. At the urging of Senator Rufus C. Homan of Oregon and as nominal leader of the West Coast congressional delegation, Johnson called a general meeting of congressmen and senators from the three states in his office on February 2, 1942, to discuss defense measures in their states and the dangers of fifth column activity. Out of that meeting, two committees were formed, one of which, the Committee on Alien Nationality and Sabotage headed by Senator Monrad C. Wallgren of Washington, would go on to agitate for the exclusion of Japanese Americans. Later, on March 24 and 25, 1942, Johnson held subcommittee hearings with Senators Tom Stewart of Tennessee and Burnet Maybank of South Carolina, on Stewart's bill that that would authorize "the secretary of war to detain all enemy aliens and any native-born citizen believed to have ties with the enemy." Undoubtedly due to his failing health, Johnson was not otherwise active with regard to the Japanese American question, and his role in the Senate diminished. He was too weak to walk two blocks to his office by 1942 and a 1943 stroke paralyzed him for several weeks. He died while still in office on August 6, 1945. His papers are at the Bancroft Library at UC Berkeley. Hiram Johnson High School in Sacramento is named after him. For More Information California Museum. "California Hall of Fame: Hiram Johnson." http://www.californiamuseum.org/exhibits/halloffame/inductee/hiram-johnson . Daniels, Roger. The Politics of Prejudice: The Anti-Japanese Movement in California and the Struggle for Japanese Exclusion . 1962. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977. Grodzins, Morton. Americans Betrayed: Politics and the Japanese Evacuation . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949. Hiram Johnson Papers. Bancroft Library. University of California, Berkeley. http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf8t1nb3kr/ . Robinson, Greg. A Tragedy of Democracy: Japanese Confinement in North America . New York: Columbia University Press, 2009. Weatherson, Michael A., and Hal Bochin. Hiram Johnson: A Bio-Bibliography . New York: Greenwood Press, 1988. - Michael A. Weatherson and Hal Bochin, Hiram Johnson: A Bio-Bibliography (New York: Greenwood Press, 1988), 14. - Weatherson and Bochin, Hiram Johnson , 2. - Greg Robinson, A Tragedy of Democracy: Japanese Confinement in North America (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009), 105. Last updated June 12, 2020, 4:46 p.m..

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Rodents are one of the most ubiquitous species of small mammals in the world. In the course of its evolutionary history, the rodents have diversified into various species, inhabiting every available space except the arctic region. Their distribution across the world is marked by a variety of habitats. The advantages of having wider range of potential microhabitats are facilitated by heterogeneity in the range of food types. Besides they are climate sensitive and their response to environmental change is rapid. Muroids (rodents belonging to family muridae and cricetidae) are major representatives of Rodentia, which include more than 25 species from the geological past of India. Most of them are omnivorous. They have differential distribution eventually determined by variety of habitats, spread across the terrestrial length and breadth of the world. Even though smaller in size, bearing extreme nuisance value both in the farms as well as habitational areas; rodents, especially in the category of rats and mice have left deep impressions on the human psyche. The resultant corpus of literature including fables and folklores offer a glimpse of animal behaviour and its particular status in Indian mythology. Eventually the study of rodents presents a wide range of issues including ecological, dietary, socio-economic and mythological that render them unique in the field of art and science of Indian Archaeozoology. Relevance of Pleistocene Species In India the first ever discovery of rodents amounting to five species was made by Richard Lydekker in 1886 in the deposits of Kurnool caves in Andhra Pradesh which is assigned to Terminal Pleistocene (Murty 1975, Prasad 1996). Hundred and twenty five years after, now we know of more than twenty five species of rodents known from Eocene to Pleistocene and Holocene sites in India (Table 1 and 2). The earliest record of rodents in India is available from Subathu Formation (Eocene) in NW India (Sahni and Srivastava 1973). The fossil rodent fauna from the Neogene- Quaternary deposits of the NW India accounts for the major contribution to the study of Indian Rodentia with far greater palaeoecological implications (Patnaik 2003). |Birbalomys Woodi||√||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||Sahni & Srivastava 1973| |Metkamys Blacki||√||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||Sahni & Srivastava 1973| |Rhizomyodes cf. R. Sivalensis||–||–||–||√||√||–||–||–||–||–||Flynn 1982, Patnaik 1995a| |Rhizomyodes Nagri||–||–||√||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||Flynn 1982| |Antemus chinjiensis||–||√||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||Jacobs 1978| |Prognomys debruijni||–||–||√?||√?||–||–||–||–||–||–||Jacobs 1978| |Mus auctor||–||–||–||√||–||–||–||–||–||–||Jacobs 1978| |Mus flynni||–||–||–||–||√||–||–||–||–||–||Patnaik 1995a| |Mus Platythrix||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||√||–||Lydekker 1886| |Rattus sp.||–||–||–||–||–||√||–||–||–||–||Gaur 1986| |Parapelomis robertsi||–||–||–||–||√||–||–||–||–||–||Jacobs 1978, Patnaik 1995a| |Hydromys primitivus||–||–||–||–||√||–||–||–||–||–||Patnaik 1995a| |Cremnmys cf. C. Cutchicus||–||–||–||–||√||–||–||–||–||–||Patnaik 1995a| |Bandicota sivalensis||–||–||–||–||√||–||–||–||–||–||Patnaik 1995a| |Bandicota cf. B. bengalensis||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||√||√||–||Patnaik et al. 1995, Lydekker 1886| |Golunda killeri||–||–||–||–||√||–||–||–||–||–||Jacobs 1978, Patnaik 1995a| |Golunda ellioti||–||–||–||–||√||–||–||–||–||–||Lydekker 1886| |Apodemus tali||–||–||–||–||–||–||√||–||–||–||Kotlia 1992| |Millardia cf. M. meltada||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||√||√||Patnaik et al. 1995, Lydekker 1886| |Protatera cf. P. kabulense||–||–||–||–||√||–||–||–||–||–||Patnaik 1995a| |Tatera cf. T. indica||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||√||√||–||Patnaik et al. 1995, Lydekker 1886| |Gerbillus sp||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||√||–||Patnaik et al. 1995| |Nesokia cf. N. Hardwickki||–||–||–||–||√||√||–||–||–||–||Raghavan 1992| |Kilarcola indicus||–||–||–||–||–||–||√||–||–||–||Kotlia & Koenigswald 1992| |K. indicus Sahnii||–||–||–||–||–||–||√||–||–||–||Kotlia & Koenigswald 1992| |K. kasmiriensis||–||–||–||–||–||–||√||–||–||–||Kotlia & Koenigswald 1992| |Microtus deterrai||–||–||–||–||–||–||√||–||–||√||Kotlia & Koenigswald 1992| |Microtus sp.||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||√||Blumenschine & Chattopadhyaya 1983| |Pliopotamys||–||–||–||–||–||–||√||–||–||–||Kotlia & Koenigswald 1992| |Damdama||18||2||–||–||–||–||–||–||Thomas et al. 1995| |Senuwar||2||–||–||–||–||–||1||–||Sathe & Badam 2004| |Tekkalkota||*||–||–||–||–||–||*||–||Nagrajarao & Malhotra 1965| |Harappan||Mohenjodaro||1||–||–||–||–||–||*||–||Sewell & Guha 1931| |Rakhigarhi||3||–||–||2||–||–||–||–||Uparathna 2011, Sathe (n.d.)| |Bhirrana||*||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||Deshpande-Mukherjee (pers. Comm.)| |Lothal||3||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||Nath & S. Rao 1985| |Babarkot||*||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||Ryan, In press| |Kuntasi||*||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||Thomas et al. 1996| |Shikarpur||4||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||Thomas et al. 1995| |Nageshwar||*||–||*||–||–||–||–||–||Shah and Bhan 1992| |Nevasa||8||3||–||–||1||4||–||–||Eapen 1960, Clason 1979| |Kaothe||4||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||Thomas & Joglekar 1990| |Tuljapur Garhi||1||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||Thomas 1992| |Megalithic and Early historic||Tekkalghat||2||–||–||–||–||–||–||–||Rao 1970| The palaeontological study of muroids has proved useful to the reconstruction of palaeoecology. Rodents spend their lifetime within a space confined only to a few kilometers hence facilitating reliable information with regard to biological environment of their distribution. On the other hand the large mammals whose long distance migrations for foraging render them unpredictable palaeoecological indicators. In the NW India there are six families of small rodents viz. paramyidae, muridae, cricetidae, rhyzomidae, nesomyidae and arvicolidae. Among them arvicolids have been so far reliable chronological and climatic markers in South Asia. Arvicolids (family Arvicolidae) are high altitude dwellers, presently distributed in Kashmir, Afghanistan, Indo-Pak Himalayan region and Nepal Himalayas. Their discovery in the Karewas of Kashmir revealed the evidence of climatic fluctuations in antiquity of over 2 myr. They appear 2.4 myr ago, the time which almost coincides with the age of first glaciation in the northern hemisphere (Repenning 1983). The Karewas experienced cool climate c. 2.4 myr ago. Between 2.4 to 2.2 myr the area witnessed cool to cold and glacial climate which again coincides with second appearance of arvicolids during 0.3 to 0.4 myr when the Karewas again experienced the cold (Agrawal 1992). Murids and cricetids from the Late Pliocene to Lower Pleistocene deposits in the Siwaliks provide a precise record of the palaecocommunity of small rodents focusing on the ecological conditions of the particular region inhabited by them (Sahni and Kotlia 1985, Kotlia 1985, Kotlia 1985, Patnaik 1993 & 1995a, 2001, 2003). The palaeoecological interpretations based on the record of muroids from the Narmada valley in central India (Patnaik 1995b, Patnaik et al. 1995, Kotlia and Joshi 2011) have been a significant contribution towards a reconstruction of local ecology. The explanations hitherto based on large vertebrates do not contribute to such extent of the reconstruction of local ecology of a concentrated area since large mammals tend to move within larger areas. It has been largely observed that the large vertebrates thrive in near-bank and aquatic, and terrestrial ecological settings whereas rodents prefer sandy plains and grasslands with high sub-soil moisture. It implies a mosaic of diverse ecosystem providing sustenance to the fauna during the Late Pleistocene which also holds true for the Narmada valley (Patnaik 1995). The faunal diversity at limestone cave deposits in Kurnool district in Andhra Pradesh provides an excellent record of palaeocommunity type during the Terminal Pleistocene and beginning of Holocene. The cave deposits have yielded faunal assemblages mostly in autochthonous situation. The bones show substantial evidence of bone modification (Patnaik et al. 2008). Agencies responsible for it may include human as well as carnivores and raptorial birds. The larger rodents like porcupines were active agents of bone modification. Rats, mice and Archaeological Record The temporal distribution of rats in archaeological context in India pushes it back to Late Pleistocene and the evidence of association with archaeological artefacts is available from Neolithic to the historic levels (Table 2). As mentioned earlier, the ossiferous gravels of the Narmada valley have yielded a large number of muroid remains of Late Pleistocene which however, do not have any association with Palaeolithic assemblages. On the other hand the rodent fauna from the Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh is assigned to Terminal Pleistocene and Holocene levels respectively in association with Upper Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic artefactual assemblages. Faunal specialist is confronted with a major task of reconstruction of palaeonvironement on the basis of the faunal record that is invariably inadequate and incomplete. The problem is further complicated when the taxonomic composition is poor and does not include the wide spectrum of faunal diversity in the faunal assemblage. Looking at the general nature of fossil record, there is no denying that taphonomic processes do create discrepancies between original species in living assemblages and fossil assemblages, and otherwise make faunal record difficult to interpret (Stahl 1996). Thus the fossil record cannot be accepted literally and that the samples cannot be treated as equivalent to the samples taken from modern ecosystems. Nevertheless, there is found original ecological information preserved in faunal assemblages, which is biased but interpretable. The reconstruction of palaeoenvironment can be best attained especially when the assemblage is multi-species, reflecting the existence of a wider range of habitats. Since the mobility of microvertebrates is generally confined to restricted area during their entire life span and some of them are highly sensitive to climatic changes, their occurrence provides higher resolution in interpretations of plaeoenvironment and formation of palaeocommunities. In this light rodents present the potential to provide palaeoenvironmental information not attainable from other animal groups. The usefulness of rodents as a source of such information appears to have been overlooked in the context of Indian Archaeology. Even though exhaustive treatment has already been given to the topic of microvertebrate taphonomy and subsistence by several authors (e.g. Redding 1978, Morlan 1994, Stahl 1996 and references given therein), it is imperative that relevance of these ‘guidelines’ to small mammal archaeozoology in India is recognised to arrive at a comprehensive picture of faunal exploitation in prehistoric India. Against this backdrop a number of known premises are discussed in this paper in the context of recent researches in Indian archaeology. Taxonomic Determination of Skeletal Remains of Smaller Rodents Interpretations of behavioural biology and ecology of a species are based essentially on the correct identification. Muroids and cricetids have a very complex dental and skeletal morphology. Coupled with highly complex web of habitats, it requires a fine resolution to arrive at a precise taxonomic determination for meaningful deductions of palaeoecology. Black rat (Rattus rattus) is one of the species occasionally alluded to and identified in archaeofaunal assemblages followed by lesser bandicoot rat (Bandicota bengalensis), though known only from the few sites. Taking into consideration the close resemblance in dental and skeletal morphology among all the members of muroids, complete and larger reference collection of recent muroids is a prerequisite to arrive at accurate identification of small rodents. As regards postcranial elements, the problem of precise identification can be confronted with good results by using qualitative and quantitative methods of skeletal morphology (Graham and Saunders 1978). It would be worthwhile to re-examine the small mammal assemblages from archaeological sites and reassess the species components of rodent assemblages. Recent methodologies employed to discriminate between closely related large mammalian genera (Grine et al. 1986, Loreille et al. 1997, Sathe 2003, Cuijpers and Lauwerier 2008, Zedda et al. 2008, Sathe and Joshi 2013) offer a set of better guidelines for taxonomic determination of smaller rodents. Taphonomy and Representation Bias of Small Rodent Collections The skeletal remains of muroids from archaeological sites are represented by dentition and limb bones while the rest of skeletal elements are mostly absent. The count of bones (Table 2) points to several taphonomic factors which could have been responsible for absence of much of the skeletal elements. Following burial, pedogenic or soil induced modification could affect and alter all parts of the skeleton which is different from the corrosion produced by digestion. The breakage of bones would enhance in wet conditions but under dry conditions they are better preserved (Andrews 1990). Perthotaxic, Taphic and Anataxic factors are major decisive attributes determining the ‘future’ of the death assemblage. However, before embarking on the discussion of later episodes of taphonomy it is necessary to view the mode of death for small rodents which proves to be the prime force setting the conditions for the subsequent mode of burial and fossilisation. Besides man there are three major non-human agencies viz. snakes, predatory birds, cats and monitor lizard. Python, Common Sand Boa, Rat snake, cobra, Krait and Russel’s viper are swift rat killers. Rat snake also proven to be one of the most useful species to Indian farmers today in preventing their number form multiplying (Murthy 1993). Rat is one of the major items of prey for monitor lizards besides crab, insects and small vertebrates. However, snakes leave no record at all as they completely digest all parts of their prey animals (Murthy 1993). The degree of corrosion due to digestive enzymes in smaller vertebrates (Andrews 1990, 1995) has been a major guideline in identifying their consumer. The forces causing death assemblage to disperse widely include sub-aerial weathering and trampling of bones in natural set ups. The severity of the process depends upon the duration of exposure. The skeletal elements would disintegrate to the extent that at its best only a few (mostly) dentition and incomplete postcranial elements will find its way to deposition and subsequent fossilisation. It is also true that the small mammal bones which pass through the digestive system of birds of prey and predatory animals and deposited the pallets and scats would certainly get disintegrated to a very large extent (Korth 1979, Saavedra et al. 1998, Lyman et al. 2003, Terry 2004). Collection bias is one of the most influential factors in the life history of a fossil and more so when pertains to the smaller bones of microvertebrates. The careful recovery of the material is always solicited but flaws in sampling can create a bias in the very first step of faunal analysis (Stahl 1996). This is crucial for small rodents from archaeological sites especially when the general attitude towards rodent assemblages is to discard them as later intrusions. As a result the assemblages often appear chance collection rather than an outcome of systematic and intentional sampling. Hence barely any data are available about the wider range of skeletal representation of smaller rodents and its stratigraphic relevance. Well-planned sampling, which also includes searching rodent bones from every single archaeological level with differential sieving, screening and flotation would be able to prevent differential loss of small as well as incomplete bones and is likely to yield diverse species of small mammals and microvertebrates. Needless to say that the larger the sample, the precise the conclusions would be holding key to better understanding of the role of rodents in archaeological perspective. It is highly likely that the seemingly low count of identified specimens of rodents from archaeological sites may be ascribed to some sampling bias. The awareness that the small mammals did contribute to the subsistence pattern of ancient human population is relatively of recent origin. To ensure whether the Small Rodent Collection is really Intrusive or of the Same Date as the Other Assemblages Rats and mice are predominantly fossorial. Extensive study has been carried out on this tendency of rats and mice by various zoologists in India which reveals an array of burrowing patterns (Arjunwadkar and Gadgil 1974, Barnett and Prakash 1975, George et al. 1982; please see Table 3 for burrow patterns in living Indian muroids). This presents an apt analogy for detecting similar patterns in archaeological context. Dwelling traces or ‘Crotovinas’ (‘mole hills’) as coined by Russian pedologists for fossil burrows (Gautier 1993) are one of the Trace Fossils which can be of immense use in identifying animal activity at the site. The evidence of such fossil burrows or ‘Crotovinas’ of rodents at an archaeological site helps in not only understanding its behavioural pattern but also throws light on the antiquity of rodents as well as the ecological conditions prevailing at the new site. With the help of Fluorine method it is possible to demonstrate the stratigraphical integrity of rodents at a given archaeological site giving a valid dimension to palaeoenvironmental reconstruction based on the presence of rodents. |Sandy soil, gravel plains and villages||Simple with 3 to 10 openings, brood chamber and a few bolt runs. Depth of brood chamber being 30 to 35 cm, horizontal profile dimension being 3 to 3.5 m. 1. Simple: 3 openings, 2.9 × 2 m of horizontal profile, total length of burrow system 4.94 m, burrow width 5–20 cm, depth of brood chamber 34 cm. 2. Elongated, extensive ramifying type: 6 openings, horizontal profile dimensions being 4.95 m, length of burrow system 20.3 m, burrow width 7–20 cm, depth of brood chamber 31 cm. 1. Superficial: upto 3 m long, 10 cm deep. 2. Shallow: its galleries range from 10 to 25 cm in depth. 3. Deep burrows: can be 1 m in depth |Commensal with man, crop fields nut groves in Kerala and Laksha Dweep||Lives in burrows, in thatched roofs and coconut groves| |Found mostly in irrigated fields, hedges and grasslands.||Burrows are simple, found often under bushes| (Brown or Norway rat) |Sewers in cities, buildings: found in cellars than in attics||Powerful burrower but does not dig very deep burrows| |Mus musculus||Buildings and the fields, houses, gardens, godowns, grain ware houses; Inhabits crop fields, commodity found in sugar cane fields.||fossorial but burrows are very shallow| (Indian field Mouse) |Especially irrigated fields, found in association with Rattus meltada and Tatera indica||Its burrows are shallow with one or two openings, tends to store food grains in the burrows| |Inhabits plains, fields and forests while Mus platythrix occurs in rocky and gravelly habitats (Fawn-coloured mouse)||Burrows are simple, not very long| (Short-tailed Mole Rat) |Inhabits cultivated fields, may occur in natural vegetation near crop fields. It burrows in the bunds in irrigated fields.||Specialized fossorial rat whose burrows are extensive. At each opening the Excavated soil is heaped into a pyramid.| (Lesser bandicoot rat) |Exceptionally versatile, wide spread in irrigated fields, villages and towns.||Burrows go to a depth of 1m, with about 12 openings per burrow and are| |Inhabits habitational areas, gardens, food grain storage godowns.||Burrows found to be organized into colonies of 2 to 15 burrows, which are generally found next to a house or a grain storage godown. The total length of burrows may range between 44 to 520 cm. The maximum depth of burrows can be found between 23 to 115 cm| The muroids and other small rodents are found in well documented Plio-Pleistocene deposits of the Northwest India thus establishing the validity of its geological provenance. However, their occurrence in Peninsular India is considered with great reservations. The Late Pleistocene ossiferous gravels generally lie at a depth of few maters from the top soil leading to the premise of their ancient origin while at archaeological sites they are found at the depth of few maters of total thickness. On this basis it is argued that they are of recent origin. Hence it is assumed that most of the muroid collection from archaeological sites is derived from rats died a short while ago inside the burrows. If the burrows are made by animals to live and not to die in (as appears to be so), contextual reference of their remains can best be confirmed by chemical analysis of bones and sediments. In order to examine the stratigraphic integrity of these remains and to ascertain that they are not mere contaminations from the recent levels, recently the Fluorine analysis of these bones was carried out which confirms the contemporaneity of muroids with other large animals found in several archaeological and Pleistocene sties in India (Sathe 2013, Sathe and Kshirsagar n.d., Table 4). |No.||Site||Trench||Layer Period/Culture||%F||%P||%P2O5||100F/ P2O5||C 14 Dates| |1||Kopia||AY1/5039||3 Kushana/Early Historic||0.39||13.00||29.24||0.13||81881 ± 109| |2||Kopia||AY1/5031||4 Kushana/Early Historic||0.088||13.75||31.14||0.08||1683 ± 185| |3||Kopia||AY1/5039||3 Kushana/Early Historic||0.044||11.75||26.90||0.16| |4||Kopia||AY1/5031||4 Kushana/Early Historic||0.014||13.75||31.48||0.04| |427||Balathal||D1||5 Holocene/Iron Age||0.04||9.37||21.46||0.186||c.500 B.C.–300 A.D.| |461||Balathal||OE||15 Holocene/Chalcolithic||0.07||9.06||20.74||0.34||2350 – 1800 B.C.| |455||Daimabad||BZ’3||4 Holocene/Chalcolithic||0.076||11.87||27.18||0.28||1550 – 1035 B.C.| |579||Kuntasi||K7||4 Holocene/Late Harappan||0.062||5.87||13.44||0.46||1900 – 1700 B.C.| |580||Kuntasi||F1||8 Holocene/Mature Harappan||0.082||11.87||27.18||0.30| |581||Kuntasi||J8||8 Holocene/Mature Harappan||0.08||7.00||16.03||0.49||5, **| |582||Kuntasi||G3||9 Holocene/Mature Harappan||0.107||8.12||18.59||0.57||2400 – 1900 B.C.| |583||Kuntasi||12||13 Holocene/Mature Harappan||0.096||10.75||24.62||0.39| |584||Kuntasi||KC||20 Holocene/Mature Harappan||0.075||11.50||26.33||0.28| |523||Betamcherla||A2||Early Holocene||0.23||12.50||28.62||0.80||not available| |524||Betamcherla||B3||Early Holocene||0.28||15.00||34.35||0.81||not available| |521||Betamcherla||C3||Terminal Pleistocene||0.58||11.72||25.64||2.26||17,390 B.P. (TL Date) 6| |522||Betamcherla||F||Terminal Pleistocene||0.83||8.19||18.75||4.42||not available| |382||Narmada valley||GUGT||Late Pleistocene||1.646||11.62||26.61||6.185||31,750 B.P.| No Apparent Changes in the Habitat of Rodents in Prehistoric Times as observed at the Given Site The comparison between community type from archaeological sites and the present faunal community type existing in the vicinity may be carried out to check whether the relative composition of the surroundings (available for exploitation to the species of rodents) has not changed since ancient times. This is needed to ascertain that the small rodent community has not changed since ancient times. When the continuation of the same rodent community is confirmed by monitoring palaeoenvironment with the help of living analogues, it provides an adequate picture of ecological setting of the area. In the context of Indian muroids, taxonomical diversity is limited to a few species only which seems to be an outcome of discharge to the importance of small mammals in earlier stage of research in archaeozoology. However, Table 3 helps to demonstrate the habitat and habits of living muroids and its cousins which can be used to understand the behavioural pattern in the past, following the principles of actualism. Oseologically the archaeological species of muroids do not differ from their living descendants and hence the present day habits and ecology of Rattus rattus, Bandicota indica, B. bengalensis, Tatera indica, Millardia meltada and Mus pp. (Tables 3 and 5) provides meaningful insights into the ecological choice of their predecessors of early and late Quaternary. As the existence of small rodents is consistently associated with agricultural fields and storages its presence at an archaeological site also warrants presence of such activities in and around the settlement and statement regarding the ecological condition of the area. |States||Predominant rodent species| |Andhra Pradesh||Bandicota bengalesis – Tatera indica – Millardia meltada – Mus spp.| |Bihar||Bendicota bengalensis – Tatera indica| |Chhatisgarh||Data not available| |Gujarat||Meriones hurrinae – Tatera indica – Rattus rattus| |Haryana||Millardia meltada – Nesokia india – Tatera indica| |Jammu & Kashmir||Data not available| |Karnataka||Tatera indica – Bandicota bengalensis – Millardia meltada – Mus platythrix| |Kerala||Data not available| |Madhya Pradesh||Tatera indica – Bandicota bengalensis – Millardia meltada| |Maharashtra||Bandicota bengalensis – Mus spp.| |Manipur||Bandicota bengalensis – Rattus rattus bullock| |Meghalaya||Bandicota bengalensis – Rattus rattus bullock| |Nagaland||Bandicota bengalensis – Rattus rattus bullock| |Orissa||Bandicota bengalensis – Millardia meltada – Mus spp.| |Punjab||Tatera indica – Millardia meltada – Nesokia indica – Mus spp.| |Rajasthan||Meriones hurrianae – Tatera indica – Millardia meltada| |Sikkim||Data not available| |Tamil Nadu||Tatera indica – Millardia meltada – Mus spp.| |Telangana state||Data not available| |Tripura||Data not available| |Uttar Pradesh||Millardia meltada – Tatera indica – Bandicota bengalensis – Mus spp.| |Uttaranchal||Data not available| |West Bengal||Bandicota bengalensis – Mus spp.| In addition to the skeletal remains, evidence of coprolites and its quantitative representation might help to demonstrate the fluctuations in the number of muroids at the archaeological sites. However, no specific estimate has been worked out so far except the computation of rat coprolites from various cultural levels carried out for the first time by Kajale (1988) while screening for palaeobotanical remains at Inamgaon. The Species should not be Domesticated or Managed That the species found at an archaeological site is domesticated or managed for food resources loses its importance as a significant palaeoecological indicator does not imply in case of rats and mice since the question either of their domesticated or managing them does not arise at all throughout the history of animal domestication in India. Though indirect evidence points to their exploitation by humans in ancient time as source of food, ethnographic parallels reveal that rats are not subject to any deliberate management to enhance the food value. Material Utilised for Palaeoenvironmental study must be drawn from the Local Environment The species drawn from the archaeological site may owe its presence to i) being native to the site at the time of deposition or, ii) introduced by several biological factors e.g. the predatory birds which may have been roosting at the site or even by the carnivorous animals which killed them, colonisation attempted by rats, or man accidentally introducing them at the site. The study of surface taphonomy and skeletal and taxonomic computation of bones for their being part of pallets and/or scat may yield information of what species of predator could have consumed them (Sathe and Chakraborty 2014). Though no such factors could necessarily introduce them to the local environment, computing the ratio of bones of each species leading to estimate their actual number at the site, affording precise interpretations of palaeoenvironment. Microvertebrates from Kopia: A Case Study in analysis of microvertebrate fauna from an archaeological site The site of Kopia (26 52′N: 83 04′ 50″E) is an Early Historic occupation representing Northern Polished Ware (NBP) culture to Kushana and Sunga period. It was excavated by Alok Kanungo and V. N. Misra for two seasons (2004 and 2005) and the material subject to present study comes from both season’s of excavations (Kanungo & Shinde 2004–05). The site is located nearly 12 km north of Khalilabad in District Sant Kabir Nagar, Uttar Pradesh. The temporal stretch of the occupation is of about five hundred years, beginning from the 5th–6th century B.C. to about 2nd–3rd century A.D. The microvertebrate record comes from a single trench AY1 located in the centre of the mound, providing lesser disturbance due to anthropogenic activities. The structural remains in the trench belong to Śunga-Kushana period, implying that the faunal assemblage can be assigned to a time frame of c. 1st century B.C. to about 2–3rd C. B.C. The total collection comprises 2644 bones of which 2412 are the NISP, belonging to insectivores, muroids, fishes, small reptiles and birds (Fig. 1). The taxa include house shrew (Suncus murinus), field rat (Millardia meltada), blacknaped hare (Lepus nigricollis), and domestic fowl (Gallus sp.), indeterminate reptilian fauna and carp fish (cyprinids). The small mammal fauna may not belong to the muroids but offers first ever systematic study of microvertebrates and fish fauna from an archaeological site in India. The skeletal representation of small to very small-bodied taxa across the cultural phases demonstrates commendable efforts taken by the excavators while sampling the faunal record. Fairly good state of preservation, the absence of etching by gastric travel time in the abdomen of avifauna and completeness of the bones suggest that the accumulation owes its origin to natural death without any direct evidence of human predation. Even though the ribs and vertebrae as well as the long bone fragments are in plenty (232 nos., 8.77%), the assemblage does not show any evidence of post depositional disturbance. Interestingly no bones bear any evidence of charring either (Sathe 2013). How were the bones introduced in to the context that assigns them to early historic antiquity? Are the bones intrusive or the relics of ancient natural and anthropogenic activities? Good state of preservation, appearance of a naturally sorted collection and the total absence of vitrification of bones, unlike those of large animals within the site made it imperative that their stratigraphic relevance is examined to consider them truly ancient. In order to address these questions, the fluorine values were determined in twelve of the samples from the Śunga and Kushana levels. Interestingly, the receding values of fluorine from earliest (late-Mid Pleistocene) to the recent that have confirmed the relative antiquity of rodent bones (Sathe 2013; Joshi and Sathe 2007), also show the values for these specimens to be matching with the Early Historic period (Table 4). As regards the ecology and habitat of these microvertebrates, some are commensals in one way or the other and can be considered a strong pointer to the status and tenure of the settlement, agricultural association and supporting its archaeological affinity. Fish remains are indeed the food debris. The present day distribution of murids associated with variety of crops in different parts of India (Table 3) helps us to understand their localised concentration. It shows that in most habitats, the various rodent species occupy different situations which can be termed as sub-habitats, possibly helping to reduce the inter-species competition. Extensive work on the behavioural biology of pests in India by Barnett and Prakash (1975) provides some clues to this complex state of rodent ecology. In Indian wheat fields most of the Bandicota bengalensis are in the bunds; but Millardia meltada burrow in the fields while the mice (Mus spp.) live under bushes. In a village settlement Rattus rattus and Mus musculus would thrive in houses and cattle yards. The presence of house shrew (Suncus murinus) points to its habitational association. These insectivores are a common domestic occurrence throughout India, Myanmar, Malaysia, southeastern China, Taiwan and Indonesia. They primarily subsist on insects including cockroaches (Blattaria spp.) and crickets (Grillidae spp.) and are found to be useful to man, especially in keeping the houses clear of cockroaches and even said to discourage rats from occupying houses (Roberts 1977). The house shrews can be tamed easily and it is not surprising that the reports of taming them have been useful to their masters (Crump 1912; Eates 1968). It is not surprising thus that in villages the shrews are symbols of wealth and are generally venerated. The house shrews have a life span of about one to one and a half years; they are prolific and can have a sizable population within spring and towards the monsoons with a litter size of 3 to 4. (Roberts 1977). Mongoose and snakes are the common predators. Due to the strong musky odour raptorial birds do not eat them and it is highly likely that even man has stayed away from them with respect to their dietary utility, also supported by the ethnographic data. Millardia meltada (field rat) has a distribution confined to India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Mostly found in irrigated fields, bunds, grasslands and hedges, it also inhabits gravelly soils. Weighing for 60 gm., it has a home range varying between 790–2200 square meters (Barnett and Prakash 1975). Short tailed mole rat (Nesokia indica) has a vast palaearctic distribution where parts of Uttar Pradesh have been its earlier range of distribution (Bennet and Prakash 1975). Body weight of an adult being 200gm. attracts the attention of hunting gathering communities for a better yield of meat in a single individual. Grasses, food crops and sugar cane consist their food. Commensals like the house rats (Rattus rattus) when adult weigh 150 to 200 gm., are a disease carrier and more common in villages than in towns for reasons of poor sanitary conditions. They breed throughout the year and twenty to fifty six individuals are born to every female (Barnett and Prakash 1975). Studies on Rattus distribution reveal the concentration going as high as 9.8 individuals per house or 1.3 per person in number of villages nearly 60 km east of New Delhi in Uttar Pradesh (Krishnamurty et al. 1967), and 83,000 (predominantly being Rattus) or 3.9 per house and 1.1 per person in Sidhpur Taluka in Gujarat, recorded over thirty years ago. It implies a consistently high population within the settlements where the total strength of the settlement may bring out a phenomenal presence of these pests in a given time. The field mouse or Mus booduga is truly a micromammal with a weight of about 8g. and have a wide distribution mostly in irrigated fields. With a known home range of 1275 ± 52 per square meter, living in shallow burrows, with 3.3 individuals in each of them. With a litter size of one to five, they are one of the associational pests who share the habitats of Rattus meltada and Tatera indica. The study of spatial and temporal distribution of microvertebrates with reference to their individual share in understanding the local ecology highlights microvertebrates as useful micro eco indices of an ancient settlement especially here in context of the ancient site of Kopia. Rats and Mice as Source of Food As regards contribution of rodents to human diet, it is found that more than 71 genera and 89 species of rodents (though majority of them being hystricomorphs) comprise a substantial portion of edible wild game world over (Fiedler 1990). Rodents fill that dietary niche where in addition to being an easy availability, less expensive, require less efforts, and besides being a popular source of protein, rodent meat contains essential amino acids necessary in the human diet. High reproductive rates in rodent populations provide an undisruptive harvesting without depletion and it is also believed by some of the populations as an effective means of pest controlling strategy. The human consumption of rodents (guinea pigs) in the Americas goes back to more than 2500 B.C. (Lanning 1967), while the early Chinese reportedly ate common and bamboo rats. There are several references to methods of preparation and eating of newborn rats during the Tang dynasty in the AD 618–907 (Hendrickson 1983). To celebrate the building of the King’s palace in Mesopotamia, ten-day feast was organised and in addition to thousands of oxen, sheep, lambs, deer, pigeons, fish and eggs; one thousand rodents (jerboa) were served (Flandrin and Montanari 1999). Romans popularised the edible dormouse by the 2nd century AD and several methods of preparation point to its being a delicacy (Brothwell and Brothwell 1969). The consumption of rats by the Maoris of New Zealand refers to exploiting family hunting territories to trap Polynesian rats, which they had introduced to Polynesia in the 16th century. Forty two diverse societies in North America are reported to be the consumers of rats today (Harris 1985). The taboo still prevails in several societies today that prohibit people from eating rats (Harris 1985) but that does not however, lessen the prospects of its being an important component of food economy in different parts of the world as a major supplement of proteins since ancient times. Hunter gatherers 10,000 years ago certainly had a different ‘diet chart’ contrary to their modern counterparts containing substantial proportion of domesticated animals and plants. A number of publications have emerged over the past couple of decades, describing palaeolithic diet estimation of macronutrient composition, considered to validate the palaeolithic hunter gatherer’s diet (Eaton and Konner 1985, Eaton et al. 1988, Eaton 1992 and Eaton et al. 1997). It is proposed that their diet consisted of 35% animal food by weight and 65% plant food. An array of values for micronutrients, electrolytes, carbohydrates, fat, proteins and fibre have been calculated and comparisons drawn between the intake of micronutrients in Palaeolithic and the present day diet (Eaton et al. 1997). These values are of immense importance to understand the prehistory of food and evolutionary perspective of human diet through space and time (Jenike 2001). However, direct physical evidence of human consumption of small mammals has been most elusive in palaeontological record. In this context, cut marks on the mandibles of fossil hedgehog (Erinaceous broomei) from early hominin site of Olduvai George Bed I are perhaps the first ever report of human activity on small mammals indicating its contribution to the human subsistence (Farnandez-Jalvo et al. 1999). While looking at the contribution of animal foods in the diet of aborigine populations, the easy availability of small game, minimum efforts and consistently high ratio of edible meat to total weight are found to favour small game over large ones, albeit a supplementary component. Eventually it adds to the intake of animal foods that are invariably high in protein (Eaton n.d. 1998). The dietary perspective of present day hunter-gatherers reveals a story where shifts induced by resourcefulness of small game especially in the category of variety of rodents becomes a ready reference while looking at the prehistory of small game and food processing. The data pertaining to the pattern of exploitation, carcass processing and consumption are a useful point of reference to understand the contributions microvertebrates or micromammals may have made to the diet of ancient human population. The skeletal material of rats and mice from archaeological sites in India does not bear any signs of charring or butchering. This has led to conclude that humans did not consume the small rodents. However, the prehistoric rock paintings provide a positive evidence of its being hunted and collected along with larger game, which includes rats as a regular part of the diet of prehistoric man. The paintings showing a series of three different episodes of rat hunting were found on the rock shelters at the site of Jaora near Bhimbetka in Central India and have been dated to Mesolithic period (Neumayer 1983). It is a living tradition and the painted faunal record provides insights into the past human behaviour. One of them shows a hunter with a bow and arrows, walking with a basket or net carrying carcasses of a cow, deer, monkey, a small ruminant, monitor lizard and one big and four small-size rats as part of his hunt. The picture symbolises hunter’s wish of catching all the animals as his day’s hunt (Fig. 2). Another painting is a portray of a man carrying a basket balanced with the help of a cord on his head. The basket is covered with a lid and contains a total of 9 rats; few of them being caught live (Fig. 3). One more with human figures depicts several activities together. A man is engaged in digging out a rat burrow with the help of a stick. Three rats are already extracted and killed which lie next to him. To the right of the burrow is a poorly preserved painting of a man trying to grip a rat which is about to escape. Two women are busy digging with the help of a pointed stick. Four v-shaped baskets and a few digging sticks are also painted. Interestingly the shape of rat hole greatly resembles the burrow pattern of present day muroids (Fig. 4). The ethnographic parallels reveal that bandicoot rat, field rat and common rat form part of the diet of many tribal communities in India today (Fig. 4). Katkaris, Varalis and Vadaris (from hilly and forested regions of Maharashtra, Karnatak and Gujarat) do hunt smaller animals like rats and their close relatives. To supplement the supply of food grains and other food items these tribes look upon rats as food reserve, which they hunt by digging rat holes. The rat hunt has an additional dimension as tribes also hunt for the food storage built up by these animals (Bombay Presidency Gazetteer 1885). Hunting rats is a collective exercise carried out by the entire community. Rats are driven out of their holes and all other possible places of their hiding in and around the habitational area and then killed. After having harvested a sufficient yield the rats are distributed to every household. Rats are roasted and whole of it are consumed in a manner that even the bones are not spared. For Katkaris it is a much desired delicacy besides being considered as having medicinal property in curing people of tuberculosis and arthritis (Tribhuvan and Peters 1992). The Irulas, indigenous people of Tamil Nadu are distributed over nine districts viz. Chinglepet, South and North Arcot, Coimbtore, Nilgiris, Salem, Thiruchirapally, Tanjore and Kanya Kumari. Originally expert hunters of the larger game, Irulas in recent years have been forced to resort to the smaller game due to ever depleting wildlife as a result of forest cutting and expanding sheets of cultivation. Eventually they have turned towards rat catching as a highly successful means of obtaining animal meat and have developed special liking for the rat meat. The practice of rat hunting has equipped them with excellent skills of catching snakes, thereby playing a big role in venom industry (Dharmarajan 2007). Having absolute familiarity with the burrowing patterns the Irulas have developed excellent skills of hunting rats, thereby providing most effective natural solution to the population control of rats. A day’s hunt can yield as many as hundred rats without putting any special efforts to accomplish the exercise. Local farmers employ them for catching rats and nearly for over a couple of decades these Irulas operate as part of the Co-operate society (known as ‘RATS’ or Rats and Termite Squad) engaged in killing them for food, and in the process providing tough majors in controlling its population explosion. One such episode refers to rats control in paddy fields by inviting Irulas from the ‘Irula Snake Catchers Industrial Co-operative Society Limited’ in Chennai which turned out to be mutually beneficial as dividends and good riddance (CIKS Quarterly News Letter, 2007)! Kuchapuri Yerukulas are semi-nomadic hunting gathering community living in the interiors of Nandyal basin of Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. They are well known for expertise in hunting avifauna, which forms a major part of their diet. However, they occasionally hunt bandicoot rat and gerbil along with other small size animals such as monitor lizard, turtle and mongoose (Murty 1981). Bhumias, one of the aboriginal tribes of the southern Madhya Pradesh occasionally eat field rats and mice in addition to other wild animals. However, small millet and rice is their staple food while meat forms an additional source of food (Fuchs 1968). Bandicoot is one of the food items of people of Mandia tribe living in neighbouring districts of Chandrapur and Bhamraghar in Maharashtra. The Kanjars are a hunting gathering community of the Ganga valley, Uttar Pradesh who are according to 1971 Census spread in almost all parts o the state. They subsist predominantly on the meat of wild animals and exhibit omnivorous tendencies. In addition to hunting large game they do hunt and eat bandicoot rat, field rat in addition to mongoose, monitor lizard and snakes (Nesfield 1883, Nagar and Misra 1990). Living traditions of small game as source of food: Musehars, a case study To test the hypothesis that the archaeological record also includes the food debris of rodent bones, regardless whether they bear any direct evidence for it should be based on multiple lines of evidence. These include ethnographic record of trapping, preparation and consumption of rodents; knowledge of burrowing patterns and their behavioural biology; and actualistic work of looking for their present day distribution at an archaeological site (Szuter 1988). Survey of ethnographic literature has so far amply demonstrated that the consumption of rodents in most of the scheduled tribes of India is practiced even today and rodent fauna supplements the diet on a regular basis. To assess the dietary contribution of these rodents and search for the factors responsible for the information loss of the skeletal data after the consumption and burial; an actualistic study was undertaken in one of the well known rat consuming communities viz. Musehars living in the anteriors of the Gangetic plains in the District of Allahabad, U.P. in north India. ‘Musehars’, a hunting gathering community is spread over eastern Uttar Pradesh, western Bihar and are a well known rat catchers whose traditional economic activities involved the collection and sale of herbs, medicinal plants, roots, honey, resins, working as field labourers and helping over the brick kilns, rearing silk worms and making leaf plates and bowls (Crooke 1896) which continues to be widely practiced even today (Ansari 1999). Their occupations have continued with minor additions like rearing pigs for obvious benefits in the face of perpetual poverty (Singh 1993). These Musehars are also known as Banmanus, Banraja, Monr, Mushera and Musaha, denoting their historic association with rats and mice primarily as a predator and they are highly skilled at catching them for food. They are equally skilled at other animals like tortoise, monitor lizard, squirrel and a number of game birds that supply towards animal foods in their diet. Author carried out a detailed ethnographic study along with the members of the tribal community and entire exercise from the time of trapping the rats to their consumption was documented and the live meat and edible meat ratios were also computed. The discarded bones were carefully sampled and studied for any taphonomic signatures caused by human consumption. Site documentation included useful narratives regarding the frequency of small game including rodents, as food as well as its utility as medicine that the Musehars consumed regularly. The number of rats in a single kill could include as many as ten to twenty individuals and food processing would follow immediately. The peak of such activities would coincide during and after the harvest and thrashing grains. Harvesting twice a year provides a maximum yield of sometimes running into hundred rats a day for the group. Most common species of prey included Tatera indica, Rattus meltada, Bandicoot rat and occasionally the moles (Nisokia indica), besides other animals such as turtle, monitor lizard and several other birds of prey. Survival potential of bones, types of bones that survived last and the degree of burning marks and their location on bones were found to be useful markers for archaeological interpretations. At times the rodents were roasted whole and bones eaten away, leaving no evidence that could have been of any consequence. Sometimes the sizable number of rats was pulverized along with the bones after cooking and the meat taken to the settlement, once again leaving no scope for its direct archaeological evidence. The application of immunological analyses of the archaeological materials like grinding stones and ceramics using analogy from the living aborigine populations should help in shedding important light on the patterns of food preparation and diet perspective (Yohe II et al. 1991, Barnard et al. 2007, Solazzo et al. 2008, Barker 2010). On site consumption involved overwhelming participation of younger age groups in addition to the teen-age hunters. The bones that leave signatures of burning include caudal vertebrae and phalanges for the fact that these are most susceptible to burning due to least flesh cover. Skull, rib cage, mandibles, femora, humeri and metapodial are invariably found and bear no trace of burning. The dogs as pets consume the remainder but they are carefully kept away from the kill site throughout the entire procedure. However, an interesting example comes from yet an adjacent hamlet where nearly all the bones of several field rats were completely wiped away by scavenging dogs, leaving behind no signatures of human intervention. The differential burning of the skeletal elements is often owing to the roasting whole of the animal but it is the postmortem procedures that decide the fate of these bones in getting into the archaeological record. However, the absence of burning in the assemblage at an Early Historic site of Kopia once again makes it a unilateral statement that even based on ethnographic examples it can be logically deduced that the rodent fauna provided nutritional value. The exploitation of rodents for food does not seem to restrict to the aborigines. In a Sanskrit treatise of 12th century A.D., viz. ‘Abhilaasitarth Cintamani or Maanasollasa,’ written by the King Someswar IIIrd of the Chalukya Dynasty of Western India, a chapter titled ‘Annabhoga’ refers to recipes prepared from the meat of rodents especially caught from the cultivated fields which are healthy and possess more of meaty portions (Gokhale 2010). One of the methods is to barbeque the whole of rat which even continues to be practiced among the aborigines today. As can be evidenced from these examples the animal is roasted and consumed whole of it or the bones discarded may not essentially reach the archaeological record and hence dampens any efforts in hypothesis building with any scientific precision. Based on this analogy it can be established that either the absence of bones of these small rodents or the traces of human activity of new available bones does not necessarily rule out their inclusion in the diet of prehistoric man. This is also supported by the fact that owing to the high ratio of edible meat versus the live weight (Table 6) and easy availability of smaller game (especially rats and mice) in close proximity to human settlements afforded an easy source of food for the ancient human populations. |Carcass weight And percentage||Rattus rattus||Bandicota bengalensis||Millardia meltada||Tatera indica| |Live weight||100 g||150 g||65 g||60 g| |Bone||10 g||10 g||3 g||4g| |Viscera||20 g||30 g||10 g||9 g| |Skin||35 g||30 g||20 g||15 g| |Edible meat||120 g||120 g||32 g||32 g| Discussion and Conclusion The evidence of muroids in archaeological context demonstrates multifold implications with respect to ecological, subsistence and behavioural archaeology. The Fluorine analysis confirms the antiquity of its bones. Added to careful sampling of its bones this helps in understanding the ecological diversity of the area. Besides, identification of eco-niche of individual taxon, it makes a welcome addition to the data already available for other mammals. Systematic screening of sediments for the presence of rodents with respect to context of the micro settlement pattern should help to designate their role. The observations on the faunal materials from early historic site of Kopia reveal two strong possibilities i.e. majority of the assemblage has escaped avifaunal predation and it is a mix of naturally sorted as well as the food debris accumulated over the period of four to five hundred years of habitational history. Present day analogy with regard to the site certainly points to small mammal (rodent) fauna as a regular supplement to the diet. For indeterminate assemblage it could have been either a mere co-existence as crop robbers or the victims of predation by carnivorous birds, and cats need to be confirmed. However, the review strongly recommends for the systematic collection of rat bones from individual archaeological units and computation of minimum number of individuals (MNI) to explain the factors helped maintaining rodent populations, e.g. prosperous or famine resulted agricultural phases, durations of settlements, site abandonment, and presence or absence of savannah grassland with subsoil moisture congenial to proliferation of rodent population.

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Recognizing signs of Resentment: 1. Using phony friendliness to cover your true feelings. 2. Speaking sarcastically about the person resented. 3. Speaking in a demeaning way about the person resented. 4. Expressing agitation and unexpected anger for no apparent reason. Effects of Resentment: Resentment is most painful when it is felt toward a person you’re close to, such as a parent, good friend, or spouse. If you don’t overcome feelings of powerlessness, you might develop a cynical, hostile attitude. Cynicism and hostility seem to protect a person by lowering his or her expectations in relationships. But they also cause the heart to close itself off, keeping a person from love and intimacy. A healthier way to deal with resentment is to figure out how you may have participated in letting someone treat you unfairly to avoid repeating the same pattern. Sometimes people have no choice in their situations, as for example, being a child in an abusive family. But in many cases, we unwittingly allow situations to become unfair. Here are some questions to help figure out how to avoid resentment in the future: 1. Is the unfair treatment real or imagined? If real, why did the other person treated you badly? 2. Why do you hesitate to respond with more personal power? Are you afraid of conflict? Do you feel undeserving? How is your lack of personal power hurting you more than possible disapproval or loss? 3. Are you afraid to speak up for yourself because you tend to become defensive and make things worse? How could you learn to speak up assertively—with a positive attitude? 4. How would your life improve if you were to eliminate your resentment? When people let go of resentment and learn to speak up for themselves without bitterness, they gain confidence and optimism. In turn, others are LESS likely to treat them unfairly, and if they do, they won’t get away with it. Everything can be taken from a man or a woman but one thing: the last of human freedoms to choose one’s attitude in any given set of circumstances. ~Viktor E. Frankl by Alison Poulsen, PhD

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- Sketch Notes in the Elementary Classroom - February 15, 2017 - Teach From the Heart - February 9, 2017 - Who is the Teacher: School or Family? - January 11, 2017 - Dear President Elect Trump, From Your Teachers - November 17, 2016 - Let them Be Children - October 21, 2016 - Print Resources: Great Tools for Kids - October 17, 2016 - 36 Weeks of Tech: Twitter - October 11, 2016 - 36 Weeks of Technology: SeeSaw - September 30, 2016 - Educate Yourself and Vote - September 26, 2016 - 36 Weeks of Technology: GoNoodle - September 1, 2016 To teach your students to read you must know where they are. It is important to understand their current instructional reading level (accuracy and comprehension combined) as well as their fluency level. If you are unsure how to test your students and gather this data, check out my recent article, “See Jane Read.” Students below grade level might struggle for three reasons: fluency (how quickly they read words correctly), decoding (how they attack unknown words), and/or comprehension. This is the third article in a series about reading instruction. The second article focuses on how to increase fluency with students. Students at grade level need meaningful work to practice their reading skills and push their comprehension. They can, however, struggle with decoding. If you notice students at grade level often skip words, ask for words, or mispronounce words you will want to check their decoding. Students above grade level need extension activities and ideas to stretch their comprehension into the upper levels of knowledge.Students below grade level might struggle for three reasons: fluency (how quickly they read words correctly),… Click To Tweet There are many programs designed to teach decoding skills. Corrective Reading and Rewards are two examples. There are also strategies teachers can use in the classroom to assist students in decoding. Early elementary students need to have instruction and practice with letters and sounds. They need to hear these sounds and use letters or letter tiles to play with the sounds to see how words are similar and different. This looks different in upper elementary and beyond. This article will discuss three activities than can be done to help with decoding at upper levels. Students should know the rules for letters and their sounds. A great way to check for this is with nonsense words. Make a list of the vowel sounds, blends, or diphthongs you want to check. Replace the consonants with a “Z.” This creates a nonsense list you can have students read. For example, -ain, -ale, -ute,- oot would transfer to a list including: zain, zale, zute, zoot. Scholastic also has a list of nonsense words that can be used to check for phonetic understanding. If students do not know the rules the word will be read incorrectly. You will then know where the focus of lessons and activities should be. When you know the sounds that need to be taught and practiced you can do simple activities with them. You must teach students the sound and have them make the sound. Ask students to list words that follow the sound and spelling pattern. Use this to anchor new words. Create a list or small dictionary. Have students replace the first letter with another consonant or blend. Is this an actual word? Sort these lists into real vs. nonsense words. As students read, they should add new words they discover to this list or their dictionary to practice and reinforce the sounds. Students should become comfortable copying unknown words from books and passages as they read. After copying the word they should underline the vowels and state the rule associated with the vowel, blend or diphthong. The next step students’ need is to be able to identify and understand prefixes and suffixes. These can be from the traditional list of common prefixes and suffixes that change the meaning of words when added to a root. But they can also involve letter groups that commonly come at the beginning and ending of words that may not change the meaning of the word. Start with the most commonly found and have students find them in books, magazines, newspapers. Here is a list from Scholastic to get you started. Students above grade level can learn about Latin and Greek roots while students with decoding needs do activities with the common list. This allows for all students to be engaged in the same activity, but with meaningful lists. Students should become comfortable copying unknown words from books and passages as they read. After writing the word down students should circle the prefix or suffix. Using a piece of laminate or transparency paper over the book or passage is also helpful. This way a student only needs to use a Visa marker or dry erase marker to circle the word parts. Eventually, this will become an automatic process as they read and will help with decoding in reading. The last step is for students to be able to decode multi-syllabic words. These are longer words that often combine multiple vowel, blend and diphthong sounds. When students come to these longer words they should copy the word. Underline all vowels. Circle all prefixes and suffixes. Swoop chunks and think about the sounds they know. Read the word slowly. Then read the word fluently thinking about any changes that need to be made to make it a word. English is tough, often following the rules is not enough. Students may have to combine understanding and vocabulary. What makes sense here? Give students a piece of laminate or transparency film as a tool when practicing decoding multi-syllabic words. This will speed up the decoding process and allow them to become automatic in thinking through the steps.Decoding is important as we read. It allows our brains to quickly process words and make sense of language. Click To Tweet Decoding is important as we read. It allows our brains to quickly process words and make sense of language. Some students need direct instruction and practice with these skills. There are programs available for purchase. There are also simple things teachers can do to help students with decoding. The Florida Center for Reading Research has more printables and ideas. As students increase in their decoding skills, they will increase their fluency and therefore their comprehension should improve as well. Finding the holes and teaching specific strategies is the key.

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Today the Australian Bureau of Meteorology has released its yearly climate update. A strong El Niño event was the headline story underlying global climate in 2015, but its impact in Australia was mixed. In some parts of the country it was a very dry year, but some other parts which are normally hit hard by El Niño – especially large parts of New South Wales – got off rather lightly. Record high temperatures in the Indian Ocean were part of the mix, providing a source of moisture at times over autumn and winter which offset the drying influence of El Niño. After a false start in late 2014, full-blown El Niño conditions developed in the tropical Pacific Ocean by May 2015. The event intensified rapidly and went on to become one of the strongest El Niño events of the last 50 years, alongside 1982-83 and 1997-98. In many parts of the world, El Niño’s impact on climate followed the usual script. In particular, there was serious drought in the second half of the year in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and many of the western South Pacific islands, along with northern South America, Central America and the Caribbean. In Australia, the situation was more complicated. Very dry in parts of Australia Nationally, rainfall in 2015 was below normal, although nowhere near record-breaking levels. The national annual total was 5% below the 1961-1990 average. A substantial proportion of 2015’s rain fell in January, especially in northern and central Australia. Alice Springs had three-quarters of its annual average rainfall in the space of a week (and then had only 10 millimetres in the next nine months). If January was taken out of the picture the year was much drier. The February-November period was the ninth-driest on record nationally, and in the northern half of Australia it was the driest since 1951. Heavy rain returned in December in the northern tropics, particularly the Northern Territory, which had its wettest December on record. The standout dry regions of 2015 were the southwest of Western Australia and a region of the southeast encompassing central and western Victoria, the southeast of South Australia, and parts of Tasmania. In the southwest of Western Australia average rainfall for the May-November growing season was the second lowest on record after 2010. Tasmania ranked seventh-driest for this period, and Victoria eleventh. Spring was especially dry in Tasmania, where it was easily the driest on record, and both Tasmania and Victoria had their driest years since 2006. In both southwest Western Australia and Victoria, the dry conditions in 2015 were an intensification on long-term rainfall deficits lasting several years, with Victorian rainfall since mid-2012 returning to levels typical of the 1997 to 2009 Millennium Drought. 2015 was also a relatively dry year for much of inland Queensland and adjacent northern New South Wales. Some of the hardest-hit drought areas did a bit better than they had in 2013 or 2014 and northwest Queensland had useful rain at the end of 2015. But rainfall was still generally below normal and not enough to make any serious inroads into the multi-year drought afflicting the region. It was also a notably dry year in parts of coastal north Queensland, with Townsville among the centres having its driest year on record. Some coastal regions further south had heavy rain in February from Cyclone Marcia, which made landfall north of Rockhampton, the southernmost known category 5 cyclone landfall on the Queensland coast. In contrast to the dryness further north and south, New South Wales had near-normal rainfall in 2015. The inland received reasonably regular rain through the year, while the coast had several major downpours associated with east coast lows. Destructive flooding affected the Hunter region in April and the Illawarra in August. The rainfall extended to southeast Queensland. Brisbane had its second-wettest year of the 21st century, with particularly heavy rain in early May and numerous severe thunderstorms during the spring. Cool start, hot end For Australian mean temperatures it was a year of two halves. Autumn temperatures were slightly below normal, but it was an exceptionally warm finish to the year. The last quarter (October-December) of the year was easily the hottest on record. Over the year as a whole, temperatures were 0.83°C above the 1961-90 average, making it the fifth warmest year on record. 2013, 2014 and 2015 have all ranked in the five warmest years on record for Australia. The last three years have also seen Australia’s three warmest springs, with 2015 falling just short of 2014’s record high. Australia’s 2015 temperatures were relatively modest by global standards, with the world set to have its hottest year on record by more than 0.1°C above ther previous hottest year (2014). Final global numbers for 2015 will not be available until later this month. The warmth in Australia was especially exceptional in October. Nationally, temperatures were 2.89°C above the 1961-90 average, which in terms of degrees above average makes it the most extreme month ever experienced for Australian temperatures. Most of the southern half of mainland Australia had its hottest October on record, with average maximum temperatures for the month more than 7°C above normal in parts of Victoria. Victoria’s October temperatures were about those of a normal December. Melbourne had its earliest-ever spring day above 35°C, and Sydney its second-earliest. The heat during spring was associated with a number of major unseasonable fires across the southern states with loss of life and property. There was further extreme heat in December, with Mildura recording Victoria’s highest-ever overnight minimum temperature (31.9°C), and Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia all experiencing their hottest Decembers on record 2015’s warmth extended over most parts of the country, with temperatures above normal everywhere except parts of the interior northwest and southern Tasmania. The warmth was most pronounced in Western Australia and Queensland. Temperatures were 1.0 to 1.5°C above average over most of Western Australia outside of the Kimberley, as well as over most of southern and central Queensland, apart from the east coast from Mackay southwards. It was the hottest year on record in parts of southern Western Australia and was the second hottest year for the State as a whole, whilst records were also set in Queensland in a region centred on Townsville and in parts of the central and southern interior. One exception to the warmth came in winter, when it was rather cold over the southeast quarter of the country. Tasmania had its coldest winter since 1966 and Victoria its coldest since 1997, although Victorian temperatures were still only 0.26°C below average. The cold extended further north in mid-July, bringing the most significant snowfalls since 1984 to higher elevations in Queensland and northern New South Wales. Winter in New South Wales was 0.22°C above average. The state has now had eighteen winters in a row with above-normal temperatures, an indication of how rare cold winters have become in recent years. El Niño is expected to decline over the first half of 2016, although it remains to be seen whether it will transition directly into a La Niña event (as happened in 1998) or return to near-normal (neutral) conditions. Historically, a declining El Niño typically has limited influence on Australian rainfall from January onwards, but is still associated with higher temperatures, especially in the first half of the year.

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With the winter season fast approaching and kids back in school, we thought it would be a good idea to sit down with PHS’s Medical Director, Roy Maynard, M.D. to discuss immunizations and most importantly now, the flu shot. Watch the video below to see what he had to say. In the past 50 years vaccine preventable diseases have decreased by 90% through the use of vaccine preventable diseases. There are still diseases out there that are vaccine preventable such as the whooping cough, chicken pox, invasive haemophilus influenzae and influenza disease, but in order to avoid these, children must be vaccinated. Claims have been made that the Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) vaccine cause autism, that is not true. It has been disproven and vaccines are safe. Parents who elect not to use vaccines do so by placing their children at risk in the population. AAP promotes vaccines, and have a routine immunization schedule. PHS supports the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) policy on childhood immunizations. Some children with immunodeficiency syndrome should check with their physician or health care provider prior to immunization especially if they have concerns with live vaccines and their children. Now that children are back in school and fall is approaching, the risk for infection increases. It is a good idea to take a look at your child’s immunization schedule and consider a flu shot for you and your family. Another important way that can help you and your family keep infection free during this flu season is with proper hand washing. Contact PHS for your free copy of our hand washing otherwise feel free to print a copy from our PHS Resources page here. Immunizations can be a hot button topic for some. Are you planning to get a flu shot this fall for you and your children? Why or why not? We’d love to hear from you.

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Are Screening Programs for Diabetes Effective? Screening programs for Diabetes do not appear to lower death rates. That's the finding of a large trial in England. Researchers divided more than 20,000 patients into three groups -- one was screened for type two diabetes and then received routine care. A second group received intensive management after screening, and the third group didn't get screened at all. After a 10 year period, there was no difference in mortality rates between the groups.

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This list includes 10 seminal works from the 20th century classical repertoire. They represent a range of styles and methods explored during the past century. In a way, they were included because they are "the pieces that everyone talks about." I have included links so you can listen to each piece, giving you a crash-course in 20th century music. 1. Claude Debussy: La Mer (1903-1905) This work exemplifies Debussy's "impressionist" style, and it ushers forth modernism in its break from functional tonality and its emphasis on timbre. 2. Arnold Schoenberg: Pierrot Lunaire (1912) This is a work from Schoenberg's free atonal period, before he invented the twelve-tone method. This is an expressionist piece for soprano with chamberensemble, exploring insanity and other sundry subjects. 3. Igor Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring (1913) This ballet, about a virgin who is forced to dance herself to death, is the culmination of Stravinsky's "primitive" period. Its premiere famously caused a riot in Paris, and the music accompanied dinosaurs in Disney's Fantasia. 4. Aaron Copland: Appalachian Spring (1944) Copland is most famous for his populist, folk-influenced style, and this is a great example. Originally a ballet premiered by Martha Graham, this piece won the 1945 Pulitzer Prize for Music. 5. John Cage: 4'33" (1952) Cage's infamous "silent" piece is not a joke, as some believe. Instead, Cage points out the fact that any sound can be heard as music, even unintended background noises. 6. Iannis Xenakis: Metastasis (1953-4) Xenakis was also a mathematician and an architect, and he used these techniques in his music. This is often referred to as a "sound mass" composition, as Xenakis uses probability to create many small events, that, added together, make masses of sound. 7. Edgard Varese: Poeme Electronique (1958) While this is not the first electronic piece, it remains an important early example. It is the culmination of Varese's search for unique timbres. It was composed for the Philips Pavilion at the 1958 Brussels worlds fair, a collaboration with architect Le Corbusier and Iannis Xenakis. 8. Terry Riley: In C (1964) This is an early example of minimalism, a hypnotic and repetitive style of music that marked a return to tonal harmonies. 9. Luciano Berio: Sinfonia (1968-9) This work could be considered "post-modern", as it combines many styles in one musical stew. The third movement in particular uses the third movement of Mahler's second symphony as a springboard for snippets of other pieces to appear, creating a musical collage. 10. Henryk Gorecki: Symphony No. 3 (Symphony of Sorrowful Songs) (1976) This glacially-paced and beautifully haunting work became a surprising bestseller in 1991, 15 years after it was composed.

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The good news is that the world as a whole is not any more unscrupulous than it was a year ago. The bad news: The number of countries considered corrupt is on the rise. Overall, corruption improved a bit in the past year, according to the Corruption Perceptions Index 2016 released by Transparency International this week. The index, which rates countries on a scale of 0 to 100, with a lower score indicating a higher level of corruption, had an overall global score of 42.9 for 2016, meaning the average governmental regime in the world falls below the midpoint of the index. But still, that was an improvement from last year when the index’s average score last year was 42.5. The problem: The number of governments that rank as corrupt is up from a year ago, even as the overall score has improved. In 2016, 121 nations around the world ranked as corrupt—meaning their score was below 50—up from 115 the year before. In addition, the report said this year’s results highlight how corruption has led to rising inequality around the world. Transparency’s researchers conclude that phenomenon has also given rise to populism, which is a phenomenon that has been gaining steam recently around the world and something U.S. residents have seen up close. Of all 176 nations ranked, the U.S. dropped two slots from last year to 18th least-corrupt, with a score of 74. Here are the three countries that ranked the most corrupt: North Korea ranks third to last on the list, scoring a 12. In somewhat of a surprising development, the nation actually improved four points over last year. The oppressive nature of Kim Jong-un’s dictatorship is well known. Poverty and starvation are rampant among the nation’s residents, while the elite live lavishly and without accountability. The nation routinely ranks among the last in the world for human rights abuses, marked by political prisoner camps and forced labor. The flow of information is restricted severely, as well. It is estimated that only a few thousand people can afford access to North Korea’s heavily restricted internet, which restricts its residents to 28 government-approved websites. Second-to-last South Sudan, which has only existed as an independent nation less than six years and has been embroiled in a civil war since late 2013. The government has been fighting off rebels, and in the process of doing so has committed numerous atrocities, including mass murder. Both the government and the opposition have used child soldiers in the conflict. The government has also pillaged South Sudan’s oil reserves and its other natural resources to the tune of billions of dollars. With basically no oversight for most of its budgetary dealings, the nation’s leadership is free to funnel public funds into the pockets of ruling elites via no-bid contracts or bribes. Coming in at the bottom of the index for the 10th year in a row is Somalia, which scored a paltry 10. Although that is an improvement over last year, when it scored an 8. Somalia has long been plagued by interference in its election processes. Its parliamentary elections were marked by irregularities and malpractice, with accusations of vote buying, which compounds the nation’s corruption problem since members of parliament are the only ones who can vote for president. Somalia’s presidential election had problems of its own. It was postponed three times last year, and has still yet to held.

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A high-quality enzyme product. It consists of more than 12 different kinds of enzymes to which vitamins and extracts of desert plants are added. CANNAZYM speeds up the process of breaking down dead root material and activates the micro-organisms. In addition to this, CANNAZYM facilitates the improved absorption of nutrients and increases the resistance against pathogenic organisms. Plant extract preparation for breaking down (hemi) cellulose and stimulating micro-life Cannazym contains regenerative plant extracts and it stimulates the breakdown of dead root material. Enzymes are substances that speed up the reactions in living organisms. (Example: enzymes play a vital role in our digestion). The enzymes in CANNAZYM facilitate fast conversion of dead roots into minerals and sugars. This is important, as they make up a valuable source of nutrients for the plant as well as for the soil environment. A fast breakdown of root remains creates a balanced air and soil hydrology in the root environment. CANNAZYM is also indispensable with the reuse of growing substrates; the root remains will be rapidly broken down and transformed into advantageous nutrients; infections will be prevented and the air/water relation in the root environment will be improved.

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CC-MAIN-2017-34

https://www.canadianwholesalehydroponics.com/products/101

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104172.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817225858-20170818005858-00573.warc.gz

en

If there's anything we learn from math teachers and the Da Vinci Code, it's that prime numbers are magic. They can do anything, and be anywhere. Including a doodle on a math paper. In the 1960s, a gentleman known as Stanislaw Ulam was making his way through a miserable meeting by doodling on a piece of paper. Unlike most of us, who only manage to do 3D cubes and obscene drawings of people we don't like, Ulam tried filling his paper with math. And he discovered something very strange. Ulam drew a '1' at the center of his paper. Directly to the right of the one he drew a '2.' Above the two he drew '3', and continued spiralling the numbers outwards toward from the one. When he was done filling up the page, he decided to circle all the prime numbers - the numbers divisible only by one and themselves. What he found was a lot of diagonal lines. They crisscrossed the paper, sometimes in short bursts and other times in long strings. While there are plenty of singularities and outliers, a large plot of the primes on Ulam's Spiral shows a remarkable density of diagonals. Further plotting with computers show that these diagonals appear even when the numbers get high, and even when the spiral doesn't originate with the number one. Change the spiral from one that's plotted on a grid to one that's plotted on a circular spiral, and the lines will change direction, but they'll still be there. Plot it on the hexagon - more lines. It's things like this that make prime numbers so eery. They keep showing up in nature, in important functions, and in pure mathematical play. (I think they're the ghosts of ancient Greek numerals.) Via Good Math.

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CC-MAIN-2017-39

https://io9.gizmodo.com/5818900/the-bizarre-mathematical-conundrum-of-ulams-spiral

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en

The American public has ranked nursing the most honest and ethical profession for 17 consecutive years. These results reflect the deep trust that the public has in nurses and underscore the urgency to promote realistic images of nurses. As the first man to be elected president of the American Nurses Association, I work to elevate the nursing profession and increase the diversity of nursing across ethnicities and genders. The statistics on demographics in the nursing workforce vary, but they do reveal that the profession is lacking balanced representation across genders. Previously, decades of legal barriers kept men out of the field, and nursing schools often refused to admit men, a practice deemed unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court. Women currently make up 90 percent of the nursing workforce, while about 9 percent of nurses in the U.S. are men. That share has grown steadily since 1960 when men accounted for just 2 percent of the nursing workforce. When looking at nursing roles, the highest representation was in nurse anesthetists, with men occupying 41 percent of those positions. It’s important that the nursing profession better reflect society and our patients. Often, nurses are the first line of defense in providing lifesaving care and treatment in underserved communities and to under-represented populations that are disproportionately affected by health and health care disparities. A nursing workforce with strong diversity ensures that all patients and populations receive optimal, empathic care that improves health literacy. Nearly half of all American adults – 90 million people – have difficulty understanding and using health information. Nurses play an active role in fostering health literacy so patients can make informed health decisions. It’s time to be deliberate in recruiting more men into the nursing profession to further dispel many stereotypes of nurses. Efforts should begin early, starting at the grade school level by letting boys see men who are nurses. “Here’s somebody who I can identify with,” they will think. This should be reemphasized at the high school level by guidance counselors or health occupation programs. In those programs, boys and young men can obtain more exposure to nursing or apply for admission into a baccalaureate program. In 2016, 12 percent of baccalaureate and graduate nursing students were men. I encourage men in nursing to visit K-12 public and private schools and take every opportunity to be thought of or seen as model nurses within their communities such as neighborhood gatherings, houses of worship, and local civic organizations. There were many stereotypes about men in nursing and fortunately, you don’t hear them as much anymore. People know that men can provide quality, safe patient care, and that you can be masculine and still care.

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CC-MAIN-2020-29

https://www.educationandcareernews.com/men-in-nursing/shattering-myths-about-men-in-nursing/

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en

Significant sea ice formation occurred in the Arctic earlier than previously thought is the conclusion of a study published this week in Nature. "The results are also especially exciting because they suggest that sea ice formed in the Arctic before it did in Antarctica, which goes against scientific expectation," says scientific team member Dr Richard Pearce of the University of Southampton's School of Ocean and Earth Science based at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton (NOCS). The international collaborative research team led by Dr Catherine Stickley and Professor Nalân Koç of the University of Tromsø and Norwegian Polar Insitute (Tromsø) analysed oceanic sediment cores collected from the Lomonosov ridge in the central Arctic by Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 302 ('ACEX'). Previous analyses of cores drilled in this region revealed ice-rafted debris dating back to the middle Eocene epoch, prompting suggestions that ice appeared in the Arctic about 46 million years ago. But records of ice-rafted debris do not differentiate sea ice from glacial (continental) ice, which is important because sea ice influences climate by directly affecting ocean–atmosphere exchanges, whereas land-based ice affects sea level and consequently ocean acidity. Instead of focusing solely on ice-rafted debris, Stickley and her colleagues also garner information about ancient climate by analysing fossilised remains of tiny single-celled plants called diatoms in the sediment cores. Today, different living diatom species are adapted to particular environmental conditions. Assuming that this was also true in the past – for which there is ample evidence – the presence of particular diatom species in sediment cores is diagnostic of conditions prevailing at the time. Coincident with ice-rafted debris in the cores, the researchers found high abundances of delicately silicified diatoms belong to the genus Synedropsis. "We were astonished by this", said team member Richard Pearce of NOCS, who imaged the samples using a scanning electron microscope at the NOCS: "Weakly silicified diatoms are preserved only under exceptional circumstances, so to find fossilised Synedropsis species so well preserved and in such abundance is truly remarkable." In fact, the ACEX Synedropsis species represent the earliest known fossil record of sea-ice diatoms. The researchers attribute the presence of Synedropsis fossils in these sediments to the presence of sea ice, and silica-enriched waters that favour their preservation. They propose that, like Synedropsis species found in polar regions today, the ACEX species were also sea-ice specialists uniquely adapted for surviving the lengthy polar darkness and freezing temperatures. "These diatoms provide the most compelling evidence for ancient sea ice, as they rely on this medium for their survival," said Catherine Stickley. Moreover, their analysis of quartz grain textural characteristics further supports sea ice as the dominant transporter of ice-rafted debris at this time. "It is likely that sea ice formed in autumn and winter and melted in spring and summer, as seasonal sea ice does today," they say. Synedropsis species probably over-wintered within the sea ice and then bloomed there in the spring when there was enough sunlight. They would have been released into stratified surface waters as the ice melted, rapidly sinking to the sea bottom as aggregates, leaving other diatom species to dominate summer production. And, indeed, these seasonal changes can be discerned in the sediment cores. The researchers conclude from their analysis, which cover a two-million year period, that episodic sea ice formation in marginal shelf areas of the Arctic started around 47.5 million years ago, about a million years earlier than previous estimates based on ice-raft debris evidence only. This appears to have been followed half a million years later by the onset of seasonal sea-ice formation in offshore areas of the central Arctic, and about 24 million years before major ice-sheet expansion in the region. The findings have potentially important implications for climate. Spring sea ice and summer cloud formation would have reduced oceanic heat loss to the atmosphere and increased the amount of solar radiation reflected back out into space. "A stable sea-ice regime also suggests the possibility of concomitant glacial ice," say the researchers, and indeed they find some evidence for the presence of small isolated glaciers at the time. Furthermore, their data indicate that sea ice formed in the Arctic before it did in Antarctica. Atmospheric levels of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide were declining in the middle Eocene, one of the reasons postulated in causing the Earth to cool. However, the new findings imply that the threshold for sea-ice formation was first crossed in the Arctic, which, say the authors, is "a hypothesis opposite to that modelled for glacial ice, whereby Antarctica is shown to glaciate much earlier (that is, at higher levels of carbon dioxide) than circum-Arctic continents." This research used samples and data provided by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) and was supported by VISTA (Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and StatoilHydro) and the Research Council of Norway. The authors are: Catherine Stickley (University of Tromsø and Norwegian Polar Institute), Kristen St John (James Madison University), Nalân Koc (U. Tromsø and NPI),, Richard Jordan (Yamagata University), Sandra Passchier (Montclair State University), Richard Pearce (National Oceanography Centre, Southampton) & Lance Kearns (JMU). Materials provided by National Oceanography Centre, Southampton (UK). Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Cite This Page:

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090715131435.htm

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en

The proposed biosafety regulatory regime (hereafter referred to as the “draft biosafety law” or “biosafety law”) of the Republic of Mozambique consists of a draft Decree of Council of Ministers, containing the biosafety regulation and 2 draft technical guidelines for risk evaluation as well as public awareness and participation in biosafety and biotechnology related issues. The biosafety regulation itself consists of a preamble, 27 articles, organised in 9 chapters and 6 annexes, and a glossary of terms. The draft biosafety law is typically a permitting system, based on a step-bystep, case-by-case risk assessment, evaluation and decision-making that adopt a risk management approach to genetic engineering in food agriculture and medicine. By this we mean that Mozambique views genetic engineering as having a role to play in agriculture, food security and human health care, but that the risks have to be managed by the creation of an enabling legislative environment, to this end. In other words, Mozambique will follow the route taken by South Africa and permit the entry of GMOs into its agriculture systems, after a desk- top evaluation of the risk assessment data provide by an applicant. Currently, Mozambique’s seed law prohibits the import and planting of GM

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CC-MAIN-2017-26

https://acbio.org.za/category/africancountries/mozambique/

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en

As this year’s World Health Day (April 7) focuses attention on the issues surrounding depression, it’s important to acknowledge that mental health is not just a “first-world problem.” Depression is common in the developing world, and has substantial impacts on the well-being of those affected and their family members. IFPRI research in three developing countries found a high prevalence of symptoms of depression among mothers of young children, and that those mothers were more likely to have children suffering from undernutrition or illnesses. These findings suggest that supporting maternal mental health in the developing world can benefit both mothers and children. The study “Maternal mental health is associated with child undernutrition and illness in Bangladesh, Vietnam and Ethiopia” used data from the baseline surveys of the multi-country impact evaluation of the Alive & Thrive program, which promotes breastfeeding and complementary best practices. In the surveys, mothers of infants and young children in Bangladesh, Viet Nam, and Ethiopia were interviewed about a variety of potential drivers of nutrition and health. IFPRI researchers found that maternal common mental disorders (CMDs), including depression, were common in each country: 49 percent of mothers in Bangladesh, 39 percent of mothers in Ethiopia, and 31 percent of mothers in Viet Nam experienced maternal CMDs. The study found that maternal CMDs were associated with both child undernutrition and common illnesses. In Bangladesh and Viet Nam, mothers who suffered from mental health disorders were about 1.2 times more likely to have a stunted child (short for her age) than mentally healthy mothers. Many of the mothers experiencing depression were also found to have poorer hygiene and a lower likelihood of having attended prenatal care services than those who did not have CMD symptoms, the study found. All three countries demonstrated associations between CMDs and common illnesses. Children whose mothers had symptoms of CMDs (compared to those who did not) were more than twice as likely to have upper acute respiratory infections in Viet Nam and Ethiopia, and 1.4 times as likely in Bangladesh. The odds of children of mothers with CMDs having diarrhea ranged from 1.67 times greater in Bangladesh to 2.11 times in Viet Nam. These connections to common illnesses suggest that mental disorders may hinder a mother’s ability to take adequate care of her child, use preventive health services, and adopt appropriate hygiene practices. Focusing greater attention on programs that address maternal mental health and the factors that influence it, then, could have the added benefits of improving the health and nutrition of young children. Women’s groups and health committees that discuss maternal and child health problems have had proven success in treating mental health and improving breast-feeding practices. Expanding such social programs to support maternal mental health globally in other countries could ultimately improve overall public health. David Richards is an IFPRI Media Relations Specialist; Phuong Nguyen is a Research Fellow and Purnima Menon a Senior Research Fellow in IFPRI's Poverty, Health, and Nutrition Division (PHND); Marie Ruel is PHND Division Director.

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CC-MAIN-2017-30

https://www.ifpri.org/blog/world-health-day-2017-links-between-mental-health-and-child-undernutrition-and-illness

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en

Linux botnet has been discovered on Tuesday by Security Intelligence Response Team (working under Akamai) which is capable of sending more than 150 Gbps of DDoS traffic. Linux botnet is spread via Asian XOR DDoS Trojan, hiding in an embedded rootkit. At first attacker tries to brute force SSH of the root user and in case of success gains root access and install the Trojan using a simple shell script. The script itself comprises following procedures: main, check, compiler, uncompress, setup, generate,upload, checkbuild and also variables similar to __host_32__, __host_64__, __kernel__, __remote__, etc.The main process is used to decrypt and select the C&C server based on the architecture of the system. XOR DDoS is not a newly discovered malware and cyber security researchers have known about it since the last year. However, the botnet based on XOR DDoS is a new fruit. Akamai has analyzed the Linux botnet activity and found out that it strikes about 21 per day and aims for taking down educational and also gaming websites in Asia. The most amazing part is that the botnet is capable of delivering a power of more than 150 Gps of traffic every minute, while an average size of global DDoS attacks is no more than 10Gpbs. It is an interesting phenomenon that Linux was considered as the most secure operating system, however since many companies switch from Windows to Linux the number of vulnerabilities in Linux has grown drastically.

<urn:uuid:d6b9ec60-4b45-4405-a1c3-f456112d33ca>

CC-MAIN-2017-34

https://securityzap.com/linux-botnet-discovered-hitting-with-150-gbps/

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en

Scientists create 'no-tears' onion No more crying while you're frying Scientists have created an onion that won't cause you to cry using Australian-developed biotechnology to switch off the gene behind the enzyme that brings on the waterworks. Using gene-silencing technology, the New Zealand-based research institute Crop and Food pioneered the breakthrough and hopes could lead to a prototype onion hitting the market in a decade's time. Colin Eady, the institute's senior scientist, told the Herald Sun that the project started in 2002 after Japanese scientists found the gene responsible for producing the agent behind the tears. "We previously thought the tearing agent was produced spontaneously by cutting onions, but they proved it was controlled by an enzyme," he said. "Here in New Zealand we had the ability to insert DNA into onions, using gene-silencing technology developed by Australian scientists. "The technology creates a sequence that switches off the tear-inducing gene in the onion so it doesn't produce the enzyme. So when you slice the vegetable, it doesn't produce tears." Mr Eady said that by stopping sulphur compounds from being converted to the tearing agent and redirecting them into compounds responsible for flavour and health, the process could even improve the taste of the onion. "We anticipate that the health and flavour profiles will actually be enhanced by what we've done,'' he said. "What we're hoping is that we'll essentially have a lot of the nice, sweet aromas associated with onions without that associated bitter, pungent, tear-producing factor.'' The discovery has caused concern overseas, following an international symposium in the Netherlands and after the trade journal Onion World featured Eady's work on the front cover of its December issue last year. Mr Eady, who has developed several model onion plants at the institute, said despite the excitement about the prospect of a "no tears" onion in every home, it would be 10 to 15 years before this was a reality. ®

<urn:uuid:8db91695-adaa-4f83-a22c-0f672176d68a>

CC-MAIN-2014-41

http://www.theregister.co.uk/Print/2008/02/01/no_more_tears_onion/

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en

Infection Control Market research is Set to Experience Revolutionary Growth by 2015 to 2021 Infections are mainly caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, virus, and fungi. Infections are categorized into several types. Major forms of infections include Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs), stomach and intestinal infections, common childhood infections, eye infections, ear infections, lung and respiratory infections, skin infections and sexually transmitted infections (sexually transmitted diseases). There are several steps to prevent and control these infections. For instance, proper hand washing is the most effective way to prevent the spread of HAIs in hospitals. Some other steps include staying up-to-date with immunizations, covering while coughing and sneezing, using protective clothing such as gloves and masks, and always keeping tissues and hand cleaners handy. For detailed insights on enhancing your product footprint, request for a Sample here @https://www.persistencemarketresearch.com/samples/4493 The global infection control market is categorized based on various types of disinfection products, infection control applications, and infection control methodologies and services. Based on disinfection products, the report covers disinfectors and disinfectant wipes. Based on applications, the report covers infection control applications in pharmaceutical, life sciences, medical devices, and food industries. On the basis of infection control methodologies, the report covers heat sterilization, low temperature sterilization, and filtration methodologies. Heat sterilization procedures include moist heat and dry heat sterilization techniques. The low temperature sterilization sub-segment is further sub-divided into ozone gas-based medical sterilization, hydrogen peroxide gas plasma, Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide (VHP), and Ethylene Oxide Sterilization (EtO). Based on infection control services, the report covers in-house sterilization and control sterilization services. In-house sterilization procedures include gamma sterilization, ethylene oxide sterilization, and E-beam sterilization. To receive extensive list of important regions, ask for TOC here @https://www.persistencemarketresearch.com/toc/4493 In terms of geography, North America dominates the global infection control market. This is due to the improved health care infrastructure and increasing demand for infection control services in the region. In addition, technological advancements in equipment used in sterilization procedures have also propelled the growth of the market in North America. The U.S. represents the largest market for infection control in North America, followed by Canada. In Europe, Germany, France, and the U.K. account for major share of the infection control market. The infection control market in Asia is also expected to show high growth rates in the next five years. This is due to the increasing incidences of HAIs and rising awareness about various types of infections in the region. Rising demographics and economies in developing countries, such as India and China, are expected to lead to the growth in the infection control market in Asia. Moreover, India, China, and Japan, are expected to be the fastest growing markets for infection control in the region. Increasing incidences of HAIs and rising awareness about various types of infections are among the major driving factors for the global infection control market. Also, technological advancements in equipment used in sterilization procedures and various initiatives taken by government organizations to control infections have propelled the growth of the global infection control market. For any queries get in touch with Industry Expert @https://www.persistencemarketresearch.com/ask-an-expert/4493 Imposition of stringent regulations for the approval of equipment used in sterilization inhibits the growth of the global infection control market. Rapid product launches and increasing numbers of mergers and acquisitions between various health care companies are some of the major trends observed in the global infection control market. The major companies operating in this market are: · TSO3 Inc. · Synergy Health plc · Sterigenics International · STERIS Corporation · Sakura Global Holding Company Ltd. · Nordion Inc. · 3M Company · Matachana Group · Kimberly-Clark Corporation · Honeywell International Read more details about healthcare sector growth reports check here @ https://medium.com/@healthnewslive

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CC-MAIN-2020-10

https://www.hashtap.com/@healthandbeauty/infection-control-market-research-is-set-to-experience-revolutionary-growth-by-2015-to-2021-QYgAr50WywJm

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en

When Another Person's Behavior Affects You Codependency is caring for someone to an unhealthy degree, often to the point of neglecting self-care. This creates a feeling of being “needed” and often a codependent person considers themselves to be a martyr. Codependents control situations because they think “I’m only trying to help.” Codependent people are excessively preoccupied with the needs of others, usually a family member, partner, or friend, but it can happen in work and social relationships as well. They are afraid of being alone and stay in bad relationships in an attempt to "fix" the other person. Addiction is a family disease and it isn't just the addict/alcoholic who needs help. In her book Codependent No More, Melody Beattie defines Codependency this way: A codependent person is one who lets another person's behavior affect them, and is obsessed with controlling that person's behavior. Some characteristics of Codependency: - Obsession about another person - Anxiety about what another person is doing - Allowing someone else to control your happiness - Feeling responsible for another person - Try to prove they are good enough to be loved - People pleasers - Family of an addicted person - Try to please others instead of yourself - Are obsessed with fixing and rescuing needy people - Have difficulty setting healthy boundaries - Confuse love and pity - Seek approval and affirmation - Minimize your talents and achievements - Don’t trust your own judgment Helping is doing something for someone that they are not capable of doing themselves. Enabling is doing for someone things that they can—and should—be doing themselves. Enabling often begins by being kind and helpful. For example, waking the alcoholic up so that they won't be late for work. Unfortunately, enabling creates an atmosphere in which the addict comfortably continues their unacceptable behavior. By protecting the addicted person from the negative effects of their using, enablers diminish the addict's will to change. Enabling Behavior Examples: - Calling in sick for someone. - Lying to cover up for the addict. - Making excuses for the addict's using or behaviors. - Accepting part of the blame for the addict's using or behavior. - Avoid talking about the problem out of fear of a negative response. - Paying bills that the addict was supposed to pay themselves. - Loaning money or bailing them out of jail. - Tried drinking/using with them in hopes of strengthening the relationship. - Repeatedly giving them “one more chance.” Threatened to leave if they didn't stop drinking/using and did not follow through. - Finishing a job or project that they failed to complete. - Avoiding confrontation of the addiction and keeping the peace. - Coming to the rescue when they need a ride or are in trouble. - Softening the consequences of their destructive behavior. Dysfunctional families are full of conflicts, secrets, and even abuse. In these homes, love is usually very conditional. Inconsistency and unpredictability are a way of life. The patterns of codependency usually develop in these families because the ‘rules’ close family members off from the outside world. In dysfunctional families, healthy communication of issues and feelings are discouraged. Dysfunctional parents often have addictions and/or emotional problems. They may fail to provide physical or emotional care for their children. Often, there are problems regarding the financial responsibilities of the home. Typical Family Roles - Family members develop unnatural roles because of the addiction and dysfunction of the adults in the home. - The Good Child / Hero: a child who assumes the parental role. - The Problem Child / Scapegoat: the child who is blamed for most problems. - The Rebel: they are a huge cause of the family’s dysfunction. - The Caretaker: the one who takes responsibility for the emotional well-being of the family. - The Lost Child: the quiet one whose needs are usually ignored. - The Mascot: uses comedy to divert attention from family problems. - The Mastermind: the opportunist who gets whatever he or she wants. Example Dysfunctional House Rules - Don't talk about problems. - Don't express feelings openly or honestly. - Forced to take sides in conflicts between parents. - Communicate indirectly through acting out, sulking, or via another family member. - Don't be selfish, think of the other person first. - Don't take your parents as an example, "do as I say, not as I do." - Don't have fun. - Don't rock the boat, keep the status quo. - Don't talk about sex. - Don't challenge your parent's religious beliefs or these family rules.

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CC-MAIN-2020-34

http://brighter12.com/broken/codependency-2/

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en

How does Google's Bard compare versus ChatGPT? What are the differences between these two? Language models have become increasingly important in today's digital age, with many companies and organizations relying on them for various applications. Two of the most popular language models are ChatGPT and Google's Bard. In this blog post, we will compare and contrast these two models, examining their similarities and differences in terms of accuracy, language use, responsiveness, and multilingual capabilities. We will also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each model, as well as their current and potential future applications. Background of ChatGPT and Google's Bard Development and training ChatGPT, developed by OpenAI, is a transformer-based language model that was trained on a massive amount of text data. It is based on the GPT-3 architecture, which has 175 billion parameters, making it one of the largest and most advanced language models to date. ChatGPT was trained on a diverse range of text data, including books, articles, and web pages, and is capable of generating coherent and contextually relevant responses. Google's Bard, on the other hand, is a neural network-based language model that was also trained on large amounts of text data. Bard was trained on a smaller dataset than ChatGPT, but it was specifically designed to be more efficient and lightweight. Bard is capable of generating human-like responses and can adapt to user inputs over time. ChatGPT and Google's Bard differ in their technical specifications. ChatGPT is a transformer-based model that uses a combination of attention mechanisms and positional encodings to generate responses. It is a massive model that requires significant computational resources to run. Google's Bard, on the other hand, is designed to be more lightweight and efficient than ChatGPT, making it better suited for real-time applications. ChatGPT and Google's Bard have a wide range of applications. ChatGPT is primarily used for language generation tasks, such as chatbots, content creation, and text completion. It has also been used for more complex applications, such as language translation and question answering. Google's Bard, on the other hand, is primarily used for chatbots and personal assistants. It is designed to be more responsive and interactive than ChatGPT, making it well-suited for real-time conversations. The difference between Google’s Bard and ChatGPT. While both chatbots have similar capabilities and are designed to mimic human conversation, they differ in the way they are trained. ChatGPT is trained on OpenAI's GPT-3 model, while Bard is trained on Google's internal LaMDA model. OpenAI's ChatGPT is a large language model that uses deep learning to generate text based on a given input. The model is trained on a massive amount of data from the internet, including books, articles, and websites. This training data allows ChatGPT to understand the nuances of human language and generate responses that are both accurate and contextually relevant. Google's Bard, on the other hand, is based on Google's LaMDA (Language Model for Dialogue Applications) technology, which is still in development and not publicly available. LaMDA is designed to understand and generate language in a way that is more similar to how humans communicate. This means that Bard is able to respond to complex queries and provide more nuanced answers than traditional chatbots. One of the key differences between ChatGPT and Bard is the training data used to create each model. While ChatGPT is trained on a wide range of publicly available data, Bard is trained on Google's internal data. This gives Google a significant advantage in terms of the quality and quantity of data they can use to train their model. Another difference is in the size and complexity of the two models. ChatGPT is a very large language model with over 175 billion parameters, making it one of the most complex AI models ever created. Bard, on the other hand, is not as large as ChatGPT but is still a highly sophisticated AI model that is capable of processing large amounts of data and providing nuanced responses. Finally, there are differences in the way that OpenAI and Google approach the development and deployment of their respective chatbots. OpenAI is a research-focused organization that is committed to advancing the state of AI technology and making it accessible to as many people as possible. Google, on the other hand, is a large technology company that has a range of products and services, including cloud computing and search engines, and is focused on delivering value to its customers and shareholders. Overall, while both ChatGPT and Bard are highly advanced chatbots that are capable of providing valuable assistance and information to users, they differ in several key ways, including their training data, intended use cases, complexity, and approach to development and deployment. As AI technology continues to evolve, it will be interesting to see how these two chatbots continue to develop and compete with each other in the market. The advantages and disadvantages of Google’s Bard and ChatGPT In this section, we will explore the advantages and disadvantages of both Google’s Bard and ChatGPT. Advantages of Google's Bard Real time communication: Google's Bard is capable of communicating through text. This makes it a more versatile tool for businesses and individuals who want to communicate with their customers in different ways. Possible integration with Google services: Bard, as a Google product, can be tightly integrated with other Google services like Google Maps, Google Search, and Google Assistant. This means that it can provide more accurate and relevant responses to certain queries. Natural language processing: Bard uses advanced natural language processing techniques to understand and respond to user queries. This makes it a highly effective tool for businesses and individuals who want to automate their customer service and communication processes. Disadvantages of Google's Bard Limited availability: Bard is currently only available to a select group of developers and businesses. This means that it may not be accessible to everyone who wants to use it. Limited customization: While Bard can be customized to fit the needs of different businesses, its customization options are currently limited. Privacy concerns: As with any for profit service, there are concerns around privacy and data security when using Bard. Businesses and individuals who want to use Bard should be aware of these concerns and take steps to mitigate them. Advantages of ChatGPT High-level language understanding: ChatGPT uses a model that is capable of understanding language at a high level. This means that it can understand and respond to complex questions and conversations. Ability to generate human-like responses: ChatGPT is capable of generating responses that sound like they were written by a human. This makes it easier for users to engage with the chatbot and can help build trust and credibility. Customizable: ChatGPT can be customized to fit the needs of different businesses and industries. This makes it a versatile tool that can be used in a variety of settings. Disadvantages of ChatGPT Limited domain knowledge: ChatGPT's understanding of the world is limited to the information it has been trained on. This means that it may not always be able to provide accurate or relevant responses to certain queries. Lack of empathy: While ChatGPT is capable of generating human-like responses, it lacks the empathy and emotional intelligence of a human. This can sometimes lead to responses that feel cold or impersonal. Limited control over output: ChatGPT is a generative model, which means that it generates responses based on the input it receives. This can sometimes lead to unexpected or unwanted output. Both ChatGPT and Google's Bard have their advantages and disadvantages. While ChatGPT is highly customizable and capable of generating human-like responses, it has limitations when it comes to domain knowledge and empathy. On the other hand, Bard offers communication and advanced natural language processing, but has limited availability and customization options. Ultimately, the choice between the two chatbots will depend on the specific needs of businesses and individuals. Google’s Bard is off to a rough start Bard's debut wasn't great, it made a factual error in its first demo that damaged the legitimacy of Google’s Bard. The demo showed Bard answering the question, "What new discoveries from the James Webb Space Telescope can I tell my 9-year-old about?" Bard said that the telescope took the first pictures of a planet outside our solar system. But some astronomers on Twitter pointed out that this isn't true. The first picture of an exoplanet was taken in 2004, as NASA's website states. Astrophysicist Grant Tremblay tweeted that Bard wasn't right, and Bruce Macintosh, director of University of California Observatories at UC Santa Cruz, also pointed out the mistake. Alphabet, the company that owns Google, was hurt by the rough public debut of Bard. Shares dropped almost 8% on Wednesday and another 5% on Thursday because people are worried that Bard, might not be very good. The estimated loss in market value is around 100 billion. That sure brings the ‘demo-effect’ to a new high. In conclusion, ChatGPT and Google's Bard are both advanced language models that can generate human-like responses and adapt to user inputs over time. However, they differ in their technical specifications, training data, intended use cases, complexity, and approach to development and deployment. ChatGPT is a transformer-based language model that uses attention mechanisms and positional encodings to generate responses, and it is designed primarily for language generation tasks. It is trained on a massive amount of publicly available data and is more computationally intensive than Bard. On the other hand, Google's Bard is a neural network-based language model that is designed to be more lightweight and efficient than ChatGPT. It is trained on Google's internal data and is well-suited for real-time conversations. The advantages of Bard include its multi-modal communication capabilities, integration with Google services, and natural language processing techniques. However, it is not publicly available, and its development and deployment are limited to Google's internal operations. The advantages of ChatGPT include its accessibility and versatility, as it can be used for a wide range of language generation tasks, and it is a more transparent and research-focused model. However, it requires significant computational resources to run and may not be as responsive or interactive as Bard in real-time applications. Overall, the choice between ChatGPT and Bard depends on the specific use case and requirements of the user. As AI technology continues to evolve, it will be interesting to see how these two language models develop and compete with each other in the market.

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film report must read all details You should watch the film, “The Revisionaries”: You should also read the article entitled “Non-Overlaping Magisteria,” by Stephen Jay Gould. This film reports consists in answering two essay questions that will ask you to reflect upon the materials covered during the course. You should carefully prepare well-written answers to the questions listed below. You must submit one single document in Word with both answers. Please, do not quote: you must use your own words and paraphrase (if you do quote, points will be taken away). No research is necessary for you to complete this assignment. Both questions must be answered in one single document in Word to be uploaded on Turnitin.com. 1) Explain your understanding of the content of the film by a) writing a few words (one paragraph maximum) about what the central issue/focus of the film is; b) list and discuss the claims that the filmaker is making about that central issue throughout the film When answering, make references to both the textbook and this film. You should go right to the point(s) and use about 1.5 to 2 double-spaced pages. (Beware: answers that are too short might result being incomplete and too superficial). (100 points) 2) Explain in your own words, using key passages of the course’s materials, and key passages of the short text “Non-Overlapping Magisteria” (no quotation allowed) how the content of the course might eventually help you make an analytical assessment of the filmmaker’s claims, and of the actions of, and statements by, those depicted in the film. You should use 1.5 to 2 double-spaced pages (or more) to answer this question. (Beware: answers that are too short might result being incomplete and too superficial). Zero tolerance policy for plagiarism!!!

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In the past, winter had always been synonymous with darkness, coldness, and suffering. However, recent centuries have witnessed remarkable improvements in the technology of the energy generation and exploration as human civilization progresses, which enables people to relish warmth and brightness even in the harsh winters. Unfortunately, after a hard winter of 2020 since the pandemic, the issues of energy shortage escalating to a new level this winter, due to a screw of problems, is conceived to pose huge challenges to the UK, namely, British people are very much likely to face blackouts in this hard, cold winter. Multiple reasons have contributed to this plight: - Soaring energy prices has set obstacles for Britain to satisfy the citizens’ needs. With winter approaching, people’s demand for electricity tops out and outstrips supplies. The price of gas, which makes up over a third of the UK’s electricity production, has quadrupled since the start of the year and has increased sharply in the past few months. What’s worse is that two of Britain’s energy companies with 1.5 million customers recently collapsed as they struggled to operate due to the gas prices soaring again. - Exterior market forces scramble to fight for energy supply. China has always occupied the largest percentage in the energy market. As economies begin to recover from the fallout of the pandemic, its surging demand for energy supply beckons. Estimations earlier this year were that China’s demand for gas was likely to rise to 360 billion cubic metres (Bcm) this year, which means that China’s imports of gas via super-chilled tankers were expected to surge by almost a fifth, while fewer shipments were to travel to Europe from countries such as Qatar. - Britain’s heavy reliance on electricity from Europe is a problem. It is reported that less than 1% of Europe’s stored energy is held by the UK, leaving it extremely vulnerable to any unexpected changes in the energy market. The low amounts of gas storage capabilities can be attributed to the menacing energy crisis. - Britain is confronted with the shrinkage of nuclear options. The UK has long approached its energy problems with nuclear energy but the current situation necessitates an overhaul. According to reports, two of its 13 operational nuclear reactors are closing in 2022 and a further 4 are scheduled to retire by the end of 2024. This winter is supposed to be tough for Britain, but not with solar energy. What is solar energy? How does it work to generate electricity? Well, solar energy is the radiation from the Sun capable of producing heat, causing chemical reactions, or generating electricity. The total amount of solar power is anticipated to meet all future energy needs, if appropriately harnessed. Through the lens of market prospect and sustainable development, solar power is deemed to have a promising future as an environment-friendly and inexhaustible resource, compared to those traditional ones, for instance, fossil fuels coal, petroleum, and natural gas. The energy from the Sun is strikingly powerful, and the sunlight is by far the largest source of energy received by Earth. Solar radiation may be converted directly into electricity by solar cells (photovoltaic cells). In such cells, a small electric voltage is generated when light strikes the junction between a metal and a semiconductor (such as silicon) or the junction between two different semiconductors. The power generated by a single photovoltaic cell is typically only about two watts. By connecting large numbers of individual cells together, however, as in solar-panel arrays, hundreds or even thousands of kilowatts of electric power can be generated in a solar electric plant or in a large household array. It is easy to understand that sunlight plays a significant role in the process of generating electricity. Sunshine duration, therefore, underlies the overall amount of energy. The prevalent worries that will the solar panels produce enough energy in the winter stem from the natural law that daytime is short and the temperature drops in winters. Then, here comes the reckless conclusion that the UK can hardly avail itself of solar power in the winter because of those natural phenomena. It is a fair question, but also a misconception. Solar power can still be a reliable and resilient source of renewable energy even in colder northern countries with rainy climates. First of all, solar panels are made up of photovoltaic (PV) cells, which are special units usually made out of silicon. These PV cells contain electrons that are energized when they’re hit by particles of light, called photons. This energy is, in turn, converted into usable electric current within the cell. As for concerns about low temperature, it is the sunlight, not the sun’s heat, that takes effect to generate energy. In effect, solar cells have better performances during cold times just like most electrical appliances. Yet, the benefits brought by the low temperature will, indeed, be offset by the shorter sunshine duration in the winter. However, there is a truth that can not be avoided solar cells will still produce a surprising amount of power, even on a day that’s less than clear and sunny. This is because solar cells can use direct or diffuse light. Direct light is solar radiation traveling in a straight line from the sun to the earth, whereas diffuse light has been scattered by particles in the atmosphere such as rainy clouds before it reaches the earth. By and large, in a bid to ease the pain of lack of energy in Britain, more efforts should be rendered to utilize solar power to make up the gap. Despite the benefits discussed above, solar energy is also conducive to sustainable development with example since the process of exploiting solar power is cost-saving and pollution-free. Besides, installing solar panels is both easy and convenient. More importantly, what stands out the most is its inexhaustible supply, which is so meaningful and advantageous that people can work flat out to take advantage of solar power without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Solar power is also the best option when it comes to the cost-performance of economic investment. Apart from its natural traits of cost-saving, in light of improvements to technology, renewable energies, especially solar energy, have entered a virtuous cycle of falling costs. There is no doubt that investment in solar energy will yield fruitful results.

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Light From Self-Luminous Tablet Computers Can Affect Evening Melatonin, Delaying Sleep A new study from the Lighting Research Center (LRC) at Rensselaer shows that a two-hour exposure to electronic devices with self-luminous “backlit” displays causes melatonin suppression, which might lead to delayed bedtimes, especially in teens. The research team, led by Mariana Figueiro, associate professor and director of the LRC’s Light and Health Program, tested the effects of self-luminous tablets on melatonin suppression. In order to simulate typical usage of these devices, 13 individuals used self-luminous tablets to read, play games, and watch movies. Results of the study, titled “Light level and duration of exposure determine the impact of self-luminous tablets on melatonin suppression,” were recently published in the journal Applied Ergonomics. “Our study shows that a two-hour exposure to light from self-luminous electronic displays can suppress melatonin by about 22 percent. Stimulating the human circadian system to this level may affect sleep in those using the devices prior to bedtime,” said Figueiro. The actual melatonin suppression values after 60 minutes were very similar to those estimated using a predictive model of human circadian phototransduction for one-hour light exposures. “Based on these results, display manufacturers can use our model to determine how their products could affect circadian system regulation,” said Figueiro. The results of this study, together with the LRC predictive model of human circadian phototransduction, could urge manufacturers to design more “circadian-friendly” electronic devices that could either increase or decrease circadian stimulation depending on the time of day—reducing circadian stimulation in the evening for a better night’s sleep, and increasing in the morning to encourage alertness. In the future, manufacturers might be able to use data and predictive models to design tablets for tailored daytime light exposures that minimize symptoms of seasonal affective disorder, and sleep disorders in seniors. Individuals would be able to receive light treatments while playing games or watching movies, making light therapy much more enjoyable than just sitting in front of a light box. Along with Figueiro, co-authors of the study are LRC Director and Professor Mark Rea, LRC Research Specialist Brittany Wood, and LRC Research Nurse Barbara Plitnick. Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland at night and under conditions of darkness in both diurnal and nocturnal species. It is a “timing messenger,” signaling nighttime information throughout the body. Exposure to light at night, especially short-wavelength light, can slow or even cease nocturnal melatonin production. Suppression of melatonin by light at night resulting in circadian disruption has been implicated in sleep disturbances, increased risk for diabetes and obesity, as well as increased risk for more serious diseases, such as breast cancer, if circadian disruption occurs for many consecutive years, such as in nightshift workers. “Technology developments have led to bigger and brighter televisions, computer screens, and cell phones,” said Wood, who used the study as the basis for her master’s thesis. “To produce white light, these electronic devices must emit light at short wavelengths, which makes them potential sources for suppressing or delaying the onset of melatonin in the evening, reducing sleep duration and disrupting sleep. This is particularly worrisome in populations such as young adults and adolescents, who already tend to be night owls.” The study was funded by Sharp Laboratories of America.

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|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________| This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics. Short Answer Questions 1. How did Gluckel's maternal grandfather die? 2. How many children did Gluckel bear? 3. Where was Gluckel's maternal grandfather from? 4. Who was the richest Altona Jew? 5. How many children did Gluckel and her first husband have? Short Essay Questions 1. To whom was Gluckel's sister betrothed? What was her father's position on the dowry? 2. When was the plague rumored to be spreading? What did Gluckel's family do? 3. Who were the youngest of Joseph Hameln's children? 4. What value did jewels hold in the 17th Century? How did this affect Chayim's business? 5. What happened after Gluckel's wedding in Book II? What was Gluckel's impression of Hameln? 6. What reasons does the Introduction give for Gluckel writing the memoirs? 7. What did Gluckel write of "preaching" in Book I? Did she? 8. What arrived in Hanover to transport the wedding party in Book II? How did Chayim's father handle the situation? 9. What different publications of the narrative are discussed in the Introduction? 10. What dangerous situation did Chayim encounter while in business in Book III? How did this lead to business with Judah? Write an essay for ONE of the following topics: Essay Topic 1 Describe the story that Gluckel tells of Mordecai. How was he related to the family? How did he die? Essay Topic 2 Describe the process of betrothal and marriage in 17th Century Jewish society. What legalities were involved? Essay Topic 3 Discuss the dangers of travel and trade that Chayim and his family faced in the 17th Century. What different incidents are referred to in the book where Chayim or others faced danger while conducting business? This section contains 775 words (approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)

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Dry skin is inevitable—whatever your skin type, you’ll periodically find yourself breaking into sudden dry patchiness on various parts of your body. While you probably instantly veer towards your moisturiser at this sight, there’s more to it than meets the eyes. Dry, patchy, flaky skin has a variety of causes with specific treatments for each body part and type of patch. Dr Chiranjiv Chhabra, director and consultant dermatologist at Skin Alive, Delhi, gives us the complete lowdown. CAUSES OF DRY SKIN What is dry skin and what are the different kinds? Dry skin is a very common skin problem and it often gets worse during the winters when environmental humidity is low. It results when there is not enough water in the stratum corneum, which is the outermost layer of the skin, for it to function properly. It can occur at all ages and in people with or without other skin problems. Normally fine lines in dry skin become more visible and the skin feels rough and appears dull and flaky. While it occurs most commonly on the arms and legs, it can also affect the trunk of the body. Facial skin and its condition differs from person to person but there are four main skin types—normal, dry, oily and combination. Why does your skin get dry? Common causes of dry skin include: - The ageing process - Insufficient intake of water - Smoking and alcohol - Sun exposure and pollution (which strip skin of essential moisture) - Some illnesses and long term medication - Hormone imbalances such as under-activity of the thyroid gland - Extreme weather conditions—summer and winter both contribute to dehydration - An incorrect skincare regimen or wrong choice of skincare products - Use of too much soap and water for bathing How does dry skin react in hot and cold temperatures? Cold temperatures often mean low humidity, which dries out skin. Bitterly cold winds can also strip moisture from exposed skin. Throughout the winter months, many people find their skin to be rough, red, tightened, cracked or peeling because of dryness. Even when it doesn’t feel hot, the sun’s rays can damage the skin. In warmer climates, increased heat and humidity can cause the skin to sweat, leaving it more prone to breakouts, especially if the skin is oily. The heat can also lead to other skin problems. Among them is heat rash, which happens when sweat ducts get closed off, trapping the moisture under the skin and leading to a rash made up of blisters or bumps. Do certain parts of your body get drier than the rest? The skin on our face, head, armpits, hands and feet differs slightly to the skin on the rest of our bodies. Hands: During winter, the humidity in the outside air plunges. Inside, things are even drier, thanks to indoor heating. If you’re washing your hands frequently to avoid catching a cold or the flu, you could sap whatever natural oils are left in your skin. That can leave your hands so dehydrated that they crack, peel, and bleed. Feet: Your feet probably spend much of the winter stuffed into heavy boots or fending off cold, dry air outside and overheated air inside. The result: dry, cracked heels and itchy, peeling skin. But when you know how to properly clean, moisturise, exfoliate and protect your feet, they’ll stay comfy—and beautiful—all season long. PREVENTING DRY SKIN What kind of products should you use to combat dry skin? For face, mild cleansers like Cetaphil or the Dermalogica Ultracalming Cleanser or Essential Cleansing Solution are recommended. After bathing or showering, quickly and gently pat the skin partially dry with a towel (do not rub). Within three minutes of getting out of the water, apply a moisturiser. There are basically two types of moisturisers; facial moisturisers and body moisturisers. Most facial moisturisers on the market relate largely to makeup and cosmetic concerns. These products are different than body moisturisers in that they are very carefully designed to avoid causing allergic reactions (hypoallergenic) and flares of acne on the face (non-comedogenic). There are several excellent facial moisturisers that may also contain effective sunscreen chemicals that can be used in this setting. There are four basic classes of body moisturisers: ointments, oils, creams and lotions (in decreasing order of moisturising power). Ointment moisturisers have the greatest ability to trap moisture in the skin, but they have the greasy consistency and feel of Vaseline Petroleum Jelly. People often shy away from using them because of the greasy feel, but this can be minimised by applying a small amount and rubbing it into the skin well. Oil moisturisers are less greasy but still effective. Examples of oils that can be applied directly to the skin include baby oil, mineral oil, vegetable oil, and bath oil. Bath oils used in the bath water make the tub too slippery and should not be used. It is preferable to apply bath oils after getting out of the tub or shower, just as you would other moisturisers, directly to damp skin immediately after a light towelling off to partially dry the skin. Cream moisturisers are usually white and disappear when rubbed into the skin without leaving a greasy feel. As a result, they tend to be more popular than ointments. Examples of effective cream moisturisers include Cetaphil Moisturizing Cream, Vaseline Cream, Efaderm Charmis Cream, Evion Cream, Nivea and Neutrogena Hand Cream (especially helpful for dry, chapped hands). Lotion moisturisers are suspensions of oily chemicals in alcohol and water. Lotion moisturisers are generally the least greasy and the most pleasant to use and therefore are quite popular. However, because of their alcohol content, they can be somewhat drying when used repeatedly compared to ointments and creams. The bottom line is that if the moisturiser you choose does not feel at least a bit greasy you may not be getting as strong a moisturiser as you may need. What preventive measures should be taken if you have dry skin? - Reduce the intake of tea and coffee. Opt for lemonade, lassi or buttermilk instead. - When going out in the sun, always drink two glasses of water and then move out. - Never go out in the sun without protection. Always wear a sunblock and carry an umbrella for protection. - Avoid spicy, fried and salty foods. - Choose the right skincare products in consultation with your skin doctor. - Avoid long soaks in the tub, don’t let the water get too hot and use a mild soap to help soothe your skin. TREATING DRY SKIN Does dry skin on the face and body require different treatment? Skin may cover our entire body, but its thickness varies, padding parts of the body more prone to wear and tear with thick skin and placing thinner skin on the parts of the body that take less of a beating. The skin on the face is thinner than the skin on the body, with the exception of the chest, and deserves a bit more tender loving care. Areas with more appendage concentration (like the face) heal more quickly and are more tolerant of injury than sites with fewer appendages, like the neck and chest. A standard gentle cleanser will keep skin on the body in good shape, whereas one may want more power with the more visible skin on the face. After moistening the face with lukewarm water, work a cleanser all over the face using your fingers. The trick is finding a moisturiser that works for the skin type on each face. There are heavier types of moisturisers that are hard to work into the face, that are used for people with very dry skin. Usually pasty, thick and harder to work into your skin, these white creams are best used for skin surfaces that are particularly dry, like elbows, knees, and hands. Are there any dermat treatments one can sign up for to tackle dry skin? - Skin Circulation Therapy with oxygen: This treatment helps to treat dry, dehydrated skin and improves complexion, clarity and glow. - Serum Electroporation Hydrating Therapy: This treatment helps in deep hydration, skin toning and firming. - Dermalogica Ion Active Facial with Hyaluronic Acid - Juvederm Hyaluronic Fillers for skin hydration and moisturising

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What causes brown spots on your skin? A look at the brown spots on skin with focus on the causes, pictures, on chest, legs, hands, in children, raised, itchy and how to get rid of them. Brown Spots on Skin Causes Age spots are the flat, brown, or black spots that are found on the skin. They normally occur on the sun-exposed areas of the skin. Age spots are also known as the liver spots, solar lentigines, or even sun spots. When skin is much exposed to the sun, it leads to an increase in the production of cells called melanocytes that increase the melanin in the skin, therefore turning the skin darker. The dark skin patches are called brown spots, age spots, sun spots or also liver spots. Brown spots normally appear on the exposed skin areas such as the face, back, chest, shoulders and also the hands. Some of the main causes of the brown spots are sun exposure, aging, as well as the genetics. Factors like stress, vitamin deficiencies, and weak liver functioning can also contribute to this problem. If you have an age spot, it will probably fall into one of the three categories: - Cherry hemangiomas. Small brown dots that are smaller than an eraser, these are brought about by an overgrowth of the blood vessels in the skin. They are very common and may also appear anywhere, but they are in any way not linked to skin cancer. - Lentigines. These are the flat, tan-to-dark spots that appears similar to the freckles. They normally range from the size of a pencil eraser to the size of a dime, but they may be bigger or even smaller. These are what many people normally think of as age spots or brown spots. They are located on the sun-exposed areas of the skin. - Seborrheic keratoses. These might be flat or even the raised and normally range from the pale to dark brown or black. They are normally scaly or even wart-like, although they are not warts. People who have most of these skin changes have seen them before on a first-degree relative. They are also linked to the skin tags, another kind of benign skin growth. Melanoma in its early stages may look like lentigines or seborrheic keratoses. If a melanoma arises in a pre-existing mole, it is normally raised and smooth. If it arises on the normal skin, it starts as a flat brown to the black growth, then grows out or down. If a bump grows on a mole or even in a previously flat, discolored spot, see the dermatologist right away to get checked for any possible skin cancer. Brown Spots on Skin Pictures Brown Spots on Skin in Children Skin discoloration amongst the children is not life-threatening. It’s because of a disruption of the pigmentation of the skin that can be a small patch or might cover a large portion of the child’s body. Childhood brown spots on skin are common and aren’t normally a cause for concern. Most of the brown spots are harmless and disappear without the need for treatment. However, see the child’s pediatrician if the child has a rash and seems unwell, or if you’re worried. They’ll be able to find out the cause and recommend the necessary treatment. Some of the reasons for the child to develop brown spots on skin are; This is a long-term condition that leads to the skin to become itchy, brown, dry and cracked. The most common type is atopic eczema that mainly affects children but might continue into adulthood. Atopic eczema normally develops behind the knees or on the elbows, eyes and ears. It isn’t a serious condition, but if the child becomes infected with the herpes simplex virus, it can lead to the eczema to flare up into an outbreak of tiny brown spots on skin known as eczema herpeticum, and will cause a fever. About one in every five children in the UK experiences eczema, and in 8 out 10 cases it develops before the age of 5, normally before a child’s first birthday. Erythema multiforme is the brown spots that are found on skin (usually mild) that’s brought about by an allergic reaction to the herpes simplex virus. The spots appears like targets, having a dark red center and paler ring around the outside. The hands or feet also tend to be affected first, which is then followed by the limbs, upper body and face. The child will probably feel much unwell and can have a fever, which you should be able to treat using over-the-counter medicine. It can take from three to six weeks before they feel better. See the doctor if the child experiences a rash and seems unwell. In the very rare cases, erythema multiforme might be triggered by a reaction to some medications, such as an antibiotic or even anticonvulsant. This more severe form is known as Stevens-Johnson syndrome and it may be life-threatening. Keratosis pilaris is a very common and much harmless skin condition. The skin on the back of the upper arms becomes very rough and bumpy, as if it is covered in permanent goose pimples. Sometimes, the buttocks, forearms and also the upper back can also be affected. Keratosis pilaris normally begins in childhood and gets worse during puberty. Some of the people find that improves after this and may even disappear in adulthood. There’s no given cure for the keratosis pilaris, and it normally gets better on its own without treatment. But, there are some other measures that you can take that can improve the child’s skin, such as using of non-soap cleansers rather than soap to moisturize their skin. The doctor or pharmacist will be able to recommend a suitable cream. Measles is a highly infectious illness that commonly affects the young children. It’s now rare in the some countries due to the effectiveness of the measles, and rubella vaccine. The measles rash is red-brown spots on skin. It normally starts on the head or even the upper neck and then spreads outwards to the rest of the body. The child may also have a fever and cold-like symptoms. Call the doctor immediately if you think the child has measles. It’s better to phone before visiting as the surgery may require to make arrangements so as to reduce the risk of spreading the infection to others. Measles normally passes in about 8 to 10 days without causing further problems. Paracetamol can be used to relieve fever and pains (don’t give aspirin to children below the age 16). Also, make sure the child drinks plenty of water so as to avoid dehydration. Molluscum contagiosum is a viral skin infection that leads to clusters of small, firm, raised spots to develop on the skin. It commonly affects young children aged one to five years, who tend to catch it after close physical contact with another infected child. The condition is normally painless, although some of the children can experience itchiness. It normally disappears within 18 months without the need for treatment. Molluscum contagiosum is very infectious. But, most adults unlike children are resistant to the virus, which implies they’re unlikely to catch it if they come into contact with it. Psoriasis is a long-lasting skin condition that leads to brown, crusty patches of skin covered with silvery scales. The severity of the psoriasis varies greatly from a person to another. For some other people, it’s just a minor irritation, but for other people it can have a major impact on their quality of life. There’s no indicated cure for psoriasis, but there are a number of treatments that can assist to improve the symptoms and also the appearance of the skin patches. For instance, topical corticosteroids are creams and also the ointments that can be used to the skin. Brown Spots on Chest Tan colored spots are a collection of melanin pigment, known as freckles. They normally occur in sun exposed areas. They occur commonly in summer and usually disappear by winter. Although you do not go out into sun much, they can occur without any relation to sun exposure, if you are genetically predisposed. In such case they may not disappear. But normally apart from the cosmetic issues, there is nothing to worry about them health wise. You might get them removed if required using the help of laser treatment etc. But if you find any increase in size of the spots, or an abnormal change in its color or texture of skin Brown Spots on Legs This is a common problem in both men and women. Over time, the occasional brown spots on skin can slowly turn into an accumulation of these which may be unsightly. Brown spots are normally brought about by the sun damage over many years. It might be just a couple of bad burns or even it could be just years of golfing in shorts without too much sunscreen. These are hard to clear up but it may be done using gentle lasers and consistently avoiding of the sun on the area and use of high zinc sunscreens. The other most common cause is leaky capillaries in the lower leg. Capillaries (the tiny blood vessels that feed the skin) may get irritated and then the red blood cells can leak out. The red blood cells get reabsorbed by the body, but the iron in the cells do not. This causes a type of iron tattoo. There are many causes for the iron in skin problem, so see the doctor. Sometimes something as simple as aspirin or even a course of ibuprofen might thin the blood enough that there will be a leakage. Sometimes the underlying veins are a big problem, and there are other causes that are internal. Brown Spots on Hands There are many causes for the brown spots on the hands, not all of which have to do with a vitamin deficiency. Brown spots can be because of a lack of vitamin C or B12, weak liver function or even cumulative sun damage. It’s vital to investigate each of the potential cause; the doctor can help. If the brown spots are caused by a lack of essential nutrients, add some vitamin supplement to the daily routine, and increase the amount of the fruits and veggies that you eat, prime natural sources for a host of all-important vitamins and also the minerals. Raised Brown Spots on Skin Dermatofibromas are the small, red or brown spots on skin caused by an accumulation of fibroblasts (soft tissue cells below the skin). They often happen on the legs and can also itch. Dermatofibromas can be surgically removed if they become much painful or itchy. Dermoid cyst is a benign tumor that is made up of hairs, and sebaceous glands. Some of the internal dermoid tumors can even have cartilage, and teeth. Dermoid cysts can also be removed surgically for cosmetic reasons. How to Get Rid of Brown Spots on Skin – Home Remedies Here are ways on how to remove black spots from face, skin, hands, body and legs: - Lemon Juice Lemon juice contains bleaching properties that can assist to get rid of brown spots. Plus, it assists to maintain soft and beautiful skin. - Simply use fresh lemon juice directly on the affected skin spot. Leave it on for about45 minutes before rinsing it off using cold water. Repeat the remedy at least twice daily for about three months to notice positive results. If you have very sensitive skin, dilute the lemon juice with water, rose water or even honey. - Another option is to mix sugar in the lemon juice to make a paste and use it as a scrub on the face, especially on the brown spots. Finally, rinse it off after 10 minutes. Do the process a few times a week. You can also add some olive oil in the recipe. Buttermilk has lactic acid that helps exfoliate the skin to remove blemishes and brown spots on skin without drying out the skin. - Use buttermilk on the brown spots on skin using a cotton ball. Leave it on for 5 minutes before washing the area using cold water. If you have oily skin or even acne, you can also add some lemon juice to the buttermilk. - Another option is to mix five teaspoons of buttermilk and about three teaspoons of tomato juice together and then use the mixture on the affected skin. Repeat either of these remedies thrice daily until you are satisfied with the results. - Castor Oil Castor oil contains very strong healing properties and can be applied effectively to remove brown spots on skin or age spots. Along with castor oil, you can apply vitamin E oil, olive oil or almond oil to remove brown spots. - Use a cotton ball to use castor oil on the affected area. - Gently massage the affected area for a few minutes. - Leave it on for a few hours and then wash it off. - Do this process once in the morning and once at night to assist the brown spots fade and make the skin tone even. - Apple Cider Vinegar Apple cider vinegar is a very effective remedy for a number of skin problems which includes brown spots. It will assist to dry out and also fade the spots faster. - Dilute apple cider vinegar with an equal amount of water. You might also add some honey. Apply the solution on the brown spots and wash it off after a few minutes. Do the process once daily for a few days or even until you get positive results. You can use straight apple cider vinegar also, but it can sting. - Alternatively, mix about one-half teaspoon of apple cider vinegar in a few tablespoons of orange juice. Use it on the affected brown spots on skin and leave it on until it dries completely before washing it off. Repeat once or even twice daily for four to six weeks. - Aloe Vera Aloe vera contains healing properties and helps in skin regeneration. So, it is excellent for getting rid of brown spots on skin, especially when brought about by sun exposure. - Gently rub fresh aloe vera gel on the spots. Leave it on for about 45 minutes before washing the area using cold water. Repeat the process twice daily and within a month you should notice improvement. - If fresh aloe vera gel is not found, you can opt for aloe vera juice that you can readily obtain from the market. Sandalwood is an anti-aging agent and also an antiseptic that can assists to reduce hyperpigmentation and remove brown spots. - You may also make homemade pack using two tablespoons of sandalwood powder, two teaspoons of rose water, and about one teaspoon each of glycerin and also lemon juice. Apply the pack on the brown spots on skin and allow it to dry naturally. Use cold water so as to wash it off. Repeat the process a few times a week until your brown spots disappear. - Another option is to add one tablespoon of the orange juice, one teaspoon of lemon juice and the contents of the two vitamin E capsules in two tablespoons of sandalwood powder. Mix it well and then apply it on your face. Leave it on for about half of an hour before washing it off using cold water. Do the process a few times a week until you see improvement. - Also, massage the affected skin area with a few drops of sandalwood oil mixed in one tablespoon of the olive oil or even almond oil, daily before going to bed and then leave it on overnight. Horseradish is a fantastic herb that assists to get rid of the brown spots on skin and freckles and makes your skin spotless, thanks to its skin lightening properties. - You can make horseradish paste and apply it directly to the skin. Leave it on for 15 to 20 minutes before washing it off. Use it a few times a week. - Another option is to grate a four-inch piece of horseradish with mix it in one-quarter cup of apple cider vinegar and allow the mixture to sit for two weeks. After two weeks, strain the mixture. Use a cotton ball to apply it on the affected skin. Follow this remedy three times a day for at least one month. Certain enzymes and alpha hydroxyl acids that are found in papaya can assist to exfoliate the skin and thus reduce age spots, acne and other skin problems. It will also give the skin a cleaner and also brighter look. - Rub one tablespoon of fresh grated papaya on the brown spots. - Leave it on for about 30 minutes before washing the area with lukewarm water. - Repeat twice daily until the brown spots fade away.

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STEEL CORD CONVEYOR BELT PRODUCTION LINE Extrusion ("Roller Head") offers two decisive advantages: 1) High uniformity of the material thickness over the entire sheet width, which ensures that there will be no air inclusions, even at higher thicknesses. 2) An outstanding homogeneity of the material produced. This is possible because the "Roller Head" unit can (in comparison to a classic calender line) produce sheets of up to approx. 20 mm thickness without trapped air. The rubber compound is plasticized in the extruder and then fed into the preform head. It enters the calender directly in the roll gap, and is distributed over the entire working width of the calender. This direct feeding prevents the build-up in front of the nip, that would otherwise be expected as well as air inclusions, so that the sheet preformed in the head can have a thickness of 10 mm to 30 mm, which the calender then calibrates to the desired end thickness. The extruder has the same principle as a meat-grinder, with a screw that feeds the compound through a die. The compound is heated by friction and the extruder is cooled with water. TEXTILE BELT PRODUCTION FLOW COATING OF TEXTILE PLIES The drawing shows a calender with 3 rolls which revolve in opposite directions. Rubber is being pressed in and onto the conveyor belt fabric. A 4-ball unit offers the advantage of working air out of the rubber more thoroughly. They are normally used for coating textiles for conveyor belts. The rolls rotate in different directions. CONTINUOUS TEXTILE BELT CURING Continuous Belt Curing Machine (Rotocure/Auma)

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|Year Level(s)||Years 3-6 Years 7-10| |Subject Area(s)||Science SOSE Earth & Environmental Science| |Topic(s)||Coal & Low Emission Technology Environment Mining Minerals Processing| |Resource Type||Fact Sheet| Mining provides us with minerals, metals and other materials we use every day and the fuel used to generate electricity. These minerals have economic value and can benefit mankind. Although in Australia, less than 1% of the land is mined, depending on the size of the mine, method of mining and location, mining can have a significant impact on the environment. To minimise the effects of this impact, careful planning, management and supervision are required. To read more, view the fact sheet.

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Decade of Discovery - the Census of Antarctic Marine Life 5th October 2010 The results of a decade-long study into the biodiversity of the world’s oceans, the Census of Marine Life (CoML), are being released in London this week. The CoML program involves researchers from more than 80 nations and aims to assess and explain the diversity, distribution, and abundance of life in the oceans. One of the 14 CoML projects is the Australian-led, Census of Antarctic Marine Life (CAML), which has undertaken the largest ever survey of the Southern Ocean. CAML coordinated more than 19 major voyages, including the Australian Antarctic Division’s 2008 Collaborative East Antarctic Marine Census on Australia’s icebreaker ship, Aurora Australis. More than 300 scientists from 30 countries have been involved in CAML including the Australian Antarctic Division, the CSIRO, the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies and the University of Tasmania. The four day symposium at the Royal Society and Natural History Museum in London will be celebrating the major achievements of CAML including: - The inventory of 16,500 marine taxa (species), with hundreds new to science - DNA barcoding of 2, 500 species - Pioneering DNA data to check hundreds of species which appear to inhabit both the Antarctic and Arctic waters - Over 1,000 scientific and general publications - Online illustrated field guides and pages in the Encyclopaedia of Life - Bioregionalisation data for conservation of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems - A robust baseline against which the effects of climate change may be measure

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For centuries plants have been used as a thermal cushion to shield walls from intense solar heat or wind driven cold. Index offer a modular green wall system which comprises rails which are fixed to the building’s face leaving a 50-200mm zone between it and the follow-on cladding panels. This ventilated cavity ensures that rain does not penetrate through to the structure. It also allows insulation boards to be integrated into the system, where required, to provide an external Part L solution. Cassettes, nominally 600mm wide x 300mm high containing the growing medium and decorative plantings are then mechanically fixed in a modular series. Bespoke panels can be fabricated to suit any finishing dimensions, openings or even curves. Selected growing medium in the suspended cassettes absorbs and maintains 80% of liquid by volume while still leaving approx. 15% of air pockets to ensure active growth. It is necessary in most cases to install an irrigation system to ensure the plantings receive measured levels of water and nutrients to each section of the wall to provide the perfect environment for them to thrive in. Because the plantings are grown in nursery conditions they can be delivered to site in their cassettes once major building wet trades have been completed. Being a modular system the living wall palette can be changed with the seasons, a highly important factor in tourist areas and public landscapes. These living walls are also an effective way of overcoming problems of graffiti. Recent University research has found that there could be a 30% reduction in our streets’ pollution levels through the intelligent use of living walls. As well as turning carbon dioxide into oxygen through photosynthesis, plants clean the air by soaking up nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter.

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Davies “Making Classroom Assessment Work” Chapter 5: Evidence of Learning - Sources: observations, products/creations, conversations/conferencing. - Triangulation: evidence collected from three different sources over time, trends and patterns become apparent. - Need all three types to have reliable/valid evaluation. - Observations need to be focused/specific (just like goals). - Consider how you will record observations and relate the observation to the purpose of the learning activity. - Products/student creations should allow for choice. - Conversations/conferencing allows students to self-assess and take ownership of their learning. - I think that conversations allow teachers to learn not only about what their students have learned, but also about who their students are as people/learners. - Evidence should be ongoing. - “Consider assessing more and evaluating less” (Davies, 2011, p. 52). - All assessment should relate to curriculum outcomes/indicators/learning purpose. Chapter 6: Involving Students in Classroom Assessment - students to set and use criteria: this gives them control of their learning and a better understanding. Example: classroom rules - self-assessment: provides time to learn and process, give feedback to themselves and transition from one activity/class to next; this promotes independence and self-monitoring. Tip: include clear criteria, samples and models. - descriptive feedback sources: “The more specific, descriptive feedback students receive while they are learning, the more learning is possible” (Davies, 2011, p. 58). - goal setting: increases motivation and sets a learning purpose/focus. - students to collect evidence of learning: to increase accountability and ownership. Example: portfolio. - students to present evidence of learning: to get students to see themselves as learners and take more accountability of their work. Tip: present to many different audiences. Davies points out that “the ideas themselves are simple, but the implementing of them in today’s busy classrooms will take some time” (2011, p. 61). This statement speaks to me. Before reading this text and attending this class (ECS 410) I never considered letting students be part of the criteria-building process. I am still curious as to how this would work. Also, I wonder what self-assessment would look like. Other than the odd self-assessment assignment, I have never seen this in action. Davies suggests getting students to assess each other. I have had other professors tell me not to do this because sometimes students give each other wrong advice. How do you teach kids to self-assess appropriately? How much time would this entire process take? Is it more or less work for the teacher? I know that conferencing would take a lot of time so how do you fit that in as a classroom teacher? Do you request students to come outside of classroom time? Triangulation was also a new topic for me. I think one way I can make sure I am using all sources to evaluate is by simply rotating them. I could have a chart with each source and make a tally every time it is used, in hopes for a balance. I thoroughly believe in student choice. One quote that my mother, who is also an educator, passed on to me is: “Many teachers teach every child the same material in the same way, and measure each child’s performance by the same standards… Thus, teachers embrace the value of treating each child as a unique individual while instructing children as if they were virtually identical” (Mehlinger, 1995). I think this chapter gives many suggestions to avoid assessing students the same way. Choice is only fair and using triangulation broadens the choices and fairness even more! I also like the idea of creating a portfolio of work and getting students to present this work so that they are accountable. Three common trends in the text are student-lead learning, more time and more feedback. These are all things I am starting to understand and think I can do!

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The Power Of Communication In Healthcare Effective communication between a physician and patient is crucial for providing quality healthcare. It’s not just about delivering medical advice or prescribing treatments, but also about building a trusting relationship that can have a positive impact on a patient’s health outcomes. When physicians communicate well with their patients, they can gather critical information about the patient’s medical history, lifestyle, and preferences. This information is vital for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment plans. Additionally, patients are more likely to adhere to treatment plans when they understand why certain treatments are recommended and what the expected outcomes are. Good communication also plays a significant role in reducing medical errors and improving patient safety. Patients who feel comfortable speaking up and asking questions about their care are more likely to catch potential errors before they happen. Physicians who listen attentively to their patients’ concerns and take the time to explain procedures and medication instructions can help prevent misunderstandings that can lead to mistakes. Effective communication is not only important during in-person visits, but also in other forms of communication such as phone calls, emails, and telemedicine. The rise of telemedicine in particular has highlighted the importance of clear communication, as patients may not have the same visual cues or body language to rely on as they do in person. In conclusion, effective communication between physicians and patients is vital for quality healthcare. Patients who feel heard and understood are more likely to trust their physician and follow treatment plans. By taking the time to listen and communicate clearly, physicians can help their patients achieve better health outcomes and reduce the risk of medical errors. For more information, check out the infographic below. Comments are closed.

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Trong greatly valued the contributions made by the association to the nationís two wars of resistance against foreign aggressors. Its chapters had been promoting a tradition of helping the poor and giving them medical treatment using traditional herbs. He urged them to expand their charitable activities and build up solidarity with other religions to make the quintessence of Buddhism positively help peopleís lives, thus enhancing their patriotism, national pride and unity to build a more prosperous country. The Viet Nam Tinh do Cu si Buddhism Association was founded in the Cuu Long (Mekong) Delta in southern Viet Nam in 1934 as a local branch of Buddhism. It aimed to contribute to society by helping those in need of medical help while raising awareness about Buddhism. The association has expanded from seven chapters in 1934 to 206 at present, with more than 1.4 million members in 21 cities and provinces. Its members actively take part in charitable activities and promote the use of traditional medicine to help people in need.

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The Black Forest - Achaea Online Help 12.5.9 The Black Forest The Black Forest lies in the area south of New Thera, and runs southwards to the northern end of the Savannah. Bordered on the west by the Vashnar Mountains, and on the east by the Urubamba River, the Black Forest is considered one of the major forests of the Sapience continent. Seasone, the famous druid who refills elixirs and salves makes her home on the northwestern edge of it; it is also home to the odd animals known as "jambaali."

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Biology has rapidly become a data-rich, information-hungry science because of recent massive data generation technologies. Our biological colleagues are designing more clever and informative experiments because of recent advances in molecular science. These experiments and data hold the key to the deepest secrets of biology and medicine, but we cannot fully analyze this data due to the wealth and complexity of the information available. The result is a great need for intelligent systems in biology. There are many opportunities for intelligent systems to help produce knowledge in biology and medicine. Intelligent systems probably helped design the last drug your doctor prescribed, and they were probably involved in some aspect of the last medical care you received. Intelligent computational analysis of the human genome will drive medicine for at least the next half-century. Intelligent systems are working on gene expression data to help understand genetic regulation and ultimately the regulated control of all life processes including cancer, regeneration, and aging. Knowledge bases of metabolic pathways and other biological networks make inferences in systems biology that, for example, let a pharmaceutical program target a pathogen pathway that does not exist in humans, resulting in fewer side effects to patients. Modern intelligent analysis of biological sequences produces the most accurate picture of evolution ever achieved. Knowledge-based empirical approaches currently are the most successful method known for general protein structure prediction. Intelligent literature-access systems exploit a knowledge flow exceeding half a million biomedical articles per year. Machine learning systems exploit heterogenous online databases whose exponential growth mimics Moore's law.

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Table of Contents What is Sola Scriptura? Is Sola Scriptura Found In The Bible? Is the Bible Sufficient? Is Sola Scriptura a Protestant Concoction? What is Sola Scriptura? The Latin "Sola Scriptura" means "Scripture Only," or "Scripture alone." This was one of the distinctive features of the Protestant Reformation and signaled the Reformed departure from alleged Papal infallibility and the authority of Romish tradition contained in the writings of the Church Fathers and oral tradition. Sola Scriptura does not mean that we cannot use other sources. It simply means that "all other sources" must submit to the sovereign truth found only in holy scripture. No man, no belief system, no personal view should be allowed in our churches, pulpits and classrooms that do not stand up to a close, in depth and arduous challenge to "Scripture Alone" as being the final source of truth! (The "catholicity" of American Baptists by Sam Hughey) “First, it is necessary to understand what Sola Scriptura does and does not assert. The Reformation principle of Sola Scriptura has to do with the sufficiency of Scripture as our supreme authority in all spiritual matters. Sola Scriptura simply means that all truth necessary for our salvation and spiritual life is taught either explicitly or implicitly in Scripture. It is not a claim that all truth of every kind is found in Scripture. The most ardent defender of Sola Scriptura will concede, for example, that Scripture has little or nothing to say about DNA structures, microbiology, the rules of Chinese grammar, or rocket science. This or that "scientific truth" for example, may or may not be actually true, whether or not it can be supported by Scripture -- but Scripture is a "more sure Word," standing above all other truth in its authority and certainty. It is "more sure," according to the apostle Peter, than the data we gather firsthand through our own senses (2 Peter 1:19). Therefore, Scripture is the highest and supreme authority on any matter to which it speaks”, (Dr. John F. MacArthur, Jr. Sola Scriptura! The Protestant Position on the Bible, chapter 5) by James G. McCarthy Today, even as in the time of the Reformation, thousands of Catholics worldwide are leaving Roman Catholicism for Biblical Christianity. And once again, the rallying cry of the sixteenth century, Sola Scriptura, Scripture Alone, is being heard. Roman Catholic defenders have responded to this challenge by going on the offensive. A typical argument sounds something like this: The Bible cannot be the sole rule of faith, because the first Christians didn’t have the New Testament. Initially, Tradition, the oral teachings of the apostles, was the Church’s rule of faith. The New Testament came later when a portion of Tradition was put to writing. It was the Roman Catholic Church that produced the New Testament, and it was the Church that infallibly told us what books belong in the Bible. It is the Church, therefore, that is the authoritative teacher of Scripture. Sola Scriptura is not even taught in the Bible. The rule of faith of the Roman Catholic Church, therefore, is rightly Scripture and Tradition together. Christians confronted with such arguments should keep the following points in mind: Christians have never been without the Scriptures as their rule of faith. The unforgettable experience of two early disciples shows the fallacy of thinking that the first Christians were ever without Scripture as their rule of faith. Three days after the crucifixion, two of Jesus’ disciples were walking home. A fellow traveler, whom they took for a stranger, joined them along the way. The conversation quickly turned to the events that had just taken place in Jerusalem. With deep sorrow, the disciples told the story of how the chief priests and rulers of the nation had sentenced Jesus to death and had Him crucified by the civil authorities. To the disciples’ shock, the stranger rebuked them, "How foolish you are, and how slow of heart to believe all that the prophets have spoken!" (Luke 24:25, NIV). Then beginning with Moses and proceeding through the prophets, the stranger explained to them the truths concerning Jesus in the Old Testament Scriptures. Eventually the two disciples realized that their fellow traveler was no stranger at all but the Lord Jesus Himself! Later they recalled, "Were not our hearts burning within us while He was speaking to us on the road, while He was explaining the Scriptures to us?" (Luke 24:32). The experience of those two early disciples was not unique. With the Holy Spirit’s coming at Pentecost, and with the aid of the apostles’ teaching, Jewish Christians rediscovered their own Scriptures. Their common conviction was that the Old Testament, properly understood, was a revelation of Christ. There they found a prophetic record of Jesus’ life, teaching, death, and resurrection. The Old Testament Scriptures served as the standard of truth for the infant church, Jew and Gentile alike. Within a short time, the New Testament Scriptures took their place alongside those of the Old Testament. Consequently, the early church was never without the written Word of God. Scripture is not simply written Tradition. Roman Catholic descriptions of the origin of the New Testament stress that the oral teachings of the apostles, Tradition, preceded the written record of those teachings, Scripture. Often the New Testament is presented as little more than a written record of Tradition, the writer’s recollections, and a partial explanation of Christ’s teaching. This, of course, elevates Tradition to the same level of authority as Scripture—or, more precisely, drops Scripture to the level of Tradition. But the New Testament Scriptures are much more than a written record of the oral teaching of the apostles; they are an inspired record. A biblical understanding of inspiration makes clear the significance of this distinction. Peter writes, Above all, you must understand that no prophecy of Scripture came about by the prophet’s own interpretation. For prophecy never had its origin in the will of man, but men spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit. 2 Peter 1:20-21 (NIV) Here we see that Scripture is not "the prophet’s own interpretation" (2 Peter 1:20, NIV). The word translated "interpretation" means to solve or to explain. Peter is saying that no writer of the New Testament simply recorded his own explanation of what he had heard Jesus teach and had seen Him do. Scripture does not have "its origin in the will of man" (2 Peter 1:21, NIV). The writers of the Bible did not decide that they would write a prophetic record or what would be included in Scripture. Rather, they were "carried along by the Holy Spirit" (2 Peter 1:21, NIV). The word translated here "carried along" is found in the New Testament in Mark 2:3. There it is used with reference to the paralytic whose friends carried him to Jesus for healing. Just as the paralytic did not walk by his own power, a true prophet does not write by his own impulse. He is "carried along by the Holy Spirit" (2 Peter 1:21, NIV). Men wrote the New Testament; "men spoke" (2 Peter 1:21, NIV). Their writings reflect their individual personalities and experiences. But these "men spoke from God" (2 Peter 1:21). Men wrote but God was the author. For these reasons, Scripture is revelation perfectly communicated in God-given words: All Scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness, that the man of God may be complete, thoroughly equipped for every good work. 2 Timothy 3:16-17 (NKJV) The phrase "inspired by God" is the translation of a compound term made up of the words God and to breathe. The verse can be translated: "All Scripture is God-breathed. . . " (2 Timothy 3:16, NIV). Scripture is therefore rightly called the Word of God. In reducing Scripture to simply written Tradition, Catholic proponents are able to boost the importance of Tradition. But in doing so, they distort the meaning of inspiration and minimize the primary difference between Scripture and Tradition. The Bible contains all essential revelation. It is true that the New Testament does not contain a record of everything that Jesus did. John makes this clear in the conclusion of his gospel: And there are also many other things which Jesus did, which if they were written in detail, I suppose that even the world itself would not contain the books which were written. John 21:25 John’s point in concluding his gospel with this comment was to acknowledge that the life of the Lord Jesus was far too wonderful to be fully contained in any book. He was not commenting on the general purpose of Scripture or the need for Tradition. Neither was he implying that he had left out of his book essential revelation received from Christ. Indeed, earlier in his gospel, John implies the opposite: Many other signs therefore Jesus also performed in the presence of the disciples, which are not written in this book; but these have been written that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God; and that believing you may have life in His name. John 20:30-31 We can infer from this statement that John included in his gospel all the essential teachings of Christ necessary for salvation. Significantly, he makes no reference to seven sacraments, the Sacrifice of the Mass, sanctifying grace, penance, purgatory, or an institution such as the Roman Catholic Church—all necessary for salvation according to Roman Catholicism. The Scriptures achieve their stated purpose: "that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work" (2 Timothy 3:17 NIV). They are the perfect guide to the Christian faith. Unlike Tradition, the Scriptures are accessible and open to all. Translations of the entire Bible have been made into the primary languages of the world, 276 in total. It is the most widely distributed and read book in all of history. To define Roman Catholic Tradition as a font of extra-biblical revelation is to add to God’s Word. Scripture warns us "not to exceed what is written" (1 Corinthians 4:6). "Do not add to His words lest He reprove you, and you be proved a liar" (Proverbs 30:6). The last book of the New Testament ends with this solemn warning: I testify to everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: if anyone adds to them, God shall add to him the plagues which are written in this book; and if anyone takes away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away his part from the tree of life and from the holy city, which are written in this book. Revelation 22:18-19 At question is the authority of Tradition, not Scripture. There are hundreds of verses in the Bible establishing the truth that the Word of God is the church’s sufficient and supreme rule of faith. Psalm 119 alone dedicates 176 verses to the unparalleled value of God’s Word. The Lord Jesus taught: Man shall not live on bread alone, but on every word that proceeds out of the mouth of God. Matthew 4:4 Though Scriptures can be multiplied on this theme, it is not necessary to do so. The Roman Catholic Church agrees that the Bible teaches that the Word of God is the supreme rule of faith and that all theology must rest upon it. There is no question as to the sufficiency or authority of the Word of God. The controversy revolves around the identity of God’s Word. Namely, is the Word of God Scripture and Tradition? Or, is the Word of God Scripture alone? In the ongoing debate, Roman Catholic proponents enjoy taking the offensive by challenging non-Catholics to prove that God intended that the Scriptures alone were to serve as the church’s rule of faith. "Where does the Bible teach Sola Scriptura?" they demand. Though this tactic is effective in putting their opponents on the defensive, it is in fact misleading. Both sides agree that the Scriptures are the Word of God and that as such they speak with divine authority. The Lord Jesus Himself, in John 10:35, clearly identifies the Word of God as Scripture. The point of controversy is Tradition. The Roman Catholic Church asserts that Tradition is also the Word of God. The question which the Roman Catholic Church must answer, therefore, is: Where does Jesus, the prophets, or the apostles teach that Tradition is the Word of God? Or, more precisely: Where in the Bible can it be found that Scripture and Tradition together, as interpreted by the pope and bishops of the Roman Catholic Church, are to be the church’s rule of faith? This is what Roman Catholicism is really asserting and should be the topic of debate. And since the Roman Catholic Church is the one asserting the authority of Tradition and the Magesterium, the burden of proof lies with Rome. Adapted from The Gospel According to Rome (Harvest House Publishers: Eugene, 1995). 1. Compare: Second Vatican Council, "Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation," no. 19 2. Patrick Johnstone, Operation World (Grand Rapids, MIchigan: Zondervan, 1993), p. 22 3. Second Vatican Council, "Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation," no. 21 and no. 24. [TABLE OF CONTENTS} Is Sola Scriptura Found In The Bible? by Evangelist Mike Gendron Are the Scriptures alone sufficient and authoritative for the Christian life? The Word of God says "yes!" The Roman Catholic Church says an emphatic "No," foolishly declaring its tradition is also the Word of God and therefore equally authoritative. However, as we study the Bible we see overwhelming evidence as to why Scripture stands alone as the supreme authority in all matters of faith. The internal testimony of the Bible reveals the Word of God is pure, perfect, inerrant, infallible, living, truth, light, holy, eternal, and forever settled in heaven. It illuminates, cleanses, saves, frees, guides, converts, heals, quickens, judges, and sanctifies. It also brings conviction, gives knowledge, gives wisdom, produces faith, refutes error, searches the heart, equips for every good work, and is used as a weapon. God has magnified His Word according to His Name (Psalm 138:2) Compare this with what the Bible says about tradition. Jesus told the religious leaders of His day that by holding on to their tradition they were nullifying and invalidating the word of God (Mat. 7:7-13). Paul warned his readers: "See to it that no one takes you captive through philosophy and empty deception, according to the tradition of men, according to the elementary principles of the world, rather than according to Christ" (Col. 2:8). Every time Paul spoke of tradition in a positive sense, it always referred to the tradition they had already received from the apostles. There is not one indication from Scripture that new traditions should be followed or developed. In fact Jude exhorts all Christians to "contend earnestly for the faith which was once for all delivered to the saints" (Jude 3). Yet the Roman Catholic Church has developed new traditions over the last 1600 years that oppose and nullify the word of God and the grace of God. In doing so they supplant the authority of God’s word with traditions of men. Because of this Catholics who fear God should take the exhortation of Peter seriously: "we ought to obey God rather than men" (Acts 5:29). The Bible represents the perfect character of God, whereas Roman Catholic tradition represents the imperfect character of man. Thus, the Scriptures provide our only trustworthy and objective basis for authority. Through the ministry of the Holy Spirit, who provides illumination, conviction and discernment, we have confidence that the Bible is true. This dual authority, the Spirit of God working with the Word of God, is sufficient in all matters of faith and Christian living. Catholics, on the other hand, submit to a dual authority of tradition and Scripture, under the subjective interpretation of their church. The pope, who believes he speaks for all Christianity, is said to be infallible in all matters pertaining to faith and morals. Many Roman Catholics have asked, "Where does it say in the Bible that Scripture alone should be the authority for faith?" Is "Sola Scriptura," the battle cry of the Reformers, found in the Bible? First we must define what "Sola Scriptura" means: Scripture is the sole source of written divine revelation and is sufficient to function as the sole, infallible rule of faith and practice for the Church. Everything that one needs to know, understand and believe for salvation is found in the Scriptures. The Scriptures (as the sufficient rule of faith) do not refer us to or point us to any other rule of faith. Given this definition, there are at least nine biblical justifications for Sola Scriptura. 1. All Scripture is given by the inspiration of God and useful for reproof and correction of error (2 Timothy 3:16). Since Scripture is used to correct and reprove then it must be the authoritative standard by which everything else is judged for its truthfulness. 2. Jesus said, "Scripture cannot be broken" (John 10:34). The character of God is on the line. "God is not a man that He should lie... and hath He spoken, and shall He not make it good (Numbers 23:19). Submitting to the authority of God’s revealed word will guide us in His perfect will. 3. Christ used the authority of Scripture to rebuke Satan’s attempt to deceive Him (Matthew 4:1-11). He gave prepositional statements to accurately convey the truth that Satan attempted to distort. Jesus was our perfect model for rebuking deception. 4. Jesus used the authority of Scriptures to rebuke false teachers (Matthew 22:29). The only way false teachers can be confronted and exposed is in the power of God’s Word. 5. Repentant sinners are saved by hearing and believing the Word (Ephesians 1:13-14). The integrity of the Gospel must be maintained and proclaimed for true conversions (Gal. 1:6-9). 6. Jesus prayed for Christians to be sanctified (set apart) by the truth of His Word (John 17:17). Christians must separate themselves from apostates and false teachers (2 Cor. 6:14-17). God uses His word to divide and to show which people have His approval (1 Cor. 11:19). 7. One must look to the authority of Scripture to be set free from religious deception and become a disciple of Christ (John 8:31-32). Those who follow the traditions and teachings of men remain in legalistic bondage and are often led astray. 8. Christ rebuked the religious leaders for nullifying the Word of God with their tradition (Mark 7:13). Any tradition or teaching that nullifies the Scriptures must be exposed and renounced so others will not be deceived (Eph. 5:11). 9. The Scriptures were written to all people, not to popes or the Magisterium to be interpreted for lay people. Paul delivered the uncorrupted Word of God to every man’s conscience in the sight of God (2 Cor. 4:2). Anytime we allow others to interpret God’s word for us, we leave ourselves open to deception. That is why the Lord Jesus is the only mediator between God and man (1 Tim. 2:5). God foreknew the teachings and traditions of men would become corrupt and would lead many astray. In His wisdom, He left us with His Word, as the only objective, absolute authority for truth. Why would the Roman Catholic Church want to add anything subjective to the objective standard God has given us? Apparently, it is to control their flock with legalistic bondage by supplanting God’s authority with an authority of their own. Catholics will also argue that we would not have the Bible today if it were not for the Catholic Church. Did the Catholic Church really determine which books to include in the Bible? Did the Catholic Church protect the Bible throughout the centuries? On the contrary, I believe we have the Bible today in spite of the Vatican, which kept it hidden in a dead language (Latin) for hundreds of years. In recent history Catholic priests often refused to absolve the sins of any person who possessed a Bible. Their sins could not be forgiven until the Bible was returned. It would do Roman Catholics well to consider the following facts about the origin of the Bible. 1. Since the books were written under the inspiration of God, they were canonical the moment they were written. A council was not necessary to affirm what was already true. No book became canonical by the action of a church council. What the council did was determine which books did not meet certain tests for canonicity. 2. All the Old Testament books are quoted in the New Testament except Esther, Ecclesiastes and the Song of Solomon. None of the books of the Apocrypha, which the Catholic Church added to its canon in the 16th century, are quoted. 3. The New Testament books had certain tests for canonicity. They either had to be written or backed by an apostle (Mark by Peter and Luke by Paul). They also had to be circulated and accepted by the majority of churches. By the second century only the 27 books that now make up the New Testament were accepted by the people of God. Each book had to reflect internal consistency and character with other Scripture. 4. Peter referred to the letters written by Paul as Scripture (2 Peter 3:16). He did not wait for a church council to make that determination. For Details See Article The Apocrypha We have the infallible Bible today, not because of the Roman Catholic Church, but because almighty God has protected it and will continue to do so (Matthew 5:18). One day we will be held accountable for what we did with God’s word. It is His word that will judge those who supplant God’s authority with an authority of their own. [TABLE OF CONTENTS} Excerpt From Is ‘Sola Scriptura’ a Protestant Concoction? “.... the first step is for us to recognise that the Bible teaches that our convictions are not to be based upon human wisdom! Human wisdom isn’t always wrong; sometimes people used their intellect and their independent ability to research, and find facts and come to truths, which are very valuable. The problem is not that human wisdom is always wrong. The problem is that human wisdom is (1) fallible, and (2) not a sufficient foundation for believing anything about God. Because only God is adequate to witness to Himself! Therefore our doctrinal convictions are not (should not) based upon human wisdom. The Christian faith is rather based upon God’s own self-revelation rather than the conflicting opinions of men or the untrustworthy speculations of men...” ”.. notice the burden of the Apostle Paul as to how to control the beliefs of the Christians there in Corinth. I Corinthians 2:5, in verse 4 he says, "And my speech and my preaching were not in persuasive words of wisdom, but in demonstration of the Spirit and of power..." Why?... Why is Paul making that point? Why is this necessary to emphasize? Verse 5: "...that your faith should not stand in the wisdom of men, but in the power of God." (ASV) “Think about Paul’s conceptual scheme here as you read this verse. Notice how he puts the power of God over here on one side, and the wisdom of men on the other. And not only is the power of God and the wisdom of men in two different categories, he said, "Your faith should not stand in the wisdom of men." In I Corinthians 2, verses 10 and 13 (you’ll notice while you’re right there) that Paul draws a sharp contrast between the words which man’s wisdom teaches and those which God reveals unto us through the Spirit. On the one hand, you have words taught by the wisdom of men, and on the other hand you have words revealed through the Spirit. Those are contrasted in Paul’s theology. And he makes the point in verse 4 of chapter 2 that the apostolic message did not originate in words of human wisdom or insight; but rather the apostolic message rests in the power of God and comes through the wisdom of God’s own Spirit!...” ...“Paul thanked God in I Thessalonians 2:13... Paul thanked God that the Thessalonians received his message (and now I’m using his words) "Not as the word of men, but as it is in truth, the Word of God." ”... Paul contrasts the words of God to the words of men, the wisdom of God to the wisdom of men. These are set apart from each other. He says, "I praise God that you received my preaching not as the words of men!" (Of course, he is a man; he did use words... They were human words.) But Paul says that you received it rather as the Word of God Himself! Man’s Authority Vs. God’s Authority In II Timothy 3, verses 15 to 17, Paul spoke of the ‘sacred writings’ which make us 'wise unto Salvation!' And he said that "every one of them is God-breathed," is inspired by God. The Bible would have us beware of the uninspired words of men. God’s people must not submit to the uninspired words of men. Jeremiah 23:16, the prophet says, "Thus saith Jehovah of hosts, Hearken not unto the words of the prophets that prophesy unto you: they teach you vanity; they speak a vision of their own heart, and not out of the mouth of Jehovah." (ASV) There again we see in the Old Testament this contrast between a message that comes out of the heart of a man and that which comes from the mouth of Jehovah! It’s not as though the heart of man can’t ever speak the truth; it’s not as though human wisdom never gets anything right, but God’s people cannot rest secure in anything that does not come from the mouth of Jehovah Himself. In the New Testament, in Colossians 2 and verse 8, Paul warns God’s people not to allow their faith to be compromised by any philosophy which he says is "after the tradition of men... and not after Christ!" There you have it again, the contrast between man’s authority and Christ’s authority, the tradition of men on the one hand, and the authority of Christ on the other. Not this but that, your faith stands in the power of God, in the ‘breathed-out’ Word of God, in a philosophy that is after Christ and not after human tradition. Not after the wisdom of men; not after the tradition of men! Indeed, in the 15th chapter of Matthew’s Gospel, verse 6, our Lord Jesus condemned those who, He says, "make void the Word of God" because of their "tradition." (ASV)”... The Tradition of Men “... Let’s take our discussion a step further now by talking about the Apostles and the issue of tradition. The reason it’s necessary to do this is that many of the contemporary polemicists for returning to Rome, I think, have confused the people of God by appealing to passages in the New Testament that speak about tradition, and then just letting it be assumed (or wanting people to take for granted) that when the New Testament speaks of tradition, it means tradition in the sense of the Roman Catholic (or Eastern Orthodox, whichever you want to pick) way of understanding tradition. There will be found in your English translations of the New Testament verses that talk about tradition as authoritative. And I’d like to now to take a look at that so you understand it properly, and especially if you see it in light of our first premise that we are not in our Christian faith to follow the dogmas that are rooted in human wisdom. The New Testament approach to tradition is not the approach to tradition of the Roman Catholic Church! The Roots of Tradition So where should we begin? How about with Hebrews 1, verses 1-2, for the author of that epistle tells us that in the past God spoke to our forefathers through the prophets at many times and in various ways — but in these last days He has spoken to us by His Son! The author of Hebrews makes it clear that the epitome of God’s revelation is found in the person of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. He has spoken to us in these last days by His Son! That is the high point, the apex of all of God’s revelatory manners and means. Jesus Christ is the highest revelation, the clearest revelation of God because obviously Jesus is God Himself. The grandest expression of God’s Word is found in the very person of Jesus, who John the Apostle, in John 1:1 and in Revelation 19 calls "the Word of God." Jesus is "the Word of God," he is the highest expression, the clearest, fullest expression of Who God is to us as men! And how do we know about Jesus? Jesus isn’t on earth now, revealing Himself to men in the way that He did to Matthew, John, and the others. How do we know about Jesus today? Well, what we know about Christ is dependent upon the written word of the Gospels, the Gospels that were written by men like Matthew and Luke and Mark and John. Jesus commissioned certain men to act as His authorized representatives, i.e., Jesus delegated to certain men the right to speak for Him. They had His ‘power of attorney’ (if I can use the legal expression). In fact, that is very close to what the word ‘apostle’ meant in the days of the New Testament. The apostle of a man was considered the man himself in a court of law. The apostle could speak for that man, and the words spoken by the apostle was legally accounted to be the word of the one that commissioned him! [Also See Reliability of The Gospels] In John 14:26 we see that Jesus inspired the Apostles with His Word. John 14:26, "But the Comforter, even the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things, and bring to your remembrance all that I said unto you." (ASV) Jesus said that the Holy Spirit would be given so that the Apostles will have brought to their remembrance all that Jesus taught, i.e., Jesus wants to pass on to the world through the Apostles not their wisdom, not their insight, but His own Word! Jesus, remember, is the high point of God’s revelation. Jesus turns to the Apostles and says, "The Spirit will bring to your mind everything that I have taught." In Matthew 10:40, Jesus explains the concept of an apostle known well in that day when He said, "He who receives you receives Me, and he who receives Me receives Him who sent Me." (NKJV) Jesus was sent by the Father, and Jesus turns and sends the Apostles into the world. And He says "the person who receives you (as My apostle) in fact receives Me; and in so doing, receives the Father Who sent Me!" So you see that the Apostles were spokesmen for Christ, authorised to speak His Word, not their own, but to have brought to their remembrance what He had taught. The Bible tells us that what the Apostles spoke they did not speak by flesh and blood. They did not speak according to human instruction. But rather they spoke by the revelation of the Father and the Son! (Emphasis Added) Think of Peter’s magnificent testimony to Jesus in Matthew 16:17. Jesus says, "Who do you say that I am?" — he’s heard the Gallup Poll results of what people in the culture are saying, but He wants to know about His most intimate followers — "Who do you say that I am?" And Peter, speaking for the Apostles, says, "You are the Christ; You’re the Messiah, the Son of the Living God!" To which Jesus responds with the commendation, "Peter, flesh and blood did not reveal this to you, but My Father Who is in heaven." "You know this, not by human wisdom, not by human reasoning; you know this by the revelation of God the Father!" Or if you look at Galatians 1:11-12 you will see that Paul himself is jealous for the truth of the gospel and what he has taught precisely because it is not his word, but the Word of Jesus Christ! Galatians 1:11-12, "For I make known to you, brethren, as touching the gospel which was preached by me, that it is not after man. For neither did I receive it from man, nor was I taught it, but it came to me through revelation of Jesus Christ." (ASV) Boy, we just see this everywhere in the New Testament, not man but God — not man but God! Paul says this is not a revelation that came to me from man, but it came to me from Jesus Christ Himself. (Emphasis Added) The Father and Jesus Christ revealed the Word to Apostles — and they are taught by the Holy Spirit (as John 14:26 tells us) that Jesus would give the Spirit to lead them into all truth and remind them what He had taught. And the Bible tells us it’s in virtue of this revelatory work of the Apostles — as they reveal the Father and the Son in the power of the Spirit”... The New Testament and Tradition ... “But the question is: how did the Church come to know this Truth? How did the Church, in its earliest days, learn of the apostolic truth from God? How did they come into contact with this body of dogma that the Apostles had every right and authority to communicate to God’s people? Well, we know that the body of truth was ‘passed down’ to the Church and through the Church. And because it was ‘passed down’ from the Apostles, it was often called "that which was delivered" or "the deposit". Now what does the New Testament tell us about this ‘tradition’? Let’s look at a few verses together here for a few moments. Turn in your Bibles please to II Timothy 1:13 and 14. II Timothy 1:13, Paul says, "Hold the pattern of sound words which thou hast heard from me, in faith and love which is in Christ Jesus. That good thing which was committed unto thee guard through the Holy Spirit which dwelleth in us." (ASV) Here Paul speaks of the ‘deposit’ — that which has been committed unto him — the ‘deposit’ that he has received, he passes on and he says is to be guarded! The Apostolic ‘deposit’ then is the pattern of sound words for the Church. Notice that? "Hold the pattern of sound words which you have heard from me, in faith and love which is in Christ Jesus. That good thing which was committed unto thee" — that ‘deposit’, that ‘pattern of sound words’ that is the system of doctrine (‘pattern of sound words’), that system or network of healthy truth and teaching, the ‘pattern of sound words’, is the Apostolic deposit. In I Timothy 6:20-21, we learn that this is to be guarded: "O Timothy, guard that which is committed unto thee, turning away from the profane babblings and oppositions of the knowledge which is falsely so called; which some professing have erred concerning the faith." (ASV) “... ...”Indeed, the Apostolic deposit, "the pattern of sound words," passed to the Church by the Apostles was the standard for Christian life — look at II Thessalonians 3:6 — "Now we command you, brethren, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that ye withdraw yourselves from every brother that walketh disorderly, and not after the tradition which they received of us." (ASV) Here the English word ‘tradition’ is used — "that which was delivered from us and you received" — if any brother departs from that, then you’re to withdraw yourselves from him! That is the standard for Christian living: "the pattern of sound words" delivered by the Apostles to the Church and received by the Church. Look at II Peter 2:21, "For it were better for them not to have known the way of righteousness, than, after knowing it, to turn back from the holy commandment delivered unto them." Now the question is: how was it passed? In what form was it passed to the Church? And to answer that let’s turn in our Bibles to II Thessalonians 2:15. Paul says, "So then, brethren, stand fast, and hold the traditions which ye were taught, whether by word, or by epistle of ours." (Emphasis Added) Paul says, "Stand fast in the traditions," that is, what the Apostles have delivered, handed over to the Church! Stand fast by that pattern of sound words, the truth, the deposit that they have from God to give to God’s people. Stand fast by it! And how did the Church learn about this deposit? How did the Apostles hand it over or deliver it? Well, Paul tells us right here. They did it not only by word but by epistle, by letter, by writing (if you will). "So then, brethren, stand fast, and hold the traditions which ye were taught, whether by word, or by epistle of ours." “... the truth was passed to the Church orally and in writing. In two ways that same deposit (or pattern of sound words) came to the Church. Is there any hint at all in this verse that what Paul means is part of the tradition came orally and part of the tradition came in writing — so make sure you keep the two of them together so you get everything? Is there any hint of that? It’s just the traditions; it’s just the deposit; it’s just the pattern of sound words that is communicated in two different ways! Paul doesn’t suggest that one or the other supplement the opposite. He simply says guard the traditions — and you received them in writing and you received them orally! ”.. why is it that the truth could be passed through the Church orally and that would be binding on the Church? It’s because the one who was speaking this word had Apostolic authority! Remember Jesus said, "He who receives you receives Me!" So when the Apostles went to various congregations and taught, that was to be received as the very Word of Jesus Christ Himself. When the Apostles speak the Word of Christ, then that binds the Church.” Indeed, in the NT, what the Apostles wrote was to be accounted as the very Word of God. Look at I Corinthians 14:37, "If any man thinks himself to be a prophet, or spiritual, let him take knowledge of the things which I write unto you, that they are the commandment of the Lord." The office of Apostle is not a continuing office in the Church! To be an Apostle it was required to be a witness of the resurrected Christ as we see in Acts 1:22 — also reflected in Paul’s defence of his Apostolic credentials in I Corinthians 9:1. Moreover, it was required that you be personally commissioned by the Lord Himself which is what Paul claims in Galatians 1:1, that He is an Apostle not by the Word of men but by revelation of Jesus Christ! The Apostles were those who were witnesses of the resurrected Christ and personally commissioned by Him. And thus the Apostolic office was restricted to the first generation of the Church. Paul considered Himself "the least" (perhaps translated "the last") of the Apostles in I Corinthians 15. And Paul’s personal successor Timothy is never given that title in the New Testament. And so in the very nature of the case, Apostolic revelation did not extend beyond the Apostolic generation. It never extended beyond the foundational days of the Church! Ephesians 2:20 says the Church is founded upon the Apostles and Prophets, Christ being the chief cornerstone. And beyond the foundational days of the Church, the foundation-laying days of the Church, there is no Apostolic revelation. And that’s why when you look at Jude (the 3rd verse) you see the author in his own day — when Apostolic instruction was still current by the way — Jude in his own day could speak of "the faith" as "once for all delivered unto the saints." The ‘faith’ here is the teaching content of the Christian faith! It is that dogma (if you will), that truth given by the Apostles through the Revelation of the Father, Son, and Spirit. Jude says "the faith" has "once for all" been "delivered unto the saints." Now, what governs the Church today? Is it the oral teaching of the Apostles? Well, that couldn’t very easily be true; the Apostles are dead (just to repeat that point). And so it has to be the teaching of the Apostles in some objective form. That means it would be the written word of the Apostles. Why The Written Word? Where God had spoken by personal address orally, if that was going to be a standard for the Church at large (for all of God’s people), that oral instruction (as authoritative as it was in itself) needed to be reduced to writing so that it would be an objective standard that governed all of God’s people... An objective standard to test the prophets who proclaimed these words... An objective standard to test later claims to revelation... To have a standard by which to compare what other alleged prophets would say... An objective standard for the establishment of a corporate body as the church and by which it could be defined in all generations... An objective standard for the better preserving and propagating of that truth... An objective standard to guard against corruption and the malice of Satan and the world who would love to foul-up the lines of communication if we’re just going to depend upon oral instruction... An objective standard to communicate assurance of salvation to people against human opinions, and the way in which even their preacher or their priest might communicate God’s Word to them. God’s Word needed to be inscripturated to govern His people through all generations. And so it’s not surprising that this written Scripture became the standard for testing even the prophets — and this is the amazing thing — and the standard for testing the Apostles! Now in my second point up here, I’ve already granted that the Apostles have authority in their oral instruction to deliver the deposit of God to the Church. And now I’m adding another dimension which (I think) is very important that the Apostles — when there was any question about what they taught — the Apostles who had the authority of Christ nevertheless appealed to inscripturated revelation as the basis for what they taught. In the Old Testament, the word of false prophets was exposed by the previously inscribed Law. Deuteronomy 13:1-5 says if any prophet comes and teaches contrary to what’s been revealed before that that prophet is to be executed. That prophet presumes to speak for himself and he says something contrary to what is already written down in the Law. In Isaiah 8:20 we read, "To the Law and to the Testimony!" That didn’t mean to the oral testimony; it meant to the written inscribed testimony of God’s prophets and the Law which was already there in writing. Even our Lord Jesus Christ, when not appealing to His own inherent authority, clinched His arguments with His opponents by saying, "It stands written!" or "Have you not read" in the Bible? He said, "Ye search the scriptures, because ye think that in them ye have eternal life; and these are they which bear witness of me." John 5:39 (ASV) In Jesus’ day, Jesus acknowledges that the appropriate approach to salvation was to search for it in the Scriptures! And you know, that in Jesus’ day, the scribes had about as much authority as has ever been given to human tradition. And yet, Jesus pointed them to the Scriptures, not to the oral tradition, not to the authority of the scribes, but to the Scriptures. And then He said, "The Scriptures bear witness of Me!" In the New Testament, the "spirit of error" was to be identified by comparing whatever the prophets are saying to the teaching of the Apostles. In I John 4:6, the Apostle John says, "He who knows God hears us!" That’s the standard; what we have taught! In I Corinthians 14:37, Paul says, "If any man thinks himself to be a prophet, or spiritual, let him take knowledge of the things which I write unto you, that they are the commandment of the Lord." And yet, even the Apostles called for the Church to test their own instruction according to the written revelation of God, according to the Scriptures which were in hand. Why did Paul commend the Bereans? What were the Bereans doing? In Acts 17:11, you’ll read of this commendation because (he says) "they examined the Scriptures daily whether these things were so," i.e., the things taught by Paul. Paul commends that; and he’s an Apostle! He’s got ‘Power of Attorney’ for the Lord Jesus Christ. He speaks with the authority of the Savior Himself! And yet, even with that Apostolic authority, Paul commends them, because when they wanted to test what he was saying, they went to the written Scriptures to see if these things were so. Do Not Go Beyond What is Written; In I Corinthians 4:6, we have what amounts to a virtual declaration of the Protestant doctrine or principle of Sola Scriptura! I Corinthians 4:6, Paul says, "Now these things, brethren, I have in a figure transferred to myself and Apollos for your sakes; that in us you might learn not to go beyond the things which are written; that no one of you be puffed up for the one against the other." Paul says, "Brothers, I have applied (I’ve used a figure of speech) I’ve applied these things (I think he’s referring here "these things" about pride in men, or in their ministries) — I’ve applied these things to myself and to Apollos for your benefit in order that you might learn by us," the saying, "not to go beyond the things which are written. The RSV says, "that you may learn by us to live according to Scripture." The Confusion of Tradition The first question is this: What is it precisely that Rome accepts as a source of doctrinal truth and authority in addition to the Scriptures? What is it that they accept? Because, you see, when they talk to some Roman Catholics, they’ll tell you, "We accept the tradition of the Church because it stems from the Apostles!" As though the Apostles orally taught something, and in every generation that teaching has been passed on orally. I don’t know why it would never be (you know) put down in writing! But, it never was put down in writing; it comes down to us only in oral form. Other Roman Catholics will tell you that they are committed to tradition not only from the original teaching of the Apostles allegedly, but also ecclesiastical tradition (i.e., what the Church itself has generated through papal decree or the councils) whether the Apostles originally said it or not! And so you need to be clear when you’re talking to a Roman Catholic. What is it they would add to the Scripture? What do they mean by tradition? And then after they answer that question, we have to ask, "Well, how do you properly identify tradition?" After all, not all tradition is tradition to the Roman Catholic. There are some things which were done traditionally in the Church which Roman Catholics would say should not have been done, or which they do not consider authoritative. Not all tradition counts then as authoritative tradition! Well, how do you properly identify authoritative tradition?”.. “... what is a believer to do when Church traditions contradict each other? There are many traditions in the Church and they are not all harmonious. Some traditions in the church support the office of the universal bishop; other traditions denounce the office of a universal bishop (read Gregory the Great and Cyprian for instance). What are we to do with the tradition that was alive in the early Church that said Christ would shortly return and establish an earthly kingdom? Other traditions contradict it! What do we do about the use of images as a help to worship, or a help to prayer? Some traditions in the Church endorse the use of images; other traditions in the Church condemn the use of images! If tradition is authoritative, what are we to do with conflicting traditions? [TABLE OF CONTENTS} InPlainSite.org Note: While the following information was written for people who claim that the Bible is sufficient for all life questions... It provides some clear exposition of verses that do not say what most people think they do. A careful reading of these verses is imperative... Wisdom and knowledge are possible from many sources.. Spiritual wisdom only from the Word of God. Excerpts from Is the Bible Sufficient? "Bible only" advocates rely on a handful of references to prove that Scripture provides the sole solutions to life's problems. These three are characteristic: "You shall not add to the word which I am commanding you, nor take away from it, that you may keep the commandments of the Lord your God which I command you" (Deuteronomy 4:2). [NASB] "Do not add to His words lest He reprove you, and you be proved a liar" (Proverbs 30:6). [NASB] "And if anyone takes away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away his part from the tree of life and from the holy city, which are written in this book" (Revelation 22:19). [NASB] None of these verses teach what is claimed. The Deuteronomy passage only prohibits anyone from changing the specific revelation Moses has just given. Note that 61 additional books of the Bible were written after Moses penned these lines in the Pentateuch. The passage does not forbid the use of man's observations about life and human behavior. The Proverbs passage simply says not to add to God's Word. No Christian I'm aware of, though, considers principles of psychology equal to Scripture in authority. Revelation 22:19 forbids adding to the "words of the book of this prophecy," that is, the revelation itself. This verse is not even limiting the extent of the canon, much less excluding human wisdom about man's problems. The passage in 2 Timothy 3:16-17 is more substantial. 2 Timothy 3:16-17 Paul writes in his last epistle, "All Scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for training in righteousness; that the man of God may be adequate, equipped for every good work." [NASB] The reasoning of "Bible only" advocates goes something like this. Paul says that Scripture is adequate. If Scripture is adequate, then nothing more is required. If nothing more is required, then the use of outside material implies the inadequacy of the Bible, contradicting Paul's statement. Therefore, nothing in addition to Scripture can be used to equip us, because nothing else is "profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for training in righteousness." This function is the sole province of the Bible. That's the argument. Here's what's wrong with it. First, in the 2 Timothy passage the word "adequate" modifies the believer, not the Scripture. The words Paul uses to describe Scripture are "inspired" and "profitable." The Bible is useful to accomplish a certain end--an adequately equipped Christian--because it is the very counsel of God. Paul's teaching in Second Timothy was meant to qualify the nature of Scripture, not to disqualify the usefulness of other material. (Emphasis Added). Second, the argument proves too much. The Scripture Paul has in view is the Old Testament, specifically the sacred writings of Timothy's childhood (note verse 15). These are what Paul identifies as being able to "give you the wisdom that leads to salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus." If the Old Testament Scriptures are adequate, and if Paul means to suggest that the addition of any useful information about man is wrong, then how do we justify adding the words of the New Testament to the fully adequate Old Testament? Even Paul's words (as well as Peter's, John's, etc.) would be inadmissible, including the very words of 2 Timothy 3:16-17 which make this claim. Since this is ludicrous and self-defeating, the entire objection crumbles. Paul did not mean to convey that other sources of knowledge were an assault on the Scripture's completeness. Third, and more debilitating to this view, 2 Timothy 3:15 doesn’t even teach that the Scripture is adequate. A close look at the text reveals that the words “inspired” and “profitable” describe the Scripture. However, the word “adequate” does not describe the Scripture, but rather “the man of God” who uses the inspired Scripture in a profitable way. Note carefully: “...that the man of God may be adequate , equipped for every good work.” Once again, the proof text itself has unwittingly been maligned to say something it just doesn’t say, given the context. What does "adequate" mean here? It probably means what adequate usually means, that the man of God has everything that is essential. Food and air and water are adequate to keep one alive, but their adequacy doesn't imply that nothing else is beneficial. Some have pointed out that my argument could be used to teach that Paul thought only the Old Testament was inspired, not the New. Not so. Paul's statement was about Scripture, which at that time was what we now call the Old Testament. He did not say that no more "God-breathed" writings would be forthcoming. The corpus of Scripture was expanded by the New Testament writes and therefore it's included under the claims of this verse. The problem only arises if one imposes a foreign sense of adequacy on this passage, i.e., nothing else is allowed. If we hold that Paul and the Apostles wrote legitimate Scripture, then that proves Paul's didn't intend such a restriction. That's my point....” ... “Wisdom from the Heathen The Wisdom Literature of the Amenomope is a body of work from the Middle East that pre-dates Proverbs. It's of interest because it contains a section of material almost identical to Proverbs 22:17-24:22. It seems evident that the authors of the latter part of Proverbs borrowed this material from the Amenomope and inserted it into the inspired text. Some scholars see this as a serious compromise of the doctrine of inspiration. However, a more robust (and, I would say, more biblical) view of natural theology removes the objection. Clearly, natural man apart from God is capable of discerning truth that, according to the writer of Proverbs, is from God. Paul's classic teaching in Romans 1:18ff identifies the universal, innate ability to draw conclusions about God's nature without the aid of special revelation--a capability so effective that the willful suppression of it brings God's judgment. Keep in mind that the specific details Paul identifies here--"His invisible attributes, His eternal power and divine nature"--are only examples of natural revelation, not the total sum of it. He doesn't limit our knowledge to only basic information about God's existence...” [TABLE OF CONTENTS}

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Census Schedules for Americans Overseas, 1900 to 1930 Fall 2010, Vol. 42, No. 3 | Genealogy Notes By Constance Potter In population censuses each person is to be enumerated at his or her "usual place of abode," the place where the person lives and sleeps most of the time. The usual place of abode can be a home, hotel, apartment building, train, car, closet, or even a cardboard shed. This assumes that the person is living in a state, territory, or possession of the United States. But what about people living overseas either in the military or working as federal civilian employees?1 Census Schedules before 1900 The 1830 and 1840 censuses published separate population counts for people living overseas, which were limited to the crews of naval vessels at sea. No documentation, however, has been found that explains how the counts were obtained.2 The few number of citizens living abroad for an extended time and the difficulty of communications back and forth made taking an overseas census impractical.3 The 1850 census is the first time the instructions to the enumerators had rules pertaining to people abroad or at sea: The assistants in all seaports will apply at the proper office for lists of all persons on a voyage at sea, and register all citizens of the United States who have not been registered as belonging to some family.4 An 1850 census report stated that "American residents abroad should be ascertained through the State Department" but did not indicate whether any overseas counts were made or include in any tabulations.5 The 1860 census appears not to have included information of Americans living abroad or on ships at sea. Instructions to assistant marshals in 1870 and enumerators in 1880, however, indicated that "seafaring men are to be reported at their land homes, no matter how long they may have been absent, if they are supposed to be still alive."6 Americans Overseas, 1830 to 19307 |Census Year||Total, U.S. population abroad| The 91,219 people reported living abroad in 1900 included U.S. military personnel at military and naval stations abroad and their dependents, including officers' servants; federal civilian employees at military and naval stations abroad and their dependants; and U.S. naval personnel, federal civilian employees, and officers' servants on naval vessels. The bureau counted principally citizens living in the Philippines as well as Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Tutuila (American Samoa).8 Americans abroad or at sea were enumerated on Schedule 1, Population, Military and Naval Population. Civilians, Residents of the United States at Military or Naval Stations Overseas military dependents, federal civilian employees attached to military units abroad, and the overseas dependents were listed on the following form. By 1910, the figure of the overseas population dropped to 55,608. Citizens abroad included U.S. military personnel at military and naval stations and their dependents, including officers' servants; federal civilian employees at military and naval stations and their dependents; and U.S. naval personnel, federal civilian employees, and officers' servants on naval vessels. In 1910 the War and Navy Departments cooperated with the Census Bureau in enumerating Americans living abroad. "Living abroad" was defined in the 1910 census reports as living "beyond the limits of the United States proper and outside the outlying possessions including Puerto Rico and the Alaskan and Hawaiian territories."9 The 1920 census was the first to use a form specifically for citizens living abroad, which included U.S. military personnel at military and naval stations abroad and their dependents living with them; U.S. naval personnel on naval vessels abroad or in American waters, but not on fixed stations; and people living abroad in the service of the American Red Cross or in the U.S. consular service and their dependents, including servants, living with them. (Red Cross workers included people working overseas at the end of World War I.) This form added a column for rank and the U.S. address of each person enumerated. No records that describe how the forms were distributed, collected, or processed have been found. The 1920 instructions to the enumerators defined a "citizen abroad" as any citizen of the United States who is a member of a family living . . . abroad temporarily at the time of the enumeration. . . . It does not matter how long the absence abroad is continued, provided the person intends to return to the United States.10 The 1930 census reported 89,453 citizens living abroad. These included U.S. military personnel at military and naval stations abroad and their dependents living with them; U.S. naval personnel on naval vessels abroad or in American waters, but not on fixed stations; and people abroad in the service of the American Red Cross or in the U.S. consular service and their dependents living with them. The Census Bureau had a separate form for the crews of merchant vessels. Special provisions were made for "the crews of vessels in foreign . . . trade and . . . crews of sea-going private vessels of all kinds, except yachts, under the American flag, even though these crews have homes on shore."11 The officers, however, were to be enumerated at their homes on land. Documentation of Americans living overseas is scant, and frequently all that remains is statistical information found in the census reports. It is important to remember that the records of that census may not have survived. Note that people counted as living abroad were working for the federal government either in a civilian or military capacity, with the exception of American Red Cross staff in Europe in the 1920 and 1930 censuses. Although people living overseas were counted in the census, they were not used for apportionment. There is always the chance that an American overseas was counted twice; once in the overseas count and again at his or her home in the United States. Constance Potter is a reference archivist specializing in federal records of genealogical interest held at the National Archives and Records Administration. 1 This article is based on Americans Overseas in U.S. Censuses (Bureau of Census Technical Paper 62, 1993) by Karen M. Mills. This article follows the general outline of the paper but also includes information from census population schedules. 2 Ibid., p. 10. 7 Ibid., p. 7, table 2. 8 Ibid., p. 11. 9 Ibid., p. 18. 10 Ibid., p. 22. 11 Ibid., p. 26.

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Deep learning or Deep Machine Learning is a set of algorithms in machine learning that attempts to model high-level abstractions using data architectures. We talked about Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence through previously published articles. Before reading about Deep Learning, it is important to understand the basics from the linked articles. What is Deep Learning or Deep Machine Learning? Deep learning is part of a larger machine learning methods based on data representations learn together. An observation (for example, an image) can be represented in many forms (e.g., a vector of pixels ), but some representations are easier to learn tasks of interest (e.g., is this a human face?) based to examples, and research in this area attempts to define what representations are better and learn how to create models for these performances. Several deep learning architectures, as deep neural networks, deep convolutional neural networks, deep belief networks, have been applied to fields such as computer vision, automatic speech recognition and recognition of audio and music and have been shown to produce leading results on various tasks. There is no single definition of deep learning. In general, this is a class of algorithms for machine learning. From this common point, various publications focus on a different set of characteristics, for example; a cascade of layers of nonlinear processing units is used to extract and process characteristics. Each layer uses the output of the previous layer as input. The algorithms can use supervised or unsupervised learning, and applications include pattern recognition and statistical classification. They are based on learning (unsupervised) multi-level features or data representations. The higher level features are derived from the characteristics of lower level to form a hierarchical representation. All of these ways of defining deep learning have in common are the multiple layers of non-linear processing and supervised or unsupervised representations learning characteristics in each layer. The layers form a hierarchy of features from a lower level to a higher abstraction. Deep learning algorithms contrast with learning algorithms shallow by the number of transformations applied to the signal as it propagates from the input layer to the output layer. Each of these transformations includes parameters that can be trained as weights and thresholds. There is a de facto standard for the number of transformations (or layers) which turns a deep algorithm, but most researchers in the field think that deep learning involves more than two intermediate transformations. What is Deep Learning in Human Brain The Deep Learning we were talking about is computational deep learning. This Computational Deep Learning is closely related to one theory of neocortical development. This seem analogous to a view of the brain’s neocortex as a hierarchy of filters. The importance of deep learning has newly regained attention with the advent of CRISPR/Cas9. CRISPR/Cas9. RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9 can be done among the various possibilities of CRISPR/Cas9. Among many of the dangerous works which can be done by some companies and their paid “research workers” is manipulation of a newborn’s way of natural learning.

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- Enzymes may be simple proteins or complex enzymes. A complex enzyme contains a non-protein part, called a prosthetic group (co-enzymes). Coenzymes are heat stable low molecular weight organic compound. - The combined form of protein and the co-enzyme are called as holo-enzyme. The heat labile or unstable part of the holo-enzyme is called as apo-enzyme. The apo-enzyme gives necessary three-dimensional structures required for the enzymatic chemical reaction. - Co-enzymes are very essential for the biological activities of the enzyme. Co-enzymes combine loosely with apo-enzyme and are released easily by dialysis. Most of the co-enzymes are derivatives of vitamin B complex group of substance. - One molecule of the co-enzyme with its enzyme is sufficient to convert a large group of the substrate. - Co-enzymes are further divided into two groups. The first groups of co-enzymes are a part of reaction catalyzed by oxidoreductase by donating or accepting hydrogen atoms or electrons. The first group of co-enzymes are also called as co-substrates or secondary substrates. Because they are involved in counterbalance in change occurring in the substrate. The second group of co-enzymes involves in reactions transferring groups other than hydrogen. Role of Coenzymes - The functional role of coenzymes is to act as transporters of chemical groups from one reactant to another. The chemical groups carried can be as simple as the hydride ion (H+ + 2e) carried by NAD or the mole of hydrogen carried by FAD; or they can be even more complex than the amine (-NH2) carried by pyridoxal phosphate. - Since coenzymes are chemically changed as a consequence of enzyme action, it is often useful to consider coenzymes to be a special class of substrates, or second substrates, which are common to many different holoenzymes. - In all cases, the coenzymes donate the carried chemical grouping to an acceptor molecule and are thus regenerated to their original form. This regeneration of coenzyme and holoenzyme fulfils the definition of an enzyme as a chemical catalyst since (unlike the usual substrates, which are used up during the course of a reaction) coenzymes are generally regenerated. Examples of Coenzymes Most organisms cannot produce coenzymes naturally in large enough quantities to be effective. Instead, they are introduced to an organism in two ways: Many coenzymes, though not all, are vitamins or derived from vitamins. If vitamin intake is too low, then an organism will not have the coenzymes needed to catalyze reactions. Water-soluble vitamins, which include all B complex vitamins and vitamin C, lead to the production of coenzymes. Two of the most important and widespread vitamin-derived coenzymes are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and coenzyme A. NAD is derived from vitamin B3 and functions as one of the most important coenzymes in a cell when turned into its two alternate forms. When NAD loses an electron, the low energy coenzyme called NAD+ is formed. When NAD gains an electron, a high-energy coenzyme called NADH is formed. NAD+ primarily transfers electrons needed for redox reactions, especially those involved in parts of the citric acid cycle (TAC). TAC results in other coenzymes, such as ATP. If an organism has a NAD+ deficiency, then mitochondria become less functional and provide less energy for cell functions. When NAD+ gains electrons through a redox reaction, NADH is formed. NADH, often called coenzyme 1, has numerous functions. In fact, it is considered the number one coenzyme in the human body because it is necessary for so many different things. This coenzyme primarily carries electrons for reactions and produces energy from food. For example, the electron transport chaincan only begin with the delivery of electrons from NADH. A lack of NADH causes energy deficits in cells, resulting in widespread fatigue. Additionally, this coenzyme is recognized as the most powerful biological antioxidant for protecting cells against harmful or damaging substances. Coenzyme A, also known as acetyl-CoA, naturally derives from vitamin B5. This coenzyme has several different functions. First, it is responsible for initiating fatty acid production within cells. Fatty acids form the phospholipid bilayer that comprises the cell membrane, a feature necessary for life. Coenzyme A also initiates the citric acid cycle, resulting in the production of ATP. Non-vitamin coenzymes typically aid in chemical transfer for enzymes. They ensure physiological functions, like blood clotting and metabolism, occur in an organism. These coenzymes can be produced from nucleotides such as adenosine, uracil, guanine, or inosine. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an example of an essential non-vitamin coenzyme. In fact, it is the most widely distributed coenzyme in the human body. It transports substances and supplies energy needed for necessary chemical reactions and muscle contraction. To do this, ATP carries both a phosphate and energy to various locations within a cell. When the phosphate is removed, the energy is also released. This process is result of the electron transport chain. Without the coenzyme ATP, there would be little energy available at the cellular level and normal life functions could not occur. Here is an example of the electron transport chain. The vitamin-derived coenzyme NADH begins the process by delivering electrons. ATP is the final resulting product:

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- Paper is usually made from plant based sources and as such will biodegrade and is compostable. - Paper comes from renewable farmed resources - Plastic is mainly manufactured from oil which is a finite resource - Plastic can be made from plant based sources and is called bioplastic. This performs in the same way as plastic made from oil. It is not necessarily biodegradable. - Most plastic is recyclable providing it is NOT biodegradable. - Paper is easily recycled by most UK households - Biodegradable plastics will only biodegrade in the right conditions, usually when buried. Littered biodegradable plastic will not breakdown any faster than regular plastic in the open air, or in the sea. Paper is biodegradable AND recyclable. Plastic is biodegradable OR recyclable. Biodegradable plastics will contaminate any recycling loop where the recycled plastic material is fed into the supply chain for manufacturing warranted plastic goods such as plastic rainwater guttering and plastic damp-proof membranes. Even a very small amount will render the recycled material unusable for manufacture. Paper is biodegradable because is made from plant materials and most plant materials are biodegradable. Paper is easily recycled and can be recycled up 6 or 7 times before the paper fibres become too short to be used for paper production. Plastic in the ocean We have been alerted to the ecological disaster facing our marine life because of the millions of tonnes of plastics which have been evident in every part of the ocean. Biodegradable plastics are designed to degrade in landfill. Compostable plastics are designed to compost, but some compostable plastics can only be processed by industrial composting plants that have to operate at specific temperature for a minimum period of time. Home Compostable Plastics There has been an increase in availability of home compostable plastics. However a recent survey by Business Waste revealed that 97% of UK households DO NOT compost. You can read the article HERE. This raises the question as to why so much effort is expended in producing home compostable plastics when only a very small percentage of households have the facility to compost. You cannot recycle compostable plastic, and if it ends up in the sea it poses as much a threat to marine life as any other type of plastic. Biodegradable plastics are not designed to degrade in water European Bioplastics have an article about this called 'Biodegradable plastics were never designed to be a solution to marine litter'. They quote the United Nations Environment Program: “Plastics marked as ‘biodegradable’ do not degrade rapidly in the ocean…. National and international standards have been developed to define terms such as ‘compostable’ and ‘biodegradable’ which refer exclusively to terrestrial systems, most typically to industrial composting in which temperatures are expected to exceed 50°C for extended periods of weeks or months (UNEP 2015a).” Paper can degrade in any environment Obviously paper will last for years if stored in dry conditions away from sunlight. But in the unfortunate event of paper being discarded in the open environment, buried or dropped in the sea, then it will naturally degrade and be absorbed harmlessly into the local eco-system. Benefits of plastics One of the benefits of plastic packaging has been the reduction in food waste. Plastic provides protection against contamination in various scenarios. Plastic has a high calorific value (higher than coal) and waste plastic can be used as a fuel for energy recovery. Which is more eco-friendly? Clearly paper is more eco-friendly than bio-degradable plastics, but this is only relevant where paper can be used instead of plastic. There are applications where plastic has to be used. The question is, is it better to use a plastic that can be recycled? Or is it better to use a plastic that is designed to be biodegradable, and hope that it ends up in the right place? For an in-depth discussion about biodegradable plastics, read my blog titled 'ARE BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS ECO-FRIENDLY?'

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There is a lot of stigma as well as misunderstanding surrounding mental disease. Stereotypes and misunderstandings about this issue can inhibit people from looking for help. The very best point to do is be positive as well as open to help. Don’t really feel ashamed to look for help if you or an enjoyed one are suffering from mental disorder. Read on to discover usual false impressions concerning mental disease. Then you can start your trip to healing. Mental ailment does not need to define your life. Symptoms and treatment will depend on the sort of mental disease. In basic, psychological health professionals make use of psychotherapy and also medicines. Sometimes, a person may only require social assistance as well as education and learning to discover just how to handle their condition. Other people might require intensive treatment and even admission to a psychological health center. Sometimes, therapy might be essential only after an individual has actually been detected with an extreme mental disease or is participating in risky habits. At a psychological health center, patients obtain counseling from a specialist. Group conversations and also activities prevail in the psychological hospital. If you have any questions pertaining to where and the best ways to utilize Go At this site, you can call us at our own webpage. Students will certainly have to finish 700 hrs of fieldwork. The Department of Mental Health has actually partnered with various organizations that supply supervision to aid trainees with their fieldwork. These positionings are generally supervised by certified mental wellness professionals and tenured institution therapists. There are different kinds of therapists as well as the sort of therapy that is most suitable for the individual will certainly rely on the specific needs of the person. Listed here are some usual concerns as well as their solutions. There are also programs that provide complimentary or low-priced mental health counseling. Clinical psychological health and wellness entails examining the mental as well as physical state of a client. It likewise recognizes addiction and also actions problems. A mental wellness counselor will then develop a treatment prepare for a patient as well as existing it to their friends and family. This treatment strategy will help the customer gain skills as well as discover behaviors. The objectives of therapy will certainly differ from client to person. It might take as low as one session or as lengthy as lots of months. You can likewise choose to have a number of sessions over the program of a couple of months to a couple of years. A psychoanalyst can be challenging to discover. A health care medical professional’s referral or a neighborhood psychiatric culture’s sources can aid. Employee Assistance Programs, medical institutions, neighborhood health facilities, and online sources can all be valuable in your search. Mental wellness experts can likewise offer counseling for a range of concerns and concerns. They are educated to provide high quality therapy. The National Institute of Mental Health Clinical Center gives outpatient and also inpatient researches. Psychodynamic treatment is the most common type of therapy. This treatment focuses on an individual’s thoughts as well as behavior. In most cases, useless thinking leads to disordered behaviors and feelings. Cognitive treatment intends to alter harmful thinking patterns as well as unreliable beliefs. Cognitive therapy is commonly conducted by behavioral providers, who lead groups of 5 to fifteen people. Group treatment can be psychodynamic, meaningful, or analytical. The latter is a lot more extensive and also might include even more sessions over a duration of months. Don’t really feel ashamed to seek aid if you or a loved one are suffering from mental health problem. Read on to find out about common misconceptions concerning psychological disease. Symptoms and treatment will certainly depend on the type of psychological disease. In some instances, treatment might be required just after a client has been identified with an extreme psychological illness or is involving in risky habits. Clinical mental health and wellness involves examining the mental and physical state of a customer. If you liked this article and you simply would like to obtain more info relating to Related Site generously visit the webpage. Continue your quest to get more similar blog posts: Simply click the up coming document click through the up coming web page

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About Osteopathic Medicine Did you ever pay attention to what type of doctor treated you? Did you know that there are two types of physicians? D.O.s, or Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine, are graduates of the nation’s osteopathic medical schools. Many people have been seeing osteopathic physicians for years, but may not have realized it. Osteopathic medicine is a century-old philosophy of caring for people, not just treating individual symptoms. Using their eyes, ears and hands to determine the best treatment, osteopathic physicians, or D.O.s, consider all of you – mind, body and spirit. By using the “whole person” approach to medicine, osteopathic physicians provide complete care to their patients, not just their symptoms. American patients have relied on osteopathic medicine for more than 130 years. Frustrated with what he perceived as the medical profession’s lack of effectiveness and compassion, Dr. Andrew Taylor Still founded osteopathic medicine in 1874. While Still’s practices and hands-on techniques were revolutionary at the time, his philosophy is widely accepted and used by many different health care fields today. Osteopathic medicine emphasizes a holistic approach to health care. D.O.s encourage healthy lifestyles that work to fight and prevent illness. Osteopathic physicians listen to their patients’ health concerns and often make recommendations that include natural hands-on healing techniques. Many osteopathic physicians practice osteopathic manipulative medicine, a hands-on diagnostic and therapeutic technique that stimulates the body’s natural ability to heal itself. This non-surgical therapy is used to treat many physical ailments such as migraines, back pain, asthma, and arthritis. OMM is a hands-on technique used to diagnose, treat and prevent injury. All osteopathic physicians are trained in OMM to provide hands-on care to relieve your symptoms. Many patients find that OMM may heal the body naturally and faster than drugs or surgery. Plus, OMM stimulates the body’s natural healing capability by improving circulation. To care for you as a whole person, osteopathic physicians consider your physical and mental well-being. Osteopathic physicians can offer treatments beyond prescriptions to heal sickness and make lifestyle recommendations to help prevent illness. D.O.s are trained to consider your body as whole and decide how it can best heal itself naturally. Osteopathic physicians recommend lifestyle changes and other measures to give your body its maximum potential free of disease and pain. Today, many D.O.s work on cutting-edge research to evaluate osteopathic manipulation. In addition, osteopathic physicians from Michigan are leading studies ranging from breast cancer therapies and Parkinson’s disease to how malaria affects children. Caring and commitment are key values held by osteopathic physicians. It is very common for your D.O to inquire about your life and ask about recent changes. It is important for your physician to learn about what is going on in your life to encourage overall wellness. D.O.s take time to listen to your concerns, ask questions and offer a complete array of options. Osteopathic manipulation stimulates your immune system and improves your body’s ability to heal itself. The osteopathic philosophy emphasizes the importance of the relationship among all body systems. The added value of manipulative medicine gives osteopathic physicians the power of touch and adds a whole-person approach to medicine.

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Biometric Person Recognition Biometric person recognition refers to the process of automatically recognizing a person using distinguishing behavioral patterns (gait, signature, keyboard typing, lip movement, hand-grip) or physiological traits (face, voice, iris, fingerprint, hand geometry, electroencephalogram -- EEG, electrocardiogram -- ECG, ear shape, body odor, body salinity, vascular). Over the last decades, several of these biometric modalities have been investigated (fingerprint, iris, voice, face) and are still under consideration. More recently, novel biometric modalities have emerged (gait, EEG, vascular) mainly due to the development of sensor technologies. Biometric person recognition offers a wide range of challenging fundamental and concrete problems in image processing, computer vision, pattern recognition and machine learning. It is thus a truly inter-disciplinary research field. More details Face detection and recognition Face processing (detection and recognition) is a challenging problem because faces highly vary in size, shape, color, texture and location. Their overall appearance can also be influenced by lighting conditions, facial expression, occlusion or facial features, such as beards, mustaches and glasses. Another challenging problem comes from the orientation (upright, rotated) and the pose (frontal to profile) of the face. The goal of face detection is to determine whether or not there are any faces in the image and, if present, their location. It is the crucial first step of any application that involves face processing systems. Thus, accurate and fast human face detection is the key to a successful operation. Face recognition has been an active research area for more than 30 years and different systems are now capable of correctly recognizing people's faces under specific environments (near frontal faces and controlled imaging conditions). However, many applications need the ability to deal with faces of varying head poses and adverse imaging conditions since most faces in the real world are not frontal and captured in uncontrolled environments. Contact: Sébastien Marcel A speaker recognition system uses a speech utterance to determine if it has been pronounced by a known person. This is also a difficult task depending on the quality of the capture device, the conditions and of the cooperation of the subject. Generally, the first task is to extract the relevant information (speech frames) and to filter out irrelevant information (silence, ambient noise, music or background speech) before the actual speaker recognition is triggered. Different scenarios can take place, namely text independent and text dependent. In text independent speaker recognition, the identity models are assumed to be independent of the precise sentence pronounced by a person.In text dependent speaker recognition, the lexical content of the sentence pronounced by a person is more important and enables better robustness against replay attacks. However, text dependent speaker recognition systems generally needs more resources than text independent ones to efficiently process this lexical information. Multi-modal person recognition In the past ten years, it has been shown that combining biometric systems achieves better performance than techniques using only one biometric modality. This has been shown to be true using various fusion algorithms. Fusion algorithms are methods whose goal is to merge the prediction of many algorithms (multiple biometric modules) in the hope of a better average performance than any of the individual methods. This fusion can be simple (maximum score, product or sum rules), but it is often better to train a fusion system using Machine Learning algorithms. Most of the proposed fusion techniques, often called late integration techniques, operate at the score or decision levels. Other techniques, called early integration techniques, aim to exploit the correlation between biometric modalities if any. This is the case for instance between the video and audio streams of a talking face while the person pronounce a sentence. Over the last decades, biometric modalities such as fingerprint, iris, voice or face have been investigated extensively. However, novel biometric modalities such as gait or EEG, so called emerging biometrics, are considered. Recently, Idiap investigated the use of EEG signals for biometric person recognition. Indeed, it has been shown in previous studies that the brain-wave pattern of every individual is unique and that the electroencephalogram (EEG) can be used for biometric recognition. EEG-based biometry is an emerging research topic and may open new research directions and applications in the future.

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Cosimo I, in full Cosimo de’ Medici, byname Cosimo the Great, Italian Cosimo il Grande (born June 12, 1519—died April 21, 1574, Castello, near Florence [Italy]), second duke of Florence (1537–74) and first grand duke of Tuscany (1569–74). Cosimo was the great-great-grandson of Lorenzo the Elder, the son of Giovanni di Bicci and brother of Cosimo the Elder, and was thus a member of a branch of the Medici family that had taken an active part in Medici affairs but had played no political role. Nevertheless, when he heard of the assassination of his distant cousin, Alessandro, duke of Florence, he immediately made for Florence. There, in January 1537, Cosimo was elected head of the republic, in the government of which he was to be assisted by the senate, the assembly, and the council. This election was approved by the Holy Roman emperor, Charles V, and on August 2 the emperor’s general Alessandro Vitelli, at Montemurlo, defeated an army that a band of exiles had raised against Cosimo. Cosimo then had the principal captives beheaded and began, with Charles V’s approval (September 1537), to style himself duke. The Florentine senate, assembly, and council were soon powerless. Cosimo married Eleonora de Toledo in 1539. As the emperor’s protégé, he was able to withstand the hostility of Pope Paul III and Francis I of France. He was shrewd and unscrupulous, and, with Florence under his control, he turned his ambition to territorial aggrandizement. His plans for annexing Lucca and Piombino in the 1540s were frustrated, but his enterprise against the republic of Siena, which sheltered exiles from Florence and pursued a pro-French policy, was successful. Cosimo launched an attack on Siena in 1554; a French army under Piero Strozzi was defeated at Scannagallo, near Marciano; and in 1555, after a long siege, the city capitulated. Philip II of Spain, as the successor of Charles V in Italy, had to agree to enfeoff Cosimo with the lordship of Siena in July 1557. The accession of Pius IV to the papacy in 1559 strengthened Cosimo still further, since Pius was a Medici of Milan and was well disposed toward the Florentine Medici. He gave a cardinal’s hat to Cosimo’s son Giovanni in 1560 and, after Giovanni’s death, one to another son, Ferdinand, in 1563. Having brought nearly all Tuscany under his control, Cosimo used his despotic power to promote the country’s well-being. His passion for efficiency inspired him with the idea, extremely advanced for the times, of uniting all public services into a single building, the Uffizi (“Offices”), which was built for him according to Giorgio Vasari’s grandiose yet practical design. In order to satisfy his taste or, better said, his Medici passion for buildings, he made Vasari his superintendent of buildings and had him redecorate the interior of the Palazzo Vecchio. He then adopted as his residence the Pitti Palace, which Eleonora had purchased unfinished in 1549. Here he entrusted the extensive work of enlargement to the architect and sculptor Bartolomeo Ammannati. In 1564 Cosimo and Vasari boldly built the gallery that permits convenient passage from one palace to the other by utilizing the Ponte Vecchio. Behind the Pitti Palace, the vast expanses of the hill of Boboli enabled Cosimo to indulge still another of his hereditary passions in designing, with Tribolo’s help, the plan of the famous gardens. Yet in his patronage of the arts, Cosimo was increasingly frustrated, for the great period of the officina, the workshop of Florentine masterpieces, was drawing to its close. Michelangelo could no longer be induced to stay on. In 1534 he departed for Rome, leaving the Sagrestia Nuova tombs and the Laurentian Library unfinished. But Cosimo had the artist’s body brought back in 1564 and buried it himself with great pomp at Santa Croce. On the other hand, he was able to retain Jacopo Pontormo and Bronzino, the official court portraitists, and Ammannati, who was also an engineer and who had rebuilt the bridge of Santa Trinità after the disastrous flood of 1557. Cosimo, an archaeologist by temperament, was a true forerunner in this field. He opened up excavations on Etruscan sites from which such world-renowned pieces of ancient statuary as the “Orator” and the “Chimera” were taken. Finally, he established the Florentine Academy, which engaged in serious linguistic studies. Test Your Knowledge The Literary World (Authors & Poets) Cosimo was deeply afflicted when his wife, two of his daughters, and two of his sons all died within six years (1557–62); his enemies exploited these misfortunes to spread calumnies against the dynasty. On March 1, 1564, he resigned the actual government of his dominions to his eldest son, Francis, though he retained his ducal title and certain prerogatives; and in December 1565 Francis was married to the Austrian archduchess Joanna (Joan), a diplomatic achievement celebrated with great festivity. Finally on Aug. 27, 1569, Pope Pius V conferred the title of grand duke (granduca) of Tuscany on Cosimo. This title, however, was not recognized by the Habsburg powers or by the other Italian duchies. To gratify Pius, Cosimo in 1570 married Camilla Martelli, who had long been his mistress.

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A pencil is an implement for writing or drawing constructed of a narrow, solid pigment core inside a protective casing which prevents the core from being broken and/or from leaving marks on the user’s hand during use. Linseed oil, also known as flaxseed oil or flax oil, is a colourless to yellowish oil obtained from the dried, ripened seeds of the flax plant. The oil is obtained by pressing, sometimes followed by solvent extraction. Linseed oil is a drying oil, meaning it can polymerize into a solid form. Due to its polymer-forming properties, linseed oil can be used on its own or blended with combinations of other oils, resins or solvents as an impregnator, drying oil finish or varnish in wood finishing, as a pigment binder in oil paints, as a plasticizer and hardener in putty, and in the manufacture of linoleum. Linseed oil use has declined over the past several decades with increased availability of synthetic alkyd resins—which function similarly but resist yellowing. Acrylic paint is a fast-drying paint made of pigment suspended in acrylic polymer emulsion. Acrylic paints are water-soluble, but become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted with water, or modified with acrylic gels, mediums, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a watercolor or an oil painting, or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media. Acrylic paint is typically used for crafting, or in art classes in schools because it does not require any chemicals, and rinses away with just water. It also is less likely to leave a stain on clothes than oil paint. Shellac is a resin secreted by the female lac bug, on trees in the forests of India and Thailand. It is processed and sold as dry flakes (pictured) and dissolved in alcohol to make liquid shellac, which is used as a brush-on colorant, food glaze and wood finish. Shellac functions as a tough natural primer, sanding sealant, tannin-blocker, odour-blocker, stain, and high-gloss varnish. Shellac was once used in electrical applications as it possesses good insulation qualities and it seals out moisture. Phonograph and 78 rpm gramophone records were made of it until they were replaced by vinyl long-playing records from the 1950s onwards. Chiaroscuro, in art, is the use of strong contrasts between light and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition. It is also a technical term used by artists and art historians for the use of contrasts of light to achieve a sense of volume in modelling three-dimensional objects and figures. Similar effects in cinema and photography also are called chiaroscuro. Papyrus is a material similar to thick paper that was used in ancient times as a writing surface. It was made from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus, a wetland sedge. Papyrus can also refer to a document written on sheets of such material, joined together side by side and rolled up into a scroll, an early form of a book. Gum arabic, also known as acacia gum, arabic gum, gum acacia, acacia, Senegal gum and Indian gum, and by other names, is a natural gum consisting of the hardened sap of various species of the acacia tree. Originally, gum arabic was collected from Acacia nilotica which was called the "gum arabic tree"; in the present day, gum arabic is collected from acacia species, predominantly Acacia senegal and Vachellia (Acacia) seyal; the term "gum arabic" does not indicate a particular botanical source. In a few cases so‐called "gum arabic" may not even have been collected from Acacia species, but may originate from Combretum, Albizia or some other genus. Producers harvest the gum commercially from wild trees, mostly in Sudan (80%) and throughout the Sahel, from Senegal to Somalia—though it is historically cultivated in Arabia and West Asia. Gum arabic is a complex mixture of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. It is the original source of the sugars arabinose and ribose, both of which were first discovered and isolated from it, and are named after it. White spirit (UK) or mineral spirits, also known as mineral turpentine (AU/NZ), turpentine substitute, petroleum spirits, solvent naphtha (petroleum), Varsol, Stoddard solvent, or, generically, "paint thinner", is a petroleum-derived clear liquid used as a common organic solvent in painting. Fresco is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid, or wet lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaster, the painting becomes an integral part of the wall. The word fresco is derived from the Italian adjective fresco meaning "fresh", and may thus be contrasted with fresco-secco or secco mural painting techniques, which are applied to dried plaster, to supplement painting in fresco. The fresco technique has been employed since antiquity and is closely associated with Italian Renaissance painting. Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite. Calcite is an ionic salt called calcium carbonate or CaCO3. It forms under reasonably deep marine conditions from the gradual accumulation of minute calcite shells (coccoliths) shed from micro-organisms called coccolithophores. Flint (a type of chert) is very common as bands parallel to the bedding or as nodules embedded in chalk. It is probably derived from sponge spicules or other siliceous organisms as water is expelled upwards during compaction. Flint is often deposited around larger fossils such as Echinoidea which may be silicified (i.e. replaced molecule by molecule by flint). Gouache, body color, opaque watercolor, or gouache, is one type of watermedia, paint consisting of Natural pigment, water, a binding agent, and sometimes additional inert material. Gouache is designed to be used with opaque methods of painting. The term, derived from the Italian guazzo, also refers to paintings using this opaque method. Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments with a medium of drying oil as the binder. Commonly used drying oils include linseed oil, poppy seed oil, walnut oil, and safflower oil. The choice of oil imparts a range of properties to the oil paint, such as the amount of yellowing or drying time. Certain differences, depending on the oil, are also visible in the sheen of the paints. An artist might use several different oils in the same painting depending on specific pigments and effects desired. The paints themselves also develop a particular consistency depending on the medium. The oil may be boiled with a resin, such as pine resin or frankincense, to create a varnish prized for its body and gloss. Watercolor or watercolour, also aquarelle, is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water-based solution. Watercolor refers to both the medium and the resulting artwork. Aquarelles painted with water-soluble colored ink instead of modern water colors are called "aquarellum atramento" by experts. However, this term has been more and more passing out of use. Varnish is a transparent, hard, protective finish or film that is primarily used in wood finishing but also for other materials. Varnish is traditionally a combination of a drying oil, a resin, and a thinner or solvent. Varnish finishes are usually glossy but may be designed to produce satin or semi-gloss sheens by the addition of "flatting" agents. Varnish has little or no color, is transparent, and has no added pigment, as opposed to paints or wood stains, which contain pigment and generally range from opaque to translucent. Varnishes are also applied over wood stains as a final step to achieve a film for gloss and protection. Some products are marketed as a combined stain and varnish.

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The card game of Indian rummy is the local game of people in the country. You can ask anybody in town about the game and they’ll tell you a story about it. People play it for entertainment and to sharpen their mathematical skills. There are some simple rules with which the game is played but there isn’t any textbook for it. It’s the same for online rummy as well. Before sitting at a table in a multiplayer game, we’d like to mention what you should do to increase your learning of the game. Carefully read the ‘how to play section’ on rummy websites and if reading is not your cup of tea, then, there are some other options like watching tutorial videos. Finally, it’s a good idea to play practice games so you are able to put your learning to practice. Going over all these is a good approach to help you understand the core of the game. Rules of Rummy For 13 card online rummy you will need to: - Sort your cards first - Meld all existing cards into sequences or partial sequences - Use joker card or cards in hand to complete any impure sequences or sets - Shortlist new cards required - Identify cards that should be discarded - Make decision to pick next card from fresh card pile or discard pile - Complete melding all cards into sequences and sets - Make a valid declare Sequences are the Crux of Rummy Let’s not talk about rummy variations now and just keep a straight eye on the fundamentals. Each player is dealt a certain number of cards depending on the game they choose to play. The grounded stack of cards is available for all players present on the table to make a sequence and it depends on the number of decks we are dealing with. The flow or sequence of cards must be of the same suit (♣1, ♣2, ♣3)* this one is an example of the many pure sequences that we can form. So, make sure to note this one down as it’s the basic of the game. You MUST form at least one 3 card pure sequence to make a valid declare in the 13 card rummy game. Other sequences can be made with the use of joker cards. These types of melds are known as impure sequences. Remember! Keep your Eyes and Ears open You can’t have pure or impure sequences at the time of the initial deal; you need to figure out your cards and how you manipulate the game to get those cards from your neighbors. Try to set yourself up for the card hunt and make a plan to get those from your fellow players. This is where you will need a keen power of observation and some card counting skills. The same is also valid for online rummy games. It is the most vital tip that can help you win the game. Most wizards of the game are specifically good at this skill. Use of Joker The coolest card of the deck can be a game changer. It can make or break your game and the joker should not be considered the Clown as it’s actually the King maker.

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Figure 1 shows what happened to the GPS L1-band spectrum when a GoPro camera was installed on a quadcopter close to the GNSS antenna without sufficient shielding. The three peaks are exactly 24 MHz apart pointing to their being harmonics of a 24 MHz signal: the typical frequency for a MMC/SD logging interface. An AsteRx receiver was used in this setup which includes the Advanced Infererence Mitigation and Monitoring AIM+ system. As well as mitigating the effects of interference, AIM+ includes a spectrum plot to view the RF input from the antenna in both time and frequency domains. At the installation stage, being able to view the RF spectrum is an invaluable tool for both identifying the source of interference and determining the effectiveness of measures such as modifying the setup or adding shielding. For the quadcopter installation in this example, the loss of RTK was readily diagnosed and solved by placing the camera in a shielded case while the quadcopter was still in the workshop. External sources of interference GNSS receivers on-board UAVs can be particularly vulnerable to external sources of interference, be they intentional or not. In the sky, the signals from jammers can propagate over far longer distances than they would be able to on land. In the case of UAV inspections of wind turbines for example, many countries encourage windmills to be built next to roads, a situation that increases the chance of interference from in-car chirp jammers. These devices though illegal are cheap and can be readily acquired on the internet. Using a chirp jammer, a truck driver can, for example, drive around undetected by the GPS trackers on the truck and car thieves can disable GPS anti-theft devices on stolen vehicles. External interference: the effect of a chirp jammer on a UAV flight Although transmitting with a power of around only 10 mW, chirp jammers are powerful enough to knock out GNSS signals in a radius of several hundred metres on land. In the air, the UAV is much more vulnerable as the jamming signals have a far greater reach, unhindered as they are by trees, buildings or other obstacles. Figure 2 shows how a 10mW chirp jammer can knock out RTK positioning over more than 1 km in a high-end receiver. Even a low-end consumer-grade L1 receiver, being less accurate and thus less sensitive, loses standalone positioning over several hundred metres. With AIM+ activated, the AsteRx is able to maintain an RTK fix throughout the simulated flight as well as showing no degradation to its position variance. The full details on these simulations can be found in a this white paper. Solving interference on UAV systems A comprehensive approach puts interference considerations at the forefront of receiver design and incorporates it into every stage of signal processing. In the case of the AsteRx GNSS receiver, the antenna signal is immediately digitized after analogue filtering and automatically cleansed of interference using multiple adaptive filtering stages. As each interfering signal has its own individual footprint, being able to visualize the RF signal in both time and frequency domains allows drone users to identify sources of self-jamming and adapt their designs accordingly before the drone gets in the air. When it is in the air, AIM+ is able to mitigate jamming from external sources: a set of configurable notch filters are complemented by an adaptive wideband filter capable of rejecting more complex types of interference such as that from chirp jammers, frequency-hopping signals from DME/TACAN devices as well as high-powered Inmarsat transmitters. - Webinar: GNSS hacking, from satellite signals to hardware/software cybersecurity - Brochure: Everything you need to know about radiofrequency interference (RFI) on GNSS/GPS signals

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The Official Ubuntu Book, 3e: Welcome to the Command Line - Starting Up the Terminal - Moving Around the Filesystem - Manipulating Files and Folders - System Information Commands - Searching and Editing Text Files - Dealing with Users and Groups - Getting Help on the Command Line - Searching for Man Files - Using Wildcards - Executing Multiple Commands - Moving to More Advanced Uses of the Command Line ONE OF THE MOST powerful parts of any Ubuntu system is the command line. It can also be one of the most daunting to dive into. There is often little help, and commands are not easy to find. But if you are willing to learn, the power of the command line will speed up your work and can be a great education. While the command line is a nice addition to a desktop user’s life, it is completely invaluable if you run a server. The Ubuntu server installs without any graphical user interface, so the tools explained in this chapter and other books will be absolutely critical to success. And hey, remember to have fun! Starting Up the Terminal The terminal can be found under Accessories > Terminal. When it first launches, you will see something similar to what Figure A-1 shows. You will see a blinking cursor immediately preceded by a string ending in a $. The first word in that string is your username, followed by the @ symbol. After the @ the hostname of your computer is listed, followed by the name of the folder you are currently in (currently your home folder), which is represented by a ~ symbol. There are many dozens of commands. This appendix presents a few, broken down by category.

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Employability, Transferable Skills and Student Motivation - Contact: Michael F. McMahon - London School of Economics and Political Science, and NYU in London - Email: [email protected] - Published November 2007 This piece is not meant to challenge what has already been written on this website by (now Dr) Dimitra Petropoulou. In fact Dimitra and I share very similar views on both the importance of classroom teaching and some of the main ways to ensure that students remain motivated in the class. These include the importance of providing a very clear structure for the class, providing students with the big picture of why we are doing problem sets and how they fit into the overall course, and of course the clarity in delivery of each step of the answers. However, while all of these remain important elements of student motivation, this article focuses on ensuring student motivation by highlighting and emphasising transerferable skill sets and the impact of what is taught on the employability of the student. The basic premise of this piece is simple; motivated students make the teaching experience more enjoyable for the teacher, and this generates more teaching enthusiasm which rubs off on student motivation. It is achieving this positive cycle that I believe all teachers hope for when they begin teaching. No one wants to be a poor teacher; unfortunately, many do not start well. They lose the students' interest which forces the teacher to adopt a more defensive "give them the answer and get out" approach. This then reduces student involvement and motivation even further and so begins a more common negative cycle. The end result is teachers who dislike teaching and students who not only dislike their teachers, most may additionally lose interest in the subject being taught. Student Motives For Coming to Class So how do we, as teachers, keep students motivated? The answer to this question lies in truly understanding why students are in your classroom in the first place. The most basic answer is sometimes that they have to be (course regulations), but then the question is why are they in the degree or what are they hoping to get out of it. The following are the most common answers: - they want to pass the course... - ...so that they can graduate and get a job or a postgraduate position; and - they want to do it well so that they get a good job or postgraduate course. Asking most students, you will discover that your class is just a stepping stone to some bigger goal of employment or further study. Therefore by getting them through the course well, you have done all that you have to do, and this is enough to keep students motivated. But is this the full answer? Is there anything more that they can get from the classes? Something that may make getting a good job more attainable? The answer is of course yes - there are many transferable skills which the students can use both in the class and in the workplace such as: - interview skills and the ability to think well "on your feet"; - how to write well; - confidence with presentations; - critical analysis; and - working in groups and arguing your points with others who might disagree. Of course this list is not exhaustive, nor will it apply to all students. But all students can get something out of their courses and what they are getting out will determine how much they are willing to put in - effort and enthusiam. Students should have a clear understanding of what it takes to succeed in the course, but they should also be made very aware of these other things that they will get from the course. At LSE, motivating students and ensuring a captive audience is sometimes as simple as saying "When you are in a job interview at Goldman Sachs/PWC/[insert top global company name here], they will be interested in this because...". Students must also realise that to reap these rewards, they must put in the effort. When they do put in the effort, it must be rewarded. Students are motivated by positive feedback and success; even if a student does not get the correct answer, I will tell them that they are wrong, but make sure that they get the postive credit for having a go or trying to get to the correct answer. This helps to build a risk-free environment where failure is refusing to try, rather than getting a less than perfect answer. Encouraging Student Participation In Class The one answer I never accept in class is - "I don't know". If offered, I say - "OK, well lets work it out together." I then proceed to try and tease the answer out of a student by asking them the questions that they should be asking themselves while they "think on their feet". I emphasise that this is a great skill for interview situations while at the same time making sure that people who have done the work in advance are rewarded for not having to "suffer" through my minutes of cross-examination. Very quickly, students begin to naturally think on their feet during my classes and so I can continually make the questions I ask them harder, deeper and more difficult to think through so that they develop the skills even further. This approach will also keep others awake if you constantly jump from one to the other in building the logic - no one likes being the one who breaks the chain in the logic just because they weren't paying attention. It is also important to ensure participation of all students; it is too easy for teachers to fall into the trap of always taking answers from the best student. This simply encourages the other students to free-ride which is really to no one's benefit. Often the better, more able students are motivated whether they are regularly asked questions or not - they are naturally driven and motivated to do well. It has the added advantage of making students feel like they have an equal chance of being asked and noone can then feel picked on in the class. I often find it more useful to get those less able students to answer the easier questions and build them up to answering the more difficult bits when they get more confident. It also means that, because I have always asked the best students to answer, when I ask those students a tough question they get the chance to shine, and other students get to see the level they should strive to achieve. Helping students to develop communication skills, either written, oral or presentational, is another important element of the teaching experience. For written work, the key thing is to provide feedback that properly addresses essay weaknesses and lets the student see what changes they must make in order to improve their grade. This, I believe, is especially important where student essays are coursework which carry no weight in the overall assessment of the course as it is with these essays that student motivation is usually lowest. After class presentations, I encourage students to reflect on their own work, and that of any groups that worked together, by submitting a 1-page post-mortem. Where possible, and if necessary, I also discuss specific areas for improvement with individuals outside of class by telling them to come to my office hour. The most challenging element in helping students with oral communication, is teaching students for whom English is not their first language. I have sometimes (though not often) come across students who believe that it is unfair that they get lower marks as a result of poor use of language. I have always felt it is important that students, who by taking a degree or course at an English language institution will be assumed to have a very good command of the English language, should be judged on their use of language in the exact same way as English-speaking students. I have always make sure that I emphasise this view to my students and try to convince them that it is in the interests of the academic credibility of their degree when they go for jobs - employers must believe that those who get a good result from the course are good students who will make good employees. However, even following some of this advice, the reality is that students will not always focus 100% in your classes and sometimes will drift off. Breaks in the teaching - either by changing the style of teaching and approach (pair work, group work, etc...), or even just a pause to retrace the main points so far and then restart where you left off - allow students the opportunity to rejoin the class and not miss too much by drifting off. Further I think it is important to emphasise (as Dimitra did) personal interaction. Getting to know your students and showing an interest in them certainly makes them more interested in your teaching and allows them to feel a really important part of the class. For example, I always get to know my students names and try to address them using their names when asking questions. Use of names also allows a very simply positive feedback mechanism; by referring back to correct answers students have earlier provided using phrases like "As Jennifer said earlier,..." or "John's point was really important for what we are talking about now because...". Moreover, finding out why they are in the class and what they are interested in allows you to make the course personally relevant to them. My final comment concerns the balance between "carrot and stick"; they should know the stick is there in the form of exclusion from the class (or even the exam), but you should ideally never use it. In perfect world the students will be enthusiastic about coming to your classes. If they stop coming, you cannot teach them, and so unless they are disrupting your class, you should continue to try to include even the least enthusiatic and motivated students.

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The Kaohsiung Incident also known as the Formosa Incident, the Meilidao Incident or the Formosa Magazine incident was the result of pro-democracy demonstrations that occurred in Kaohsiung, Taiwan on December 10, 1979. The incident occurred when Formosa Magazine, headed by veteran opposition Legislative Yuan Legislator Huang Shin-chieh (黃信介), and other opposition politicians held a demonstration commemorating Human Rights Day in an effort to promote and demand democracy in Taiwan. At that time, the Republic of China was a one-party state and the government used this protest as an excuse to arrest the main leaders of the political opposition. The Kaohsiung Incident is well-recognized as a critical and important event in the post-war history of Taiwan and regarded as the watershed of the Taiwan democratization movements. The event had the effect of galvanizing the Taiwanese community into political actions and regarded as one of the events that eventually led to democracy in Taiwan. From 1949 until the 1990s, Taiwan was effectively a one party state under the rule of Kuomintang (abbreviated as KMT). During the late 1970s many opponents of the KMT seeking democracy gradually organized themselves as an opposition camp, after the establishment of the magazine “Taiwan Political Review” by one of its active members, Ning-Siang Kang, in 1975. These opponents called themselves “Tangwai,” literally meaning "outside the party". In its 5th edition it published an article on December 27, 1976 titled “Two States of Mind—An Evening Discussion with Fou Cong and Professor Liou” which resulted in the revocation of the publisher’s license. In the 1977 election, Tangwai expanded support significantly and won more seats than it did in previous elections. The outcome of the election manifested the potentiality of Tangwai as a quasi-opposition party to the ruling KMT and laid the ground for the ensuing mass movement. On December 16, 1978, the U.S. President, Jimmy Carter, announced that the US would sever its official relationship with the Republic of China as of January 1, 1979. It was the most serious challenge to the Taiwan government since it lost its seat at the United Nations to the People’s Republic of China in 1971. The President Ching-kuo Chiang immediately postponed all elections without a definite deadline for its restoration. Tangwai, which had won steadily expanding support, was strongly frustrated and disappointed about Chiang’s decision since it suspended the only legitimate method they could use to express their opinions. The leader of Tangwai, Shin-chieh Huang, and his comrades soon petitioned the KMT government for the restoration of elections, but it declined the petition. On January 21, 1979, the KMT arrested Deng-fa Yu, one of the most prestigious Tangwai leaders, and his son with the intentional false accusation of doing propaganda for the Chinese Communist Party. Tangwai regarded the arrest of Yu as a signal of complete suppression and decided to make a last-ditch effort by holding radical demonstrations on the street, resulting in the escalating conflict between the conservative KMT and Tangwai. In May, 1979, Formosa Magazine was established by Shin-chieh Huang aiming at consolidating Tangwai members. On August 16, 1979, the 1st edition was published under the title "Joint Promotion of the New Generation’s Political Movements". The initial issue sold out all of its 25,000 copies, the 2nd and 3rd issues sold almost 100,000 copies, and the 4th issue sold more than 110,000. On October 17, 1979, a meeting of 22 Kuomintang security agencies adopted a proposal to ban the magazine after a protest from the Korean Embassy over an article in the 2nd issue titled "Unveil the Myth of the Korean Economic Miracle" (揭發韓國經濟奇蹟的神話). Tangwai held many public gatherings and protests without official permission since its first publication. The KMT only showed its symbolic power such as sending out police in riot gear without suppressing the gatherings for these meetings, and the inaction led to Tangwai’s belief in its own power and stuck to the radical approach. The magazine's Kaohsiung service center applied for a permit to hold a human rights forum on December 10, 1979 at an indoor stadium, and after that was denied it applied for a permit to hold the event at the Rotary Park (扶輪公園), which was also denied. In response, it was decided to hold the demonstration at the Kaohsiung headquarters. On December 9, 1979, the Kaohsiung branch of Formosa Magazine dispatched two campaign wagons to broadcast the "Human Rights Forum". The wagons were held up by police and two volunteers were arrested and beaten, which roused Tangwai and its supporters to protest at the Gushan branch of Public Security Bureau. This incident caused many outraged Tangwai members and supporters who had not planned to attend the forum the next day to do so. The event on December 10, 1979 started out as the first major Human Rights Day celebration on the island. Until that time the authorities had never allowed any public expression of discontent. Between 2:00 and 3:00 p.m. in the afternoon of December 10, 1979 (four hours before the demonstration commemorating Human Rights Day started, and before any irregularities had taken place), the military police, the army and the police had already taken up positions when the demonstrators arrived. When the event took place during the evening, the military police marched forward and closed in on the demonstrators, then they retreated again to their original position. This was repeated two or more times. The battalion commander explained that the purpose of this exercise was to cause panic and fear in the crowd and also to provoke anger and confusion. Political demonstrators clashed with troops sent by the KMT. Arrests and imprisonment The KMT authorities used the incident as an excuse to arrest virtually all well-known opposition leaders. They were held incommunicado for some two months, during which reports of severe ill-treatment filtered out of the prisons. The arrested groups were subsequently tried in three separate groups. Lin family massacre In February 1980 Lin Yi-hsiung, a leader of the democratic movement, was in detention and beaten severely by KMT police. His mother saw him in prison and contacted the Amnesty International Osaka office. The next day Lin's mother and twin 7-year-old daughters were stabbed to death. Lin's oldest daughter was badly wounded in his home. The authorities claimed to know nothing about it, even though his house was under 24-hour police surveillance. In March/April 1980, the eight most prominent leaders "The Kaohsiung Eight" were tried in military court and were sentenced to terms ranging from 12 years to life imprisonment. The trial was also publicized. In April/May 1980, another group of 33 people, "The Kaohsiung 33", who had taken part in the Human Rights Day gathering were tried in civil court and sentenced to terms ranging from 2 to 6 years. A third group of 10 people were associated with the Presbyterian Church for hiding Shih Ming-teh, who feared torture and immediate execution. Most prominent among this group was Kao Chun-ming, the general-secretary of the Presbyterian Church. Dr. Kao was sentenced to seven years imprisonment. The others received lesser sentences. Shih got life sentencing, and his wife Linda Gail Arrigo, a United States citizen was deported. 15 of Taiwan's most important political leaders, a group of writers and intellectuals, associated with the Formosa magazine were arrested. Fifteen publications were closed down, including Meilidao/Formosa magazine. After the event, newspapers reported that the ensuing confrontations led to civilian and police injuries. Mainstream media had long been controlled by the authoritarian KMT government. The contemporary domestic newspapers were biased about the Kaohsiung Incident and framed it as a violent mass event. China Times, United Daily News, and KMT-owned Central District News also incorrectly stated that the Tangwai protesters were motivated by a pro-independence mindset. It also stated that they were working to subvert the Republic of China in cooperation with the Chinese Communist Party. Such news reports caused negative public opinion. This negative public opinion was used by the media as further proof to attack and condemn the Tangwai. The incident caused international attention around the world, which pressed the KMT government to hold an open trial on the accused. Even though there were pressures from the U.S. and reports from the international media such as New York Times, the mainstream Taiwanese media refuted what the larger international media reported as biased rumors regarding the incident. The time period experienced a rising middle class, and a more open-minded Kuomintang (KMT) ruling regime that allowed some fostering of political opposition. Taiwanese citizens were becoming weary of mainlander authority, and were eager for a more democratic society. The event turned into a series of political protests that led to public trials and arrests. It is considered a turning point for pro-democracy groups/KMT political oppositions. After the Kaohsiung incident, a decade of political struggle continued between the mainlander-controlled KMT and the other political parties. The importance of the incident is that both Taiwanese people in Taiwan as well as the overseas Taiwanese community were galvanized into political actions. The movement which grew out of the incident formed the basis for the present-day opposition Democratic Progressive Party. While political opposition at the time was not yet calling for Taiwanese independence, the event called for self-determination. An overseas support network of Taiwanese organizations was also formed in North America and Europe. Virtually all leading members of the present-day democratic opposition had a role in the event, either as defendants or as defense lawyers. By 2000, DPP successfully ended KMT rule. Chen Shui-bian who was elected ROC president had been one of the defense lawyers, while his running mate, Annette Lu had been one of the “Kaohsiung Eight.” She was sentenced to 12 years, of which she served five and one half. Both were re-elected to a second term in 2004. - Chang, Sung-sheng. (2004). Literary Culture in Taiwan: Martial Law to Market Law. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-13234-4. - Copper, John Franklin. (2003). Taiwan: Nation-State Or Province?. Westview Press Taiwan. ISBN 0-8133-4069-1. - "DPP releases book commemorating the Kaohsiung Incident", Taipei Times (Taipei: Central News Agency), 2008-12-08: 4 - Tang, Chih-Chieh (2007). Taiwanese Sociology, 13, 71-128. "勢不可免的衝突：從結構／過程的辯證看美麗島事件之發生" - Feng, Chien-san (1995). The Dissident Media in Post-War Taiwan: From Political Magazine to "Underground Radio". Taiwan: A Radical Quarterly in Social Studies, 20, 177-234. "異議媒體的停滯與流變之初探：從政論雜誌到地下電台" - Chen, Fupian (2007). The development of public opinion during "The Formosa Arrest"—With an Analysis of the Main-stream Print Media. Taiwan Historical Research, 14(1), 191-230. ““美麗島大逮捕”前後國內輿論情勢之發展―以主流平面媒體爲主的分析” - Cheng, Tun-jen. 1989. Democratizing the Quasi-Leninist Regime in Taiwan. World Politics, 61(4), 471-499. - Huang, Fu-san (2005), "The First Democracy in the Chinese World: The Kaohsiung Incident and Taiwan’s "Political Miracle"", A Brief History of Taiwan – A Sparrow Transformed into a Phoenix, Taipei: Government Information Office[dead link] - Violence and Poetry-Kaohsiung Incident and Formosa Trial. China Times Publishing. 1999. ISBN 957-13-3032-9. - Roy, Denny. Taiwan: A Political History. (2003). Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8805-2. - Taiwan Communique - Weng, Shieu-chi & Chen, Huei-Min (2000). Social Structure, Linguistic Mechanisms and Construction of Identity: How Mass Media "Wove" the Kao-hsion Incident and Constructed Ethnic and National Identities of People in Taiwan. Communication Research Monographs, 4, 1-162. "社會結構、語言機制與認同建構--大眾媒介如何「編織」美麗島事件並構塑民眾的族群與國家認同" - Ying, Diane (January 24, 1980). "Taiwan Is Planning Open Trials Soon for Dissidents". New York Times. - Pang, Ming-Fui (2001). The Editorials of the Untied Daily News toward the Magnificent Political Events during the Postwar Taiwan. The Journal of History, 18, 277-308. “《聯合報》社論對台灣重大政治事件的立場與觀點(1950-1995)”

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Audi is developing a “Smart Factory” where robots will work together with humans to build cars. The German automaker first talked about its Smart Factory last year, envisioning a plant with human-robot collaboration, 3D printed parts, drone material transport and piloted cars that drive themselves off the production lines. A new video has been released that gives us a glimpse into that factory, proving that it’s not as far-fetched as you might think. In fact, Audi appears to be making great progress with drones transporting steering wheels, although it may not seem very effective in the video. The company also previews other high-tech features like using virtual reality headsets and metal 3D printing to enhance the production process at its factories. Audi says it is looking at a method of production where cars are no longer built on an assembly line, but with a radically new, disruptive concept called modular assembly instead. Discuss this story on our Audi Forum

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There are many benefits of learning to play a musical instrument and recent studies have reported that the correlation between musical training and academic success is astounding; learning to play an instrument improves functions like memory and abstract reasoning skills – essential for maths and science. In addition to improving academic, physical and social skills, refines discipline and patience, and boosting self-esteem and self-expression. At The Hollins it also opens up many opportunities for studnets to take part in a range of extra-curricular activities. The school currently offers lessons in: Guitar (including ukulele and bass guitar) The current cost of music lessons for academic year 2019-20 are £80 per term. For more information download the letter here

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Development of a household resilience toolkit Professor Paul Arbon, Professor Kristine Gebbie and Anna Hall, the Torrens Resilience Institute, Flinders University, identify the resources and actions that contribute to household resilience and the development of an assessment and referral tool. The National Strategy for Disaster Resilience1, launched in 2009 by the Council of Australian Governments (COAG), identifies the need for attention to disaster preparedness and the strengthening of resilience at all levels of our society, from governments through individual communities to households and individuals. COAG agreed to adopt a whole-of-nation resilience-based approach to disaster management to enhance Australia’s capacity to withstand and recover from emergencies and disasters. A strengthened culture of community-based disaster preparedness and self-reliance has potential to allow families and entire communities to survive without outside assistance for many days, and to recover from an emergency event more quickly. Australia’s National Strategy for Disaster Resilience emphasises the need for increased partnerships across communities and for relationship building across all levels of government, community groups and the organisations (both private and public) that make up communities. The strategy highlights the importance of all levels of society accepting responsibility for taking actions that build resilience in preparation for a disaster or emergency event. The Household Disaster Resilience Project was implemented by the Torrens Resilience Institute with funding provided through the National Emergency Management Projects scheme. The Institute’s mission is to assist governments, emergency services organisations and society to enhance leadership and management capabilities and prepare for and respond better to emergency events. The project developed an assessment and referral tool that promotes the participation of government, communities and organisations in supporting the improvement of household disaster resilience with the aim of having greater Australian households take more responsibility for the resilience-building process. The tool draws on the concepts underpinning the national strategy and is particularly designed to assist those who may be considered more vulnerable in an emergency event to connect with the range of community services that contribute to household resilience. The continuous process of resilience requires action at all levels as national, community or regional resilience can only be assured if it is supported by a reasonable level of household resilience. Household disaster resilience For the purposes of the project, household disaster resilience was defined as the capacity of a person, or people sharing a living arrangement to: - sustain their household, even under stress - adapt to changes in the physical, social and economic environment - be self-reliant if external resources are limited or cut off - learn from the experience to be more prepared for next time. This definition emphasises that resilience is not simply a state to be attained so that attention can then be paid to other issues. It is an ongoing process that requires consistent and repeated reinforcement to be at a suitably high level should disaster strike. The project team developed the tool from a review of current literature, with input from a Project Advisory Committee and key staff from organisations that were trialling the tool. A number of versions of the tool were developed, previewed and edited before settling on the final version. The tool consists of two parts: Part One – Agency Resource Tool and Part Two – Household Resilience Conversation Guide. The two parts combine to provide community-based organisations (e.g. community service organisation or community club) with the materials necessary to undertake conversations about building resilience with householders. This engagement is structured to lead to householders receiving accurate and personally-relevant information about local hazards and risks, and link householders to existing community information and services that address their specific vulnerabilities and needs. Part 1 – Agency Resource Tool The Agency Resource Tool is completed by the community organisation and provides an assessment of local emergency hazards and risks relevant to the target households. It depends on good advice from local emergency management agencies and local governments. It is completed by the agency as a necessary prerequisite to conversations with individual householders. When completed the tool is a guide to relevant local hazard and resource information that is essential for a consistent approach by community workers and volunteers in their dealings with householders. The Agency Resource Tool may be of some use at the agency level, such as informing staff answering phone enquiries. However, the main purpose is to provide a resource for use in conversations with householders about what they can do to prepare adequately for an emergency event. The tool also highlights what they would do when they may not have essential services, such as electricity and water, available for a few days. This conversation is supported by community-specific information in those areas where the householder identifies potential gaps or needs and where they may be more at risk. The completed Agency Resource Tool is also essential for training staff or volunteers conducting conversations at the household level. Consistent information helps strengthen the community. Discussion about of resources during staff orientation and training sessions may serve to enrich the level of resource information available, as well as reinforce the focus of the intended household visits. Part 2 – Household Resilience Conversation Guide Once the Agency Resource Tool is completed, an agency or organisation is in a position to identify households with which to have a conversation about resilience building. The households may be selected based on physical, socio-cultural or economic vulnerabilities or other criteria agreed on by the agency or the community. It would be useful for the agency or organisation to develop a plan for follow-up with the identified households at regular intervals to reinforce the need for action identified in the original conversation. Follow-up will be based on the objectives and resources of the agency undertaking the process. The Household Resilience Conversation Guide provides individuals and volunteers going into households with key questions and topic areas useful to initiate a conversation about increasing resilience. In response to identified areas for action, the interviewer can provide the relevant information identified in the Agency Resource Tool (Part 1). The conversation guide includes questions relating to: - demographics, for example, name, address, number of people living in the household - hazards, for example, does the person have concerns about flooding or industrial events that could potentially affect the neighbourhood or household - health, for example, does the person have a health problem or disability that may limit mobility if there is a need to evacuate - property, for example, is someone in the household physically able to routinely check the property for hazards, or prepare during a time of high risk - connection to the community, for example, identify any family, friends or neighbours to call if assistance or help is needed. Review of answers to these questions provides the basis to develop the referral information by the agency undertaking the initiative. It is important that the information about resources and contacts in the local area is developed and reviewed by a group of experienced community workers before it is provided to the householder. This ensures that good and consistent advice is provided across all participating households. Community resources identified might include local government support to eligible householders to clear debris or clean gutters in preparation for the fire season, contact details for organisations able to collect and safely dispose of old or unused gas bottles, or referral to local community groups where an individual may be relatively isolated from their community. The specific services available differ across local government areas and communities and support services need to be identified before household visits commence. Testing the process and the tool The tool was tested by two community services organisations: St John Ambulance Australia in South Australia (St John) and the Queensland Alliance for Mental Health (QAMH). St John is well known for its statutory ambulance services, first aid services provided at events and during emergencies, and public first aid training. St John also provides a non-uniformed volunteer-based program that includes services such as support for older people who live alone and to those with disabilities or who are frail and need assistance with simple tasks of daily living. St John provided the project team with opportunities to test the Agency Resource Tool using community volunteers with access to the potentially vulnerable householders in their client group. The QAMH is a government sector organisation providing community mental health services. The QAMH expressed a desire to test the tool with community-based mental health service clients in Queensland. The trial phase included nine St John community volunteers in South Australia visiting 20 households, and one salaried mental health worker in Queensland visiting four households. During this time there was frequent communication between the project team and the staff members co-ordinating the volunteers. Once the trial process had concluded feedback was gathered to evaluate the use of the tool. St John Ambulance Eight staff members who had experienced using the household resilience tool participated in a group meeting to provide feedback. The staff members had used the tool in a range of metropolitan local government council areas of South Australia. Responses provided by St John staff members were mixed. A number of staff members indicated that initially the process was unclear and a little overwhelming. This was due to the tool instructions being considered inadequate. Changes to the instructions were made accordingly. Those who used the Household Resilience Conversation Guide without having attended the initial orientation session had a much more difficult time. For example, some of the volunteers were not clear about the objective of the household assessment and, as a result, some discussions were focused on what household members should do in the event of an emergency during the response and recovery phases, rather than what they need to do to prepare for such events. This demonstrated the importance of a clear orientation to the resilience concept and the changing emphasis on the pre-event phase in the development of community disaster resilience. This may be especially important if current or former community emergency services workers are tasked to use the tool. Queensland Alliance for Mental Health The response provided by the community care worker from the QAMH was overwhelmingly positive. While the project team had estimated an hour for the conversation, the care worker found that interviews took more than one hour due to the time taken to build rapport. The care worker suggested that locating the information sources for Part 1 had been time consuming and it was difficult to provide useful information to householders who were not accessing government Home and Community Care services or were not elderly. Middle income householders with slight mobility issues would have to pay for services. The care worker remarked that the tool provided a good guide, although some questions were too simplistic. To combat this, the care worker re-worded some of the questions to suit the audience. The care worker stressed that it was the face-to-face conversations that were most effective in motivating householders. Generally, it was considered that families would make changes and review plans already in place as a result of using the tool. Disability services organisations As an additional step, and at the recommendation of the Advisory Committee, the project team also met with a group of representatives from the disability sector (Can Do Group, Home Care, Leveta and National Disability Services). The meeting highlighted the need for increased disaster resilience for people with disabilities. The representatives mentioned that many people living with a disability may find it useful to connect with local community members. The discussion concluded that the tool would be useful, though it would need to be altered to help in households where one or several of the members have a disability. The representatives suggested that an adapted tool may be particularly useful for people with a disability who live in a group home setting. Alterations to the tool facilitated it being administered by a care worker potentially using several modalities. The interface with disability services and an individual’s home environment, including disability aids and structural improvements, were managed by the care organisation rather than the individual and would need to be taken into account. Outcomes of the trial The trial confirmed the critical link in the process of building disaster resilience provided by local governments. The range of information sources available through local government varies from state to state and within local government areas, as does the communication medium by which information is disseminated. It is this information that is specific to the individual’s geographic location that is essential in making the connection for a household with a question or desire to strengthen its resilience. The participating organisations had collected their own information required for Part 1 – Agency Resource Tool of the process. This was a particular challenge to organisations that provide services across a number of different local government areas. Council websites varied in the quality of information and ease of access, with some providing detailed hazard assessments and information and others providing very little. Some of the St John community care workers had gone into council offices to ask questions about the local hazards and to collect information pamphlets before meeting with householders. Although time consuming, it was found that going into the council office often yielded better results than searching the website. As an additional issue, access to information via the internet was not appropriate for many of the householders as they did not have access to computers. In this instance, the community care workers wrote down telephone contact numbers for available service providers and emergency services information lines. Some participants mentioned that they searched for additional information sources after completing the household conversation in order to provide more information on identified areas of weakness. All participating representatives concurred that the household conversation covered all relevant aspects of disaster resilience. On completion of the pilot, based on feedback, wording of some of the questions was changed and examples for the questions included. The assessment process caused householders to think about the importance of preparing for an emergency and considering what would happen if an event occurred. The community care workers mentioned that the majority of householders involved in the trial were connected with the community already and emphasised that more vulnerable householders may need to concentrate greater effort on aspects of resilience, including planning and preparing their household and surrounding environment. This project accessed clients who were receiving services from well-established community service providers. Those householders who are not connected to the community services sector may be isolated and lacking the community network and connections that are considered an essential part of disaster resilience. Recommendations for the future If an organisation, whether an emergency services agency or non-government organisation, was to incorporate use of the tool into its community services activities, an orientation and training session would be required to be sure that those talking with householders are familiar with the concept of disaster resilience and how the guided conversation can help. The training session would also allow for discussion of the process and provide time for a run through of the household conversation. This orientation should be scheduled to follow completion of Part 1 of the tool so that those being oriented are able to review the relevant local resources. To achieve the full potential of this process and assessment of household resilience an effective communication and engagement plan is required. This was beyond the brief of the current project. Engagement with local governments and with the community and emergency services sectors would assist in the uptake and use of the tool with positive benefits for resilience building. With sufficient hazard, risk and resource information there is a good opportunity for a variety of community service groups to become involved in the work of building household (and therefore community) resilience. This involvement may be directed to existing client groups that tend to be among the more vulnerable members of the community. Alternately it may be through deployment of a local volunteer workforce in a new community service activity that works from household to household through targeted local groups where the risk profile or other factors make the neighbourhood more susceptible in emergency or disaster events. About the authors Professor Paul Arbon is the Director of the Torrens Resilience Institute at Flinders University. Professor Kristine Gebbie is a Fellow of the Torrens Resilience Institute and leads research and development projects in the disaster and resilience field. Dr Lynette Cusack is a Senior Lecturer of the University of Adelaide and Fellow of the Torrens Resilience Institute. She was the project leader for this Household Resilience Toolkit project. Anna Hall is undertaking doctoral research in the field of bystander and community interventions in emergency situations within the Torrens Resilience Institute at Flinders University. 1 National Strategy for Disaster Resilience. At: www.em.gov.au/Publications/Program%20publications/Pages/NationalStrategyforDisasterResilience.aspx.

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Sams Teach Yourself Visual C++.NET in 21 Days, 2nd Edition is a time- saving guide walking you through Visual C++ tools and wizards for building applications and places VC++ in the context of the new Visual Studio.NET environment. This book emphasizes using Visual C++ tools and wizards to generate code. Code examples are augmented with C++ language sidebars: Readers who need a refresher on the language or want to go further "under the hood" will have a context, while those who don't can easily skip that coverage. The revision includes more information throughout on Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC), how Windows applications work, and how MFC abstracts the Windows functionality to simplify building applications. Chapters on managed code, ATL functionality, and interacting with VB and C# components will help users begin to master the new .NET aspects of Visual C++. (NOTE: Each chapter concludes with Summary, Questions and Answers, Workshop, Quiz, and Exercise Sections.) How This Book Is Organized. Conventions Used In This Book. Touring the Visual C++ Development Environment. Starting Your First Project. Designing Your Application Window. Adding Code to Your Application. Adding Finishing Touches. What Is Debugging? Debug-Aiding Code. The Visual Studio Debugging Tools. Building a Faulty Application. Debugging the Application. The Basic Windows Controls. Adding Controls to Your Window. Attaching Variables to Your Controls. Attaching Functionality to the Controls. Understanding Mouse Events. Capturing Keyboard Events. Understanding Windows Timers. Placing a Clock on Your Application. Adding a Second Timer to Your Application. Using Pre-existing (or System) Dialog Boxes. Creating Your Own Dialog Boxes. Understanding Menus. Creating a Menu. Creating Context Menus. Creating a Menu with Accelerators. Finding and Using Fonts. Using Fonts. Understanding the Graphics Device Interface. Creating a Graphics Application. Understanding the Document/View Architecture. Understanding MDI Applications. Creating an SDI Application. Saving and Loading the Drawing. Interacting with the Menu. Understanding Toolbars, Status Bars and Menus. Designing a Toolbar. Adding a Combo Box to a Toolbar. Adding a New Status Bar Element. Understanding Serialization. Implementing a Serializable Class. Understanding Database Access. Understanding ADO. Building a Database Application with ADO. Designing Classes. Why Create DLLs? Creating and Using an MFC Extension DLL. Creating and Using a Regular DLL. What Is an ActiveX Control? Creating an ActiveX Control. The Internet Explorer ActiveX Model. The CHtmlView Class. Interacting with COM Interfaces. Building a Web-Browsing Application. Understanding Multitasking. Building a Multitasking Application. Understanding How Network Communications Work. Building a Networked Application. Understanding Microsoft's .NET Platform and the Common Language Runtime. Working with Managed C++. Writing a Managed C++ Application. What Is ATL? Building a Simple ATL Component. Mixing Languages: Realizing the Promise of the CLR. Building a Managed C++ Component with a C# Client. Building a C# Component with a Managed C++ Client. Building an Unmanaged C++ Client. Answers for Day 1. Answers for Day 2. Answers for Day 3. Answers for Day 4. Answers for Day 5. Answers for Day 6. Answers for Day 7. Answers for Day 8. Answers for Day 9. Answers for Day 10. Answers for Day 11. Answers for Day 12. Answers for Day 13. Answers for Day 14. Answers for Day 15. Answers for Day 16. Answers for Day 17. Answers for Day 18. Answers for Day 19. Answers for Day 20. Answers for Day 21.

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This Encyclopedia is the first attempt in a generation to map the social and behavioral sciences on a grand scale. Not since the publication in 1968 of the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, edited by David L. Sills, has there been such an ambitious project to describe the state of the art in all the fields encompassed within the social and behavioral sciences. Available in both print (26 volumes) and online editions, it comprises 4,000 articles, commissioned by 52 Section Editors, and includes 90,000 bibliographic references as well as comprehensive name and subject indexes. Institutions and infrastructure (D.L. Featherman). History of the social and behavioral sciences (P. Wagner). Ethics of research and applications (R. McC. Adams, J. Mittelstrass). Biographies (K.U. Mayer). Integrative concepts and issues (R.M. Lerner, R.A. Scott). Statistics (S.E. Fienberg, J.B. Kadane). Mathematics and computer sciences (A.A.J. Marley). Logic of inquiry and research design (T.D. Cook, C. Ragin). Anthropology (U. Hannerz). Archaeology (M.W. Conkey, P. Kirch). Demography (J. Hoem). Economics (O. Ashenfelter). Education (F.E. Weinert). Geography (S. Hanson). History (J. Kocka). Law (M. Galanter, L.B. Edelman). Linguistics (B. Comrie). Philosophy (P. Pettit, A. Honneth). Political science (N. Polsby). Clinical and applied psychology (T. Wilson). Cognitive psychology and cognitive science (W. Kintsch). Developmental, social, personality and motivational psychology (N. Eisenberg). Sociology (R. Boudon). Evolutionary sciences (W. Durham, M.W. Feldman). Genetics, behavior and society (M.W. Feldman, R. Wehner). Behavioral and cognitive neuroscience (R.F. Thompson, J.L. McClelland). Psychiatry (M. Sabshin, F. Holsboer). Health (R. Schwarzer, J.S. House). Gender studies (P. England). Religious studies (D. Martin). Expressive forms (W. Griswold). Environmental/ecological sciences (B.L. Turner). Science and technology studies (S. Jasanoff). Area and international studies (M. Byrne McDonnell, C. Culhoun). Organizational and management studies (A. Martinelli). Media studies and commercial applications (M. Schudson). Urban studies and planning (E. Birch). Public policy (K. Prewitt, I. Katznelson). Modern cultural concerns (R.A. Shweder). - No. of pages: - © Pergamon 2001 - 22nd November 2001 - Hardcover ISBN: - eBook ISBN: "Like the pyramids, the work is monumental in scope, will prove to be enduring in its contribution, and is surely one of the great wonders of the scientific world." - Contemporary Psychology, APA Review of Books, 2004, Vol. 49, No. 6. "IESBS, a major social science reference work with a user-friendly interface.. Well worth the expense, even to libraries holding the print version..." CHOICE, November 2003

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease and sleep disturbances - First Online: - 880 Downloads Nighttime reflux during sleep plays a crucial role in several conditions associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Reflux patterns during arousal and sleep are different because of delayed gastric emptying, reduced esophageal peristalsis, decreases in swallowing and salivary secretion, and prolonged esophageal clearance during sleep. Clinical evidence strongly suggests that GERD is associated with sleep disturbances such as shorter sleep duration, difficulty falling asleep, arousals during sleep, poor sleep quality, and awakening early in the morning. New mechanisms on how GERD affects sleep have been recently identified by using actigraphy, and sleep deprivation was found to induce esophageal hyperalgesia to acid perfusion. Thus, the relationship between GERD and sleep disturbances is bidirectional. Among lifestyle modifications, avoidance of a late night meal plays a role in prevention of nighttime reflux. Treatment with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) improves both nighttime symptoms and subjective sleep parameters, but its effects on objective sleep parameters remain unclear. Better control of nighttime acid secretion by administering a PPI at different times or by providing a double-dose PPI, adding H2 receptor antagonists, or other new agents is proposed. The effects of such treatments on sleep disturbances remain to be elucidated. GERD patients with sleep disturbances report more severe symptoms and poorer quality of life as compared to those without sleep disturbances. Consequently, GERD should also be classified as GERD with sleep disturbance and GERD without sleep disturbance.

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At the height of the cold war national governments were involved in a MAD policy of Mutual Assured Destruction. For the United States this reduced to a tripod defense of submarines, aircraft, and land based ICBMs, any one of which could independently discharge a sufficient number of atomic bombs to destroy the enemy. A world war of a different nature looms on the horizon. If it can be incontrovertibly proven to the satisfaction of all concerned that global climate change is a pending human created problem with catastrophic consequences then, in order to save the planet, a global Manhattan-like project will be required. In order to wage this war it is possible for national governments to implement a united MASS policy of Mutual Assured Survival Systems in a tripod defense of nuclear power, equatorial power, and ocean power, any leg of which can complement other regenerative options to provide all the world's energy needs for all time in a cost effective and environmentally benign manner. Wolf Hafele pointed out in a September 1990 Scientific American article "Energy from Nuclear Power" that the atom contains one trillion times the energy density of the regenerative sources of the sun and wind and one million times that of the fossil sources of coal, oil, and natural gas. Thus, nuclear power occupies a commanding position for immediate development. It might, however, be many decades before fusion is available on a cost effective basis but fission nuclear power is poised to be a dominate energy source in the near term. This is consistent with the views expressed by James Lovelock (proposer of the Gaia hypothesis), Patrick Moore (Greenpeace apostate), and Stewart Brand (author of Whole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto). All three have implied that nuclear power will be necessary for us to escape from the present environmental crisis in which we find ourselves. Perhaps the most efficient way to begin is to volume produce floating nuclear power plants in shipyards for operation from a Pneumatically Stabilized Platform (PSP) abutting land. If so dictated by NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) requirements, these PSPs can be moved "over the horizon" and the generated electricity transmitted to shore via underwater power cables. In this operational method nuclear power plants up to 100 feet high can be "made invisible" to residences on shore simply by anchoring this manmade PSP island beyond 12 miles in international waters. Oversight would be provided by a combination of the International Atomic Energy Agency and national agencies in the host nation, such as the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Westinghouse, Atomic Energy of Canada, and Babcock & Wilcox have already designed floating nuclear power plants and other nuclear vendors can easily do the same. Thus, at a given location, that nuclear vendor would be used that is most acceptable to the utility or the country using this mode of power production. The nuclear plants would serve as peak suppliers of electricity with off-peak power used to join hydrogen and carbon dioxide to form methanol as described in Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy by Olah, Goeppert, and Prakash. This methanol can substitute for coal, oil, and natural gas in all power demands, including transportation. These nuclear islands can surround Europe, North America, South America, Africa, India, Island nations in the Pacific (including Australia, Taiwan, and Japan), the Korean Peninsula, and China's ocean front, for examples, so as to provide 80% of the world's power needs. The other 20% could come from solar, hydro, wind generators, geothermal, land based nuclear, etc. For interim disposal of spent nuclear fuel and other radioactive wastes, four manmade PSP islands can be located in international waters in the Atlantic Ocean, Eastern Pacific Ocean, Western Pacific Ocean, and Indian Ocean with final disposition to be determined through decisions rendered on this subject by future international committees. For the second leg of the tripod, PSP equatorial islands can be outfitted with OTEC (ocean thermal energy conversion) plants that can transmit energy to shore through methanol tankers. These islands can be further outfitted with a rectenna to collect power transmitted from solar satellites in geostationary orbit. For the third leg, manmade islands can be designed to operate in the Southern Latitudes sailors refer to as the Roaring Forties, outfitted with an energy source such as a wind-wave converter (US Patent 5549445 - Macro-engineering process and system for all-weather at-sea wind-energy extraction), and the generated electricity used to produce hydrogen which would be combined with carbon dioxide to form methanol, transmitted to shore via tankers. The Maine based Dirigo (deer-uh-go, meaning "I Lead") Energy Institute was incorporated as a nonprofit organization with a mission to investigate this proposed MAD to MASS transformation in more depth and detail.

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Math for Grade 8 Grade 8 Math: The students will receive instruction in and demonstrate the ability to perform mathematical functions and problem-solving in the areas of multidigit addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of whole numbers, decimals and fractions,geometry,satistics and logical reasoning. Textbook: Math 8 Prentice Hall Scott Foresman Addison Wesley Scott Foresman Addison Wesley Middle School Math Course 8Th Grade Volume 1-3 Chapters 1 6 Teacher Edition 2002 Isbn 0130542083 - Student Textbook & homework book - Problem of the Day - CD / DVD support - Practice and Enrichment Worksheets - Manipulative materials - Assessment Sourcebook 45 minutes per day, 2 days per week - Number theory-GCF and LCM word problems and factors.. - Operations with integers and rational numbers. - Exponents and roots-multiplication,division with exponents. - Scientific notations-compare,multiply and divide numbers written in scientific notation. - Consumer math-multi step problems with percents discounts,tax and sale prices. - Problem solving and estimation-Word problems,Guess and check,and Venn diagrams. - Expressions and properties,variables and equations,linear functions. - Geometric measurement-create plots,histograms and frequency charts. - Statistics –Interpret charts,quartiles and outliers. - Probability-experimental probability,make predictions,compound events,factorialsand permutations. - Monomials and polynomials-add,subtract,multiply and divide monomials. - Data and Modeling Areas to be evaluated: - Class participation - Homework assignments - Group projects - Graphing project - Review games and activities

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10 Ways To Use Neem Leaves In Beauty And Health Neem leaves have been existing since ages in every ayurvedic book or palette of knowledge as an essential ingredient for all treatments and medications. Since ancient times, people have been using this plant and its leaves for various health and beauty benefits. Today’s modern world which is more about cosmetics and artificial products due to the advent of science and technology usually ignores the natural products. To this effect, I am bringing to you today some useful ways in which you could use the neem leaves in your daily lives and have some benefits to your health as well as beautification. The best part about using the natural products is that they do not harm us, i.e. we need not worry about any kind of side effects of these products. Neem leaves are very effective on viral diseases. These are used to treat viral diseases like herpes, chicken pox, small pox etc. as these are resistant to the viral attacks and prevent them from penetrating into our bodies. Making a paste of these leaves and applying on effected areas in case of herpes or chicken pox helps treat the disease. Bathing with boiled neem leaves water is also very beneficial in case someone is affected by any of these viral attacks. Neem leaves are very effective on sores and eczema etc. as well. If someone is suffering from any kind of breakout, applying a paste of neem leaves helps a lot by reducing irritability and rashes on the skin. Neem leaves are also known to be great blood purification agents. Drinking neem leaves water (boiled) also helps in controlling problems like high blood sugar or blood pressure. Neem leaves are also used to treat diseases like Malaria. Chewing neem leaves directly is said to be a very successful cure of the disease. Also, keeping crushed leaves near the affected person helps in curing the diseases effectively as well. These leaves are also considered very good for curing a problem like arthritis. Neem leaves oil massage is a proven cure for the same and similar muscular pains. Moisturizing the skin becomes easy with neem leaves. They provide benefits like softness and clean skin with regular use. Mixing it with anti-bacterial properties of turmeric, makes a cure for acne, and any other skin wounds. Neem leaves also cure acne which is a prominent problem today. Making a pack by straining boiled neem leaves and grinding them is a good cure for acne. It can also be used for toning the skin. One can store neem water and use it for months as a toner to clean overnight. It would also prevent any kind of blemishes to occur and take care of oily skin as well. One can also use a face pack made of yogurt, honey, milk and neem leaves to cure acne, open pores and dullness of skin in an effective way. Neem leaves water can also be used to cure dandruff, scalp itching, flaking, white hair etc. by rinsing hair off after shampooing. I am sure you would now be regretting purchasing some expensive products for curing many a diseases over these years. Nevertheless, we should be glad now to learn that there is more to neem leaves that can be used and we know it now! You may like to read:-

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First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies November 2004, Wiley-Blackwell This price is valid for United States. Change location to view local pricing and availability. This is a Print-on-Demand title. It will be printed specifically to fill your order. Please allow an additional 5-6 days delivery time. The book is not returnable. Other Available Formats: Paperback First Farmers: the Origins of Agricultural Societies offers readers an understanding of the origins and histories of early agricultural populations in all parts of the world. - Uses data from archaeology, comparative linguistics, and biological anthropology to cover developments over the past 12,000 years - Examines the reasons for the multiple primary origins of agriculture - Focuses on agricultural origins in and dispersals out of the Middle East, central Africa, China, New Guinea, Mesoamerica and the northern Andes - Covers the origins and dispersals of major language families such as Indo-European, Austronesian, Sino-Tibetan, Niger-Congo and Uto-Aztecan

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The Race to Protect the Gene Pool Of Coffee (3BL Media/Justmeans) – Ethiopia contains rugged highlands and lush, tropical forests, where the ‘coffea arabica’ grows in its original, wild form. The forests of southwest Ethiopia are considered to be the birthplace of coffee and the centre of its genetic diversity. Here we find Yayu, which is a designated UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, with a delicate interdependence between flora and fauna. It hosts thriving communities of bees which are vital for coffee tree pollination. Yet sadly, these forests and gene pool are under extreme pressure and is now one of the last major woodlands remaining in Ethiopia. Its deforestation over the past 40 years has resulted in the loss of one-third of the southwest’s forest cover. The world risks losing the forests entirely in coming decades and is critical that these forests are protected. At the same time the world’s coffee demand has doubled but, as we know, the land available for production is decreasing. Higher yielding varieties that can withstand the effects of climate change are urgently needed, which is why Union is collaborating with the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in the UK to preserve wild Arabica coffee and improve livelihoods. Union is one of the UK’s most established craft coffee roasters and a recent winner of the Queen’s Award for Enterprise: Sustainable Development. This joint project between Union and Kew aims to protect the gene pool of coffee at the Yayu Biosphere Reserve in Ethiopia. It will involve mapping the genetics of hundreds of undocumented wild Arabica varieties in the pristine Yayu forests. By fostering genetic diversity, the project will ensure a healthy gene pool, not only promoting interesting flavours, but also strengthening resistance to disease and climate; protecting Arabica for future generations. Union is working closely with five coffee cooperatives in Yayu, investing in training and infrastructure to ensure farmers have the expertise to improve coffee quality and build climate resilience. Ethiopia is one of the world’s top coffee producing countries, delivering over 6.5 million bags annually. However, there are hardly any large-scale farms and cultivating coffee in Ethiopia, means you’re likely to be one of the 15 million smallholders with less than five hectares of land, or perhaps even growing it in your garden! In Yayu, coffee generates up to 70 percent of the income for over 90 percent of the population, but most farmers are struggling to make sufficient income from coffee due to global market volatility and climate change. Instead they’re turning to maize and the narcotic cash crop, khat, causing deforestation and ecosystem loss. A study conducted by Kew with scientists in Ethiopia, confirms that climate change alone could lead to the extinction of wild Arabica coffee well before the end of this century and the worst case scenario, is that wild Arabica could be extinct by 2080. In a glimmer of hope, the World Coffee Research has created 46 hybrid varieties of coffees, which may be able to withstand the effects of climate change…and is why this Union and Kew partnership could just save our caffeine fix.

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The Casual Gardener: Some native Irish plants have plenty of appetite for insects Carnivorous plants are treasured for both their drama and their exoticism... IT BRINGS a whole new twist to the ‘Waiter, there's fly in my soup' joke but over recent years scientists have been exploring the potential of adding insects to the human diet as a cheaper, more environmentally friendly alternative to mammal and poultry meat. They've taken their lead from carnivorous plants which have long utilised the nutritious value of various insects. While typically we would associate carnivorous plants with tropical regions, there are in fact 10 natives living in the wild across Ireland – for the time being at least. They generally inhabit boglands, those marginal places fashioned by nature over centuries where the ericaceous earth holds few nutrients. Sustenance, and nitrogen in particular, must be found elsewhere and its substitute is not drawn up through the roots but instead ingested from the carcasses of dead insects. Various species of sundew, butterwort and bladderwort can be found across the island to a greater and lesser degree, while pitcher plants from North America thrive in the bogs of Co Roscommon, having been introduced more than a century ago. They're not necessarily the first thing that springs to mind when we want a bit of exotic plant life for the house or garden but carnivorous plants will bring a whole new dimension to your enjoyment of gardening. They'll prove especially popular with children – of all ages – their insect-eating behaviour imbuing them with a menace we rarely associate with plants. The best-known carnivorous plants are the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula), sundew (Drosera), Sarracenia and Nepenthes. The Venus flytrap is probably the most spectacular of the group. The leaves of this carnivore consist of two hinged jaws that slam shut, the closing mechanism triggered by contact from an insect or small spider. The plant is not easily fooled, however, and to be sure that the prey is present, they must touch the six sensor hairs on the leaf twice. If they're touched once, the leaves don't snap shut. Sarracenia and Nepenthes are both known as pitcher plants and employ the same method to catch prey. They take their common name from the long, deep receptacle that can range in length from a few centimetres up to more than 30cm. The ‘pitchers' are distorted leaves that have nectar on the lips to attract insects. The prey is lured deeper inside before the unlucky ones find themselves free-falling down a wax slide into the bowels of the plant, where their desperate struggle activates glands inside the pitcher, prompting the release enzymes. Over a couple of days, the insect is digested leaving only a casing behind. Drosera (sundew) form perfect rosettes on the ground and are equipped with red tentacles with a sticky, glistening drip at the end. This gives the flower its common name. Its prey gets stuck in the drip and is pushed by the agile tentacles towards the leaf surface, where it is digested. Generally, gardeners will opt for indoor varieties but be mindful of their natural habitat and ensure they get lots of sun and are kept damp. They prefer to drink rainwater, or distilled or soft tap water. If you live in an area with hard water, boil it and leave to cool before serving. For environmentally conscientious gardeners, providing the appropriate growing medium that replicates the optimum growing conditions in the wild – ie peat – will present a dilemma but rest assured there are solutions. Most carnivorous plants are herbaceous so their traps will wither over winter only to re-emerge in the spring and as they catch their own meals they never need feeding.

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Mass customisation is an economic production paradigm as well as on an organisational level a strategic response to fragmenting markets. Mass customisation explains how affordable goods and services can be delivered to satisfy the needs of the individual by combining the efficiency of mass production and the customisation level of craftsmanship. In 1993, B. Joseph Pine II was the most influential researcher behind the development and promotion of mass customisation. He received a Master of Science degree in Management of Technology at the MIT Sloan School of Management and went on to occupy various technical and managerial positions at IBM. Pine described the paradigm shift of companies from mass production to mass customisation by observing nine industries. He noted that during the second half of the industrial revolution in the early 20th century, U.S. dominated mass production systems replaced the British led system of craftsmanship as the principal global production system. He argued that the capitalistic system of the early 21st century would again change form. Mass customisation would become the new dominant economic production system serving increasingly fragmented markets. Mass production systems satisfy customer needs through the efficient production of goods and services on a mass scale that lowers unit costs. Organisational efficiency is achieved by stabilising and controlling an organisation's production inputs, processes, technologies and outputs. Stability and control become increasingly difficult to maintain the more frequently changes occur. Changes arise from input instabilities, shifting customer needs and desires, saturated markets, altering demographics and more rapid movements in economic cycles. The competitive advantage of mass customisation is driven by economies of scope -- using a small set of standardised modular components to produce a large variety of customised goods and services. The driving force behind the adoption of mass customisation is a self reinforcing feedback loop where those companies with enhanced capabilities to satisfy customers’ individual demands will generate more sales and increase their market share. Higher profits and better understanding of the customer enables companies to provide even more variety and customisation. This in turn leads to the further fragmentation of a given market. This logic may be expanded to a dynamic system of reinforcing factors: 1. Demand fragmentation leads to >> 2. Heterogeneous markets lead to >> 3. Low-cost, high quality, customised products lead to >> 4. Mass customisation processes lead to >> 5. New products lead to >> 6. Shorter product development cycles lead to >> 7. Shorter product life cycles lead to >> (1) More demand fragmentation, etc. Companies must be flexible and adapt to market changes to realise product variety and customisation. Managerial approaches such as just-in-time delivery and cross-functional teams in production processes become essential to enhance organisational flexibility. Responsiveness can also be enhanced by technological innovations such as computer-aided design and manufacturing. These innovations are prerequisites in reducing product development and production time. Mass customisation can provide companies with a competitive edge in fragmented markets when mass production is no longer capable of meeting fast changing consumer demand at affordable price levels. Companies can overcome the natural trade-off between the level of customisation versus the price level of products and services when organisational processes are successfully transformed to allow mass customisation. Companies that combine the specificity of customisation with the low manufacturing costs of mass production realise the 'best of both worlds'. In fragmenting markets, such companies gain a competitive edge over their competitors. The concept of mass customisation provides managers new manufacturing and management practices for their organisations to weather the turbulence of fragmenting markets. Individual customer demands can be met rather than relying on 'average' customer demand. Increased product or service variety is not always a desired objective. Variety can overwhelm customers. The purchasing decision requires too much information processing. Additionally, retailers might have trouble dealing with a high variety of products from limited shelf space. Mass customisation is not necessarily the strategy of choice in a fragmented market as illustrated by Kotha in the soda industry. Coca Cola & Pepsi, the two largest sellers, thrive using a mass production strategy. Kotha argued that, from a customer's perspective, companies seek to find a unique edge as a basis for competitive advantage. Finding a unique edge may be compared to Porter's (1980) differentiation strategy. Coca Cola & Pepsi have developed unique status and product differentiation unrelated to product variety or customisation level. This allows these companies to successfully exploit their markets through a mass production strategy. The case showed that mass customisation is a viable strategy only when customers demand customised goods against mass production prices and not another form of uniqueness. Contrary to the potential gains of mass customisation, companies may loose some capabilities when embracing mass customisation - depending on their current strategy. A company inevitably looses some of its economies of scale when transforming its organisational processes from mass production to mass customisation. When transforming the organisational processes from true customisation (i.e. craftsmanship) to mass customisation, a company partly reduces the degree of customisation it can provide its customers. Companies must be fully aware of these reduced capabilities to avoid a mismatch between production strategy and customer demand. Pine described mass customisation and mass production as incompatible strategies. However, Kotha concluded from a case-study of the Japanese National Bicycle Industrial Company, that companies can pursue both strategies simultaneously in related industry segments. The fact that a company's main source of revenue is derived from a market served through a mass production strategy does not mean it cannot pursue a mass customisation strategy in a worthwhile related market.

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Learning Chinese the right way can be too vague and complex. Is there a definite pathway to learning the language quick enough? If you are helping your child learn the language by taking them to a Mandarin holiday camp or Chinese playgroup in Singapore, learning them at home is still fundamental for retaining the info. If your child is starting at level 1, don’t expect to for an overnight or a single-week transformation. Learning Chinese takes time. Even if you bring your child to a Mandarin holiday camp in Singapore, they will still need help from time to time. Nonetheless, you can simplify and make your child’s learning quick with these tips: Master the basics Without the basics, learning advanced concepts can be difficult. Mistakes tend to happen more often. Thus, as your child learns, you need to help him familiarise himself with the core basics, such as learning traditional Chinese characters and simple words, before writing sentences. Have a consistent learning schedule Once your child knows the workaround and the basics of the Chinese language, it’s about time to set a specific learning schedule. As a parent, having a learning schedule increases learning retention, which is a crucial foundation for mastery and efficient studying. Keep in mind that practising helps your child learn fast! If your child is familiar with the characters, it’s time to give it a test to help memorise—which is also crucial for learning Chinese fast. Even if your child is taking campus or online Chinese tuition in Singapore, your child still needs to make daily repetition to help their learning remain in mind permanently. Practice what your child learns The best way to practice what your child learns can be through verbal or non-verbal forms. Whether it’s an interaction or a test in written form, practising what they learn is essential for fuelling their motivation and keeping up with the momentum. If you are looking for a Chinese holiday programme in Singapore, visit Edugrove for more info! I’m a prolific content expert with a passion for online marketing and business management. Completed my Bachelors in Engineering to polish his skills that are suited for the highly competitive world. Furthermore, I’m a dedicated content collaborator at Real Guest Bloggers and other similar websites.

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There are many candidates who are applying for the Railway job entrance exams and are searching questions for the preparation of the exam. So, our article present you Multiple Choice Questions and Answers on Indian Railways. Here, you will all the answers of the questions related to Indian Railways. This article will help you for the different Railway exams and quiz such as RRB ALP,RRB JE, RRB NTPC, and many other exams. This article is much useful for the entrance tests, competitive exams, and interviews. You can also able to get general knowledge on Indian Railways. so, lets start. Answers are in BOLD #1. When was the first train steamed off in India? #2. Which of the following is the headquarters of the newly established railway zone ‘East Coast Railways’? #3. Which train in India has the longest route length? Howrah – Jammu Tawi Himgiri Express Kanyakumari – Jammu Tawi Himsagar Express Kanyakumari – Dibrugarh Vivek Express #4. Where is the Railway Staff College located? #5. On which of the following is the longest railway bridge in India located? #6. Which of the following is the largest railway junction in India? #7. Which of the following stations has all the three guages viz. broad, metre and narrow? #8. What is the width of broad guage railway line in India? 5 feet 6 inches 4 feet 11 inches 5 feet 4 inches 5 feet 3 inches #9. Which of the following stations was formerly known as Victoria Terminus? Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Churchgate Railway Station Chhatrapathi Shivaji Terminus #10. What is the rank of India in the world in terms of length of railroad network? #11. A platform surrounded by rail lines from all the four sides, is called #12. _______Zone is the largest in Indian Railways? #13. Between which of the destinations the first Indian train was started? From Calcutta to Delhi From Mumbai to Surat From Mumbai to Thane From Mumbai to Madras #14. When was the nationalization of Indian Railways done? #15. Is general manager responsible for? Both railway Board and Railway Ministry None of these #16. Which is the fastest train in India? #17. Which year is declared as “Year of Rail Users” by the Indian Railways? #18. First underground railway (Metro Railway) started in which year? #19. Which of the following is the longest Railway tunnel in the world? Gotthard Base Tunnel #20. Who among the following is a first female locopilot (train driver) of the Indian Railways in India? Surekha Shankar Yadav (Surekha Yadav) #21. Which of the following Railways line runs parallel to the Arabian Sea, offering views along the coast? #22. Who among the following is known as the father of Indian Railways? #23. Which is the India’s first double Decker train? Ahmedabad Mumbai Central Double Decker Express Ernakulam Hazrat Nizamudin Duronto Guwahati Thiruvananthapuram Express Article last re-published on August 6, 2020.

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The news is an important source of knowledge for all of us about the world, especially in this era of technology. Journalists are mainly responsible to bring this news to us but not all of them are true to their responsibilities and ethics. How much can we trust the journalists? – Bài viết mẫu IELTS – Model Answer 1: [we cannot completely trust them] Today, with the accessibility of the internet, we can easily get the latest news on our electronic devices to know what is happening worldwide. Although I believe that most of the journalists have been asked to have integrity and courage regarding their jobs before they are qualified, we cannot completely trust them. In this digital age, the competition in the journalism industry is becoming much more fierce than ever before. In order to stay ahead of their counterparts, some journalists may report the news which they did not double-check or even fabricated. What is more, it is still possible for some journalists to make clickbait news to attract attention from the public, which enables them to get payback from internet traffic. Therefore, how to distinguish reliable information is becoming increasingly vital for us because we cannot rely on every news we come across. However, I believe that there are still numerous honest journalists who present the truth to their readers and have courage and integrity. They take their profession as a responsibility to the people and are not scared of danger and threats. They even take risks and carry on tough jobs to show the truth to the audience. Such journalists are doing excellent jobs to make the world a better place. In conclusion, it will be better for us if we can do some cross-check to make sure the news we read is reliable because, in this day and age, fake news is ubiquitous. Numerous outstanding journalists are still working to reveal the fact to the ordinary public but we should not trust every journalist as not all of them are honest and maintain the standard and ethics. Model Answer 2: [we should always verify the authenticity of the news] Due to the emergence of technology, we have online news portals besides the printed newspapers, and it seems like anybody can be a journalist with a dot com website which puts an already questionable profession to more scrutiny and doubts. While trusting journalists and their reports, we should always verify the authenticity of the news and use our common sense. Without reading newspapers and watching the news, we will be unaware of the world around us and that is why newspapers are so important in our lives and play such a profound role in enhancing our knowledge. People who constantly work hard to bring that news and information to us are doing a tremendous job and they are often the reason we learn about corruptions, global crisis, updates on an important national issue and even learn the score of our favourite sports team. A responsible and honest journalist is like a soldier who fights a righteous battle to keep the citizens informed and eliminate corruptions and unjust from society. However, not all of them are true to their responsibilities and many of them put business and personal gains over ethics and responsibilities. When trusting a news report or a journalist, thus, we should always check the news source and the credibility of the reporter, especially in this era of modern technology where online news portals have grown and spread like mushrooms. Clickbait journalism and politically motivated news are constantly bombarding us with the help of social media and they have primarily one goal in mind – making money by playing with our emotions and political feelings. As informed readers, we must rely on authoritative newspapers and verify any news source before believing them. For example, I generally tend to believe the news I read on bbc.com but sometimes I also check the news on other sources just to on the safe side. Our common sense about news can be a big tool to filter out the fabricated news as we should read the truth even if it is something we dislike rather than reading false news which is exactly what we want to hear or believe. To conclude, we have good journalists and bad journalists and it is our responsibility to be wary of non-authoritative news and not-so-credible journalists and use our common sense to read news which is based on facts and truth. – Bài viết mẫu IELTS writing band 9 , bài IELTS essays mẫu band 9 , bài viết mẫu ielts band 9 , ielts writing task 2 , học viết ielts writing task 2, học viết ielts, học ielts online , cách viết bài ielts

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It’s said that a picture paints a thousand words. But it’s also worth considering that a single word can evoke a powerful image. Consider, for example, what comes to mind when you encounter the word ‘gambling.’ Alternatively, consider the word ‘gaming.’ Likely, different mental images are triggered by each word. Every day, during the course of verbal and written discourse, people have a choice of words to pick from. And it turns out that which words are used can have a significant impact on how the message is received, or the question is interpreted. Consider, for example, the following pairs of words: - Liberal v. progressive - Liquor v. spirits - Used v. pre-owned Although the words in each pair are similar to each other, I suspect that each word in the pair brings to mind a slightly different mental image, along with a slightly different emotional response, as well. Research on the power of words Researchers were interested in learning about the effect of wording, and how different ways of asking the same question might affect judgments. They devised a study where research participants were shown a video of a car accident and were then asked to estimate the speed of the car that had initiated the collision. But individuals in each of two groups who had viewed the video were asked a slightly different question: - Group 1: At what speed did the first car contact the second car? - Group 2: At what speed did the first car smash into the second car? The difference between these two versions, of course, is that the first example uses the word ‘contact,’ while the second example uses the words ‘smash into.’ Would this difference in wording affect people’s estimates of speed? It turns out that: - When the word ‘contact’ was used, people estimated the car to be going 31.8 mph, on average - When the words ‘smash into’ were used, people estimated the car to be going 40.5 mph, on average When asked to recall what had been shown from the video, those who had encountered the words ‘smash into’ also claimed they had seen broken glass, even though in reality, no glass had been broken. The words themselves, then, had a powerful influence both on how people remembered the incident as well as how fast they judged the car to be traveling. The power of words in UX But why is all of this important for UX designers and researchers? Well, not surprisingly, the choice of words used when interacting with research participants and with business partners, matters. As we’ve seen, word(s) are powerful drivers of what happens in the mind of the receiver. As UX researchers, we ask a lot of questions. And how we ask those questions – the actual words we use – can have a significant influence on how participants ‘hear’ and interpret the question and consequently, on how they make judgments and respond. So how do we manage such a situation effectively? My recommendation is to think carefully about the various ways a question can be phrased, and pay attention to how responses might be influenced. You could also ‘usability test’ the wording prior to your actual study to glean how your questions are being received and interpreted by a potential participant. Using language that is more neutral can also work to your benefit, as stronger language tends to drive mental perceptions and images that are more vivid and ‘extreme.’ Another option is to take a step back and ask a broader question. For example, let’s say you’re trying to learn how research participants feel about a specific aspect of the thing being tested, and you’re particularly interested in any negative emotions they express. The question could be phrased such that any of a variety of terms could be used: - Is there anything about this [thing being tested] that makes you feel [aggravated / annoyed / confused / frustrated / irritated]? Likely, each of these terms brings to mind a distinct mental image and type of emotion. So here, it might be better to take a step back and ask a more open ended question, such as: Tell me about how this [thing] makes you feel. The broader nature of this question leaves room for the participant to express positive and/or negative feelings, rather than being directed to think more narrowly about a specific type of feeling or emotion. How we communicate is a vital aspect of life in general, but even moreso for those who facilitate and moderate research studies. Never underestimate the power of words. Although it’s true that a picture does paint a thousand words, a single word can also paint a very vivid picture in the mind of your research participant, thereby driving their behavior and responses, and consequently, your research outcomes. This is a post by Colleen Roller. Colleen is forever fascinated with the workings of the human mind, and with the art and science of designing for it. She has written extensively on this topic, authoring columns for UXmatters and UX Magazine. On the personal side, Colleen is a classically trained musician and enjoys performing on alto and soprano recorder. She also designs jewelry, and you can find her necklaces in a popular shop in West Concord, MA.

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