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<unk> <unk> or<unk> C) is a rare tumor of the adrenal medulla composed of chromaffin cells, also known as<unk> chromocytes. When a tumor composed of the same cells as a<unk> develops outside the adrenal gland, it is referred to as a paraganglioma. These neuroendocrine tumors are capable of producing and releasing massive amounts of catecholamines, metanephrines, or methoxytyramine, which result in the most common symptoms, including hypertension (high blood pressure), tachycardia (fast heart rate), and diaphoresis (sweating). However, not all of these tumors will secrete catecholamines. Those that do not are referred to as biochemically silent, and are predominantly located in the head and neck. While patients with biochemically silent disease will not suffer from the typical disease manifestations described above, the tumors grow and compress the surrounding structures of the head and neck, and can result in pulsatile tinnitus (ringing of the ear), hearing loss, aural fullness, dyspnea (difficulty breathing), and hoarseness. While tumors of the head and neck are parasympathetic, their sympathetic counterparts are predominantly located in the abdomen and pelvis, particularly concentrated at the organ of Zuckerkandl.

Pheochromocytoma

Renal oncocytoma

Histiocytoma

Pineocytoma

Pituitary adenoma

Mastocytoma

Adrenocortical adenoma

Glomus tumor

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<unk> -cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung is a histologic type of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). It is the second most prevalent type of lung cancer after lung adenocarcinoma and it originates in the bronchi. Its tumor cells are characterized by a<unk> appearance, similar to the one observed in epidermal cells.<unk> is strongly associated with tobacco smoking, more than any other forms of NSCLC.

Squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung

Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung

Adenocarcinoma of the lung

Giant-cell carcinoma of the lung

Pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma

Acinic cell carcinoma of the lung

Non-small-cell lung carcinoma

Large-cell lung carcinoma

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The human immune system typically produces both T cells and B cells that are capable of being reactive with self-protein, but these self-reactive cells are usually either killed prior to becoming active within the immune system, placed into a state of anergy (silently removed from their role within the immune system due to over-activation), or removed from their role within the immune system by regulatory cells. When any one of these mechanisms fail, it is possible to have a reservoir of self-reactive cells that become functional within the immune system. The mechanisms of preventing self-reactive T cells from being created take place through negative selection process within the thymus as the T cell is developing into a mature immune cell. Some infections, such as Campylobacter jejuni, have antigens that are similar (but not identical) to our own self-molecules. In this case, a normal immune response to C. jejuni can result in the production of antibodies that also react to a lesser degree with gangliosides of myelin sheath surrounding peripheral nerves' axons (i.e., Guillain–Barré). A major understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases has been the application of genome-wide association scans that have identified a degree of genetic sharing among the autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity, on the other hand, is the presence of self-reactive immune response (e.g., auto-antibodies, self-reactive T cells), with or without damage or pathology resulting from it. For this reason, autoantibodies are a hallmark of most autoimmune disorders. This may be restricted to certain organs (e.g. in autoimmune thyroiditis) or involve a particular tissue in different places (e.g. Goodpasture's disease which may affect the basement membrane in both the lung and the kidney). There are many different theories as to how an autoimmune disease state arises. Some common ones are listed below.

causes of Alopecia areata

causes of Dermatophytosis

risks of Toxic epidermal necrolysis

synonyms of Lethal midline granuloma

risks of Stevens–Johnson syndrome

causes of Dermatitis

causes of Mucosal melanoma

risks of Gangrene

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Diagnosis of<unk> is made when the individual has consistent signs and symptoms of the condition, therefore, it is made by clinical observation. In addition, a neurologist or primary care physician may require an MRI test to rule out similar disorders such as Horner's syndrome, Adie's syndrome, and Ross' syndrome. In an MRI, a radiologist may observe areas near brain or spinal cord for lesions, or any damage to the nerve endings. It is also important that the clinician rules out traumatic causes by performing autonomic function tests. Such tests includes the following: tilt table test, orthostatic blood pressure measurement, head-up test, valsalva maneuver, thermoregulatory sweat test, tendon reflex test, and electrocardiography (ECG). CT scan of the heart and lungs may also be performed to rule out a structural underlying lesion. The medical history of the individual should be carefully noted.

Harlequin syndrome

Pretzel syndrome

Rapunzel syndrome

Keutel syndrome

Irlen syndrome

Sly syndrome

Stauffer syndrome

STAR syndrome

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Secobarbital is one of the most commonly prescribed drugs for physician<unk> in the United States.<unk> is the act of killing oneself.<unk> is when another person materially helps an individual person die by<unk> , such as providing tools or equipment, while Physician-assisted<unk> involves a physician (doctor) "knowingly and intentionally providing a person with the knowledge or means or both required to commit<unk> , including counseling about lethal doses of drugs, prescribing such lethal doses or supplying the drugs".<unk> is contrasted to Euthanasia, sometimes referred to as mercy killing, where the person dying does not directly bring about their own death, but is killed in order to stop the person from experiencing further suffering. Euthanasia can occur with or without consent, and can be classified as voluntary, non-voluntary or involuntary. Killing a person who is suffering and who consents is called voluntary euthanasia. This is currently legal in some regions. If the person is unable to provide consent it is referred to as non-voluntary euthanasia. Killing a person who does not want to die, or who is capable of giving consent and whose consent has not been solicited, is the crime of involuntary euthanasia, and is regarded as murder. Right to die is the belief that people have a right to die, either through various forms of<unk> , euthanasia, or refusing life-saving medical treatment.<unk> sm can be definied as "the quality or state of being<unk> l" or as "... an oppressive system (stemming from non-suicidal perspectives) functioning at the normative, discursive, medical, legal, social, political, economic, and epistemic levels in which<unk> l people experience multiple forms of injustice and violence ..."<unk> dying vs<unk> Some advocates for<unk> strongly oppose the use of<unk> " and<unk> " when referring to physician-assisted<unk> , and prefer the phrase<unk> dying". The motivation for this is to distance the debate from the<unk> s commonly performed by those not terminally ill and not eligible for assistance where it is legal. They feel those cases have negatively impacted the word<unk> " to the point that it bears no relation to the situation where someone who is suffering irremediably seeks a peaceful death. However, the term<unk> dying" is also used to refer to other practices like voluntary euthanasia and terminal sedation.

Assisted suicide

Youth suicide

Copycat suicide

Night terror

Suicide attempt

Bullying in medicine

Self-harm

Bullying and suicide

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The<unk> is a functional<unk> used in upper limb rehabilitation. The<unk> is used to measure the gross manual dexterity of a patient, or of a person using an upper limb prosthetic device. The<unk> consists of a<unk> with a partition in the middle.<unk> are placed at one side of the partition. The<unk> is placed at a table. The<unk> subject is seated, facing towards the<unk> . During the<unk> s the<unk> subject is given 60 seconds to move as many<unk> as possible from one side to the other, by using only his<unk> ed hand. The<unk> ed hand can be either the subjects own hand or a prosthetic device operated by the subject. The number of displaced<unk> is a measure of the gross manual dexterity. A higher number of displaced<unk> indicates a better gross dexterity. The outcome can be compared to reference values of healthy<unk> subjects, or reference values of<unk> s performed with a prosthesis. The<unk> enables measuring progress of gross hand dexterity during rehabilitation.

Box and Blocks Test

Tone decay test

Sitting-rising test

Modified Ashworth scale

Drop arm test

Tine test

McMurray test

Elbow extension test

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Since the clinical manifestations of each form of<unk> are unique and depend to a large extent on the underlying enzyme defects, their precursor retention and defective products, the therapeutic goal of<unk> is to replenish insufficient adrenal hormones and suppress excess of precursors. Treatment of all forms of<unk> may include any of: # Supplying enough glucocorticoid to reduce hyperplasia and overproduction of androgens or mineralocorticoids # Providing replacement mineralocorticoid and extra salt if the person is deficient # Providing replacement testosterone or estrogens at puberty if the person is deficient # Additional treatments to optimize growth by delaying puberty or delaying bone maturation If<unk> is caused by the deficiency of the 21-hydroxylase enzyme, then treatment aims to normalize levels of main substrate of the enzyme - 17α-hydroxyprogesterone.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Late onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Persistent adrenarche syndrome

Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome

Congenital hypothyroidism

Congenital hyperinsulinism

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The diagnosis of<unk> is made by excluding other causes of<unk> loss. Endoscopy can be used to localize the cause of the<unk> loss in the bowel. Different methods include faecal excretion of alpha 1-antitrypsin which is a marker of<unk> , as well as, viral serologies which may be useful to detect<unk> .

Protein losing enteropathy

Environmental enteropathy

Radiation enteropathy

Autoimmune enteropathy

Hereditary fructose intolerance

Coeliac disease

Gluten-sensitive enteropathy–associated conditions

Wilderness-acquired diarrhea

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