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shivam1021

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I'm setting up a site for internal use and it will be served over HTTPS with a self-signed server certificate. To increase security, I want to also secure the site with client certificates. Is there any reason to use a separate certificate authority to sign the client certificates instead of just using the server private key I already have to sign them?

2017/08/28

When you talk about security, all this self-signed SSL stuff has nothing common with security. In order to implement proper SSL configuration for internal network, you have to: * Create your own CA server (depending on a platform, different products may be used. For example, in Windows you can use Active Directory Certificate Services, in Linux you can use CA software like EJBCA). CA certificate will be self-signed * Provide best security for your CA server: strict physical and remote access to the server. * Distribute self-signed root CA certificate to trust store on all affected clients * Use this CA to issue certificates to clients and web servers * Maintain revocation information for these certificates (CA server will periodically publish CRLs) The reason is -- separation of concerns and security. Web servier is by default less secure. There are more chances that private key leaks from web server, because you can't guarantee adequate security for it because of web server specialization (be public). With dedicated CA you can provide better security, so less people can access it either, physically or programmatically. If you lose SSL certificate, you can revoke it and issue a new one. Minimum server reconfiguration is required. No client reconfiguration is required. If you use CA certificate on web server, you will have to recreate every server/client certificate and reconfigure all of them in the case of key compromise.

Crypt32 gave information about "how". Here's a reason to do this the "right way" -- The "right way" is likely less costly than running your own CA, distributing keys, etc. "Let's encrypt" is free. A wildcard from a "cheap" SSL provider is only about $100/year and can provide a cert for all sites in a domain. Either solution is very inexpensive without running a CA server, distributing keys etc.

Let $\mathscr A$ be a unital C\*-algebra and let $a,b\in \mathscr A$ such that $0\leq a \leq b$ and $a$ is invertible. How to show that $b$ is invertible? ($0\leq a \leq b$ means that $a,b$ is positive and that $b-a$ is positive. Moreover, a positive element is a hermitian element with a spectrum which is a subset of $[0,\infty)$.) Since $a$ is invertible, we have that $0 \not \in \sigma(a)$. I guess my question is why this implies that $0 \not \in \sigma(b)$. Maybe one should use functional calculus in some way(?).

2015/12/16

Let $x=-\cos(\theta)$ so that $$\mu(1-x^2)^2-x=0$$ This polynomial indeed has a single root in the range $[0,1]$ for all positive $\mu$. We can rewrite the above equation as $$\mu=\frac x{(1-x^2)^2}.$$ For small $x$, $x\approx\mu$. For $x$ close to $1$, let $1-\epsilon$, we have $$\mu=\frac{1-\epsilon}{(1-(1-\epsilon)^2)^2}\approx\frac1{4\epsilon^2}.$$ This gives us the approximation $$x=1-\frac1{2\sqrt\mu}.$$ You can refine the root numerically in the range $$[\mu,1-\frac1{2\sqrt\mu}].$$ For a "manual" method, you can plot the relation $\mu=f(x)$ as accurately as possible. Then for a given value of $\mu$, find the corresponding $x$ on the plot and use it for a starting value of Newton's iterations. --- **Update**: The $\mu$ curve has a vertical asymptote at $x=1$, which makes it more difficult to handle. We can discard it by considering the function $$\frac\mu{\mu+1}=\frac x{(1-x^2)^2\left(\frac x{(1-x^2)^2}+1\right)}=\frac x{(1-x^2)^2+x}.$$ [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/5cxPH.png) It turns out that the function is fairly well approximated by $x$ in the range of interest, so that a good initial approximation is simply $$x=\frac\mu{\mu+1} !$$

You can avoid ugly analytical formulas but you'll need to use a numerical method to solve for the roots of a polynomial. Rewrite your equation as $$\mu\sin^4\theta-\sqrt{1-\sin^2\theta}=0$$ (because $\pi/2<\theta<\pi$), from which you get $$\mu^2\sin^8\theta+\sin^2\theta - 1=0$$ With $x=\sin\theta$ this is equivalent to $$x^8+\frac{1}{\mu^2}x^2-\frac{1}{\mu^2}=0\tag{1}$$ Solve for the roots of $(1)$, choose the one which is real-valued and positive, and compute the desired angle as $$\theta\_0=\pi-\arcsin x\_0$$ (again, because $\pi/2<\theta<\pi$).

How to determine the order of nucleophilicity for given chemical species? Like I came across this question, to rearrange $\ce{RCOO-, OR-, OH-, H2O}$ (alkyl acetate, alkoxide, hydroxide, and water) in decreasing order of nucleophilicity and it ranked $\ce{OR-}$ first. Shouldn't it be $\ce{OH-}$ since $\ce{OR-}$ would be more sterically crowded?

2016/08/12

In this case you can look at the pKa values of their conjugate acids. Higher pKa of conjugate acid means a weaker acid hence a stronger base. The pKa of water is 15.7, while most alcohols have pKa of 16-18. I guess this question is asking for a general trend. Although alkoxide could be sterically hindered, for which an extreme case would be a tertiary alkoxide, but if the electrophile is not hindered at all (e.g. primary alkyl halide), then OR⁻ is still stronger than OH⁻.

OR¯ is NOT RO¯ !!! Clearly, R¯ is an unknown species and nothing else can be said about it. OR¯ would be an unusual structure, given oxygen's electronegativity compared to carbon's. In the case of RO¯, the R "group" would have to be very large and bulky to dramatically sterically affect (hide) the O¯ from other molecules. So for simple organic compounds, the effect will be quite small. As already said pKa of the conjugate acid would be an excellent guide to nucleophilicity (in the relevant solvent).

How to determine the order of nucleophilicity for given chemical species? Like I came across this question, to rearrange $\ce{RCOO-, OR-, OH-, H2O}$ (alkyl acetate, alkoxide, hydroxide, and water) in decreasing order of nucleophilicity and it ranked $\ce{OR-}$ first. Shouldn't it be $\ce{OH-}$ since $\ce{OR-}$ would be more sterically crowded?

2016/08/12

Within a group of nucleophiles with the same atom, the nucleophilicity decrease with **decreasing basicity of nucleophile**. Decreasing basicity means the decreasing affinity of electron pair for a proton. The decreasing order of nucleophilicity is shown in the figure. [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/EwG8V.gif) But the relationship between nucleophilicity and basicity can be reversed by steric effect. Less basic but steric unhindered nucleophile therefore have higher nucleophilicity than strong basic but strically hindered nucleophile.

In this case you can look at the pKa values of their conjugate acids. Higher pKa of conjugate acid means a weaker acid hence a stronger base. The pKa of water is 15.7, while most alcohols have pKa of 16-18. I guess this question is asking for a general trend. Although alkoxide could be sterically hindered, for which an extreme case would be a tertiary alkoxide, but if the electrophile is not hindered at all (e.g. primary alkyl halide), then OR⁻ is still stronger than OH⁻.

How to determine the order of nucleophilicity for given chemical species? Like I came across this question, to rearrange $\ce{RCOO-, OR-, OH-, H2O}$ (alkyl acetate, alkoxide, hydroxide, and water) in decreasing order of nucleophilicity and it ranked $\ce{OR-}$ first. Shouldn't it be $\ce{OH-}$ since $\ce{OR-}$ would be more sterically crowded?

2016/08/12

In addition to looking at pKa's, you must also consider the stabilizing effects of the surrounding groups. RO- has an alkyl group attached, allowing a greater amount of polarizability. This means Oxygen's loan pairs will be more readily available to react (ie they will not be held in as close and as tight) in RO- than in HO-. Consider Fluoride vs Iodide, the same concept applies. Fluorine has a smaller atomic radius and thus less polarizability (less area to distribute the charge over) than Iodide. Fluroide holds onto it's loan pairs much tighter than Iodide, and therefore the loan pairs are much less available to react. Another great example of this, consider sulfides. They are generally better nucleophiles than similar compounds that contain oxygen instead of sulfur. This is due to the larger atomic radius of sulfur and therefore greater polarizability/charge distribution. Also, negatively charged species are almost always more nucleophilic than neutral species (when considering the charged form vs the neutral form of the same molecule, such as water vs hydroxide or ammonia vs amide).

OR¯ is NOT RO¯ !!! Clearly, R¯ is an unknown species and nothing else can be said about it. OR¯ would be an unusual structure, given oxygen's electronegativity compared to carbon's. In the case of RO¯, the R "group" would have to be very large and bulky to dramatically sterically affect (hide) the O¯ from other molecules. So for simple organic compounds, the effect will be quite small. As already said pKa of the conjugate acid would be an excellent guide to nucleophilicity (in the relevant solvent).

How to determine the order of nucleophilicity for given chemical species? Like I came across this question, to rearrange $\ce{RCOO-, OR-, OH-, H2O}$ (alkyl acetate, alkoxide, hydroxide, and water) in decreasing order of nucleophilicity and it ranked $\ce{OR-}$ first. Shouldn't it be $\ce{OH-}$ since $\ce{OR-}$ would be more sterically crowded?

2016/08/12

Within a group of nucleophiles with the same atom, the nucleophilicity decrease with **decreasing basicity of nucleophile**. Decreasing basicity means the decreasing affinity of electron pair for a proton. The decreasing order of nucleophilicity is shown in the figure. [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/EwG8V.gif) But the relationship between nucleophilicity and basicity can be reversed by steric effect. Less basic but steric unhindered nucleophile therefore have higher nucleophilicity than strong basic but strically hindered nucleophile.

OR¯ is NOT RO¯ !!! Clearly, R¯ is an unknown species and nothing else can be said about it. OR¯ would be an unusual structure, given oxygen's electronegativity compared to carbon's. In the case of RO¯, the R "group" would have to be very large and bulky to dramatically sterically affect (hide) the O¯ from other molecules. So for simple organic compounds, the effect will be quite small. As already said pKa of the conjugate acid would be an excellent guide to nucleophilicity (in the relevant solvent).

How to determine the order of nucleophilicity for given chemical species? Like I came across this question, to rearrange $\ce{RCOO-, OR-, OH-, H2O}$ (alkyl acetate, alkoxide, hydroxide, and water) in decreasing order of nucleophilicity and it ranked $\ce{OR-}$ first. Shouldn't it be $\ce{OH-}$ since $\ce{OR-}$ would be more sterically crowded?

2016/08/12

Within a group of nucleophiles with the same atom, the nucleophilicity decrease with **decreasing basicity of nucleophile**. Decreasing basicity means the decreasing affinity of electron pair for a proton. The decreasing order of nucleophilicity is shown in the figure. [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/EwG8V.gif) But the relationship between nucleophilicity and basicity can be reversed by steric effect. Less basic but steric unhindered nucleophile therefore have higher nucleophilicity than strong basic but strically hindered nucleophile.

In addition to looking at pKa's, you must also consider the stabilizing effects of the surrounding groups. RO- has an alkyl group attached, allowing a greater amount of polarizability. This means Oxygen's loan pairs will be more readily available to react (ie they will not be held in as close and as tight) in RO- than in HO-. Consider Fluoride vs Iodide, the same concept applies. Fluorine has a smaller atomic radius and thus less polarizability (less area to distribute the charge over) than Iodide. Fluroide holds onto it's loan pairs much tighter than Iodide, and therefore the loan pairs are much less available to react. Another great example of this, consider sulfides. They are generally better nucleophiles than similar compounds that contain oxygen instead of sulfur. This is due to the larger atomic radius of sulfur and therefore greater polarizability/charge distribution. Also, negatively charged species are almost always more nucleophilic than neutral species (when considering the charged form vs the neutral form of the same molecule, such as water vs hydroxide or ammonia vs amide).

No mather what I write in the input fields I only get NaN even from the page load I get NaN Any idea why? I need quantity to \* by price and give a result, here is the code. I will display the code now ``` <form action="?F=save-sale" method="post" name="venta"> <table class="table-global"> <tr> <td class="table-global-td-title">Cantidad </td> <td class="table-global-td-title">Precio venta</td> <td class="table-global-td-title">Vendedor</td> <td class="table-global-td-title">Documento</td> <td class="table-global-td-title">M&eacute;todo de pago</td> <td class="table-global-td-title">Suma total</td> <td class="table-global-td-title"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="table-global-td-subtitle"><input type="number" class="input-global-100" name="cantidad" id="cantidad"> </td> <td class="table-global-td-subtitle"><input type="number" class="input-global-100" name="venta" id="venta" value="0"></td> <td class="table-global-td-subtitle"> <select style="text-transform:capitalize" class="select-global-120" name="vendedor" id="vendedor"> <option value="" selected>Seleccionar</option> <option value="001">001</option> </select> </td> <td class="table-global-td-subtitle"> <select class="select-global-132" name="comprobante" id="comprobante"> <option value="Boleta" selected>Boleta</option> <option value="Factura">Factura</option> </select> </td> <td class="table-global-td-subtitle"><select class="select-global-120" name="metodo" id="metodo" > <option value="Transferencia">Transferencia</option> <option value="Efectivo" selected>Efectivo</option> <option value="Cheque">Cheque</option> <option value="Transbank">Transbank</option> </select></td> <td class="table-global-td-subtitle"> <input type="text" class="input-global-total-100" name="ventatotal" id="ventatotal" readonly value="0" /> </td> <td class="table-global-td-subtitle"> <input class="submit-global-120" type="submit" value="Realizar la venta" /></td> </tr> </table> <script> var aacosto = document.getElementsByName('costo')[0]; var aacostototal = document.getElementsByName('costototal')[0]; var aaventa = document.getElementsByName('venta')[0]; var aaventatotal = document.getElementsByName('ventatotal')[0]; var aacantidad = document.getElementsByName('cantidad')[0]; var aaganancia = document.getElementsByName('ganancia')[0]; var aagananciatotal = document.getElementsByName('gananciatotal')[0]; function updateInput() { aaventatotal.value = parseFloat(aaventa.value) * parseFloat(aacantidad.value); } aaventa.addEventListener('keyup', updateInput); aaventatotal.addEventListener('change', updateInput); aacantidad.addEventListener('keyup', updateInput); updateInput(); </script> </form> ``` Here is a Fiddle so you guys can see it working <https://fiddle.jshell.net/v6spxoqv/10/>

2015/12/28

Just have this condition `if (aaventa.value && aacantidad.value)` before calculating the product. It makes sure that the values are not *empty*. Everything else is fine. ```js var aaventa = document.getElementsByName('venta')[0]; var aaventatotal = document.getElementsByName('ventatotal')[0]; var aacantidad = document.getElementsByName('cantidad')[0]; function updateInput() { if (aaventa.value && aacantidad.value) aaventatotal.value = parseFloat(aaventa.value) * parseFloat(aacantidad.value); else aaventatotal.value = 0; } aaventa.addEventListener('keyup', updateInput); aaventatotal.addEventListener('change', updateInput); aacantidad.addEventListener('keyup', updateInput); updateInput(); ``` ```html <input name="venta"> <input name="cantidad"> <input name="ventatotal"> ```

``` <input id="venta"> <input id="cantidad"> <input id="ventatotal"> ``` Using jQuery ``` $('#venta').change(function(){ updateInput() ;}); $('#cantidad').change(function(){ updateInput() ;}); $('#ventatotal').change(function(){ updateInput() ;}); ```

I have a Typscript app and API. I wrote the below test per numerous Google searches and some examples found here on SO and other places. I see no issue in the test code. Googling `TypeError: chai.request is not a function`, so far is getting me now where. Do you see my error below? Thank you, thank you, thank you for any help :-) [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/A6rVF.png)

2018/09/02

I can reproduce the problem if I enable the `esModuleInterop` compiler option. When this option is enabled, `import * as chai from 'chai';` only imports the members that the `chai` module has at the time it is imported. Indeed, I believe it's considered dodgy to add exports to an ES module at runtime. Try `import chai from 'chai';` or `import chai = require('chai');` instead; either one is working for me.

You are mixing `import` and `require` syntax, it's a bad idea! Use only `import` syntax : ``` import * as chai from 'chai'; import * as chai-http from 'chai-http'; chai.use(chai-http); ``` **Edit** Unfortunately, it seems that the es6 module syntax is not supported in chai-http. You can see the issue [here](https://github.com/DefinitelyTyped/DefinitelyTyped/issues/19480) ``` import * as chai from 'chai'; import chaiHttp = require('chai-http'); chai.use(chai-http); ```

I have a Typscript app and API. I wrote the below test per numerous Google searches and some examples found here on SO and other places. I see no issue in the test code. Googling `TypeError: chai.request is not a function`, so far is getting me now where. Do you see my error below? Thank you, thank you, thank you for any help :-) [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/A6rVF.png)

2018/09/02

I solved this by the following approach (Express.js with TypeScript) ``` import chai from 'chai'; import chaiHttp from 'chai-http'; chai.use(chaiHttp); ``` Hope it helps. *Remember to install* **@types/chai** *and other type definition packages for the block above to work*

install from github ``` "devDependencies": { "chai-http": "git+https://github.com/chaijs/chai-http.git", }, ```

I have a Typscript app and API. I wrote the below test per numerous Google searches and some examples found here on SO and other places. I see no issue in the test code. Googling `TypeError: chai.request is not a function`, so far is getting me now where. Do you see my error below? Thank you, thank you, thank you for any help :-) [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/A6rVF.png)

2018/09/02

I can reproduce the problem if I enable the `esModuleInterop` compiler option. When this option is enabled, `import * as chai from 'chai';` only imports the members that the `chai` module has at the time it is imported. Indeed, I believe it's considered dodgy to add exports to an ES module at runtime. Try `import chai from 'chai';` or `import chai = require('chai');` instead; either one is working for me.

install from github ``` "devDependencies": { "chai-http": "git+https://github.com/chaijs/chai-http.git", }, ```

I have a Typscript app and API. I wrote the below test per numerous Google searches and some examples found here on SO and other places. I see no issue in the test code. Googling `TypeError: chai.request is not a function`, so far is getting me now where. Do you see my error below? Thank you, thank you, thank you for any help :-) [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/A6rVF.png)

2018/09/02

You are mixing `import` and `require` syntax, it's a bad idea! Use only `import` syntax : ``` import * as chai from 'chai'; import * as chai-http from 'chai-http'; chai.use(chai-http); ``` **Edit** Unfortunately, it seems that the es6 module syntax is not supported in chai-http. You can see the issue [here](https://github.com/DefinitelyTyped/DefinitelyTyped/issues/19480) ``` import * as chai from 'chai'; import chaiHttp = require('chai-http'); chai.use(chai-http); ```

I can reproduce the issue on my own machine. This is how I solve it. ``` import * as chai from 'chai'; import chaiHttp = require('chai-http'); chai.use(chaiHttp); ``` I also need to install **@types/chai-http** so the compiler knows. ``` npm install @types/chai-http --save-dev ``` Hope it helps

I have a Typscript app and API. I wrote the below test per numerous Google searches and some examples found here on SO and other places. I see no issue in the test code. Googling `TypeError: chai.request is not a function`, so far is getting me now where. Do you see my error below? Thank you, thank you, thank you for any help :-) [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/A6rVF.png)

2018/09/02

Thank you very much for the replies! Ultimately I had to change where/how `chai.request` was being imported and rewrite the test a good bit. Based on the code in the test you might think 1 or more of the first 5 lines are not necessary, but they *all* are. Assuming the rest api is started up on 3000, the following code works and the test passes. Am I writing this api request test correctly? I'm just now learning Mocha/Chai so it's probably wrong... ``` import * as chai from 'chai'; import chaiHttp = require('chai-http'); chai.use(chaiHttp); import { Response } from 'superagent'; import { request, expect } from 'chai'; describe('AppController', () => { describe('Route GET /app', () => { it('Should GET to /app', async () => { const res: Response = await request('http://0.0.0.0:3000').get('/app'); expect(res).to.have.status(200); expect(res).to.be.a('object'); }); }); }); ```

install from github ``` "devDependencies": { "chai-http": "git+https://github.com/chaijs/chai-http.git", }, ```

I have a Typscript app and API. I wrote the below test per numerous Google searches and some examples found here on SO and other places. I see no issue in the test code. Googling `TypeError: chai.request is not a function`, so far is getting me now where. Do you see my error below? Thank you, thank you, thank you for any help :-) [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/A6rVF.png)

2018/09/02

I solved this by the following approach (Express.js with TypeScript) ``` import chai from 'chai'; import chaiHttp from 'chai-http'; chai.use(chaiHttp); ``` Hope it helps. *Remember to install* **@types/chai** *and other type definition packages for the block above to work*

Use : ``` const chai =require('chai'); const chaiHttp = require('chai-http'); chai.use(chaiHttp); ``` Then use ``` describe('Chat', () => { it('should return all data',async()=>{ chai.request("https://google.com") .get('/') .end((err, res) => { expect(res).to.have.status(200); done(); }); }) }) ```

I have a Typscript app and API. I wrote the below test per numerous Google searches and some examples found here on SO and other places. I see no issue in the test code. Googling `TypeError: chai.request is not a function`, so far is getting me now where. Do you see my error below? Thank you, thank you, thank you for any help :-) [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/A6rVF.png)

2018/09/02

Use : ``` const chai =require('chai'); const chaiHttp = require('chai-http'); chai.use(chaiHttp); ``` Then use ``` describe('Chat', () => { it('should return all data',async()=>{ chai.request("https://google.com") .get('/') .end((err, res) => { expect(res).to.have.status(200); done(); }); }) }) ```

I can reproduce the issue on my own machine. This is how I solve it. ``` import * as chai from 'chai'; import chaiHttp = require('chai-http'); chai.use(chaiHttp); ``` I also need to install **@types/chai-http** so the compiler knows. ``` npm install @types/chai-http --save-dev ``` Hope it helps

I have a Typscript app and API. I wrote the below test per numerous Google searches and some examples found here on SO and other places. I see no issue in the test code. Googling `TypeError: chai.request is not a function`, so far is getting me now where. Do you see my error below? Thank you, thank you, thank you for any help :-) [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/A6rVF.png)

2018/09/02

I solved this by the following approach (Express.js with TypeScript) ``` import chai from 'chai'; import chaiHttp from 'chai-http'; chai.use(chaiHttp); ``` Hope it helps. *Remember to install* **@types/chai** *and other type definition packages for the block above to work*

You are mixing `import` and `require` syntax, it's a bad idea! Use only `import` syntax : ``` import * as chai from 'chai'; import * as chai-http from 'chai-http'; chai.use(chai-http); ``` **Edit** Unfortunately, it seems that the es6 module syntax is not supported in chai-http. You can see the issue [here](https://github.com/DefinitelyTyped/DefinitelyTyped/issues/19480) ``` import * as chai from 'chai'; import chaiHttp = require('chai-http'); chai.use(chai-http); ```

I have a Typscript app and API. I wrote the below test per numerous Google searches and some examples found here on SO and other places. I see no issue in the test code. Googling `TypeError: chai.request is not a function`, so far is getting me now where. Do you see my error below? Thank you, thank you, thank you for any help :-) [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/A6rVF.png)

2018/09/02

You are mixing `import` and `require` syntax, it's a bad idea! Use only `import` syntax : ``` import * as chai from 'chai'; import * as chai-http from 'chai-http'; chai.use(chai-http); ``` **Edit** Unfortunately, it seems that the es6 module syntax is not supported in chai-http. You can see the issue [here](https://github.com/DefinitelyTyped/DefinitelyTyped/issues/19480) ``` import * as chai from 'chai'; import chaiHttp = require('chai-http'); chai.use(chai-http); ```

Use : ``` const chai =require('chai'); const chaiHttp = require('chai-http'); chai.use(chaiHttp); ``` Then use ``` describe('Chat', () => { it('should return all data',async()=>{ chai.request("https://google.com") .get('/') .end((err, res) => { expect(res).to.have.status(200); done(); }); }) }) ```

I have a Typscript app and API. I wrote the below test per numerous Google searches and some examples found here on SO and other places. I see no issue in the test code. Googling `TypeError: chai.request is not a function`, so far is getting me now where. Do you see my error below? Thank you, thank you, thank you for any help :-) [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/A6rVF.png)

2018/09/02

I can reproduce the problem if I enable the `esModuleInterop` compiler option. When this option is enabled, `import * as chai from 'chai';` only imports the members that the `chai` module has at the time it is imported. Indeed, I believe it's considered dodgy to add exports to an ES module at runtime. Try `import chai from 'chai';` or `import chai = require('chai');` instead; either one is working for me.

I can reproduce the issue on my own machine. This is how I solve it. ``` import * as chai from 'chai'; import chaiHttp = require('chai-http'); chai.use(chaiHttp); ``` I also need to install **@types/chai-http** so the compiler knows. ``` npm install @types/chai-http --save-dev ``` Hope it helps

I wrote a small farad converter to learn GUI programming. It works great, looks fine-ish. The only problem is I can't seem to figure out how to control this strange highlighting that comes up on my `ttk.Combobox` selections. I did use a `ttk.Style()`, but it only changed the colors of the `ttk.Combobox` background, entries, etc. I also tried changing `openbox/gtk` themes.  I'm talking about what's seen there on the text "microfarads (uF)". It'd be fine, if it highlighted the entire box; but I'd rather have it gone completely. How can I manipulate a `ttk.Combobox`'s selection highlight? ``` # what the farad? # thomas kirkpatrick (jtkiv) from tkinter import * from tkinter import ttk # ze la programma. def conversion(*args): # this is the numerical value inV = float(inValue.get()) # these two are the unit (farads, microfarads, etc.) values inU = inUnitsValue.current() outU = outUnitsValue.current() # "mltplr" is multiplied times inValue (inV) if inU == outU: mltplr = 1 else: mltplr = 10**((outU - inU)*3) outValue.set(inV*mltplr) # start of GUI code root = Tk() root.title("What the Farad?") # frame mainFrame = ttk.Frame(root, width="364", padding="4 4 8 8") mainFrame.grid(column=0, row=0) # input entry inValue = StringVar() inValueEntry = ttk.Entry(mainFrame, width="20", justify="right", textvariable=inValue) inValueEntry.grid(column=1, row=1, sticky="W") # input unit combobox inUnitsValue = ttk.Combobox(mainFrame) inUnitsValue['values'] = ('kilofarads (kF)', 'farads (F)', 'millifarads (mF)', 'microfarads (uF)', 'nanofarads (nF)', 'picofarads (pF)') inUnitsValue.grid(column=2, row=1, sticky="e") inUnitsValue.state(['readonly']) inUnitsValue.bind('<<ComboboxSelected>>', conversion) # result label outValue = StringVar() resultLabel = ttk.Label(mainFrame, textvariable=outValue) resultLabel.grid(column=1, row=2, sticky="e") # output unit combobox outUnitsValue = ttk.Combobox(mainFrame) outUnitsValue['values'] = ('kilofarads (kF)', 'farads (F)', 'millifarads (mF)', 'microfarads (uF)', 'nanofarads (nF)', 'picofarads (pF)') outUnitsValue.grid(column=2, row=2, sticky="e") outUnitsValue.state(['readonly']) outUnitsValue.bind('<<ComboboxSelected>>', conversion) # padding for widgets for child in mainFrame.winfo_children(): child.grid_configure(padx=4, pady=4) # focus inValueEntry.focus() # bind keys to convert (auto-update, no button) root.bind('<KeyRelease>', conversion) root.mainloop() ```

2011/03/08

You can use the Combobox's [`selection_clear()`](http://effbot.org/tkinterbook/entry.htm#Tkinter.Entry.selection_clear-method) method to clear the selection whenever you want. e.g ``` inUnitsValue.selection_clear() ```

Just refresh the selected value of the Combobox. This will help for removing the highlight. ``` import tkinter.ttk import tkinter items = ["test1","test2","test3","test4"] class TkCombobox(tkinter.ttk.Combobox): def __init__(self, *arg, **kwarg): super(TkCombobox, self).__init__(*arg, **kwarg) self._strvar_ = tkinter.StringVar() self._strvar_.set("") self["textvariable"] = self._strvar_ self.bind("<<ComboboxSelected>>", self.highlight_clear) def highlight_clear(self, event): current = self._strvar_.get() self.set("") self.set(current) master = tkinter.Tk();master.geometry("400x400") c = TkCombobox(master, values=items, state="readonly") c.pack() master.mainloop() ```

I wrote a small farad converter to learn GUI programming. It works great, looks fine-ish. The only problem is I can't seem to figure out how to control this strange highlighting that comes up on my `ttk.Combobox` selections. I did use a `ttk.Style()`, but it only changed the colors of the `ttk.Combobox` background, entries, etc. I also tried changing `openbox/gtk` themes.  I'm talking about what's seen there on the text "microfarads (uF)". It'd be fine, if it highlighted the entire box; but I'd rather have it gone completely. How can I manipulate a `ttk.Combobox`'s selection highlight? ``` # what the farad? # thomas kirkpatrick (jtkiv) from tkinter import * from tkinter import ttk # ze la programma. def conversion(*args): # this is the numerical value inV = float(inValue.get()) # these two are the unit (farads, microfarads, etc.) values inU = inUnitsValue.current() outU = outUnitsValue.current() # "mltplr" is multiplied times inValue (inV) if inU == outU: mltplr = 1 else: mltplr = 10**((outU - inU)*3) outValue.set(inV*mltplr) # start of GUI code root = Tk() root.title("What the Farad?") # frame mainFrame = ttk.Frame(root, width="364", padding="4 4 8 8") mainFrame.grid(column=0, row=0) # input entry inValue = StringVar() inValueEntry = ttk.Entry(mainFrame, width="20", justify="right", textvariable=inValue) inValueEntry.grid(column=1, row=1, sticky="W") # input unit combobox inUnitsValue = ttk.Combobox(mainFrame) inUnitsValue['values'] = ('kilofarads (kF)', 'farads (F)', 'millifarads (mF)', 'microfarads (uF)', 'nanofarads (nF)', 'picofarads (pF)') inUnitsValue.grid(column=2, row=1, sticky="e") inUnitsValue.state(['readonly']) inUnitsValue.bind('<<ComboboxSelected>>', conversion) # result label outValue = StringVar() resultLabel = ttk.Label(mainFrame, textvariable=outValue) resultLabel.grid(column=1, row=2, sticky="e") # output unit combobox outUnitsValue = ttk.Combobox(mainFrame) outUnitsValue['values'] = ('kilofarads (kF)', 'farads (F)', 'millifarads (mF)', 'microfarads (uF)', 'nanofarads (nF)', 'picofarads (pF)') outUnitsValue.grid(column=2, row=2, sticky="e") outUnitsValue.state(['readonly']) outUnitsValue.bind('<<ComboboxSelected>>', conversion) # padding for widgets for child in mainFrame.winfo_children(): child.grid_configure(padx=4, pady=4) # focus inValueEntry.focus() # bind keys to convert (auto-update, no button) root.bind('<KeyRelease>', conversion) root.mainloop() ```

2011/03/08

Could it be that with a readonly combobox the problem is not the selection but the relatively strong focus-indicator? With this workarround you lose the ability to control your program by keyboard. To do it right you would have to change the style of the focus-highlighting. ``` from tkinter import * from ttk import * def defocus(event): event.widget.master.focus_set() root = Tk() comboBox = Combobox(root, state="readonly", values=("a", "b", "c")) comboBox.grid() comboBox.set("a") comboBox.bind("<FocusIn>", defocus) mainloop() ```

Just refresh the selected value of the Combobox. This will help for removing the highlight. ``` import tkinter.ttk import tkinter items = ["test1","test2","test3","test4"] class TkCombobox(tkinter.ttk.Combobox): def __init__(self, *arg, **kwarg): super(TkCombobox, self).__init__(*arg, **kwarg) self._strvar_ = tkinter.StringVar() self._strvar_.set("") self["textvariable"] = self._strvar_ self.bind("<<ComboboxSelected>>", self.highlight_clear) def highlight_clear(self, event): current = self._strvar_.get() self.set("") self.set(current) master = tkinter.Tk();master.geometry("400x400") c = TkCombobox(master, values=items, state="readonly") c.pack() master.mainloop() ```

We have a growing mailing list which we want to send our newsletter to. At the moment we are sending around 1200 per day, but this will increase quite a bit. I've written a PHP script which runs every half hour to send email from a queue. The problem is that it is very slow (for example to send 106 emails took a total of 74.37 seconds). I had to increase the max execution time to 90 seconds to accomodate this as it was timing out constantly before. I've checked that the queries aren't at fault and it seems to be specifically the sending mail part which is taking so long. As you can see below I'm using Mail::factory('mail', $params) and the email server is ALT-N Mdaemon pro for Windows hosted on another server. Also, while doing tests I found that none were being delivered to hotmail or yahoo addresses, not even being picked up as junk. Does anyone have an idea why this might be happening? ``` foreach($leads as $k=>$lead){ $t1->start(); $job_data = $jobObj->get(array('id'=>$lead['job_id'])); $email = $emailObj->get($job_data['email_id']); $message = new Mail_mime(); //$html = file_get_contents("1032.html"); //$message->setTXTBody($text); $recipient_name = $lead['fname'] . ' ' . $lead['lname']; if ($debug){ $email_address = DEBUG_EXPORT_EMAIL; } else { $email_address = $lead['email']; } // Get from job $to = "$recipient_name <$email_address>"; //echo $to . " $email_address ".$lead['email']."<br>"; $message->setHTMLBody($email['content']); $options = array(); $options['head_encoding'] = 'quoted-printable'; $options['text_encoding'] = 'quoted-printable'; $options['html_encoding'] = 'base64'; $options['html_charset'] = 'utf-8'; $options['text_charset'] = 'utf-8'; $body = $message->get($options); // Get from email table $extraheaders = array( "From" => "Sender <[email protected]>", "Subject" => $email['subject'] ); $headers = $message->headers($extraheaders); $params = array(); $params["host"] = "mail.domain.com"; $params["port"] = 25; $params["auth"] = false; $params["timeout"] = null; $params["debug"] = true; $smtp = Mail::factory('mail', $params); $mail = $smtp->send($to, $headers, $body); if (PEAR::isError($mail)) { $logObj->insert(array( 'type' => 'process_email', 'message' => 'PEAR Error: '.$mail->getMessage() )); $failed++; } else { $successful++; if (DEBUG) echo("<!-- Message successfully sent! -->"); // Delete from queue $deleted = $queueObj->deleteById($lead['eq_id']); if ($deleted){ // Add to history $history_res = $ehObj->create(array( 'lead_id' => $lead['lead_id'], 'job_id' => $lead['job_id'] ) ); if (!$history_res){ $logObj->insert(array( 'type' => 'process_email', 'message' => 'Error: add to history failed' )); } } else { $logObj->insert(array( 'type' => 'process_email', 'message' => 'Delete from queue failed' )); } } $t1->stop(); } ```

2010/12/13

There doesn't appear to be a method, but I am not surprised. Slugify removes characters from the string and unslugify would not know where to put it back in. For example, if you look at the URL for this question, it is ``` stackoverflow.com/questions/4433620/play-framework-how-do-i-lookup-an-item-from-a-slugify-url ``` It has removed the exclamation (!), parentheses and the quotes from the title of this question. How would an unslugify method know how and where to put those characters back in? The approach you want to take is to also include the ID, just as the stackoverflow URL has. If you wanted to take the same format as the stackoverflow URL, your route would be ``` GET /questions/{id}/{title} Question.show() ``` Then in your action, you would ignore the title, and simply do `Blog.findById(id);` You then have a SEO friendly URL, plus use a good REST approach to accessing the Blog post.

Actually you can: you need to store the slugified string into your db. In your *model*: ``` //import ... ; import play.templates.JavaExtensions; @Entity public class Product extends Model{ public String name; public String slug; @PrePersist @PreUpdate void pre_update(){ this.slug = JavaExtensions.slugify(this.name); // Prevent duplicates Long dup_slug = Product.count("bySlug", this.slug); if(dup_slug>0){ this.slug += "_"+this.id; } } } ``` In your *controller*: ``` public static void show(String prod_slug) { Product prod = Product.find("bySlug", prod_slug).first(); notFoundIfNull(prod); renderText("Product: <a href='/products/"+prod.slug+"'>"+prod.name+"</a>"); } ``` Please remember to define your *routes*: ``` # Products GET /products/ Products.index GET /products/{prod_slug} Products.show ```

Is there any way to see all publicly shared Google Drive items/documents from a specific Google user?

2015/09/05

I wrote a Google Apps Script macro that you can attach to a new spreadsheet (or an old one, if it would make any sense) that accomplishes this task. To attach a script to a spreadsheet, go into that spreadsheet (or create a new one), click "Tools"->"Script editor...", copy and paste the code into the editor, click "Resources"->"Current project's triggers," select "onOpen" under Run, select "From spreadsheet" under Events, make sure the third drop-down menu reads "On open," then save the script under a name of your choice. The code below: 1. asks you to enter the email address of the user for whom you want to get a list of shared files 2. creates a new sheet within the active spreadsheet 3. populates it with two columns of data: one with the names of all of the *publicly shared* files owned by the user you specified AND live hyperlinks to those files, and a second column containing the names of the folders containing these files Here's the code: ``` function doGet() { var owner = SpreadsheetApp.getUi().prompt("Enter owner's email address:").getResponseText(); var ssheet = SpreadsheetApp.getActive(); var newSheet = ssheet.insertSheet(owner); newSheet.getRange('A1:B1').setValues([["File Name","Containing Folder"]]); newSheet.getRange('A1:B1').setFontWeight("bold"); var cells = newSheet.getRange('A1:B500'); var files = DriveApp.getFiles(); var ownerFiles = []; while (files.hasNext()){ var file = files.next(); if (file.getOwner().getEmail()==owner && file.getSharingAccess()==DriveApp.Access.ANYONE) { ownerFiles[ownerFiles.length]=file; } } for (i=0; i<ownerFiles.length; i++){ cells.getCell(i+2,1).setValue("=HYPERLINK(" + ownerFiles[i].getUrl() + "," + ownerFiles[i].getName() + ")"); var folders = ownerFiles[i].getParents(); var folder = folders.next(); cells.getCell(i+2,2).setValue(folder); } } function onOpen() { SpreadsheetApp.getUi().createMenu('List') .addItem('Public Files Owned by...', 'doGet') .addToUi(); } ``` To run the script, reopen the spreadsheet after first saving the script, then click "List"->"Public Files Owned by...". Something to bear in mind is that this is an inefficient script; if you have a lot of files stored in your Drive, this could take a *long* time to execute. In addition, it is currently written to accommodate up to 499 entries. (Increasing this maximum is simply a matter of raising the number for the 'B' column in the `cells` declaration.) It is also currently written to output only the first parent folder if a file is contained in multiple folders.

If you are admin you can use the Drige API with a service account impersonating that user.

I am working with VLC from C# by creating a process that opens the command line. Is there any way of knowing when a movie ended in from the command line or something ?

2012/04/13

I have googled for solution finally - its not a thing that comes visible with a simple search though. Seems not many people interested. I am writing from a PC where I do not have Outlook installed, but hope I remember that well. 1. You need to enable Developer "ribbon" in Outlook 2. You need to create new form (using Appointment Form as a base) 3. On this new form - you need to put a VBA code for Open action 4. in this code - you need to modify Item. Start and Item. End (only if its set to full hour or half an hour, if you miss this piece your appointment will "shrink" each time you open it. Start should be +5 minutes, end should be -10 minutes (as the +5 for start actually pushes End 5 minutes forward as well). 5. While you are at editing new form you may want to add some standard footer in the invite (e. G. your conference call number). 6. Save this form ("Publish Form As... " if I remember this well) 7. Right click in the calendar view on your Calendar "folder" and change default form to be used from Appointment to the one you have saved in point 6. Hope you will be able to follow this with a little help of google. The solution is to 1. create new form 2. add small VBA at its beginning 3. select this form as your new default "Calendar form".

Follow this guideline: <https://www.datanumen.com/blogs/2-methods-change-default-duration-appointment-meeting-outlook/> and use the following macro instead: ``` Private WithEvents objInspectors As Outlook.Inspectors Private WithEvents objAppointment As Outlook.AppointmentItem Private Sub Application_Startup() Set objInspectors = Outlook.Application.Inspectors End Sub Private Sub objInspectors_NewInspector(ByVal Inspector As Inspector) If TypeOf Inspector.CurrentItem Is AppointmentItem Then Set objAppointment = Inspector.CurrentItem End If End Sub Private Sub objAppointment_Open(Cancel As Boolean) 'Set the default duration of new appointment If objAppointment.CreationTime = #1/1/4501# Then objAppointment.Duration = "50" objAppointment.Start = DateAdd("n", 5, objAppointment.Start) End If End Sub Private Sub objAppointment_PropertyChange(ByVal Name As String) 'When you disable the "All Day Event" 'Change the default duration of the current appointment If Name = "AllDayEvent" Then If objAppointment.AllDayEvent = False Then objAppointment.Duration = "50" objAppointment.Start = DateAdd("n", 5, objAppointment.Start) End If End If End Sub ```

I am working with VLC from C# by creating a process that opens the command line. Is there any way of knowing when a movie ended in from the command line or something ?

2012/04/13

I have googled for solution finally - its not a thing that comes visible with a simple search though. Seems not many people interested. I am writing from a PC where I do not have Outlook installed, but hope I remember that well. 1. You need to enable Developer "ribbon" in Outlook 2. You need to create new form (using Appointment Form as a base) 3. On this new form - you need to put a VBA code for Open action 4. in this code - you need to modify Item. Start and Item. End (only if its set to full hour or half an hour, if you miss this piece your appointment will "shrink" each time you open it. Start should be +5 minutes, end should be -10 minutes (as the +5 for start actually pushes End 5 minutes forward as well). 5. While you are at editing new form you may want to add some standard footer in the invite (e. G. your conference call number). 6. Save this form ("Publish Form As... " if I remember this well) 7. Right click in the calendar view on your Calendar "folder" and change default form to be used from Appointment to the one you have saved in point 6. Hope you will be able to follow this with a little help of google. The solution is to 1. create new form 2. add small VBA at its beginning 3. select this form as your new default "Calendar form".

It appears that Outlook has this feature in later versions: <https://chrismenardtraining.com/post/outlook-buffer-time>

I am working with VLC from C# by creating a process that opens the command line. Is there any way of knowing when a movie ended in from the command line or something ?

2012/04/13

It appears that Outlook has this feature in later versions: <https://chrismenardtraining.com/post/outlook-buffer-time>

Follow this guideline: <https://www.datanumen.com/blogs/2-methods-change-default-duration-appointment-meeting-outlook/> and use the following macro instead: ``` Private WithEvents objInspectors As Outlook.Inspectors Private WithEvents objAppointment As Outlook.AppointmentItem Private Sub Application_Startup() Set objInspectors = Outlook.Application.Inspectors End Sub Private Sub objInspectors_NewInspector(ByVal Inspector As Inspector) If TypeOf Inspector.CurrentItem Is AppointmentItem Then Set objAppointment = Inspector.CurrentItem End If End Sub Private Sub objAppointment_Open(Cancel As Boolean) 'Set the default duration of new appointment If objAppointment.CreationTime = #1/1/4501# Then objAppointment.Duration = "50" objAppointment.Start = DateAdd("n", 5, objAppointment.Start) End If End Sub Private Sub objAppointment_PropertyChange(ByVal Name As String) 'When you disable the "All Day Event" 'Change the default duration of the current appointment If Name = "AllDayEvent" Then If objAppointment.AllDayEvent = False Then objAppointment.Duration = "50" objAppointment.Start = DateAdd("n", 5, objAppointment.Start) End If End If End Sub ```

I was given an assignment to find the sum of the squares of the first n odd numbers whereby n is given by the user. The assignment was; ``` The script only takes one input, so do not # include any input command below. The print commands below are already given. # Do not alter the print commands. Do not add any other prints commands. r = range(1, n + 1) # prepare the range result = 0 # initialise the result for k in r: # iterate over the range result = result + k # update the result compute the sum of the squares of the first n odd numbers, and print it ``` This is what I have done so far; ``` r = range(1, n ** n, 2) result = 0 for k in r: result = result + k ``` I know the range is wrong because when I ran it, I used 5 as n and I expected the answer to be 165 because the squares of the first 5 odd numbers is 165 but instead I got 144. Please help

2017/03/05

``` r = range(1, n + 1,2) print r result = 0 for k in r: result = result + k ** 2 print result ``` if you pass n=5 then it will print 35 because the range is 1,3,5 and during iteration it skip the step 2,4..you are considering like 1,3,5,7,9=165 but actual result will be 35 so instead of n=5 you can pass n= 7 so when you will pass n=7 then range will be [1, 3, 5, 7, 9] and output will be 165

`n**n` is n to the nth power. So with `n=5`, your range is all the odd numbers between 1 and 3125. It should be odd numbers between 1 and 10. ``` r = range(1, n ** n, 2) # ^ replace n**n by ... ``` You want to sum squares, so you should compute squares : ``` result = result + k # ^ something is missing here ```

I was given an assignment to find the sum of the squares of the first n odd numbers whereby n is given by the user. The assignment was; ``` The script only takes one input, so do not # include any input command below. The print commands below are already given. # Do not alter the print commands. Do not add any other prints commands. r = range(1, n + 1) # prepare the range result = 0 # initialise the result for k in r: # iterate over the range result = result + k # update the result compute the sum of the squares of the first n odd numbers, and print it ``` This is what I have done so far; ``` r = range(1, n ** n, 2) result = 0 for k in r: result = result + k ``` I know the range is wrong because when I ran it, I used 5 as n and I expected the answer to be 165 because the squares of the first 5 odd numbers is 165 but instead I got 144. Please help

2017/03/05

We want to do iterate through odd numbers so if we want to do n odd numbers we need to go up to 2\*n. For example, 5 odd numbers would be 1,3,5,7,9 and 2\*5=10, but we only want every other number so we have the command `r = range(1, n * 2, 2)` We then start with zero and add to it, hence `result = 0` Now we iterate through our range (r) and add to our result the iterator squared, hence `result = result = (k * k)` Overall we have: ``` r = range(1, n * 2, 2) result = 0 for k in r: result = result + (k * k) print result ```

`n**n` is n to the nth power. So with `n=5`, your range is all the odd numbers between 1 and 3125. It should be odd numbers between 1 and 10. ``` r = range(1, n ** n, 2) # ^ replace n**n by ... ``` You want to sum squares, so you should compute squares : ``` result = result + k # ^ something is missing here ```

I was given an assignment to find the sum of the squares of the first n odd numbers whereby n is given by the user. The assignment was; ``` The script only takes one input, so do not # include any input command below. The print commands below are already given. # Do not alter the print commands. Do not add any other prints commands. r = range(1, n + 1) # prepare the range result = 0 # initialise the result for k in r: # iterate over the range result = result + k # update the result compute the sum of the squares of the first n odd numbers, and print it ``` This is what I have done so far; ``` r = range(1, n ** n, 2) result = 0 for k in r: result = result + k ``` I know the range is wrong because when I ran it, I used 5 as n and I expected the answer to be 165 because the squares of the first 5 odd numbers is 165 but instead I got 144. Please help

2017/03/05

We want to do iterate through odd numbers so if we want to do n odd numbers we need to go up to 2\*n. For example, 5 odd numbers would be 1,3,5,7,9 and 2\*5=10, but we only want every other number so we have the command `r = range(1, n * 2, 2)` We then start with zero and add to it, hence `result = 0` Now we iterate through our range (r) and add to our result the iterator squared, hence `result = result = (k * k)` Overall we have: ``` r = range(1, n * 2, 2) result = 0 for k in r: result = result + (k * k) print result ```

``` r = range(1, n + 1,2) print r result = 0 for k in r: result = result + k ** 2 print result ``` if you pass n=5 then it will print 35 because the range is 1,3,5 and during iteration it skip the step 2,4..you are considering like 1,3,5,7,9=165 but actual result will be 35 so instead of n=5 you can pass n= 7 so when you will pass n=7 then range will be [1, 3, 5, 7, 9] and output will be 165

Env: Python 3.6, O/S: Windows 10 I have the following code that will search for filenames that contain a string either at the start (`.startswith`) of a filename or the end of a filename (`.endswith`), including sub directories and is case sensitive, i.e. `searchText = 'guess'` as opposed to `searchText = 'Guess'`. I would like to modify`if FILE.startswith(searchText):` that allows a search anywhere in the filename and is case insensitive. Is this possible? For example, a directory contains two files called `GuessMyNumber.py` and `guessTheNumber.py`. I would like to search for `'my'` and the code to return the filename `GuessMyNumber.py` ``` #!/usr/bin/env python3 import os # set text to search for searchText = 'Guess' # the root (top of tree hierarchy) to search, remember to change \ to / for Windows TOP = 'C:/works' found = 0 for root, dirs, files in os.walk(TOP, topdown=True, onerror=None, followlinks=True): for FILE in files: if FILE.startswith(searchText): print ("\nFile {} exists..... \t\t{}".format(FILE, os.path.join(root))) found += 1 else: pass print('\n File containing \'{}\' found {} times'.format(searchText, found)) ``` Thanks guys, Tommy.

2020/06/18

A simple `glob`-based approach: ``` #!/usr/bin/env python3 import os import glob # set text to search for searchText = 'Guess' # the root (top of tree hierarchy) to search, remember to change \ to / for Windows TOP = 'C:/works' found = 0 for filename in glob.iglob(os.path.join(TOP, '**', f'*{searchText}*'), recursive=True): print ("\nFile {} exists..... \t\t{}".format(filename, os.path.dirname(filename))) found += 1 print('\n File containing \'{}\' found {} times'.format(searchText, found)) ``` --- A simple `fnmatch`-based approach: ``` #!/usr/bin/env python3 import os import fnmatch # set text to search for searchText = 'Guess' # the root (top of tree hierarchy) to search, remember to change \ to / for Windows TOP = 'C:/works' found = 0 for root, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(TOP, topdown=True, onerror=None, followlinks=True): for filename in filenames: if fnmatch.fnmatch(filename, f'*{searchText}*'): print ("\nFile {} exists..... \t\t{}".format(filename, os.path.join(root))) found += 1 print('\n File containing \'{}\' found {} times'.format(searchText, found)) ``` --- You could also use a PERL-compatible (more general) regular expression supported by `re` instead of the POSIX-compatible (less general) supported by `glob` and `fnmatch`. However, in this simple scenario, the POSIX-compatible is more than enough.

Instead you can locally store all the .py files in your directory with their absolute path, use a simple regex to see if the absolute path has "Guess" or "guess" (depends on your use). Try this code and let us know ``` import pathlib import os import re required=[] for filepath in pathlib.Path('C:\\your\\directory').glob('**/*.py'): #any file extension required.append(os.path.abspath(filepath) nameregex=re.compile(r'(.*Guess)') mo=list(filter(nameregex.match, required)) print(mo) #or len will give you the length of the list print(len(mo)) ```

[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/UBFqR.png) The supply voltage is 15 V and RL is 100 kΩ. Find the voltage across each diode and RL. Is = 0.1 μA, η = 2, and VT = 25 mV. How can I calculate the net current through RL? I have three unknowns: the net current and the voltages across the diodes.

2022/08/18

You'd use the Shockley equation, $$ I(V\_D)=I\_S \left( e^\frac{V\_D}{\eta V\_T} - 1 \right), $$ to figure it out. You're given \$I\_S\$, \$V\_T\$ and \$\eta\$. We can invert this equation: given \$I\$, solve for \$V\_D\$. This will be more useful, since the current \$I\$ is the same for both diodes: $$ V\_D(I) = \ln \left( \frac{I}{I\_S}+1 \right) {\eta V\_T} $$ Now, the diode D2 is in reverse saturation, since the voltage across it is on par with \$-\frac{1}{\eta V\_T}\$. The reverse saturation current is then \$-I\_S\$, and that diode acts as a current limiter, and sets the current in the entire circuit. Then, the voltage drop on the resistor is \$I\_S \cdot R\_L\$, the voltage drop on D1 is, per Schockley equation, \$V\_{D1}=\ln(2)\eta V\_T\$, and the voltage drop across D2 is whatever voltage is left in the circuit. We can simulate it and see if it agrees with our figuring:  [simulate this circuit](/plugins/schematics?image=http%3a%2f%2fi.stack.imgur.com%2f6a9uB.png) – Schematic created using [CircuitLab](https://www.circuitlab.com/) The diode models in the simulation have had their \$I\_S\$ and \$n\equiv\eta\$ set according to the values given in the assignment. The thermal voltage is slightly different since the value used by CircuitLab is not exactly 25mV, but we see that the simulation and the computed results agree to within 1mV or so.

Assuming the circuit is properly drawn and it is assembled with good parts you will not get any current flow through the circuit except for a small leakage current through the D2. D2 will have the supply dropping across it - the Vf of the first diode. There should be no voltage drop across RL other then what is caused by the leakage of D2.

[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/UBFqR.png) The supply voltage is 15 V and RL is 100 kΩ. Find the voltage across each diode and RL. Is = 0.1 μA, η = 2, and VT = 25 mV. How can I calculate the net current through RL? I have three unknowns: the net current and the voltages across the diodes.

2022/08/18

Assuming the circuit is properly drawn and it is assembled with good parts you will not get any current flow through the circuit except for a small leakage current through the D2. D2 will have the supply dropping across it - the Vf of the first diode. There should be no voltage drop across RL other then what is caused by the leakage of D2.

You simply solve a system with 3 uknowns. $$ I = I\_{S}\cdot\left(e^{\frac{V\_{D1}}{\eta V\_{T}}}-1\right),\ I = I\_{S}\cdot\left(e^{\frac{V\_{D2}}{\eta V\_{T}}}-1\right),\ I = \frac{V\_{s}-V\_{D1}-V\_{D2}}{R\_{L}} $$ Be careful of the sign of the voltages \$V\_{D1}\$ and \$V\_{D2}\$ Hint: one is <0 the other is >0.

[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/UBFqR.png) The supply voltage is 15 V and RL is 100 kΩ. Find the voltage across each diode and RL. Is = 0.1 μA, η = 2, and VT = 25 mV. How can I calculate the net current through RL? I have three unknowns: the net current and the voltages across the diodes.

2022/08/18

You'd use the Shockley equation, $$ I(V\_D)=I\_S \left( e^\frac{V\_D}{\eta V\_T} - 1 \right), $$ to figure it out. You're given \$I\_S\$, \$V\_T\$ and \$\eta\$. We can invert this equation: given \$I\$, solve for \$V\_D\$. This will be more useful, since the current \$I\$ is the same for both diodes: $$ V\_D(I) = \ln \left( \frac{I}{I\_S}+1 \right) {\eta V\_T} $$ Now, the diode D2 is in reverse saturation, since the voltage across it is on par with \$-\frac{1}{\eta V\_T}\$. The reverse saturation current is then \$-I\_S\$, and that diode acts as a current limiter, and sets the current in the entire circuit. Then, the voltage drop on the resistor is \$I\_S \cdot R\_L\$, the voltage drop on D1 is, per Schockley equation, \$V\_{D1}=\ln(2)\eta V\_T\$, and the voltage drop across D2 is whatever voltage is left in the circuit. We can simulate it and see if it agrees with our figuring:  [simulate this circuit](/plugins/schematics?image=http%3a%2f%2fi.stack.imgur.com%2f6a9uB.png) – Schematic created using [CircuitLab](https://www.circuitlab.com/) The diode models in the simulation have had their \$I\_S\$ and \$n\equiv\eta\$ set according to the values given in the assignment. The thermal voltage is slightly different since the value used by CircuitLab is not exactly 25mV, but we see that the simulation and the computed results agree to within 1mV or so.

You simply solve a system with 3 uknowns. $$ I = I\_{S}\cdot\left(e^{\frac{V\_{D1}}{\eta V\_{T}}}-1\right),\ I = I\_{S}\cdot\left(e^{\frac{V\_{D2}}{\eta V\_{T}}}-1\right),\ I = \frac{V\_{s}-V\_{D1}-V\_{D2}}{R\_{L}} $$ Be careful of the sign of the voltages \$V\_{D1}\$ and \$V\_{D2}\$ Hint: one is <0 the other is >0.

[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/UBFqR.png) The supply voltage is 15 V and RL is 100 kΩ. Find the voltage across each diode and RL. Is = 0.1 μA, η = 2, and VT = 25 mV. How can I calculate the net current through RL? I have three unknowns: the net current and the voltages across the diodes.

2022/08/18

You'd use the Shockley equation, $$ I(V\_D)=I\_S \left( e^\frac{V\_D}{\eta V\_T} - 1 \right), $$ to figure it out. You're given \$I\_S\$, \$V\_T\$ and \$\eta\$. We can invert this equation: given \$I\$, solve for \$V\_D\$. This will be more useful, since the current \$I\$ is the same for both diodes: $$ V\_D(I) = \ln \left( \frac{I}{I\_S}+1 \right) {\eta V\_T} $$ Now, the diode D2 is in reverse saturation, since the voltage across it is on par with \$-\frac{1}{\eta V\_T}\$. The reverse saturation current is then \$-I\_S\$, and that diode acts as a current limiter, and sets the current in the entire circuit. Then, the voltage drop on the resistor is \$I\_S \cdot R\_L\$, the voltage drop on D1 is, per Schockley equation, \$V\_{D1}=\ln(2)\eta V\_T\$, and the voltage drop across D2 is whatever voltage is left in the circuit. We can simulate it and see if it agrees with our figuring:  [simulate this circuit](/plugins/schematics?image=http%3a%2f%2fi.stack.imgur.com%2f6a9uB.png) – Schematic created using [CircuitLab](https://www.circuitlab.com/) The diode models in the simulation have had their \$I\_S\$ and \$n\equiv\eta\$ set according to the values given in the assignment. The thermal voltage is slightly different since the value used by CircuitLab is not exactly 25mV, but we see that the simulation and the computed results agree to within 1mV or so.

The voltage across the forward-biased diode is going to be less than 0.7V (the forward voltage with substantial current). If you look at the Shockley diode equation, the current with a large negative voltage (relative to \$\eta\$ Vt) will be essentially -Is. So you can then calculate the forward voltage of the forward biased diode and the voltage across the resistor and verify that the assumptions are correct. Since RL is relatively low resistance, it will be correct. If RL was, say 1G ohm it would not be correct.

[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/UBFqR.png) The supply voltage is 15 V and RL is 100 kΩ. Find the voltage across each diode and RL. Is = 0.1 μA, η = 2, and VT = 25 mV. How can I calculate the net current through RL? I have three unknowns: the net current and the voltages across the diodes.

2022/08/18

The voltage across the forward-biased diode is going to be less than 0.7V (the forward voltage with substantial current). If you look at the Shockley diode equation, the current with a large negative voltage (relative to \$\eta\$ Vt) will be essentially -Is. So you can then calculate the forward voltage of the forward biased diode and the voltage across the resistor and verify that the assumptions are correct. Since RL is relatively low resistance, it will be correct. If RL was, say 1G ohm it would not be correct.

You simply solve a system with 3 uknowns. $$ I = I\_{S}\cdot\left(e^{\frac{V\_{D1}}{\eta V\_{T}}}-1\right),\ I = I\_{S}\cdot\left(e^{\frac{V\_{D2}}{\eta V\_{T}}}-1\right),\ I = \frac{V\_{s}-V\_{D1}-V\_{D2}}{R\_{L}} $$ Be careful of the sign of the voltages \$V\_{D1}\$ and \$V\_{D2}\$ Hint: one is <0 the other is >0.

I am using debian 10 and I want to create a user with no home directory. the user should only have access to the directories that his or her group owns. that is the user has only to his or her group directories. This is my command information: `useradd -g mygroup-G mygroup1,mygroup2 -s /bin/bash -M username` However when I log into the system via putty and do ls command, I see the home folder and I can `cd` inside it. I don't understand why this is possible because `-M` should have prevented the creation of the home folder.

2021/02/19

1. There are tools to manipulate filesystems as you ask. One such is the [mtools](https://www.gnu.org/software/mtools/) package, which does FAT filesystems. Another is [e2tools](https://e2tools.github.io), which does EXT2 and EXT3 filesystems. Both of these are available in debian linux, and probably many others. 2. These tools will probably not deal with an image in a partition. This should not be a problem. Simply split your template into separate files for the partition table and partition contents (probably ahead of time), add your files into the filesystem images, and then `cat` the pieces together in the right order to produce the final disk image.

I use and recommend [`guestfish`](https://libguestfs.org/guestfish.1.html), which is a part of [libguestfs, library for accessing and modifying VM disk images](https://libguestfs.org/). I've found OpenStack's documentation includes a useful description of tools that do not require privileges: [Modify images — Virtual Machine Image Guide documentation](https://docs.openstack.org/image-guide/modify-images.html) Note that if you are making many disjoint changes you may benefit from running a `guestfish` daemon process and using its remote control mode - this saves on the (not insignificant) start-up time. See [Remote control `guestfish` over a socket](https://libguestfs.org/guestfish.1.html#remote-control-guestfish-over-a-socket) of the `guestfish` manual.

I want to achieve this: ``` public System.Web.Mvc.ActionResult ExposureGrid(Guid? id, decimal stdDev) { //return null; try { var str = "<table border=1>"; str += "<tr><th>Date</th><th>Expected Credit Exposure</th><th>Max Credit Exposure</th></tr>"; str += "<tr><td>12/1/2010</td><td>100,000</td><td>50</td></tr>"; str += "<tr><td>12/2/2010</td><td>101,000</td><td>100</td></tr>"; str += "<tr><td>12/3/2010</td><td>102,000</td><td>150</td></tr>"; str += "<tr><td>12/4/2010</td><td>103,000</td><td>200</td></tr>"; str += "<tr><td>12/5/2010</td><td>104,000</td><td>250</td></tr>"; str += "<tr><td>12/6/2010</td><td>105,000</td><td>300</td></tr>"; str += "<tr><td>12/7/2010</td><td>106,000</td><td>350</td></tr>"; str += "</table>"; return Json(str); } catch (Exception e) { return Json(e.ToString()); } } ``` Then I take that Json and put it on my view like this: ``` $.ajax({ type: "POST", url: "<%= Url.Action("ExposureGrid", "Indications") %> ", dataType: "jsonData", data: tableJSON, success: function(data) { existingDiv = document.getElementById('table'); existingDiv.innerHTML = data; } }); ``` But what shows on the view in HTML is this: "\u003ctable border=1\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth\u003eDate\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth\u003eExpected Credit Exposure\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth\u003eMax Credit Exposure\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e12/1/2010\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e100,000\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e50\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e12/2/2010\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e101,000\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e100\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e12/3/2010\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e102,000\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e150\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e12/4/2010\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e103,000\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e200\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e12/5/2010\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e104,000\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e250\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e12/6/2010\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e105,000\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e300\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e12/7/2010\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e106,000\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e350\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/table\u003e" How do I fix this?

2010/12/20

change: ``` dataType: "jsonData", ``` to ``` dataType: "json", ``` hopefully, issue should be resolved.

Why you don't load it directly from html ? Instead of rendering a Json (content-type: application/json), you return it as a partial html element (content-type: text/html) and from JQuery you load it with dataType: "html". Doing so, you even wouldn't have to change your success method !

I'm writing a simple Twitter example that reads the Twitter Search RSS feed via: ``` http://search.twitter.com/search.rss ``` This works well except that the Description in this contains HTML such as Bold Tags and Link Tags, I have looked at the Atom feed via: ``` http://search.twitter.com/search.atom ``` It also has HTML in the description, is there a version that contains just the plain-text for a Tweet? The documentation is a little vague plus RSS is missing from the formats list even though this works. Is there a secret way into this I just want the raw non-HTMLed Tweet! Is this even possible, if not what would be the best way of stripping the HTML out of the string as all I need is the raw tweet.

2009/12/27

There is a hack: ``` private void setDimButtons(boolean dimButtons) { Window window = getWindow(); LayoutParams layoutParams = window.getAttributes(); float val = dimButtons ? 0 : -1; try { Field buttonBrightness = layoutParams.getClass().getField( "buttonBrightness"); buttonBrightness.set(layoutParams, val); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } window.setAttributes(layoutParams); } ```

AFAIK, there is no API to control the backlight of the buttons -- sorry!

I'm writing a simple Twitter example that reads the Twitter Search RSS feed via: ``` http://search.twitter.com/search.rss ``` This works well except that the Description in this contains HTML such as Bold Tags and Link Tags, I have looked at the Atom feed via: ``` http://search.twitter.com/search.atom ``` It also has HTML in the description, is there a version that contains just the plain-text for a Tweet? The documentation is a little vague plus RSS is missing from the formats list even though this works. Is there a secret way into this I just want the raw non-HTMLed Tweet! Is this even possible, if not what would be the best way of stripping the HTML out of the string as all I need is the raw tweet.

2009/12/27

There is a hack: ``` private void setDimButtons(boolean dimButtons) { Window window = getWindow(); LayoutParams layoutParams = window.getAttributes(); float val = dimButtons ? 0 : -1; try { Field buttonBrightness = layoutParams.getClass().getField( "buttonBrightness"); buttonBrightness.set(layoutParams, val); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } window.setAttributes(layoutParams); } ```

I see that this is an old question that was mostly answered in a comment link, but to make it clear to anyone else who comes across this question, here's my own answer. It's built-in since API 8. ([doc](http://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/WindowManager.LayoutParams.html#buttonBrightness)) ``` float android.view.WindowManager.LayoutParams.buttonBrightness ``` This is a somewhat modified/simplified version of what I'm using in one of my apps (excluding irrelevant code). The inner class is required to prevent a crash at launch on older platforms that don't support it. ``` private void nightMode() { Window win = getWindow(); LayoutParams lp = win.getAttributes(); if (prefs.getBoolean("Night", false)) changeBtnBacklight(lp, LayoutParams.BRIGHTNESS_OVERRIDE_OFF); else changeBtnBacklight(lp, LayoutParams.BRIGHTNESS_OVERRIDE_NONE); win.setAttributes(lp); } private void changeBtnBacklight(LayoutParams lp, float value) { if (Integer.parseInt(Build.VERSION.SDK) >= 8) { try { new BtnBrightness(lp, value); } catch (Exception e) { Log.w(TAG, "Error changing button brightness"); e.printStackTrace(); } } } private static class BtnBrightness { BtnBrightness(LayoutParams lp, float v) { lp.buttonBrightness = v; } } ```

I want to change this: ``` input <- c("Théodore Agrippa d'AUBIGNÉ", "Vital d'AUDIGUIER DE LA MENOR") ``` into this : ``` output <- c("Théodore Agrippa d'Aubigné", "Vital d'Audiguier De La Menor") ``` The only words that should be modified are those that are all upper case. **Edit:** An edge case, where first letter of sequence isn't in `[A-Z]`: ``` input <- "Philippe Fabre d'ÉGLANTINE" ```

2018/08/15

Form two groups with boundaries on both sides as in ``` \b([A-Z])(\w+)\b ``` and use `tolower` on the second group (leaving the first untouched). See [**a demo on regex101.com**](https://regex101.com/r/gdaEQR/1/) (and mind the modifiers, especially `u`). --- *As a side note: you still have a couple of questions with (not yet accepted) answers.*

You could also use the [snakecase pkg](https://github.com/Tazinho/snakecase) and specifically set `sep_in = " "` to not delete non-alphanumerics like `'` (default is `sep_in = "[^[:alnum:]]"`): ```r library(snakecase) input <- c("Théodore Agrippa d'AUBIGNÉ", "Vital d'AUDIGUIER DE LA MENOR") output <- c("Théodore Agrippa d'Aubigné", "Vital d'Audiguier De La Menor") to_title_case(input, sep_in = " ") #> [1] "Théodore Agrippa d'Aubigné" "Vital d'Audiguier De La Menor" identical(to_title_case(input, sep_in = " "), output) #> [1] TRUE ``` Created on 2019-08-01 by the [reprex package](https://reprex.tidyverse.org) (v0.3.0) This works because 1. **snakecase** treats special characters as words, when they are not specified as input separators via `sep_in`. 2. `snakecase::to_title_case()` first applies `snakecase::to_sentence_case()` which separates words by " " and afterwards wraps the (lower case) result inside `tools::toTitleCase()` which doesn't capitalize lone standing "d"'s, i.e. " d ' aubigné" becomes " d ' Aubigné". 3. **snakecase** always "protects" its output, i.e. it cleanes up the messy and probably not intended output separators (here " ") around non-alphanumeric characters (here `'`). (For numeric characters the behaviour can be adjusted via the `numerals` argument).

I want to change this: ``` input <- c("Théodore Agrippa d'AUBIGNÉ", "Vital d'AUDIGUIER DE LA MENOR") ``` into this : ``` output <- c("Théodore Agrippa d'Aubigné", "Vital d'Audiguier De La Menor") ``` The only words that should be modified are those that are all upper case. **Edit:** An edge case, where first letter of sequence isn't in `[A-Z]`: ``` input <- "Philippe Fabre d'ÉGLANTINE" ```

2018/08/15

A general answer that detects all upper case characters and works whatever the encoding, would be : ``` input <- c("Théodore Agrippa d'AUBIGNÉ", "Vital d'AUDIGUIER DE LA MENOR", "Philippe Fabre d'ÉGLANTINE") gsub("(*UCP)\\b(\\p{Lu})(\\p{Lu}+)\\b", "\\1\\L\\2", input, perl = TRUE) # [1] "Théodore Agrippa d'Aubigné" "Vital d'Audiguier De La Menor" "Philippe Fabre d'Églantine" ``` credits go to [@Wiktor-Stribiżew](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/51865368/strings-are-identical-using-baseidentical-and-yet-behave-differently-with/51880386#51880386) `\p{Lu}` detects any Unicode upper case character, the second one can be replaced by `\w` to allow underscores and numbers (would give same output here). `(*UCP)` is not necessary to reproduce the result here but will come handy if the encoding of the input string is different from native encoding. It makes the pattern "Unicode-aware" in Wiktors's words.

You could also use the [snakecase pkg](https://github.com/Tazinho/snakecase) and specifically set `sep_in = " "` to not delete non-alphanumerics like `'` (default is `sep_in = "[^[:alnum:]]"`): ```r library(snakecase) input <- c("Théodore Agrippa d'AUBIGNÉ", "Vital d'AUDIGUIER DE LA MENOR") output <- c("Théodore Agrippa d'Aubigné", "Vital d'Audiguier De La Menor") to_title_case(input, sep_in = " ") #> [1] "Théodore Agrippa d'Aubigné" "Vital d'Audiguier De La Menor" identical(to_title_case(input, sep_in = " "), output) #> [1] TRUE ``` Created on 2019-08-01 by the [reprex package](https://reprex.tidyverse.org) (v0.3.0) This works because 1. **snakecase** treats special characters as words, when they are not specified as input separators via `sep_in`. 2. `snakecase::to_title_case()` first applies `snakecase::to_sentence_case()` which separates words by " " and afterwards wraps the (lower case) result inside `tools::toTitleCase()` which doesn't capitalize lone standing "d"'s, i.e. " d ' aubigné" becomes " d ' Aubigné". 3. **snakecase** always "protects" its output, i.e. it cleanes up the messy and probably not intended output separators (here " ") around non-alphanumeric characters (here `'`). (For numeric characters the behaviour can be adjusted via the `numerals` argument).

I want to change this: ``` input <- c("Théodore Agrippa d'AUBIGNÉ", "Vital d'AUDIGUIER DE LA MENOR") ``` into this : ``` output <- c("Théodore Agrippa d'Aubigné", "Vital d'Audiguier De La Menor") ``` The only words that should be modified are those that are all upper case. **Edit:** An edge case, where first letter of sequence isn't in `[A-Z]`: ``` input <- "Philippe Fabre d'ÉGLANTINE" ```

2018/08/15

Here is an alternative solution: ``` gsub("(?<=\\p{L})(\\p{L}+)", "\\L\\1", input, perl = TRUE) ``` I'm not trying to compete with the other existing answers, I just solved (or tried) for the challenge and share it here because it might be useful for someone and/or I get constructive feedback on how it could be improved. **Edit** I had for some reason skipped over: > > only words [...] that are all upper case > > > I think the following deals a bit better with that: ``` gsub("(?<=\\b\\p{Lu})(\\p{Lu}+\\b)", "\\L\\1", input, perl = TRUE) ```

You could also use the [snakecase pkg](https://github.com/Tazinho/snakecase) and specifically set `sep_in = " "` to not delete non-alphanumerics like `'` (default is `sep_in = "[^[:alnum:]]"`): ```r library(snakecase) input <- c("Théodore Agrippa d'AUBIGNÉ", "Vital d'AUDIGUIER DE LA MENOR") output <- c("Théodore Agrippa d'Aubigné", "Vital d'Audiguier De La Menor") to_title_case(input, sep_in = " ") #> [1] "Théodore Agrippa d'Aubigné" "Vital d'Audiguier De La Menor" identical(to_title_case(input, sep_in = " "), output) #> [1] TRUE ``` Created on 2019-08-01 by the [reprex package](https://reprex.tidyverse.org) (v0.3.0) This works because 1. **snakecase** treats special characters as words, when they are not specified as input separators via `sep_in`. 2. `snakecase::to_title_case()` first applies `snakecase::to_sentence_case()` which separates words by " " and afterwards wraps the (lower case) result inside `tools::toTitleCase()` which doesn't capitalize lone standing "d"'s, i.e. " d ' aubigné" becomes " d ' Aubigné". 3. **snakecase** always "protects" its output, i.e. it cleanes up the messy and probably not intended output separators (here " ") around non-alphanumeric characters (here `'`). (For numeric characters the behaviour can be adjusted via the `numerals` argument).

I have had the misfortune to need to clone a dual-booting Windows XP/7 box to replace its hard drive with a smaller one. I had great trouble getting it to boot and would like to understand what's going on and if I could be doing anything better. Background: the machine has a 750Gb drive with 3 partitions on it: * Windows XP * Windows 7 * Data The original installation was done in such a way that there is no separate Windows 7 recovery partition. I hope this fact simplifies things somewhat. I am replacing it with an 80Gb drive. The partitions have already been shrunk from within Windows 7 so that they fit onto the smaller disk. I used `GParted` (from a `PartedMagic` Linux LiveCD) to copy the partitions across. I mark the Windows XP partition as the active partition (the same as on the original disk). I was unable to use `CloneZilla` or do an entire disc copy due to the transition from a larger to a smaller disk. After copying the partitions, I manually copied the boot loader across (taking care not to copy the partition table): ``` $ dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb bs=446 count=1 ``` I removed the original disk, set the new one so it is physically connected the same as the original (IDE channel 1 master) and tried booting. This successfully presented the boot menu but failed upon selecting either option (there are two: one for XP and one for Win7). I did a fair bit of research which let me to realise the Windows 7 boot configuration data did not contain everything it should. I compared the BCD output from the original and new disks and noted that the device entries on the latter were `unknown`. So I manually changed them to match the original - like this: ``` $ bcdedit /set {ntldr} device partition=C: $ bcdedit /set {default} device partition=D: $ bcdedit /set {default} osdevice partition=D: ``` and rebooted. This time I could boot both XP and Win7. I need to do more testing because there appears to be other differences between the two BCDs, but making the above changes at least allowed booting to take place. So my question is really to ask why the BCD on a cloned partition would appear different to the original, and sufficiently so to prevent booting ? And a follow up to that would be to ask if I should be doing this another way?

2013/06/02

After cloning partitions containing Windows operating systems, it is necessary to fix up the boot configuration data if the cloned partitions are not in exactly the same position on the cloned disc as they are on the original. The Windows boot mechanism, since Windows Vista, stores its configuration as "Boot Configuration Data" (BCD) and this refers to partitions, not by partition numbers but by a disk signature and sector offset. The disk signature is a 32-bit value embedded in the Master Boot Record. Copying the first 446 bytes of sector 0 will copy the disk signature. If cloning activities result in the cloned disk partitions having different starting sector addresses then the original ones (highly likely unless a whole-disk clone was used) then the clone will most likely fail to boot until these remedies are applied. Basically, the sector offsets need to be updated and, for this, you'll need to use a recovery console (this is available on a Windows 7 install DVD). Ensure only the cloned drive is attached and boot from a Windows 7 install DVD. At the first screen make language selections and hit "next". At the next screen (where "install now" is displayed) press SHIFT+F10 to get a command prompt. First, confirm the drive letters that are in place and the partitions to which they relate: ``` diskpart list volume exit ``` Also, if you need to, re-confirm the active partition: ``` diskpart select disk 0 select part 1 detail part select part 2 detail part ... and so-on exit ``` On a BIOS system, the BCD is stored in a file at `X:\Boot\BCD` where `X` is the drive letter of the active partition (for UEFI it's in the EFI System Partition). Normally hidden, it can be seen with ``` dir /AH X:\Boot ``` It can be backed up like this: ``` bcdedit /export X:\path\to\bcd\backup ``` and restored ``` bcdedit /import X:\path\to\bcd\backup ``` If a disk has multiple operating systems on it, there may be multiple BCDs. The active BCD is the one in at `\Boot\BCD` on the partition that is marked as active - the *active partition*. To list its contents (in increasing order of verbosity:) ``` bcdedit bcdedit /enum bcdedit /enum ALL bcdedit /enum ALL /v ``` To fix up the active BCD, establish the drive letters for the correct partitions and do: ``` bcdedit /set {default} osdevice partition=X: bcdedit /set {default} device partition=X: bcdedit /set {bootmgr} device partition=X: bcdedit /set {memdiag} device partition=X: bcdedit /set {ntldr} device partition=X: ``` or, to fix up another BCD (at "X:\boot\bcd" in these examples): ``` bcdedit /store X:\boot\bcd /set {default} osdevice partition=X: bcdedit /store X:\boot\bcd /set {default} device partition=X: bcdedit /store X:\boot\bcd /set {bootmgr} device partition=X: bcdedit /store X:\boot\bcd /set {memdiag} device partition=X: bcdedit /store X:\boot\bcd /set {ntldr} device partition=X: ``` For example, my system which has XP and 7 and they show XP as being on `C:` and 7 being on `D:` and the active partition is `C:`. then the active BCD will be at `c:\boot\BCD`. The boot manager will be found at `C:\bootmgr` and the memory diagnostic will be at `C:\boot\memtest.exe`, The required commands would be: ``` bcdedit /set {ntldr} device partition=C: bcdedit /set {memdiag} device partition=C: bcdedit /set {bootmgr} device partition=C: bcdedit /set {default} device partition=D: bcdedit /set {default} osdevice partition=D: ``` With those changes, rebooting the computer (Pressing Alt-F4 will achieve this) and removing the DVD allowed the system to boot successfully. Further Reading: * <http://www.multibooters.co.uk/cloning.html> * <http://mrlithium.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/my-boot-configuration-data-bcd-store.html> * <http://diddy.boot-land.net/bcdedit/files/bcd.htm> * <http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc721886(v=ws.10).aspx> (a whole-disk clone should not suffer these issues because the partition layout on the copy should be exactly the same as the original)

According to [this unofficial documentation on BCD internals](http://diddy.boot-land.net/bcdedit/files/bcd.htm), partitions in the BCD store are actually identified by the disk signature and the partition offset. You copied the disk signature (MBR bytes 440–443), but most likely changed partition offsets when putting partitions on a smaller disk, therefore BOOTMGR was no longer able to find these partitions.

I know it's similar to [this](https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/265809/sup-gyy-in-y-leq-inf-fxx-in-x) and I proved this inequality, but I'm stuck at finding examples that this inequality is strict. thanks. Edit: range is bounded.

2021/11/21

The inequality can be strict if both $X$ and $Y$ have at least two elements. For an example pick arbitrary elements $x\_1 \in X$ and $y\_1 \in Y$ and define $$ f(x, y) = \begin{cases} 0 & \text{ if } x=x\_1 \text{ and } y = y\_1 \\ 1 & \text{ if } x=x\_1 \text{ and } y \ne y\_1 \\ 1 & \text{ if } x\ne x\_1 \text{ and } y = y\_1 \\ 0 & \text{ if } x\ne x\_1 \text{ and } y \ne y\_1 \, . \end{cases} $$ Then $\inf\{f(x,y) : x \in X\} = 0$ for all $y \in Y$, and $\sup\{f(x,y) : y \in Y\} = 1$ for all $x \in X$, and therefore $$ \sup\{\inf\{f(x,y) : x \in X\}: y \in Y\} = 0 < 1 = \inf\{\sup\{f(x,y) : y \in Y\}: x \in X\} \, . $$

Any nonzero linear function should demonstrate this. For example: Set $X=\mathbb{R}$ and $Y=\mathbb{R}$ and $f(x,y)=x+y$. Then, for any fixed $y^\*\in Y$, we have $\inf\_{x\in X}f(x,y)=\inf\_{x\in\mathbb{R}}(x+y^\*)\to-\infty$, so $$\sup\_{y\in Y}\big(\inf\_{x\in X}f(x,y))\big)=\sup\_{y\in Y}\{-\infty\}=-\infty.$$ Similarly, for any fixed $x^\*\in X$, one can observe $\sup\_{y\in Y}f(x,y)\to +\infty$ and hence $$\inf\_{x\in X}\big(\sup\_{y\in Y}f(x,y)\big)=+\infty,$$ which demonstrates strictness of the linequality.

I'm new here and registered because I couldn't find my answer in the existing treads. I'm trying to make a one-page website, and I want the 'landing page' to have a full background. I had the background on the whole page, but when I started placing text in the div, it broke. I used the following css (sass): ``` .intro { color: #fff; height: 100vh; background: url('http://www.flabber.nl/sites/default/files/archive/files/i-should-buy-a-boat.jpg') no-repeat center center; background-size: cover; &--buttons { position: absolute; bottom: 2em; } } p.hello { margin: 30px; } .page1 { color: #fff; height: 100vh; background: beige; } .page2 { color: #fff; height: 100vh; background: black; } ``` With the following HTML: ``` <html> <head> <link href="stylesheets/screen.css" media="screen, projection" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <title>My title</title> </head> <body> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div id="intro" class="intro"> <div class="text-center"> <p class="hello"> Intro text is coming soon! </p> <div class="col small-col-12 intro--buttons"> <p>Buttons coming here. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div id="page1" class="col col-12 page1"> <p>Tekst test</p> </div> <div id="page2" class="col col-12 page2"> <p>Tekst test.</p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html> ``` You can see the result here: <http://codepen.io/Luchadora/full/waYzMZ> Or see my pen: <http://codepen.io/Luchadora/pen/waYzMZ> As you see, when positioning the intro text (`p.hello {margin: 30px;}`, the background size changed and is not full screen anymore. (Btw: I used an example background). Also the other pages have white spaces now.. How can I fix this? I've read articles about viewports, but I think the only thing I need for this is *`height: 100vh;`*, right? Thanks in advance!

2015/07/24

Your problem is with [margin collapsing](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/margin_collapsing): **Parent and first/last child** If there is no border, padding, inline content, or clearance to separate the margin-top of a block with the margin-top of its first child block, or no border, padding, inline content, height, min-height, or max-height to separate the margin-bottom of a block with the margin-bottom of its last child, then those margins collapse. The collapsed margin ends up outside the parent. To solve your problem, add some padding to `.text-center`: ``` .text-center {padding:1px;} ``` [Updated pen](http://codepen.io/anon/pen/rVqMwy)

You have not disabled the margin of the body. Add this to your CSS ``` body{ margin:0px; } ``` edit: The answer Pete posted seems to be the complete solution, sorry was too slow!

I'm new here and registered because I couldn't find my answer in the existing treads. I'm trying to make a one-page website, and I want the 'landing page' to have a full background. I had the background on the whole page, but when I started placing text in the div, it broke. I used the following css (sass): ``` .intro { color: #fff; height: 100vh; background: url('http://www.flabber.nl/sites/default/files/archive/files/i-should-buy-a-boat.jpg') no-repeat center center; background-size: cover; &--buttons { position: absolute; bottom: 2em; } } p.hello { margin: 30px; } .page1 { color: #fff; height: 100vh; background: beige; } .page2 { color: #fff; height: 100vh; background: black; } ``` With the following HTML: ``` <html> <head> <link href="stylesheets/screen.css" media="screen, projection" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <title>My title</title> </head> <body> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div id="intro" class="intro"> <div class="text-center"> <p class="hello"> Intro text is coming soon! </p> <div class="col small-col-12 intro--buttons"> <p>Buttons coming here. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div id="page1" class="col col-12 page1"> <p>Tekst test</p> </div> <div id="page2" class="col col-12 page2"> <p>Tekst test.</p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html> ``` You can see the result here: <http://codepen.io/Luchadora/full/waYzMZ> Or see my pen: <http://codepen.io/Luchadora/pen/waYzMZ> As you see, when positioning the intro text (`p.hello {margin: 30px;}`, the background size changed and is not full screen anymore. (Btw: I used an example background). Also the other pages have white spaces now.. How can I fix this? I've read articles about viewports, but I think the only thing I need for this is *`height: 100vh;`*, right? Thanks in advance!

2015/07/24

Your problem is with [margin collapsing](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/margin_collapsing): **Parent and first/last child** If there is no border, padding, inline content, or clearance to separate the margin-top of a block with the margin-top of its first child block, or no border, padding, inline content, height, min-height, or max-height to separate the margin-bottom of a block with the margin-bottom of its last child, then those margins collapse. The collapsed margin ends up outside the parent. To solve your problem, add some padding to `.text-center`: ``` .text-center {padding:1px;} ``` [Updated pen](http://codepen.io/anon/pen/rVqMwy)

This was already said above in a side conversation, but it worked for me and I want people to find it easily. ``` -- overflow-x:hidden; on both html, body in the css. ```

I'm new here and registered because I couldn't find my answer in the existing treads. I'm trying to make a one-page website, and I want the 'landing page' to have a full background. I had the background on the whole page, but when I started placing text in the div, it broke. I used the following css (sass): ``` .intro { color: #fff; height: 100vh; background: url('http://www.flabber.nl/sites/default/files/archive/files/i-should-buy-a-boat.jpg') no-repeat center center; background-size: cover; &--buttons { position: absolute; bottom: 2em; } } p.hello { margin: 30px; } .page1 { color: #fff; height: 100vh; background: beige; } .page2 { color: #fff; height: 100vh; background: black; } ``` With the following HTML: ``` <html> <head> <link href="stylesheets/screen.css" media="screen, projection" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <title>My title</title> </head> <body> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div id="intro" class="intro"> <div class="text-center"> <p class="hello"> Intro text is coming soon! </p> <div class="col small-col-12 intro--buttons"> <p>Buttons coming here. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div id="page1" class="col col-12 page1"> <p>Tekst test</p> </div> <div id="page2" class="col col-12 page2"> <p>Tekst test.</p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html> ``` You can see the result here: <http://codepen.io/Luchadora/full/waYzMZ> Or see my pen: <http://codepen.io/Luchadora/pen/waYzMZ> As you see, when positioning the intro text (`p.hello {margin: 30px;}`, the background size changed and is not full screen anymore. (Btw: I used an example background). Also the other pages have white spaces now.. How can I fix this? I've read articles about viewports, but I think the only thing I need for this is *`height: 100vh;`*, right? Thanks in advance!

2015/07/24

You have not disabled the margin of the body. Add this to your CSS ``` body{ margin:0px; } ``` edit: The answer Pete posted seems to be the complete solution, sorry was too slow!

This was already said above in a side conversation, but it worked for me and I want people to find it easily. ``` -- overflow-x:hidden; on both html, body in the css. ```

Suppose I have a class with a constructor (or other function) that takes a variable number of arguments and then sets them as class attributes conditionally. I could set them manually, but it seems that variable parameters are common enough in python that there should be a common idiom for doing this. But I'm not sure how to do this dynamically. I have an example using eval, but that's hardly safe. I want to know the proper way to do this -- maybe with lambda? ``` class Foo: def setAllManually(self, a=None, b=None, c=None): if a!=None: self.a = a if b!=None: self.b = b if c!=None: self.c = c def setAllWithEval(self, **kwargs): for key in **kwargs: if kwargs[param] != None eval("self." + key + "=" + kwargs[param]) ```

2011/11/18

You can use the [`setattr()`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#setattr) method: ``` class Foo: def setAllWithKwArgs(self, **kwargs): for key, value in kwargs.items(): setattr(self, key, value) ``` There is an analogous [`getattr()`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#getattr) method for retrieving attributes.

The following solutions `vars(self).update(kwargs)` or `self.__dict__.update(**kwargs)` are not robust, because the user can enter any dictionary with no error messages. If I need to check that the user insert the following signature ('a1', 'a2', 'a3', 'a4', 'a5') the solution does not work. Moreover, the user should be able to use the object by passing the "positional parameters" or the "kay-value pairs parameters". So I suggest the following solution by using a metaclass. ``` from inspect import Parameter, Signature class StructMeta(type): def __new__(cls, name, bases, dict): clsobj = super().__new__(cls, name, bases, dict) sig = cls.make_signature(clsobj._fields) setattr(clsobj, '__signature__', sig) return clsobj def make_signature(names): return Signature( Parameter(v, Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD) for v in names ) class Structure(metaclass = StructMeta): _fields = [] def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): bond = self.__signature__.bind(*args, **kwargs) for name, val in bond.arguments.items(): setattr(self, name, val) if __name__ == 'main': class A(Structure): _fields = ['a1', 'a2'] if __name__ == '__main__': a = A(a1 = 1, a2 = 2) print(vars(a)) a = A(**{a1: 1, a2: 2}) print(vars(a)) ```

Suppose I have a class with a constructor (or other function) that takes a variable number of arguments and then sets them as class attributes conditionally. I could set them manually, but it seems that variable parameters are common enough in python that there should be a common idiom for doing this. But I'm not sure how to do this dynamically. I have an example using eval, but that's hardly safe. I want to know the proper way to do this -- maybe with lambda? ``` class Foo: def setAllManually(self, a=None, b=None, c=None): if a!=None: self.a = a if b!=None: self.b = b if c!=None: self.c = c def setAllWithEval(self, **kwargs): for key in **kwargs: if kwargs[param] != None eval("self." + key + "=" + kwargs[param]) ```

2011/11/18

This is what I usually do: ``` class Foo(): def __init__(self, **kwrgs): allowed_args = ('a', 'b', 'c') default_values = {'a':None, 'b':None} self.__dict__.update(default_values) if set(kwrgs.keys()).issubset(allowed_args): self.__dict__.update(kwrgs) else: unallowed_args = set(kwrgs.keys()).difference(allowed_args) raise Exception (f'The following unsupported argument(s) is passed to Foo:\n{unallowed_args}') ``` For most cases I find this short code enough. **Note** Using setattr with for loop can negatively impact the performance of your code especially if you create a lot of this class. In my test, replacing the `__update__` with `setattr(self, key, value)` in a for loop for the Foo class above, made the class take 1.4 times longer to instantiate. This will be worst if you have more arguments to set. The for loops are slow in python so this is not a surprise.

I landed on this page with a subtly different question, but here's the answer I needed: Try `namedtuple` class ([see this answer](https://stackoverflow.com/a/34573457/93910)), or the `@dataclass` decorator ([this question](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/47955263/what-are-data-classes-and-how-are-they-different-from-common-classes)). These are built specifically with this kind of functionality in mind, but may be less flexible than the other answers here.

Suppose I have a class with a constructor (or other function) that takes a variable number of arguments and then sets them as class attributes conditionally. I could set them manually, but it seems that variable parameters are common enough in python that there should be a common idiom for doing this. But I'm not sure how to do this dynamically. I have an example using eval, but that's hardly safe. I want to know the proper way to do this -- maybe with lambda? ``` class Foo: def setAllManually(self, a=None, b=None, c=None): if a!=None: self.a = a if b!=None: self.b = b if c!=None: self.c = c def setAllWithEval(self, **kwargs): for key in **kwargs: if kwargs[param] != None eval("self." + key + "=" + kwargs[param]) ```

2011/11/18

this one is the easiest via [larsks](https://stackoverflow.com/users/147356/larsks) ``` class Foo: def setAllWithKwArgs(self, **kwargs): for key, value in kwargs.items(): setattr(self, key, value) ``` my example: ``` class Foo: def __init__(self, **kwargs): for key, value in kwargs.items(): setattr(self, key, value) door = Foo(size='180x70', color='red chestnut', material='oak') print(door.size) #180x70 ```

Their might be a better solution but what comes to mind for me is: ``` class Test: def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): self.args=dict(**kwargs) def getkwargs(self): print(self.args) t=Test(a=1, b=2, c="cats") t.getkwargs() python Test.py {'a': 1, 'c': 'cats', 'b': 2} ```

Suppose I have a class with a constructor (or other function) that takes a variable number of arguments and then sets them as class attributes conditionally. I could set them manually, but it seems that variable parameters are common enough in python that there should be a common idiom for doing this. But I'm not sure how to do this dynamically. I have an example using eval, but that's hardly safe. I want to know the proper way to do this -- maybe with lambda? ``` class Foo: def setAllManually(self, a=None, b=None, c=None): if a!=None: self.a = a if b!=None: self.b = b if c!=None: self.c = c def setAllWithEval(self, **kwargs): for key in **kwargs: if kwargs[param] != None eval("self." + key + "=" + kwargs[param]) ```

2011/11/18

You could update the `__dict__` attribute (which represents the instance attributes in the form of a dictionary) with the keyword arguments: ``` class Bar(object): def __init__(self, **kwargs): self.__dict__.update(kwargs) ``` then you can: ``` >>> bar = Bar(a=1, b=2) >>> bar.a 1 ``` and with something like: ``` allowed_keys = {'a', 'b', 'c'} self.__dict__.update((k, v) for k, v in kwargs.items() if k in allowed_keys) ``` you could filter the keys beforehand (use `iteritems` instead of `items` if you’re still using Python 2.x).

Yet another variant based on the excellent answers by [mmj](https://stackoverflow.com/a/32019483/7382307) and [fqxp](https://stackoverflow.com/a/8187408/7382307). What if we want to 1. Avoid hardcoding a list of allowed attributes 2. *Directly* and explicitly set default values for each attributes in the constructor 3. Restrict kwargs to predefined attributes by either * silently rejecting invalid arguments *or*, alternatively, * raising an error. By "directly", I mean avoiding an extraneous `default_attributes` dictionary. ``` class Bar(object): def __init__(self, **kwargs): # Predefine attributes with default values self.a = 0 self.b = 0 self.A = True self.B = True # get a list of all predefined values directly from __dict__ allowed_keys = list(self.__dict__.keys()) # Update __dict__ but only for keys that have been predefined # (silently ignore others) self.__dict__.update((key, value) for key, value in kwargs.items() if key in allowed_keys) # To NOT silently ignore rejected keys rejected_keys = set(kwargs.keys()) - set(allowed_keys) if rejected_keys: raise ValueError("Invalid arguments in constructor:{}".format(rejected_keys)) ``` Not a major breakthrough, but maybe useful to someone... **EDIT:** If our class uses `@property` decorators to encapsulate "protected" attributes with getters and setters, and if we want to be able to set these properties with our constructor, we may want to expand the `allowed_keys` list with values from `dir(self)`, as follows: ``` allowed_keys = [i for i in dir(self) if "__" not in i and any([j.endswith(i) for j in self.__dict__.keys()])] ``` The above code excludes * any hidden variable from `dir()` (exclusion based on presence of "\_\_"), and * any method from `dir()` whose name is not found in the end of an attribute name (protected or otherwise) from `__dict__.keys()`, thereby likely keeping only @property decorated methods. This edit is likely only valid for Python 3 and above.

Suppose I have a class with a constructor (or other function) that takes a variable number of arguments and then sets them as class attributes conditionally. I could set them manually, but it seems that variable parameters are common enough in python that there should be a common idiom for doing this. But I'm not sure how to do this dynamically. I have an example using eval, but that's hardly safe. I want to know the proper way to do this -- maybe with lambda? ``` class Foo: def setAllManually(self, a=None, b=None, c=None): if a!=None: self.a = a if b!=None: self.b = b if c!=None: self.c = c def setAllWithEval(self, **kwargs): for key in **kwargs: if kwargs[param] != None eval("self." + key + "=" + kwargs[param]) ```

2011/11/18

Both the `setattr()` and `__dict__.update()` methods bypass property `@setter` functions. The only way I have found to get this to work is by using `exec()`. `exec` is considered a security risk, but we're not using it with any old user input, so I can't see why it would be. If you disagree I'd really like to learn why, so please leave a comment. I don't want to be advocating or committing insecure code. My example is mostly borrowed from previous answers for completeness, but the main difference is the line `exec(f"self.{key} = '{value}'")` ```py class Foo: def __init__(self, **kwargs): # Predefine attributes with default values self.a = 0 self.b = 0 self.name = " " # get a list of all predefined attributes allowed_keys = [attr for attr in dir(self) if not attr.startswith("_")] for key, value in kwargs.items(): # Update properties, but only for keys that have been predefined # (silently ignore others) if key in allowed_keys: exec(f"self.{key} = '{value}'") @property def name(self): return f"{self.firstname} {self.lastname}" @name.setter def name(self, name): self.firstname, self.lastname = name.split(" ", 2) ```

I suspect it might be better in most instances to use named args (for better self documenting code) so it might look something like this: ``` class Foo: def setAll(a=None, b=None, c=None): for key, value in (a, b, c): if (value != None): settattr(self, key, value) ```

Suppose I have a class with a constructor (or other function) that takes a variable number of arguments and then sets them as class attributes conditionally. I could set them manually, but it seems that variable parameters are common enough in python that there should be a common idiom for doing this. But I'm not sure how to do this dynamically. I have an example using eval, but that's hardly safe. I want to know the proper way to do this -- maybe with lambda? ``` class Foo: def setAllManually(self, a=None, b=None, c=None): if a!=None: self.a = a if b!=None: self.b = b if c!=None: self.c = c def setAllWithEval(self, **kwargs): for key in **kwargs: if kwargs[param] != None eval("self." + key + "=" + kwargs[param]) ```

2011/11/18

The following solutions `vars(self).update(kwargs)` or `self.__dict__.update(**kwargs)` are not robust, because the user can enter any dictionary with no error messages. If I need to check that the user insert the following signature ('a1', 'a2', 'a3', 'a4', 'a5') the solution does not work. Moreover, the user should be able to use the object by passing the "positional parameters" or the "kay-value pairs parameters". So I suggest the following solution by using a metaclass. ``` from inspect import Parameter, Signature class StructMeta(type): def __new__(cls, name, bases, dict): clsobj = super().__new__(cls, name, bases, dict) sig = cls.make_signature(clsobj._fields) setattr(clsobj, '__signature__', sig) return clsobj def make_signature(names): return Signature( Parameter(v, Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD) for v in names ) class Structure(metaclass = StructMeta): _fields = [] def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): bond = self.__signature__.bind(*args, **kwargs) for name, val in bond.arguments.items(): setattr(self, name, val) if __name__ == 'main': class A(Structure): _fields = ['a1', 'a2'] if __name__ == '__main__': a = A(a1 = 1, a2 = 2) print(vars(a)) a = A(**{a1: 1, a2: 2}) print(vars(a)) ```

I suspect it might be better in most instances to use named args (for better self documenting code) so it might look something like this: ``` class Foo: def setAll(a=None, b=None, c=None): for key, value in (a, b, c): if (value != None): settattr(self, key, value) ```

Suppose I have a class with a constructor (or other function) that takes a variable number of arguments and then sets them as class attributes conditionally. I could set them manually, but it seems that variable parameters are common enough in python that there should be a common idiom for doing this. But I'm not sure how to do this dynamically. I have an example using eval, but that's hardly safe. I want to know the proper way to do this -- maybe with lambda? ``` class Foo: def setAllManually(self, a=None, b=None, c=None): if a!=None: self.a = a if b!=None: self.b = b if c!=None: self.c = c def setAllWithEval(self, **kwargs): for key in **kwargs: if kwargs[param] != None eval("self." + key + "=" + kwargs[param]) ```

2011/11/18

Most answers here do not cover a good way to initialize all allowed attributes to just one default value. So, to add to the answers given by [@fqxp](https://stackoverflow.com/a/8187408/3357935) and [@mmj](https://stackoverflow.com/a/32019483/3357935): ``` class Myclass: def __init__(self, **kwargs): # all those keys will be initialized as class attributes allowed_keys = set(['attr1','attr2','attr3']) # initialize all allowed keys to false self.__dict__.update((key, False) for key in allowed_keys) # and update the given keys by their given values self.__dict__.update((key, value) for key, value in kwargs.items() if key in allowed_keys) ```

The following solutions `vars(self).update(kwargs)` or `self.__dict__.update(**kwargs)` are not robust, because the user can enter any dictionary with no error messages. If I need to check that the user insert the following signature ('a1', 'a2', 'a3', 'a4', 'a5') the solution does not work. Moreover, the user should be able to use the object by passing the "positional parameters" or the "kay-value pairs parameters". So I suggest the following solution by using a metaclass. ``` from inspect import Parameter, Signature class StructMeta(type): def __new__(cls, name, bases, dict): clsobj = super().__new__(cls, name, bases, dict) sig = cls.make_signature(clsobj._fields) setattr(clsobj, '__signature__', sig) return clsobj def make_signature(names): return Signature( Parameter(v, Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD) for v in names ) class Structure(metaclass = StructMeta): _fields = [] def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): bond = self.__signature__.bind(*args, **kwargs) for name, val in bond.arguments.items(): setattr(self, name, val) if __name__ == 'main': class A(Structure): _fields = ['a1', 'a2'] if __name__ == '__main__': a = A(a1 = 1, a2 = 2) print(vars(a)) a = A(**{a1: 1, a2: 2}) print(vars(a)) ```

Suppose I have a class with a constructor (or other function) that takes a variable number of arguments and then sets them as class attributes conditionally. I could set them manually, but it seems that variable parameters are common enough in python that there should be a common idiom for doing this. But I'm not sure how to do this dynamically. I have an example using eval, but that's hardly safe. I want to know the proper way to do this -- maybe with lambda? ``` class Foo: def setAllManually(self, a=None, b=None, c=None): if a!=None: self.a = a if b!=None: self.b = b if c!=None: self.c = c def setAllWithEval(self, **kwargs): for key in **kwargs: if kwargs[param] != None eval("self." + key + "=" + kwargs[param]) ```

2011/11/18

Their might be a better solution but what comes to mind for me is: ``` class Test: def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): self.args=dict(**kwargs) def getkwargs(self): print(self.args) t=Test(a=1, b=2, c="cats") t.getkwargs() python Test.py {'a': 1, 'c': 'cats', 'b': 2} ```

I landed on this page with a subtly different question, but here's the answer I needed: Try `namedtuple` class ([see this answer](https://stackoverflow.com/a/34573457/93910)), or the `@dataclass` decorator ([this question](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/47955263/what-are-data-classes-and-how-are-they-different-from-common-classes)). These are built specifically with this kind of functionality in mind, but may be less flexible than the other answers here.

Suppose I have a class with a constructor (or other function) that takes a variable number of arguments and then sets them as class attributes conditionally. I could set them manually, but it seems that variable parameters are common enough in python that there should be a common idiom for doing this. But I'm not sure how to do this dynamically. I have an example using eval, but that's hardly safe. I want to know the proper way to do this -- maybe with lambda? ``` class Foo: def setAllManually(self, a=None, b=None, c=None): if a!=None: self.a = a if b!=None: self.b = b if c!=None: self.c = c def setAllWithEval(self, **kwargs): for key in **kwargs: if kwargs[param] != None eval("self." + key + "=" + kwargs[param]) ```

2011/11/18

You can use the [`setattr()`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#setattr) method: ``` class Foo: def setAllWithKwArgs(self, **kwargs): for key, value in kwargs.items(): setattr(self, key, value) ``` There is an analogous [`getattr()`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#getattr) method for retrieving attributes.

Most answers here do not cover a good way to initialize all allowed attributes to just one default value. So, to add to the answers given by [@fqxp](https://stackoverflow.com/a/8187408/3357935) and [@mmj](https://stackoverflow.com/a/32019483/3357935): ``` class Myclass: def __init__(self, **kwargs): # all those keys will be initialized as class attributes allowed_keys = set(['attr1','attr2','attr3']) # initialize all allowed keys to false self.__dict__.update((key, False) for key in allowed_keys) # and update the given keys by their given values self.__dict__.update((key, value) for key, value in kwargs.items() if key in allowed_keys) ```

Suppose I have a class with a constructor (or other function) that takes a variable number of arguments and then sets them as class attributes conditionally. I could set them manually, but it seems that variable parameters are common enough in python that there should be a common idiom for doing this. But I'm not sure how to do this dynamically. I have an example using eval, but that's hardly safe. I want to know the proper way to do this -- maybe with lambda? ``` class Foo: def setAllManually(self, a=None, b=None, c=None): if a!=None: self.a = a if b!=None: self.b = b if c!=None: self.c = c def setAllWithEval(self, **kwargs): for key in **kwargs: if kwargs[param] != None eval("self." + key + "=" + kwargs[param]) ```

2011/11/18

Most answers here do not cover a good way to initialize all allowed attributes to just one default value. So, to add to the answers given by [@fqxp](https://stackoverflow.com/a/8187408/3357935) and [@mmj](https://stackoverflow.com/a/32019483/3357935): ``` class Myclass: def __init__(self, **kwargs): # all those keys will be initialized as class attributes allowed_keys = set(['attr1','attr2','attr3']) # initialize all allowed keys to false self.__dict__.update((key, False) for key in allowed_keys) # and update the given keys by their given values self.__dict__.update((key, value) for key, value in kwargs.items() if key in allowed_keys) ```

I landed on this page with a subtly different question, but here's the answer I needed: Try `namedtuple` class ([see this answer](https://stackoverflow.com/a/34573457/93910)), or the `@dataclass` decorator ([this question](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/47955263/what-are-data-classes-and-how-are-they-different-from-common-classes)). These are built specifically with this kind of functionality in mind, but may be less flexible than the other answers here.

I seem to see the phrase "shake his booty" being used to say something is good and attractive. But does it mean "shake his butt"? And if they are the same, why does "shake his butt" seem a somewhat distasteful action, but "shake his booty" all of a sudden becomes somewhat glamorous?

2014/01/26

"Neither is glamorous! "Booty" is [American slang for buttocks](http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=booty) but almost universally refers to that of a woman. "Butt" is also slang for "buttocks" but does not imply gender. Moreover, "booty" has overt sexual overtones (and is, in fact, slang for having sex in some cases), whereas "butt" is not. (A parent might refer to his/her child's butt, but never the child's booty.) You may be hearing the term "booty" in pop music lyrics or even some forms of pop journalism, but it is not considered a professional, polite, or glamorous word. As far as I know, the origin of the term is int he term for a pirate's treasure, called his "booty". The metaphoric link is to a woman's "treasure", I think.

"Booty" is a word for a person's rear end from the [African American Vernacular English](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English) dialect. I believe it probably first entered wider usage through disco music, particularly in the phrase ["Shake your booty"](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28Shake,_Shake,_Shake%29_Shake_Your_Booty). While it is a fairly normal word in AAVE, when used outside of AAVE it is typically used in a dance or other semi-sexualized context. So in interpreting this word, you have to pay close attention to what dialect is being used.

Say we have 3 kafka partitions for one topic, and I want my events to be windowed by the hour, using event time. Will the kafka consumer stop reading from a partition when it is outside of the current window? Or does it open a new window? If it is opening new windows then wouldn't it be theoretically possible to have it open a unlimited amount of windows and thus run out of memory, if one partition's event time would be very skewed compared to the others? This scenario would especially be possible when we are replaying some history. I have been trying to get this answer from reading documentation, but can not find much about the internals of Flink with Kafka on partitions. Some good documentation on this specific topic would be very welcome. Thanks!

2017/08/07

So first of all events from Kafka are read constantly and the further windowing operations have no impact on that. There are more things to consider when talking about running out-of-memory. * usually you do not store every event for a window, but just some aggregate for the event * whenever window is closed the corresponding memory is freed. Some more on how Kafka consumer interacts with EventTime (watermarks in particular you can check [here](https://ci.apache.org/projects/flink/flink-docs-release-1.3/dev/event_timestamps_watermarks.html#timestamps-per-kafka-partition)

**You could try to use this type of style** ``` public void runStartFromLatestOffsets() throws Exception { // 50 records written to each of 3 partitions before launching a latest-starting consuming job final int parallelism = 3; final int recordsInEachPartition = 50; // each partition will be written an extra 200 records final int extraRecordsInEachPartition = 200; // all already existing data in the topic, before the consuming topology has started, should be ignored final String topicName = writeSequence("testStartFromLatestOffsetsTopic", recordsInEachPartition, parallelism, 1); // the committed offsets should be ignored KafkaTestEnvironment.KafkaOffsetHandler kafkaOffsetHandler = kafkaServer.createOffsetHandler(); kafkaOffsetHandler.setCommittedOffset(topicName, 0, 23); kafkaOffsetHandler.setCommittedOffset(topicName, 1, 31); kafkaOffsetHandler.setCommittedOffset(topicName, 2, 43); ```

The background of my question relies on the following points. * Quine-Duhem thesis: it is difficult to test a theory with an experiment, because the test would rely on other theories. * The discussion of the previous point is difficult because we do not have a "theory of everything", so it is not clear if the chain of theories involved in an experiment ends somewhere. * It could be nice to make an attempt to reverse the logic: imagine a universe ruled by a given mathematical model (that we completely know), including entities able to perform experiments, and try to discuss to which extent they are able, by means of experiment, to discover the rules. * This approach does not require to mimic the real physical laws. In the past, it has been tried to imagine very unusual hypothetical universes and discus what the hypothetical inhabitants would see, e.g., "Flatland", or the non-Euclidean geometries. In some cases, scientists later discovered that the imagined universe had some relevance for the real life. Now, the question is: given a mathematical model of a hypothetical universe, possibly including entities (animals, or robots) that are able to perform experiments, how is it possible to discuss the results of their experiments? And the models and theories that they can test and verify? Is there any philosophical attempt in this direction? Can anyone suggest some literature? I do not think that these questions have a straightforward answer. Just to avoid misunderstandings: I already deposited a pre-print on this topic, with some thoughts in this direction, but without references to literature. I do not put here the link because I do not want that my question looks as an advertisement for my manuscript.

2019/04/24

In addition to Nietzsche: --- [Rousseau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau) wrote both the music and libretto for an opera - [Le Devin du Village](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_devin_du_village). [Rousseau - Le Devin du Village on YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ld7XDELDnto) --- [Adorno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno) was a classically trained pianist, studied composition with [Berg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban_Berg) in Vienna, and wrote piano music and a number of string quartets. [A selection of Adorno string quartets on YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=adorno%20string%20quartet)

Gabriel Marcel according to Brendan Sweetman composed music: > > He also developed a keen interest in classical music and composed a number of pieces. > > > However, I could not find a list of these compositions. --- Thanks to @sand1 from comments: "La Biblitheque Nationale Francaise list has a section for him as Compositeur(54) [data.bnf.fr/fr/11914394/gabriel\_marcel](https://data.bnf.fr/fr/11914394/gabriel_marcel/)" --- Sweetman, B. "Gabriel Marcel". Retrieved April 23, 2019 from *Britannica* <https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gabriel-Honore-Marcel>

Which of the following sentences is better to use? > > 1. Where it is concluded that the report is incorrect it will be returned. > 2. If the report is incorrect then it will be returned. > > > Or do they mean the same thing? These sentences will be used for a description of activities.

2010/11/16

In your examples, the sentence starting with *if* is easier to understand. But it always depends on the context of what's being written as well as target audience. I find *where* is used more often in formal writings, but not always.

**If**. If you use *where*, the sentence is harder to parse. You run the risk of confusing your audience, who might think that you're talking about a location.

Which of the following sentences is better to use? > > 1. Where it is concluded that the report is incorrect it will be returned. > 2. If the report is incorrect then it will be returned. > > > Or do they mean the same thing? These sentences will be used for a description of activities.

2010/11/16

In your examples, the sentence starting with *if* is easier to understand. But it always depends on the context of what's being written as well as target audience. I find *where* is used more often in formal writings, but not always.

"Where" is making a more general statement. In particular the statement with "if" would be appropriate whether we were talking about a particular report right now, or about any report which might happen to be produced; "where" would be appropriate only in the latter case. Apart from that, I agree with vehomzzz and joshdick

Question ======== I want to separate my prod settings from my local settings. I found this library [django-split-settings](https://github.com/sobolevn/django-split-settings), which worked nicely. However somewhere in my code I have something like this: ``` if settings.DEBUG: # do debug stuff else: # do prod stuff ``` The problem is that when i run my unit test command: ``` ./run ./manage.py test ``` the above if statements evaluates `settings.DEBUG` as false. Which makes me wonder, which settings file is the test command reading from and how to correct it What I have tried ================= I tried running a command like this: ``` ./run ./manage.py test --settings=bx/settings ``` gives me this crash: ``` Traceback (most recent call last): File "./manage.py", line 10, in <module> execute_from_command_line(sys.argv) File "/beneple/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 350, in execute_from_command_line utility.execute() File "/beneple/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 302, in execute settings.INSTALLED_APPS File "/beneple/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/conf/__init__.py", line 55, in __getattr__ self._setup(name) File "/beneple/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/conf/__init__.py", line 43, in _setup self._wrapped = Settings(settings_module) File "/beneple/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/conf/__init__.py", line 99, in __init__ mod = importlib.import_module(self.SETTINGS_MODULE) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/importlib/__init__.py", line 37, in import_module __import__(name) ImportError: Import by filename is not supported. ``` any ideas? --- ### update: this is what my run command looks like ``` #!/usr/bin/env bash DIR="$( cd "$( dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )" && pwd )" docker run \ --env "PATH=/beneple/venv/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin" \ -e "DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE=bx.settings.local" \ --link beneple_db:db \ -v $DIR:/beneple \ -t -i --rm \ beneple/beneple \ $@ ``` currently my manage.py looks like this ``` #!/usr/bin/env python import os import sys if __name__ == "__main__": from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line execute_from_command_line(sys.argv) ``` if I run this command: ``` ./run ./manage.py shell ``` it works fine.. but for example when i try to run ``` ./run ./flu.sh ``` which in turn runs test\_data.py which starts like so: ``` #!/usr/bin/env python if __name__ == "__main__": import os, sys sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))) import django django.setup() .. from django.conf import settings from settings import DOMAIN ``` it gives me the error: ``` Traceback (most recent call last): File "./bx/test_data.py", line 18, in <module> from settings import DOMAIN ImportError: cannot import name DOMAIN Done. ``` I'm not sure why that's happening, since my base.py definitely has DOMAIN set.

2016/07/24

This is an old question, here is the answer: * with older versions of scapy, it simply was not possible * with newer scapy versions (2.4.0+), simply sniff using the monitor argument `sniff([args], monitor=True)` It shows all packets !

I think you're looking for something like this: [How can I put mac os x en1 interface into monitor mode to use with python3 scapy?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31459949/how-can-i-put-mac-os-x-en1-interface-into-monitor-mode-to-use-with-python3-scapy) It is possible, shouldn't be a problem to switch between python3 and python27

Question ======== I want to separate my prod settings from my local settings. I found this library [django-split-settings](https://github.com/sobolevn/django-split-settings), which worked nicely. However somewhere in my code I have something like this: ``` if settings.DEBUG: # do debug stuff else: # do prod stuff ``` The problem is that when i run my unit test command: ``` ./run ./manage.py test ``` the above if statements evaluates `settings.DEBUG` as false. Which makes me wonder, which settings file is the test command reading from and how to correct it What I have tried ================= I tried running a command like this: ``` ./run ./manage.py test --settings=bx/settings ``` gives me this crash: ``` Traceback (most recent call last): File "./manage.py", line 10, in <module> execute_from_command_line(sys.argv) File "/beneple/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 350, in execute_from_command_line utility.execute() File "/beneple/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 302, in execute settings.INSTALLED_APPS File "/beneple/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/conf/__init__.py", line 55, in __getattr__ self._setup(name) File "/beneple/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/conf/__init__.py", line 43, in _setup self._wrapped = Settings(settings_module) File "/beneple/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/conf/__init__.py", line 99, in __init__ mod = importlib.import_module(self.SETTINGS_MODULE) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/importlib/__init__.py", line 37, in import_module __import__(name) ImportError: Import by filename is not supported. ``` any ideas? --- ### update: this is what my run command looks like ``` #!/usr/bin/env bash DIR="$( cd "$( dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )" && pwd )" docker run \ --env "PATH=/beneple/venv/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin" \ -e "DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE=bx.settings.local" \ --link beneple_db:db \ -v $DIR:/beneple \ -t -i --rm \ beneple/beneple \ $@ ``` currently my manage.py looks like this ``` #!/usr/bin/env python import os import sys if __name__ == "__main__": from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line execute_from_command_line(sys.argv) ``` if I run this command: ``` ./run ./manage.py shell ``` it works fine.. but for example when i try to run ``` ./run ./flu.sh ``` which in turn runs test\_data.py which starts like so: ``` #!/usr/bin/env python if __name__ == "__main__": import os, sys sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))) import django django.setup() .. from django.conf import settings from settings import DOMAIN ``` it gives me the error: ``` Traceback (most recent call last): File "./bx/test_data.py", line 18, in <module> from settings import DOMAIN ImportError: cannot import name DOMAIN Done. ``` I'm not sure why that's happening, since my base.py definitely has DOMAIN set.

2016/07/24

This is an old question, here is the answer: * with older versions of scapy, it simply was not possible * with newer scapy versions (2.4.0+), simply sniff using the monitor argument `sniff([args], monitor=True)` It shows all packets !

I know this is a old question but I had the same problem. I'm unsure as to why en0 appears to be deactivated after running `airportd en0 sniff 1` or `airport sniff`. To keep the device active while monitoring you can instead use `tcpdump`. **Example:** ``` $ sudo tcpdump -nnvs0 -I -i en0 -w output.pcap $ ifconfig ... en0: flags=8963<UP,BROADCAST,SMART,RUNNING,PROMISC,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 ether 60:03:08:a5:fa:0c inet 192.168.1.33 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255 media: autoselect status: active ``` Hope this helps :)

I'm using Flash Builder 4.7. When starting a new Actionscript Project, the first popup box where you define the project name etc doesn't show any SDK's. So under "This project will use" there is just an empty area... And in the created project I also can't link to a Flex SDK in the Actionscript Build Path. When starting a new Flex Project, everything is OK and I can choose between the different SDK's installed. Any idea what could be wrong? Thanks in advance for any help! Frank

2013/01/14

Problem found and solved thanks to this blog post: <http://www.badu.ro/?p=238> Apparantly when moving from Flex Builder 4.6 to 4.7 you have to use new workspaces. If you reuse the existing ones from version 4.6 you run into problems like I was having... Thanks for all your help, Frank

I suspect you are seeing errors because your class has no package definition. ``` package com.something.something { // imports import flash.display.Sprite // class definition public class Something extends Sprite{ } } ``` But, you didn't show us the actual errors in your screenshot. IF that is not the error, please provide the text of your compiler errors / warnings. In Flash Builder, from the WIndow Menu select Show View and Problems.

I am using the below code ``` Web rootWeb = clientContext.Site.RootWeb; rootWeb.Fields.AddFieldAsXml("<Field DisplayName='Session Name' Name='SessionName' ID='"+new GUID()+"' Group='SharePoint Saturday 2014 Columns' Type='Text' />", false, AddFieldOptions.AddFieldInternalNameHint); clientContext.ExecuteQuery(); Field session = rootWeb.Fields.GetByInternalNameOrTitle("SessionName"); ContentType sessionContentType = rootWeb.ContentTypes.GetById("0x0100BDD5E43587AF469CA722FD068065DF5D"); sessionContentType.FieldLinks.Add(new FieldLinkCreationInformation { Field = session }); sessionContentType.Update(true); clientContext.ExecuteQuery(); ``` This creates a site column and adds it to the group, but when I try to attach it to a content type it throws > > duplicate "SessionName" found > > > I also get the below error sometimes > > The field specified with name "SessionName" and ID{some-id} is not accessible or does not exist > > > **After creating site column using this code, I am not able to add site column to content type manually!!** It throws the same error

2015/09/29

I removed the ID parameter in the column creation and it worked fine ``` Web rootWeb = clientContext.Site.RootWeb; rootWeb.Fields.AddFieldAsXml("<Field DisplayName='Session Name' Name='SessionName' Group='SharePoint Saturday 2014 Columns' Type='Text' />", false, AddFieldOptions.AddFieldInternalNameHint); clientContext.ExecuteQuery(); Field session = rootWeb.Fields.GetByInternalNameOrTitle("SessionName"); ContentType sessionContentType = rootWeb.ContentTypes.GetById("0x0100BDD5E43587AF469CA722FD068065DF5D"); sessionContentType.FieldLinks.Add(new FieldLinkCreationInformation { Field = session }); sessionContentType.Update(true); clientContext.ExecuteQuery(); ```

I have faced this issue before. The error says that there already exists a column named `SessionName`. Replace `SessionName` with `SessionNameTest` and try. Mostly this will solve your issue.

I am using the below code ``` Web rootWeb = clientContext.Site.RootWeb; rootWeb.Fields.AddFieldAsXml("<Field DisplayName='Session Name' Name='SessionName' ID='"+new GUID()+"' Group='SharePoint Saturday 2014 Columns' Type='Text' />", false, AddFieldOptions.AddFieldInternalNameHint); clientContext.ExecuteQuery(); Field session = rootWeb.Fields.GetByInternalNameOrTitle("SessionName"); ContentType sessionContentType = rootWeb.ContentTypes.GetById("0x0100BDD5E43587AF469CA722FD068065DF5D"); sessionContentType.FieldLinks.Add(new FieldLinkCreationInformation { Field = session }); sessionContentType.Update(true); clientContext.ExecuteQuery(); ``` This creates a site column and adds it to the group, but when I try to attach it to a content type it throws > > duplicate "SessionName" found > > > I also get the below error sometimes > > The field specified with name "SessionName" and ID{some-id} is not accessible or does not exist > > > **After creating site column using this code, I am not able to add site column to content type manually!!** It throws the same error

2015/09/29

I have faced this issue before. The error says that there already exists a column named `SessionName`. Replace `SessionName` with `SessionNameTest` and try. Mostly this will solve your issue.

But to be useful i guess you need to set name through a variable like ``` string columnName; string groupName; rootWeb.Fields.AddFieldAsXml("<Field DisplayName='"+columnName+"' Name='" + columnName + "' Group='" + groupName + "' Type='Text' />", false, AddFieldOptions.AddFieldInternalNameHint); ``` Then you can add it to a list ``` string listName; List addColumnList = web.Lists.GetByTitle(listName); Field newColumn = web.Fields.GetByInternalNameOrTitle(columnName); addColumnList.Fields.Add(newColumn); context.ExecuteQuery(); ```

I am using the below code ``` Web rootWeb = clientContext.Site.RootWeb; rootWeb.Fields.AddFieldAsXml("<Field DisplayName='Session Name' Name='SessionName' ID='"+new GUID()+"' Group='SharePoint Saturday 2014 Columns' Type='Text' />", false, AddFieldOptions.AddFieldInternalNameHint); clientContext.ExecuteQuery(); Field session = rootWeb.Fields.GetByInternalNameOrTitle("SessionName"); ContentType sessionContentType = rootWeb.ContentTypes.GetById("0x0100BDD5E43587AF469CA722FD068065DF5D"); sessionContentType.FieldLinks.Add(new FieldLinkCreationInformation { Field = session }); sessionContentType.Update(true); clientContext.ExecuteQuery(); ``` This creates a site column and adds it to the group, but when I try to attach it to a content type it throws > > duplicate "SessionName" found > > > I also get the below error sometimes > > The field specified with name "SessionName" and ID{some-id} is not accessible or does not exist > > > **After creating site column using this code, I am not able to add site column to content type manually!!** It throws the same error

2015/09/29

I removed the ID parameter in the column creation and it worked fine ``` Web rootWeb = clientContext.Site.RootWeb; rootWeb.Fields.AddFieldAsXml("<Field DisplayName='Session Name' Name='SessionName' Group='SharePoint Saturday 2014 Columns' Type='Text' />", false, AddFieldOptions.AddFieldInternalNameHint); clientContext.ExecuteQuery(); Field session = rootWeb.Fields.GetByInternalNameOrTitle("SessionName"); ContentType sessionContentType = rootWeb.ContentTypes.GetById("0x0100BDD5E43587AF469CA722FD068065DF5D"); sessionContentType.FieldLinks.Add(new FieldLinkCreationInformation { Field = session }); sessionContentType.Update(true); clientContext.ExecuteQuery(); ```

But to be useful i guess you need to set name through a variable like ``` string columnName; string groupName; rootWeb.Fields.AddFieldAsXml("<Field DisplayName='"+columnName+"' Name='" + columnName + "' Group='" + groupName + "' Type='Text' />", false, AddFieldOptions.AddFieldInternalNameHint); ``` Then you can add it to a list ``` string listName; List addColumnList = web.Lists.GetByTitle(listName); Field newColumn = web.Fields.GetByInternalNameOrTitle(columnName); addColumnList.Fields.Add(newColumn); context.ExecuteQuery(); ```

I've created some utilities that help me at generating HTML and I reference them in my views as `@div( "class" -> "well" ){ Hello Well. }`. Until now those classes were subclassing `NodeSeq` because they [aren't escaped](https://github.com/playframework/playframework/blob/702d48bf4d9d24b58f247546b0cd0cb893659dc0/framework/src/templates/src/main/scala/play/api/templates/ScalaTemplate.scala#L71) then. But I need to get rid off the `NodeSeq` in the top of my class hierarchy because Scala's xml is flawed and makes my code hacky and because I could switch to Traits then. So I tried to find out how to prevent Play from escaping my `Tag`-objects. But unfortunately the only valid solution that I found is to override the template compiler and have the user specify my compiler in his `Build.scala` settings. But I hopefully have overlooked a way more simple approach?

2013/08/27

If the PID is stored in a variable called `x`, then the last digit can be found as `x % 10`.

Use `mod 10` to get the value, for example: ``` int a = 123; printf("%d\n", a % 10) ``` Output: ``` 3 ``` Of course you will need the pid instead of a.

I've created some utilities that help me at generating HTML and I reference them in my views as `@div( "class" -> "well" ){ Hello Well. }`. Until now those classes were subclassing `NodeSeq` because they [aren't escaped](https://github.com/playframework/playframework/blob/702d48bf4d9d24b58f247546b0cd0cb893659dc0/framework/src/templates/src/main/scala/play/api/templates/ScalaTemplate.scala#L71) then. But I need to get rid off the `NodeSeq` in the top of my class hierarchy because Scala's xml is flawed and makes my code hacky and because I could switch to Traits then. So I tried to find out how to prevent Play from escaping my `Tag`-objects. But unfortunately the only valid solution that I found is to override the template compiler and have the user specify my compiler in his `Build.scala` settings. But I hopefully have overlooked a way more simple approach?

2013/08/27

If the PID is stored in a variable called `x`, then the last digit can be found as `x % 10`.

Use [modulo](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo_operation) `int lastDigit = pid % 10;` Be careful though, if that last digit is a 0, you'll get problems!

I've created some utilities that help me at generating HTML and I reference them in my views as `@div( "class" -> "well" ){ Hello Well. }`. Until now those classes were subclassing `NodeSeq` because they [aren't escaped](https://github.com/playframework/playframework/blob/702d48bf4d9d24b58f247546b0cd0cb893659dc0/framework/src/templates/src/main/scala/play/api/templates/ScalaTemplate.scala#L71) then. But I need to get rid off the `NodeSeq` in the top of my class hierarchy because Scala's xml is flawed and makes my code hacky and because I could switch to Traits then. So I tried to find out how to prevent Play from escaping my `Tag`-objects. But unfortunately the only valid solution that I found is to override the template compiler and have the user specify my compiler in his `Build.scala` settings. But I hopefully have overlooked a way more simple approach?

2013/08/27

If the PID is stored in a variable called `x`, then the last digit can be found as `x % 10`.

PID is usually of type pid\_t an integer type, from "sys/types.h". As it should be a *signed* type recommend unsigned LastDigit = ((unsigned) pid) % 10; This will insure your mod does not report negative results, as in -57%10 --> -7. `sleep(t)` takes an `unsigned` parameter. Should your variable `pid`, take on a negative value like -1, `sleep(pid % 10)`, would sleep for a *long* time. [Edit] `pid_t` is a signed type. A `pid_t` variable is negative on error returns from functions such as `fork()`,

I've created some utilities that help me at generating HTML and I reference them in my views as `@div( "class" -> "well" ){ Hello Well. }`. Until now those classes were subclassing `NodeSeq` because they [aren't escaped](https://github.com/playframework/playframework/blob/702d48bf4d9d24b58f247546b0cd0cb893659dc0/framework/src/templates/src/main/scala/play/api/templates/ScalaTemplate.scala#L71) then. But I need to get rid off the `NodeSeq` in the top of my class hierarchy because Scala's xml is flawed and makes my code hacky and because I could switch to Traits then. So I tried to find out how to prevent Play from escaping my `Tag`-objects. But unfortunately the only valid solution that I found is to override the template compiler and have the user specify my compiler in his `Build.scala` settings. But I hopefully have overlooked a way more simple approach?

2013/08/27

Use [modulo](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo_operation) `int lastDigit = pid % 10;` Be careful though, if that last digit is a 0, you'll get problems!

Use `mod 10` to get the value, for example: ``` int a = 123; printf("%d\n", a % 10) ``` Output: ``` 3 ``` Of course you will need the pid instead of a.

I've created some utilities that help me at generating HTML and I reference them in my views as `@div( "class" -> "well" ){ Hello Well. }`. Until now those classes were subclassing `NodeSeq` because they [aren't escaped](https://github.com/playframework/playframework/blob/702d48bf4d9d24b58f247546b0cd0cb893659dc0/framework/src/templates/src/main/scala/play/api/templates/ScalaTemplate.scala#L71) then. But I need to get rid off the `NodeSeq` in the top of my class hierarchy because Scala's xml is flawed and makes my code hacky and because I could switch to Traits then. So I tried to find out how to prevent Play from escaping my `Tag`-objects. But unfortunately the only valid solution that I found is to override the template compiler and have the user specify my compiler in his `Build.scala` settings. But I hopefully have overlooked a way more simple approach?

2013/08/27

Use [modulo](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo_operation) `int lastDigit = pid % 10;` Be careful though, if that last digit is a 0, you'll get problems!

PID is usually of type pid\_t an integer type, from "sys/types.h". As it should be a *signed* type recommend unsigned LastDigit = ((unsigned) pid) % 10; This will insure your mod does not report negative results, as in -57%10 --> -7. `sleep(t)` takes an `unsigned` parameter. Should your variable `pid`, take on a negative value like -1, `sleep(pid % 10)`, would sleep for a *long* time. [Edit] `pid_t` is a signed type. A `pid_t` variable is negative on error returns from functions such as `fork()`,

I have an entity with `@OneToOne` mapped subentity: ``` @Entity @Table public class BaseEntity { @Id private String key; @OneToOne(fetch = FetchType.LAZY, cascade = CascadeType.ALL) private InnerEntity inner; } @Entity @Table public class InnerEntity { private String data; } ``` It was working perfectly on persist and merge operations until I decided to fetch all records in a named query (`SELECT e FROM BaseEntity e`). Problems are that after calling it, Hibernate fetches all records from BaseEntity and then executes distinct queries for each InnerEntity. Because table is quite big it takes much time and takes much memory. First, I started to investigate if `getInner()` is called anywhere in running code. Then I tried to change `fetchType` to `EAGER` to check if Hibernate it's going to fetch it all with one query. It didn't. Another try was to change mapping to `@ManyToOne`. Doing this I've added `updatable/insertable=false` to `@JoinColumn` annotation. Fetching started to work perfectly - one `SELECT` without any `JOIN` (I changed `EAGER` back to `LAZY`), but problems with updating begun. Hibernate expects `InnerEntity` to be persisted first, but there's no property with primary key. Of course I can do this and explicity persist `InnerEntity` calling `setKey()` first, but I would rather solve this without this. Any ideas?

2015/12/22

If you want `inner` field to be loaded on demand and your relation is `@OnToOne`you can try this `@OneToOne(fetch = FetchType.LAZY, optional = false)`

When using HQL hibernate doesn't consider the annotations, so you should tell it how to work. In your case you should right the HQL like this: SELECT e FROM BaseEntity as e left join fetch e.inner

i have a array `banks` and I need to return one object with all the parameters described below ``` const banks = [{kod: 723,name: "bank",},{kod: 929,name: "bank2"}] ``` i tried to do it with ``` const lookup = banks.map(item => { return ({[item.kod]: item.name }) }) ``` but it returns the result `[ {723: "bank"}, {929: "bank2"} ]` how can i achieve this result `{723: "bank",929: "bank2"}`

2019/08/08

You can use [`.reduce()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/reduce) with the [spread syntax](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Spread_syntax) like so: ```js const banks = [{kod: 723,name: "bank",},{kod: 929,name: "bank2"}]; const res = banks.reduce((acc, {kod, name}) => ({...acc, [kod]: name}), {}); console.log(res); ```

You can use `reduce` instead ```js const banks = [{kod: 723,name: "bank",},{kod: 929,name: "bank2"}] const lookup = banks.reduce((op,item) => { op[item.kod] = item.name return op },{}) console.log(lookup) ```

i have a array `banks` and I need to return one object with all the parameters described below ``` const banks = [{kod: 723,name: "bank",},{kod: 929,name: "bank2"}] ``` i tried to do it with ``` const lookup = banks.map(item => { return ({[item.kod]: item.name }) }) ``` but it returns the result `[ {723: "bank"}, {929: "bank2"} ]` how can i achieve this result `{723: "bank",929: "bank2"}`

2019/08/08

You can use [`.reduce()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/reduce) with the [spread syntax](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Spread_syntax) like so: ```js const banks = [{kod: 723,name: "bank",},{kod: 929,name: "bank2"}]; const res = banks.reduce((acc, {kod, name}) => ({...acc, [kod]: name}), {}); console.log(res); ```

You could take the result and assign all parts to a new object. ```js const banks = [{ kod: 723, name: "bank" }, { kod: 929, name: "bank2" }], lookup = Object.assign({}, ...banks.map(({ kod, name }) => ({ [kod]: name }))); console.log(lookup); ```

I am having a problem with the asp:Menu control. A menu control 2 levels deep does not play well with internet explorer on https. I continually get an annoying popup. I think in order to fix this I need to override a function in an automatically included script file. change this ``` function PopOut_Show(panelId, hideScrollers, data) { ... childFrame.src = (data.iframeUrl ? data.iframeUrl : "about:blank"); ... } ``` to this ``` function PopOut_Show(panelId, hideScrollers, data) { ... if(data.iframeUrl) childFrame.src = data.iframeUrl; ... } ``` however I have no clue how I would hack apart the asp:menu control to fix microsoft's javascript in their control. Is there a way I can just override the function to what I need it to be?

2010/10/29

If you declare the overload later that should be the function that executes ``` function alerttest(){ alert("1"); } function alerttest(){ alert("2"); } alerttest(); ``` Here is another answer: [Overriding a JavaScript function while referencing the original](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/296667/overriding-a-javascript-function-while-referencing-the-original)

``` childFrame.src = (data.iframeUrl ? data.iframeUrl : "about:blank"); ``` Is identical to: ``` if(data.iframeUrl){ childFrame.src = data.iframeUrl; } else{ childFrame.src = 'about:blank'; } ``` Why do you need to override the function?

I'm learning JavaScript from w3schools and it talks about how "If you execute document.write after the document has finished loading, the entire HTML page will be overwritten" and I've seen from examples that this does in fact happen, but "I don't understand what is really going on and the website kind seems to skip over the explanation. I've moved parts of the script around ( ``` <h1>My First Web Page</h1> <p>My First Paragraph</p> <button onclick="myFunction()">Try it</button> <script> function myFunction() { document.write("Oops! The document disappeared!"); } </script> </body> </html> ``` ) To see if loading different parts from different points in the script would change the effect, and nothing happened. I'd like to know what is really going on before I continue with the lesson, so if anyone can even just give me a brief summary of how it works I'd appreciate it.

2013/08/29

If you're familiar with programming in general then you'll be aware of `stream`s, which represent something you can read from, or write to, in continuous fashion and (usually) lack random-access. Imagine that the `document` object contains hidden inside it a stream that represents the raw text response from the webserver which consists of the HTML text. The method `document.open()` grants access to this stream. When a page is being loaded (right as the bytes from the server arrive in your browser) the document stream is already opened and is being read from/written to. When the document has finished loading (that is, the HTML itself, not external resources like `<img />`) the stream is closed. ...that's why when `document.write` is used while the page is loading (i.e. as `<script>document.write("foo");</script>` it inserts the text "foo" directly into the document stream, whereas calling `document.write` *after* the document has loaded causes the stream to be (implicitly) re-opened from the beginning, which causes it to be overwritten.

What happens depends on what browser you are using. Until recently your code would replace the page with the text in all browsers, but lately the implementation has changed in some browsers to simply ignore the `document.write` call instead of implicitly calling `document.open` first if it hasn't been called already. You can still use `document.write` after the page has loaded to replace the page in all browsers, but then you have to do it in the correct way, i.e. calling `document.open` first.

My text in the button is not centered. I feel that this happens all the time. The text always seems to be a bit under the center. I tried to open the code with Chrome and Edge. They look the same. Here's a photo of the button ```css .button-container { display: flex; position: absolute; top: 10px; right: 10px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; } .button { color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 28px; background-color: black; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; border-style: none; border-radius: 50%; } ``` ```html <div class="button-container"> <button class="button">x</button> </div> ```

2022/07/15

Removing everything but the following provided the desire result of centering: ``` .button-container { text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; } ``` Padding, in the comment above, is appropriate as well. Take your padding and simply apply it to the `.button-container` CSS script. It will move the button down slight from the top as well, like so: [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/lwd7W.png)

use for button class ``` .button { text-align: center; } ```

My text in the button is not centered. I feel that this happens all the time. The text always seems to be a bit under the center. I tried to open the code with Chrome and Edge. They look the same. Here's a photo of the button ```css .button-container { display: flex; position: absolute; top: 10px; right: 10px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; } .button { color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 28px; background-color: black; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; border-style: none; border-radius: 50%; } ``` ```html <div class="button-container"> <button class="button">x</button> </div> ```

2022/07/15

You are trying to position an element using hard coded padding values. My advice would be not to do that. Remove the padding and change your x -> X. Then add these to your class ``` .button {height: 15px; aspect-ratio: 1/1;} ``` Whatever you set the height to the width will follow. With your border radius you can turn that clean box into a clean circle. Edit: Recommendations aside, your main issue was caused by the use of a lowercase x which comes with a blank space 'baked in' above the letter. On the other hand, an uppercase X uses the whole line height and fills the container nicely.

use for button class ``` .button { text-align: center; } ```

My text in the button is not centered. I feel that this happens all the time. The text always seems to be a bit under the center. I tried to open the code with Chrome and Edge. They look the same. Here's a photo of the button ```css .button-container { display: flex; position: absolute; top: 10px; right: 10px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; } .button { color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 28px; background-color: black; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; border-style: none; border-radius: 50%; } ``` ```html <div class="button-container"> <button class="button">x</button> </div> ```

2022/07/15

There are two big issues in your code: * First, you want your button to have the same `height` and `width`. Either set those two properties separately or use the `aspect-ratio` property as suggested by [`@fluffybacon`](https://stackoverflow.com/a/72998212/3723993). * Then, you are using a character that it's not a perfect cross, and using `font-family`, which means that you don't have total control over how the symbol is going to look or how well aligned it's going to be across different devices and OSs. Replace the `x` / `X` letter with the [multiplication sign symbol (`×`)](https://www.toptal.com/designers/htmlarrows/math/multiplication-sign/) (better solution, but not perfect) or with an SVG icon or image that has the exact shape you want (best option). You can find a lot of good icons here: <https://materialdesignicons.com/> * There's no CSS code to align the content of the button in both axis, so make sure you add `display: flex`, `align-items: center` and `justify-content: center` so that any content (text or not, like the SVG icon) are aligned properly. Here's some alternatives: ```css button { position: fixed; top: 100%; left: 50%; font-size: 28px; width: 48px; height: 48px; border-radius: 1000px; color: black; background: white; border: 2px solid black; line-height: 1; /* Add this to make sure any content in the button (text */ /* or not) is centered in both axis: */ display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; } button::before { content: attr(class); position: absolute; bottom: calc(100% + 8px); left: 50%; padding: 4px 8px; border-radius: 4px; background: black; color: white; transform-origin: 0 50%; transform: rotate(-45deg); font-family: monospace; font-size: 12px; } .lowercase { font-family: arial; transform: translate(-300%, -125%); } .uppercase { font-family: arial; transform: translate(-175%, -125%); } .svg { transform: translate(-50%, -125%); } .multiplyArial { font-family: arial; transform: translate(75%, -125%); } .multiplyMonospace { font-family: monospace; transform: translate(200%, -125%); } .bar { position: fixed; bottom: 36px; left: 0; right: 0; height: 1px; background: rgba(255, 0, 255, .75); } ``` ```html <button class="lowercase">x</button> <button class="uppercase">X</button> <button class="svg"> <svg style="width:1em;height:1em" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M19,6.41L17.59,5L12,10.59L6.41,5L5,6.41L10.59,12L5,17.59L6.41,19L12,13.41L17.59,19L19,17.59L13.41,12L19,6.41Z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="multiplyArial">×</button> <button class="multiplyMonospace">×</button> <div class="bar"></div> ``` Also, the best way to make something round (not oval) is to set `border-radius` to an arbitrary large value like `1000px` (must be bigger than `max(width, height) / 2`) instead of using `border-radius: 50%`. See the difference below: ```css div { border: 2px solid black; padding: 8px; margin-top: 8px; text-align: center; font-family: monospace; } .round { border-radius: 1000px; } .oval { border-radius: 50%; } ``` ```html <div class="round">ROUND</div> <div class="oval">OVAL</div> ```

use for button class ``` .button { text-align: center; } ```

My text in the button is not centered. I feel that this happens all the time. The text always seems to be a bit under the center. I tried to open the code with Chrome and Edge. They look the same. Here's a photo of the button ```css .button-container { display: flex; position: absolute; top: 10px; right: 10px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; } .button { color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 28px; background-color: black; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; border-style: none; border-radius: 50%; } ``` ```html <div class="button-container"> <button class="button">x</button> </div> ```

2022/07/15

Removing everything but the following provided the desire result of centering: ``` .button-container { text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; } ``` Padding, in the comment above, is appropriate as well. Take your padding and simply apply it to the `.button-container` CSS script. It will move the button down slight from the top as well, like so: [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/lwd7W.png)

add below codes to class .button-container: ``` align-items: center; justify-content: center; ```

My text in the button is not centered. I feel that this happens all the time. The text always seems to be a bit under the center. I tried to open the code with Chrome and Edge. They look the same. Here's a photo of the button ```css .button-container { display: flex; position: absolute; top: 10px; right: 10px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; } .button { color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 28px; background-color: black; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; border-style: none; border-radius: 50%; } ``` ```html <div class="button-container"> <button class="button">x</button> </div> ```

2022/07/15

You are trying to position an element using hard coded padding values. My advice would be not to do that. Remove the padding and change your x -> X. Then add these to your class ``` .button {height: 15px; aspect-ratio: 1/1;} ``` Whatever you set the height to the width will follow. With your border radius you can turn that clean box into a clean circle. Edit: Recommendations aside, your main issue was caused by the use of a lowercase x which comes with a blank space 'baked in' above the letter. On the other hand, an uppercase X uses the whole line height and fills the container nicely.

add below codes to class .button-container: ``` align-items: center; justify-content: center; ```

My text in the button is not centered. I feel that this happens all the time. The text always seems to be a bit under the center. I tried to open the code with Chrome and Edge. They look the same. Here's a photo of the button ```css .button-container { display: flex; position: absolute; top: 10px; right: 10px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; } .button { color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 28px; background-color: black; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; border-style: none; border-radius: 50%; } ``` ```html <div class="button-container"> <button class="button">x</button> </div> ```

2022/07/15

There are two big issues in your code: * First, you want your button to have the same `height` and `width`. Either set those two properties separately or use the `aspect-ratio` property as suggested by [`@fluffybacon`](https://stackoverflow.com/a/72998212/3723993). * Then, you are using a character that it's not a perfect cross, and using `font-family`, which means that you don't have total control over how the symbol is going to look or how well aligned it's going to be across different devices and OSs. Replace the `x` / `X` letter with the [multiplication sign symbol (`×`)](https://www.toptal.com/designers/htmlarrows/math/multiplication-sign/) (better solution, but not perfect) or with an SVG icon or image that has the exact shape you want (best option). You can find a lot of good icons here: <https://materialdesignicons.com/> * There's no CSS code to align the content of the button in both axis, so make sure you add `display: flex`, `align-items: center` and `justify-content: center` so that any content (text or not, like the SVG icon) are aligned properly. Here's some alternatives: ```css button { position: fixed; top: 100%; left: 50%; font-size: 28px; width: 48px; height: 48px; border-radius: 1000px; color: black; background: white; border: 2px solid black; line-height: 1; /* Add this to make sure any content in the button (text */ /* or not) is centered in both axis: */ display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; } button::before { content: attr(class); position: absolute; bottom: calc(100% + 8px); left: 50%; padding: 4px 8px; border-radius: 4px; background: black; color: white; transform-origin: 0 50%; transform: rotate(-45deg); font-family: monospace; font-size: 12px; } .lowercase { font-family: arial; transform: translate(-300%, -125%); } .uppercase { font-family: arial; transform: translate(-175%, -125%); } .svg { transform: translate(-50%, -125%); } .multiplyArial { font-family: arial; transform: translate(75%, -125%); } .multiplyMonospace { font-family: monospace; transform: translate(200%, -125%); } .bar { position: fixed; bottom: 36px; left: 0; right: 0; height: 1px; background: rgba(255, 0, 255, .75); } ``` ```html <button class="lowercase">x</button> <button class="uppercase">X</button> <button class="svg"> <svg style="width:1em;height:1em" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M19,6.41L17.59,5L12,10.59L6.41,5L5,6.41L10.59,12L5,17.59L6.41,19L12,13.41L17.59,19L19,17.59L13.41,12L19,6.41Z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="multiplyArial">×</button> <button class="multiplyMonospace">×</button> <div class="bar"></div> ``` Also, the best way to make something round (not oval) is to set `border-radius` to an arbitrary large value like `1000px` (must be bigger than `max(width, height) / 2`) instead of using `border-radius: 50%`. See the difference below: ```css div { border: 2px solid black; padding: 8px; margin-top: 8px; text-align: center; font-family: monospace; } .round { border-radius: 1000px; } .oval { border-radius: 50%; } ``` ```html <div class="round">ROUND</div> <div class="oval">OVAL</div> ```

add below codes to class .button-container: ``` align-items: center; justify-content: center; ```

My text in the button is not centered. I feel that this happens all the time. The text always seems to be a bit under the center. I tried to open the code with Chrome and Edge. They look the same. Here's a photo of the button ```css .button-container { display: flex; position: absolute; top: 10px; right: 10px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; } .button { color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 28px; background-color: black; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; border-style: none; border-radius: 50%; } ``` ```html <div class="button-container"> <button class="button">x</button> </div> ```

2022/07/15

You are trying to position an element using hard coded padding values. My advice would be not to do that. Remove the padding and change your x -> X. Then add these to your class ``` .button {height: 15px; aspect-ratio: 1/1;} ``` Whatever you set the height to the width will follow. With your border radius you can turn that clean box into a clean circle. Edit: Recommendations aside, your main issue was caused by the use of a lowercase x which comes with a blank space 'baked in' above the letter. On the other hand, an uppercase X uses the whole line height and fills the container nicely.

Removing everything but the following provided the desire result of centering: ``` .button-container { text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; } ``` Padding, in the comment above, is appropriate as well. Take your padding and simply apply it to the `.button-container` CSS script. It will move the button down slight from the top as well, like so: [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/lwd7W.png)

My text in the button is not centered. I feel that this happens all the time. The text always seems to be a bit under the center. I tried to open the code with Chrome and Edge. They look the same. Here's a photo of the button ```css .button-container { display: flex; position: absolute; top: 10px; right: 10px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; } .button { color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 28px; background-color: black; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; border-style: none; border-radius: 50%; } ``` ```html <div class="button-container"> <button class="button">x</button> </div> ```

2022/07/15

You are trying to position an element using hard coded padding values. My advice would be not to do that. Remove the padding and change your x -> X. Then add these to your class ``` .button {height: 15px; aspect-ratio: 1/1;} ``` Whatever you set the height to the width will follow. With your border radius you can turn that clean box into a clean circle. Edit: Recommendations aside, your main issue was caused by the use of a lowercase x which comes with a blank space 'baked in' above the letter. On the other hand, an uppercase X uses the whole line height and fills the container nicely.

There are two big issues in your code: * First, you want your button to have the same `height` and `width`. Either set those two properties separately or use the `aspect-ratio` property as suggested by [`@fluffybacon`](https://stackoverflow.com/a/72998212/3723993). * Then, you are using a character that it's not a perfect cross, and using `font-family`, which means that you don't have total control over how the symbol is going to look or how well aligned it's going to be across different devices and OSs. Replace the `x` / `X` letter with the [multiplication sign symbol (`×`)](https://www.toptal.com/designers/htmlarrows/math/multiplication-sign/) (better solution, but not perfect) or with an SVG icon or image that has the exact shape you want (best option). You can find a lot of good icons here: <https://materialdesignicons.com/> * There's no CSS code to align the content of the button in both axis, so make sure you add `display: flex`, `align-items: center` and `justify-content: center` so that any content (text or not, like the SVG icon) are aligned properly. Here's some alternatives: ```css button { position: fixed; top: 100%; left: 50%; font-size: 28px; width: 48px; height: 48px; border-radius: 1000px; color: black; background: white; border: 2px solid black; line-height: 1; /* Add this to make sure any content in the button (text */ /* or not) is centered in both axis: */ display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; } button::before { content: attr(class); position: absolute; bottom: calc(100% + 8px); left: 50%; padding: 4px 8px; border-radius: 4px; background: black; color: white; transform-origin: 0 50%; transform: rotate(-45deg); font-family: monospace; font-size: 12px; } .lowercase { font-family: arial; transform: translate(-300%, -125%); } .uppercase { font-family: arial; transform: translate(-175%, -125%); } .svg { transform: translate(-50%, -125%); } .multiplyArial { font-family: arial; transform: translate(75%, -125%); } .multiplyMonospace { font-family: monospace; transform: translate(200%, -125%); } .bar { position: fixed; bottom: 36px; left: 0; right: 0; height: 1px; background: rgba(255, 0, 255, .75); } ``` ```html <button class="lowercase">x</button> <button class="uppercase">X</button> <button class="svg"> <svg style="width:1em;height:1em" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M19,6.41L17.59,5L12,10.59L6.41,5L5,6.41L10.59,12L5,17.59L6.41,19L12,13.41L17.59,19L19,17.59L13.41,12L19,6.41Z" /> </svg> </button> <button class="multiplyArial">×</button> <button class="multiplyMonospace">×</button> <div class="bar"></div> ``` Also, the best way to make something round (not oval) is to set `border-radius` to an arbitrary large value like `1000px` (must be bigger than `max(width, height) / 2`) instead of using `border-radius: 50%`. See the difference below: ```css div { border: 2px solid black; padding: 8px; margin-top: 8px; text-align: center; font-family: monospace; } .round { border-radius: 1000px; } .oval { border-radius: 50%; } ``` ```html <div class="round">ROUND</div> <div class="oval">OVAL</div> ```

This question may be interpreted as "too localized", but it is not. I'm interested in what you find to be the best sites for this type of operation, regardless of where they are located. For instance, I want to learn about how do these sites do the following: * How do they work with geographic information? * What search parameters do they use? * Can you personalize your search? How? and so on...

2010/07/07

The ones I've had most sucess with is: * [Rightmove](http://www.rightmove.co.uk/)

When I was looking for my house, I found [Trulia](http://www.trulia.com/) to be very helpful in terms of the search and notification options it has. Geographic Info: Search by city and zip code. You can also have it show everything within the visible Google Maps area. For cities and such, you can also select specific neighborhoods. Search Parameters: City/State/Zip/Neighborhood, Price Range, # Bedrooms, # Bathroom, Open Houses, New Listings, Listing Type, Property Type, Square Feet Range, Keyword, Year Built, Lot Size, Foreclosure Type, MLS ID, Price/sqft. Personalize: Yes. You can save searches and receive email alerts.

This question may be interpreted as "too localized", but it is not. I'm interested in what you find to be the best sites for this type of operation, regardless of where they are located. For instance, I want to learn about how do these sites do the following: * How do they work with geographic information? * What search parameters do they use? * Can you personalize your search? How? and so on...

2010/07/07

The ones I've had most sucess with is: * [Rightmove](http://www.rightmove.co.uk/)

I like [Nestoria.co.uk](http://www.nestoria.co.uk) for its combination of list and map search. Moving around the map refreshes the search listings around the centered location.

This question may be interpreted as "too localized", but it is not. I'm interested in what you find to be the best sites for this type of operation, regardless of where they are located. For instance, I want to learn about how do these sites do the following: * How do they work with geographic information? * What search parameters do they use? * Can you personalize your search? How? and so on...

2010/07/07

The ones I've had most sucess with is: * [Rightmove](http://www.rightmove.co.uk/)

[RateMyStudentRental.com](http://www.ratemystudentrental.com/) has housing for colleges and universities. It focuses on ratings and reviews, rather than just listing properties (and it's still pretty new), so it doesn't have a ton of housing listed yet. You can do a personalized search here: www.ratemystudentrental.com/search What do you mean, how does it handle geographic data? Do you mean what's the UI like, or how does it handle it on the back end? Also, HelloRent.com has an amazing interface for browsing/searching/filtering rental properties on Craigslist, but it's still in private beta for now. DISCLAIMER: I built RateMyStudentRental.com, so I'm a bit biased ;-)

This question may be interpreted as "too localized", but it is not. I'm interested in what you find to be the best sites for this type of operation, regardless of where they are located. For instance, I want to learn about how do these sites do the following: * How do they work with geographic information? * What search parameters do they use? * Can you personalize your search? How? and so on...

2010/07/07

The ones I've had most sucess with is: * [Rightmove](http://www.rightmove.co.uk/)

My favorite, that I just found yesterday in fact, is: [PadMapper](http://www.padmapper.com/) It automagically pulls in Craigslist, ForRent, Apartments.com & "Others". You can filter by price, size, bathrooms, bedrooms, whether they allow animals or not, pictures & more. It's based on Google Maps. Very handy. :)

This question may be interpreted as "too localized", but it is not. I'm interested in what you find to be the best sites for this type of operation, regardless of where they are located. For instance, I want to learn about how do these sites do the following: * How do they work with geographic information? * What search parameters do they use? * Can you personalize your search? How? and so on...

2010/07/07

The ones I've had most sucess with is: * [Rightmove](http://www.rightmove.co.uk/)

Gotta go with [PadMapper.com](http://www.padmapper.com/). It aggregates lots of sources, offers lots of filters, lets you hide/favorite listings, lets you subscribe to updates to your search via email, and even has an iPhone app. And it's all map based, as the name suggests :-)

This question may be interpreted as "too localized", but it is not. I'm interested in what you find to be the best sites for this type of operation, regardless of where they are located. For instance, I want to learn about how do these sites do the following: * How do they work with geographic information? * What search parameters do they use? * Can you personalize your search? How? and so on...

2010/07/07

The ones I've had most sucess with is: * [Rightmove](http://www.rightmove.co.uk/)

Here in Aus I've always used the traditional [domain.com.au](http://domain.com.au) and [realestate.com.au](http://realestate.com.au). They're not super good, but they're always adding more features. They've got everything that [rchern](https://webapps.stackexchange.com/questions/1685/web-applications-to-look-for-rental-apartment-houses/1717#1717) mentions. I find the map view the handiest of the lot. A new one launched a couple of weeks ago - [tenancyone.com.au](http://tenancyone.com.au/). I've not used it yet, but the basic idea sound good. You create a "profile" (I don't know what that entails) and they provide "tools" (once again, haven't looked closely). Their drawcard is they let the realestate agents find you, rather than the other way around, which is a novel way of looking at it.

This question may be interpreted as "too localized", but it is not. I'm interested in what you find to be the best sites for this type of operation, regardless of where they are located. For instance, I want to learn about how do these sites do the following: * How do they work with geographic information? * What search parameters do they use? * Can you personalize your search? How? and so on...

2010/07/07

The ones I've had most sucess with is: * [Rightmove](http://www.rightmove.co.uk/)

The best site that I have found is [Freerentalsite.com](http://www.freerentalsite.com/). As far as search you can type in anything that you want. Address, landmark, a park, school whatever and it gives you the results with a radius of that search. They call it "borderless search". Once you have the location, you can refine your search even more, or click on the mapping to see those results on the map. Best part it is international, but i heard that it is not coming to the US until january 2011.

``` public class Main { public static void main(String[] args){ Class2 class2Object = new Class2(); //class2Object //num1 class2Object.setNumber(class2Object.number1, 1) ; class2Object.getNumber(class2Object.number1); } } public class Class2 { public int number1; public void setNumber(int x, int value){ x = value; } public void getNumber(int number){ System.out.println("Class2, x = "+number); } } ``` I have 2 class: Class2 and Main. I assign an instance variable to 1 in Main class. Why is class2Object.number1 not assign to a value of 1? Output is 0.

2012/04/07

Your setter doesn't do anything: ``` public void setNumber(int x, int value){ x = value; // This just overwrites the value of x! } ``` A setter should have only one parameter. You need to assign the received value to the member field: ``` // The field should be private. private int number; public void setNumber(int value){ this.number = value; } ```

Since you should assign like this: ``` private int number1; public void setNumber(int value){ this.number1 = value; } ```

``` public class Main { public static void main(String[] args){ Class2 class2Object = new Class2(); //class2Object //num1 class2Object.setNumber(class2Object.number1, 1) ; class2Object.getNumber(class2Object.number1); } } public class Class2 { public int number1; public void setNumber(int x, int value){ x = value; } public void getNumber(int number){ System.out.println("Class2, x = "+number); } } ``` I have 2 class: Class2 and Main. I assign an instance variable to 1 in Main class. Why is class2Object.number1 not assign to a value of 1? Output is 0.

2012/04/07

Your setter doesn't do anything: ``` public void setNumber(int x, int value){ x = value; // This just overwrites the value of x! } ``` A setter should have only one parameter. You need to assign the received value to the member field: ``` // The field should be private. private int number; public void setNumber(int value){ this.number = value; } ```

In Java, primitive types (like int) are passed by value, not by reference. So saying: ``` Class2 class2Object = new Class2(); class2Object.setNumber(class2Object.number1, 1) ; ``` passes `class2object.number1` by value, not by reference. So the parameter x in `setNumber` is a whole new int and is not pointing to the same location as `number1` in `class2object`. The method just overwrites the value of the new int x and does not modify the value pointed to by `number1`. In order to set the value it should be: ``` void setNumber(int newNumber) { this.number1 = newNumber; } ```

``` public class Main { public static void main(String[] args){ Class2 class2Object = new Class2(); //class2Object //num1 class2Object.setNumber(class2Object.number1, 1) ; class2Object.getNumber(class2Object.number1); } } public class Class2 { public int number1; public void setNumber(int x, int value){ x = value; } public void getNumber(int number){ System.out.println("Class2, x = "+number); } } ``` I have 2 class: Class2 and Main. I assign an instance variable to 1 in Main class. Why is class2Object.number1 not assign to a value of 1? Output is 0.

2012/04/07

In Java, primitive types (like int) are passed by value, not by reference. So saying: ``` Class2 class2Object = new Class2(); class2Object.setNumber(class2Object.number1, 1) ; ``` passes `class2object.number1` by value, not by reference. So the parameter x in `setNumber` is a whole new int and is not pointing to the same location as `number1` in `class2object`. The method just overwrites the value of the new int x and does not modify the value pointed to by `number1`. In order to set the value it should be: ``` void setNumber(int newNumber) { this.number1 = newNumber; } ```

Since you should assign like this: ``` private int number1; public void setNumber(int value){ this.number1 = value; } ```

If my code is: ``` context('The Test', () => { let testStr = 'Test A' it(`This test is ${testStr}`, () => { expect(testStr).to.eq('Test A') }) testStr = 'Test B' it(`This test is ${testStr}`, () => { expect(testStr).to.eq('Test B') }) testStr = 'Test C' it(`This test is ${testStr}`, () => { expect(testStr).to.eq('Test C') }) }) ``` [This image has the resulting tests](https://i.stack.imgur.com/hLSKl.png) -- My usage of testStr inside the backticks works the way I want it to (indicated by output having the correct test titles of Test A, Test B, and Test C), but the usage of testStr in the `expect(testStr).to.eq` cases fails the first 2 tests because testStr is always 'Test C' for these checks. Why does this occur, and how can I write this differently to do what I want?

2021/08/04

`it()`'s callbacks will be executed only after parent's one (`context` in your case). You can play with it in debugger and see it live: [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/AFUOV.gif) So mocha will assign the final 'Test C' value and call the first `it()` callback after that. To solve the problem as close as possible to the structure of you current approach, you can use mocha context to capture the value at the time you define the `it()` case. Unfortunately, I found the mocha shares the context object between all of `it` siblings. So I had to wrap each of the case inside a child `context`: ``` context('The Test', function () { let curTestStr = 'Test A' context(`This test is ${curTestStr}`, () => { it("test", function() { expect(this.curTestStr).to.eq('Test A') }) }).ctx.curTestStr = curTestStr; curTestStr = 'Test B' context(`This test is ${curTestStr}`, () => { it("test", function() { expect(this.curTestStr).to.eq('Test B') }) }).ctx.curTestStr = curTestStr; curTestStr = 'Test C' context(`This test is ${curTestStr}`, () => { it("test", function() { expect(this.curTestStr).to.eq('Test C') }) }).ctx.curTestStr = curTestStr; }) ``` Please also note that you have to use a `function` callback to access variables from `this`. It will not work with an arrow function expression `() => {}`

I don't have enough proof but i believe that it must be because `it()` must be asynchronous like the following code ``` let a= 10; setTimeout(function(){ console.log(a); }, 1000); a = 11; setTimeout(function(){ console.log(a); }, 1000); ``` by the time setTimeout are executed the value of a becomes 11. [Found this for your use case](https://mochajs.org/#dynamically-generating-tests)

My understanding of Oblique font styling in CSS3 is that it's the same as the normal font, with an angle applied. Italics on the other hand, is a separate set of glyphs, that while slanted also feature unique characters, like an extra curly z, or a pronounced y, whatever. Now, I've been running font-style: oblique, and font-style: italic, on many different fonts. One example would be <http://www.google.com/fonts#QuickUsePlace:quickUse> however, the situation appears to be no matter if I call Oblique, or Italic, the result looks the same. I've yet to find a font that contains both Oblique and Italic styling. In reality you seem to get one or another. Does anyone know why this is? I would have assumed by using Oblique as a setting, it would have taken the basic font, and simply displayed it at an angle. Am I misunderstanding this? And if Oblique and Italic just reference one set of characters, what is the point of it even being in CSS3 when it makes no practical different with all the fonts I've seen so far?

2014/12/11

Oblique and Italic are two different styles. They don't look the same; the fact that they *seem* to look the same is caused by the program that displays the font (i.e. the browser); it shows the variant that is present, so if you specify `oblique`, it uses italic if oblique isn't available, and vice versa. Now it's possible for a font to come with both an italic and an oblique variant, and then you can distinguish between those by using `italic` or `oblique`. However, in reality such fonts are rare. Very rare. [Lucida Grande](http://lucidafonts.com/fonts/family/lucida-grande) is one such font. If you're willing to fork money over for it. I also found [Kinnari](https://packages.debian.org/sid/fonts/fonts-tlwg-kinnari), a free font, which is in the Linux repositories even. (If anyone knows about more fonts like that, I'd be delighted!) However, if you're willing to experiment a little, you can use a font editor like [FontForge](http://fontforge.github.io/en-US/) to create slanted fonts from regular ones. So what do you do, you select a font on your machine that has an italic variant, then take the regular version, slant it with the editor and change the style to "Oblique" instead of "Regular". There, you now have a font with both oblique and italic!

It is my opinion... When you pick one family font, it has many forms (normal, bold, italic, ...). Usually, if you want to display a font cursive, you should use the italic style instead oblique style, that's because it's the default form which come from in the family font that you chose. If you use oblique style, it's like a imitation used by the browser to display that font in cursive.

I'm building a CMS where Administrators must be able to define an arbitrary number fields of different types (text, checkboxes, etc). Users then can fill those fields and generate posts. How can this be done in Rails? I guess that the persistence of these "virtual" attributes will be done in a serialised attribute in the database. But I am not sure how to struct the views and controllers, or where the fields should be defined.

2016/09/05

What you describe is called [Entity-Attribute-Value model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93attribute%E2%80%93value_model). MattW. provided 2 possible solutions, but you can also use one of these gems that implement this data pattern instead of handling this yourself: * [eav\_hashes](https://github.com/iostat/eav_hashes) * [hydra\_attribute](https://github.com/kostyantyn/hydra_attribute) I haven't used any of these gems before, so I can't suggest which one is best. RefineryCMS has [this extension](https://github.com/jfalameda/refinerycms-dynamicfields) for the feature you need. You might want to take a look for ideas. There is also a similar [older question here on Stackoverflow](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12057104/rails-eav-model-with-multiple-value-types).

As soon as it's user defined, it is never a column (field), it's always a row (entity) in the database – users don't get to define your data structure. Here are two ideas. (1) is the more idiomatic "Rails Way". (2) is somewhat less complicated, but may tie you to your specific DBMS. (1) Using four models: `Posts` (n:1) `PostTypes` (1:n) `PostFields` (1:n) `PostValues` (n:1 `Posts`): ``` create_table :post_types do |t| t.string :name t.text :description .... end create_table :post_fields do |t| t.references :post_type t.string :name t.integer :type t.boolean :required .... end create_table :posts do |t| t.references :post_type (... common fields for all posts, like user or timestamp) end create_table :post_values do |t| t.references :post t.references :post_field t.string :value .... end ``` Only problem is that you're limited to a single type for values in the database, You could do a polymorphic association and create different models for :boolean\_post\_values, :float\_post\_values etc. 2. One other solution may be to use a json-based data structure, i. e. the same as above, but instead of `PostValues` to just save it in one field of `Posts`: `create_table :posts do |t| t.references :post_type t.json :data ... end // ... no table :post_values` This is probably easier, but json is a postgres-specific datatype (although you could use string and do the de/encoding yourself).

I am working on a Rest API in TypeScript. The part I'm working on receives as a parameter a Type object containing a body attribute as being of type "Unknown". I have to check that the body attribute that I received in my object as a parameter is strictly compliant with my Type / Interface, here in the exemple : "account" And that's what I can't seem to do ... [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/f1FoJ.png) [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/8GzMZ.png)

2021/04/08

You seem to want: Your query can be radically simplified: * The outer join is really an inner join due to the `WHERE` clause. * The boolean conditions are much more complicated than necessary ( "(A OR B) AND A" is really just "A"). * No subquery is necessary. * The `JOIN` conditions can be expanded. So: ``` SELECT id.id, id.phone, id.business_name, id.address, arr.lc_compliant, arr_record.dnc_compliant FROM import_data id JOIN api_request_record arr ON arr.company_id = id.company_id AND arr.data_record_id = id.id WHERE id.company_id = 1 AND arr.dnc_compliant ORDER BY id.phone DESC LIMIT 100 OFFSET 600; ``` Then for this query, I would recommend the following indexes: * `import_data(company_id, id)` * `api_request_record(company_id, data_record_id, dnc_compliant)` Note that these are indexes with multiple keys, not separate indexes on each key.

Try something like this ``` SELECT import_data.id, import_data.phone, import_data.business_name, import_data.address, api_request_record.lc_compliant, api_request_record.dnc_compliant FROM import_data LEFT JOIN api_request_record on api_request_record.data_record_id = import_data.id AND (api_request_record.dnc_compliant = TRUE OR api_request_record.lc_compliant = TRUE) WHERE import_data.company_id = 1 ORDER BY import_data.phone DESC LIMIT 100 OFFSET 600; ```

I'd like to ask for the community's opinion regarding the correct usage of a comma for a quoted question. In a situation such as this, which of the two following sentences would be correct? The placement of the comma is the only difference, and I can't seem to pinpoint which one is correct. > > A popular answer to the common introductory question "What is your favorite color?," red is a color that is beloved by many. > > > A popular answer to the common introductory question "What is your favorite color?", red is a color that is beloved by many. > > >

2018/08/12

Berserk is an odd option here. **Violent** would provide better meaning. (i)Brusque implies a lack of manners. That's a very *hoity-toity* way of putting it. Pacific is just flat out wrong, it means 'peaceful'. No one stops for picnics in the park in the middle of a revolution. (ii) "more peaceful" implies a calming down, so spreading, metastasizing is out, as is growing. That leaves only recede as viable. Crane Brinton [wrote on the French revolution in 1934](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_Brinton). There's been considerable linguistic drift since then. Brinton does *not* read like a modern American writer.

If it helps, let's rewrite the sentence replacing some possibly difficult words with simpler ones in the context: First, I'll give definitions of the words I'll be replacing: > > temperate > adjective > > 2. > a. Moderate in degree or quality; restrained. > b. Exercising moderation and self-restraint. > [American Heritage > Dictionary](https://www.thefreedictionary.com/temperate) > > > inexorably > inexorable > adjective > > 1. Impossible to stop, alter, or resist; inevitable: an inexorable fate; an inexorable law of nature. > [American Heritage > Dictionary](https://www.thefreedictionary.com/inexorable) > > > The most obscure word here is "Thermidor", it refers to the month in the new calendar adopted in France during the French Revolution. Of particular note is this association: > > On 9 Thermidor Year II (27 July 1794), the French politician > Maximilien Robespierre was denounced by members of the National > Convention as "a tyrant", leading to Robespierre and twenty-one > associates including Louis Antoine de Saint-Just being arrested that > night and beheaded on the following day. > [Thermidorian reaction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction) > > > Because of the Thermidorian reaction ... the word "Thermidor" has come > to mean a retreat from more radical goals and strategies during a > revolution, especially when caused by a replacement of leading > personalities. > [Thermidor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermidor) > > > So at the end of the sentence we have "a peaceful period of “Thermidor” ensues", or peaceful period of diminished radicalism or extremism. Really you can throw out the reference to Thermidor, because the word "peaceful" does all the explaining that things settle down into a more peaceful state. So let's rewrite the sentence with the replacements in brackets: > > Crane Brinton argued that the middle phases of revolutions are > especially (i) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ because the unleashed force of social > momentum transfers power [unavoidably] from more stable forces to less > [restrained] ones. > > > After the first blank it says essentially that a revolution becomes less restrained. Which of the optional words do you think match "less restrained": * (A) brusque (B) berserk (C) pacific > > Yet, he then goes on to say that the excesses (ii) > \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and a more peaceful period of [diminished extremism] ensues. > > > Then the author says that after a previous period of unrest and disturbance the revolution settles into a more peaceful condition. Which of the following words would you associate most with troublesome times (excesses) going away? * (D) metastasize (E) grow (F) recede Hope that helped.