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4043698

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%20Crowley

Ryan Crowley

Ryan Crowley (born 5 March 1984) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Fremantle Football Club and the Essendon Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He played as a midfielder and specialised in a tagging role. AFL career Crowley was first drafted by Fremantle in 2002 with selection 55 at the national draft. At the end of 2004, having only played WAFL football for Subiaco, he was delisted. However the club gave Crowley a second chance and re-selected him with their 3rd pick in the rookie draft. Good form with Subiaco in 2005 led to his elevation to the senior list when both Robert Haddrill and his replacement Michael Warren were placed on the long term injury list. His debut was notable in that he became only the third Fremantle player to kick three goals on debut (along with Leigh Wardell-Johnson and Paul Medhurst), and these goals helped Fremantle to an upset nine-point victory over at Skilled Stadium. His continued good form in the second half of the 2005 season including 4 goals against Carlton at the MCG saw Ryan elevated to the senior list for the 2006 season. Early in the 2006 season, Ryan got a heavy blow to the face during a shepherd from Byron Pickett, and received a broken cheekbone. Crowley continued to improve throughout the 2007 season, having gathered 319 disposals in 19 games and earning a regular spot in the Fremantle midfield as a winger/onballer who can kick goals. Conversion to a tagger In 2008, however, he developed into a defensive midfielder or tagger and notoriously played on opposition stars such as Gary Ablett, Jr. and Daniel Kerr. He finished the year well, coming equal fifth in Fremantle's fairest and best award, the Doig Medal. In 2009 Crowley injured his foot in the Round 6 Western Derby and was ruled out for between three months and the entire season. He didn't return to the Fremantle side until the first round of 2010. He played the first 16 games of the season, before injuring his knee against Melbourne, missing the next six games. He returned for Fremantle's two finals, after proving his fitness in a dominant display in the WAFL for Subiaco, kicking seven goals. He continued to nullify the opponent's best midfielder each week and won the Doig Medal in 2012 as Fremantle's best and fairest player. In 2013 he was suggested as being worthy of selection in the All-Australian team, but was overlooked. He was one of Fremantle's best-performing players in their Grand Final loss to , limiting Sam Mitchell's influence on the game. Suspension for taking banned substance In March 2015, it was revealed that Crowley had tested positive to a banned substance after Fremantle's Round 17, 2014 match against Greater Western Sydney. Crowley had accepted a provisional suspension in September 2014. The banned substance has not been named, but is thought to be from a painkiller that was not prescribed by the club doctor. In June 2015, the AFL Tribunal suspended Crowley for twelve months; the suspension was backdated to the start of his provisional suspension, and he became eligible to play again on 25 September 2015. He was subsequently delisted in October. Essendon In January 2016, he signed with as one of their top-up players due to the supplements controversy. Statistics |- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005 | | 15 || 12 || 10 || 4 || 98 || 45 || 143 || 53 || 19 || 0.8 || 0.3 || 8.2 || 3.8 || 11.9 || 4.4 || 1.6 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006 | | 15 || 19 || 20 || 8 || 179 || 104 || 283 || 103 || 29 || 1.0 || 0.4 || 9.4 || 5.5 || 14.9 || 5.4 || 1.5 |- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007 | | 15 || 19 || 13 || 11 || 189 || 130 || 319 || 85 || 44 || 0.7 || 0.6 || 10.0 || 6.8 || 16.8 || 4.5 || 2.3 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008 | | 15 || 22 || 11 || 10 || 216 || 135 || 351 || 106 || 77 || 0.5 || 0.4 || 9.8 || 6.1 || 16.0 || 4.8 || 3.5 |- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2009 | | 15 || 6 || 4 || 3 || 47 || 23 || 70 || 23 || 16 || 0.7 || 0.5 || 7.8 || 3.8 || 11.7 || 3.8 || 2.7 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010 | | 15 || 18 || 15 || 8 || 106 || 133 || 239 || 49 || 75 || 0.8 || 0.4 || 5.9 || 7.4 || 13.3 || 2.7 || 4.2 |- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011 | | 15 || 19 || 13 || 10 || 129 || 115 || 244 || 60 || 57 || 0.7 || 0.5 || 6.8 || 6.0 || 12.8 || 3.2 || 3.0 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012 | | 15 || 24 || 12 || 16 || 208 || 147 || 355 || 78 || 88 || 0.5 || 0.7 || 8.7 || 6.1 || 14.8 || 3.2 || 3.7 |- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013 | | 15 || 25 || 9 || 10 || 192 || 178 || 370 || 80 || 74 || 0.4 || 0.4 || 7.7 || 7.1 || 14.8 || 3.2 || 3.0 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014 | | 15 || 24 || 9 || 5 || 198 || 151 || 349 || 74 || 66 || 0.4 || 0.2 || 8.2 || 6.3 || 14.5 || 3.1 || 2.8 |- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015 | | 15 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2016 | | 51 || 8 || 2 || 3 || 74 || 67 || 141 || 36 || 14 || 0.3 || 0.4 || 9.3 || 8.4 || 17.6 || 4.5 || 1.8 |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan=3| Career ! 196 ! 118 ! 88 ! 1636 ! 1228 ! 2864 ! 747 ! 559 ! 0.6 ! 0.4 ! 8.3 ! 6.3 ! 14.6 ! 3.8 ! 2.9 |} References External links Ryan Crowley's profile page on the Official WAFL Website 1984 births Living people Essendon Football Club players Fremantle Football Club players Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia) Calder Cannons players Subiaco Football Club players Doig Medal winners Doping cases in Australian rules football Swan Districts Football Club players Australia international rules football team players

4043703

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henny%20Hughes

Henny Hughes

Henny Hughes is a thoroughbred race horse. A foal of 2003, he was a contender for the Triple Crown in 2006. He was taken off the Triple Crown trail in March 2006, then recorded three sprint victories in stakes races before failing in the Breeders' Cup Sprint, finishing 14th and last. He was retired to stud at the end of the 2006 racing season. His best-known offspring is the champion mare Beholder. Connections Henny Hughes is owned by Zabeel Racing International and was originally trained by Patrick Biancone but was later transferred to Kiaran McLaughlin. He has been ridden by Gary Stevens, Edgar Prado, Joe Bravo, and John Velazquez. The horse was bred in Kentucky by Liberation Farm, Trackside Farm & CHO, LLC. Breeding Henny Hughes is the son of Hennessy out of the mare Meadow Flyer. His sire is a son of Storm Cat. His pedigree includes such notable horses as Secretariat and Bold Ruler. Retirement It was announced on November 6, 2006, that Henny Hughes would not race as a four-year-old and would be retired to stud. He stood at Darley Stable at an initial stud fee of $40,000. Racing career References Henny Hughes' pedigree NTRA bio 2003 racehorse births Racehorses trained in the United States Racehorses bred in Kentucky Thoroughbred family 25

4043715

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroese%20art

Faroese art

Faroese art is art by artists living in the Faroe Islands and art by Faroese nationals living abroad. In the Faroe Islands, art is an important part of everyday life and in the public debate. It may be the special light in the Faroes which causes so many to express themselves in painting. The ever-changing Faroese weather and light provide opportunities for endless nuances, something which has fascinated both foreign and local artists over the years. However, the history of Faroese art is short, and can only be dated a couple of hundred years back. Lack of time, light and materiel may have caused the late appearance of painting. But despite this, the islands have a very active art scene. A great many of the Faroese artists of today resent being reminded that Faroese art is a comparatively recent phenomenon. They find such an observation annoying as regards their artistic work, and they claim that such a statement has no bearing whatsoever on them as artists as their frame of reference is both local and global. With the first Faroese painters the landscape became a national icon and it has remained the central topic in Faroese visual art. The grip that Faroese art, motifically speaking, takes on the Faroese landscape might seem to be a rather old-fashioned approach to visual art. The interest in installations, minimalism and conceptual art, has so far not affected Faroese art much. The village by the ocean is probably the motif which has been repeated the most. Danish art critic Ole Nørlyng concludes that nature, the wild landscape, is the driving force behind Faroese artists, but except for a close affinity with the landscape and culture of the islands, there has always been great diversity in Faroese art. Pioneers The first paintings art historians are familiar with are those by Díðrikur í Kárastovu. He was a farmer who commonly was known as Díðrikur á Skarvanesi (1802–1865). Díðrikur was settled in a small village, Skarvanes, on the island Sandoy. His subjects were real and imaginary birds in vivid colours. Although not in perfect condition, five of his paintings have been preserved. They are a feature in the permanent exhibition at the national Faroese art museum, Listasavn Føroya. One of his better paintings is entitled Moon Doves. Niels Kruse (1871–1951) was the first Faroese landscape painter, a theme which was to become a most common motif in Faroese art. Kruse lived in the village Eiði on the island Eysturoy. Kruse was almost completely self-taught. He was fortunate enough to receive some help and advice from an American explorer, Elizabeth Taylor, who stayed in the Faroes in 1895. In 1924 one of his works was accepted by a gallery in Denmark. This marked a turning point in Faroese art history, as this was the first time ever a painter had succeeded outside of the Islands. Kruse even managed to make a living from his painting, again something which earlier had been unheard of. There were some other painters from this early generation. Both Kristin í Geil and Jógvan Waagstein are worth mentioning. Both of them were well settled in Tórshavn. And again, these two were self-taught landscape painters. As was the case with Kruse, Waagstein received knowledge and advice from Elizabeth Taylor. Later on í Geil received some schooling from Kruse. These two latter, however, never made their living exclusively from painting. These painters were all pioneers in the field of visual art in the Faroes, and they helped to make their fellow countrymen aware of the art of painting. The late 19th century marks the beginning of a Faroese art tradition slowly developing for the first time. There are several reasons for this being so. The arrival of Elizabeth Taylor with her knowledge of art helped to inspired several to start painting. And most importantly the late 19th century sparked the beginning of the national movement. The national revival brought with it the love of the landscape - a brand new theme which was to become a national icon, more so than anywhere in visual art. The theme came to dominate all through the 20th century. With the first painters, the love and affection of the homeland was obvious, and still in the 21st Century the theme is being treated by a new generation of artists. However, several painters contributed to Faroese artists developing a passion for many different styles and subjects. Mothers and fathers of Faroese art The real history of Faroese art starts in 1927, when three young artists held an exhibition in Tórshavn. Two of these were Sámal Joensen-Mikines (1906–1979) and William Heinesen (1900–1990). The first, Mikines, came to be known as the father of Faroese art and the first Faroese artist to become internationally recognised. More importantly he was the very first Faroese artist to acquire an artistic degree. Mikines began his education at the Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen in 1928 with Aksel Jørgensen and Ejnar Nielsen as his teachers. Mikines was artistically highly inspired by the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch, and had a great admiration for El Greco and Delacroix. His early paintings are naturalistic, but later he became an expressive figurative painter. He was very original in his choice of colour and design. Mikines demonstrated a new approach to substance and form in painting which had a profound influence on Faroese art. He painted funerals, steep mountains and landscapes. His paintings of pilot whaling became important to future artists. He introduced the possibility of allowing the landscape to mirror the painter's inner life. William Heinesen was a very different type of artist. Literature was his vocation. Although he considered himself an amateur in visual art, he created some very important works in Faroese art. His imagery doesn't evolve around the landscape. Folktale, satire and everyday life are Heinesen's subjects. After World War II During this period a new era had begun in Faroese visual art. Mikines wasn't the only one from his generation who received his formal training in Copenhagen. Faroese art experienced a virtual blossoming after World War II, when several talented and productive artists returned to the Faroe Islands after finishing their studies in Denmark. The range of motifs and styles were greatly expanded. A new generation of artists, who had acquired artistic degrees didn't want to use their art for the sole purpose of expressing their love for their country. The ones who followed included the classical modernist Janus Kamban (1913–2009), the colourist Ruth Smith (1913–1958), the graphical artist Elinborg Lützen (1915–1995) and the great abstract painter Ingálvur av Reyni (1920–2005). Together with Mikines and Heinesen, these are the mothers and fathers of Faroese art. Kamban was the first Faroese sculptor. In style he ranges from the strictly naturalistic to the classically simple. His subjects are usually people, and he uses clay, bronze and basaltic rock for his sculptures. As a graphic artist, Kamban mostly portrays the Faroese landscape. Smith was one of the most talented Faroese artists. Her subjects were scenery and faces. She worked very consciously with colour. Over a period of twenty years she painted numerous self-portraits, one has been held as one of the finest portraits in Scandinavian art. Lützen's work is full of creatures from the world of myth, legend and folktale. With Lützen the graphic arts became an independent art form which enriched the artistic milieu through her all-absorbing interest in the technique of linocut, and the result of her artistic work is of high quality and intensity measured by any standard. Av Reyni has been the most influential of them all. The dynamic lines and the temperamental pastose brushwork has become a vital part the Faroese painting tradition. Av Reyni introduced cubism, abstract expressionism and suprematism to the Faroes. His early works were rather naturalistic landscapes, but in the early 1960s he dissolved the romantic and impressionist landscape, when he started to paint more and more abstract. His paintings usually contain a figurative core, which is described by the title of his paintings. As a black-and-white artist, he has drawn many portraits as well as landscapes. He is ranked as one of the great modernists in Scandinavia. Landscape expressionists The common denomination “landscape expressionist” comprises a group of diverse artists, solely because the nature and landscape are central themes in their work. Zacharias Heinesen (1936), Thomas Arge (1942–1978), Tróndur Patursson (1943), Torbjørn Olsen (1956), Barður Jákupsson (1943) and Amariel Norðoy (1945) all belong to this group, as do many others. This large generation of painters from the 1930s to 1960's has been able to find common stylistic expressions. They exploit the full spectrum of the formal possibilities painting has to offer. They work with the unified whole and detail. Sometimes the subject matter almost disappears in the pure abstraction of the colours and forms, but rarely completely. A reminiscence of the landscape always remains. Not as a true-to-life reproduction, but as a landscape experience which is communicated via a variety of temperaments. So great has their contribution to Faroese art been that for a long time a genuine Faroese painting should preferably be a highly colouristic, expressive and semi abstract landscape, filled with North-Atlantic drama. It is not an unusual criticism that Faroese art relies too heavily on nature as a motif. But when the variety of expression is taken into account, the criticism doesn't seem fair. Zacharias Heinesen has in his paintings explored the light and colours of the landscape and tried to render the ephemeral moment. In Thomas Arge's paintings we get a glimpse of the inner structures, shapes and colours of the landscape. Bárður Jákupsson has found shapes and colours that others probably do not notice in Faroese Nature. In Tróndur Patursson's work it is the sense of immensity of nature that gains significance. The village by the ocean is probably the motif which has been repeated the most in Faroese art. In Countless paintings Amariel Norðoy has repeated the motif and shown it contains unlimited possibilities. But despite the light and distinct colours of nature and scenery, Faroese art is not exclusively landscape. Contemporary Faroese art The landscape has been the national theme of Faroese painting, arguably as a collectively chosen shell around the core of modern painting. In recent years, however, other subjects have emerged and appear to be edging out the landscape. The common denominator for the younger generation of Faroese artists is that they all have managed to outline new directions for Faroese art, while at the same time, relating with insight to the Faroese landscape tradition. The interest in the human mind, existential or philosophical questions or the internal landscapes seems to rise. The postmodern interest in contemporary philosophy, mass media and politics has begun to appear in Faroese art, and has emerged concomitantly with its appearance in other countries. One of the artist working in this field is Ole Wich (1953), who has worked with cross media art on the internet connected to present political and culturel issues in the faroese society, as well as conceptuel pieces places between visual expression and science. The Faroese visual art has hardly ever been as manifold as it is today, although the genre remains traditional painting. There is a lot of pessimism among the artists themselves. They are doubtful of the future of Faroese art and they fear that the small-scaled nature and isolation of Faroese art may prove to be insurmountable handicaps. In the long run, they say 50,000 people and a couple of dozen artists will not be able to sustain a living artistic culture. Naturally, there is a danger that it might stagnate and die from lack of nourishment. At the same time, it is difficult to see how things could go so wrong while the need is so great. There are many young artists who are currently identifying new paths for Faroese art. The younger generation of Faroese artists has mainly chosen to reside abroad as has Hansina Iversen, who is based in Copenhagen and Hanni Bjartalíð in Helsinki. Hansina Iversen (1966) ostensibly distances herself from nature as a motif. Her pictures are non-figurative and pure, seemingly purified of motif. The smooth fluency of her works are an exploration of the absolute and, thus, nature. Iversen has created a new philosophical approach to the Faroese Landscape tradition. Hanni Bjartalíð (1968) uses humour to describe man's relation to nature. His imagery is primarily of the modern world. Modern man's alienation from nature is a natural theme in his art. Bjartalíð demonstrates great freedom regarding Faroese and Nordic art landscape traditions, which are associated with romantic conception of a unique Nordic soul characterised by a close relation to nature. Edward Fuglø (1965) avoids landscapes; his symbolism concerns people. He creates surreal-comic and ironic paintings. Fuglø observes and mocks people – mostly men – in their absurd activities. The images are always pointed at political or perhaps art-political commentary. His imagery is in many ways innovative in the Faroese tradition. Fuglø is also one of the best illustrators in the Faroes. Art galleries In the Faroe Islands there is a great interest in buying Faroese art to decorate your home with. This appreciation means that it is easy to find art galleries round about the islands. Some galleries are dedicated to local artists, while others have regular exhibitions. But the number of art galleries is highest in Tórshavn. In Tórshavn you will find the national art museum Listasavn Føroya. The Art Museum was founded in 1989. The present gallery was opened in 1993. The exhibition building is faced with black tarred wood, and has elements of traditional Faroese building. It is surrounded by trees, as it is situated next to a park. The permanent collection displays some of the best works by William Heinesen, Ingálvur av Reyni and Sámal Mikines. Each year two exhibitions take place that focus exclusively on Faroese artists. The first one is the spring exhibition in May; the second is the annual Saint Olav's Day exhibition in late July. Whereas the first one exclusively features professional artists, the latter one mainly features amateurs. Listahøllin is situated in a green concrete building at Tórshavn Shipyard. In Vágur located in the island Suðuroy the southernmost island, there is a Ruth Smith Art Museum. The art museum has artworks (paintings and drawings) made by Ruth Smith. In Sandur, the main village on Sandoy, there is an art museum "Listasavnið á Sandi" with artworks (paintings, sculptures etc.) by various Faroese artists. The art collection and the museum building was donated to the village in 2005 by a Sofus Olsen, who grew up in Sandur, but lived in Tórshavn for many years. The museum opened on his 92nd birthday. Art on stamps Several paintings by Faroese artists have been featured on stamps. All Faroese stamp editions are about items relating to the Faroes and most of them are designed by Faroese artists. Faroese art is among the main motifs, both in reproductions of important paintings and in involving the artists in drawing stamps. See also Faroese literature List of Notable Faroese Music of the Faroe Islands Nordic House in the Faroe Islands References Notes Bibliography Marnersdóttir, Malan, Faroese Art, 2005. The Faroe Islands - Schei, Kjørsvik Liv and Moberg, Gunnie. 1991. The Faroe Islands - Sørensen, Inger Smærup. 2007. Faroese Art. The Faroe Islands - Warming, Dagmar : Ruth Smith : Lív og verk, 2007. Tórshavn - Michael Fuhr and Dagmar Warming, Modern Art from the Faroe Islands, 2006. Leopold Museum, Vienna, and Faroe Islands Art Museum, Tórshavn - Further reading Heinesen, William. The Art of the Faroe Islands. Tórshavn: E. Thomsen, 1983. Irve, Bent. Føroysk list = Färöisk konst = Art from the Faroes. Helsinki: Nordiskt konstcentrum, 1983. Wivel, Mikael Sekel - Færøsk kunst i hundrede år. Færøernes Kunstmuseum, 2011. External links The Faroe Islands National Art Museum - The Faroe Islands National Art Museum The Faroese Society of Visual Arts - The Faroese Society of Visual Arts BryggenArt - Art from the North Atlantic GudrunogGudrun - Faroese designer duo The Ruth Smith Art Museum in Vágur, Suðuroy Faroese culture

4043718

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20Brandst%C3%A4tter

Andreas Brandstätter

Andreas Brandstätter (1959–2006) was a German diplomat. He was born in Kiel in 1959. At the age of 21 he became a United Nations worker. After living in Kiel during 20 years, he graduated at Harward. He traveled to many countries like Senegal, Sudan, and Libya. When he got to Libya he married a Bosnian woman who had escaped from the Yugoslav Wars. Then they went both to live in Switzerland; Brandstätter's wife was a doctor but he still worked for the UN. In 1997, his first was born in Geneva. When the decade started, he went to help the poor people in Sierra Leone. In 2004, he went to Port-au-Prince to help the poor kids who were fighting for the president in Haiti. In January 2006 while playing tennis, he died from a heart attack. German diplomats 1959 births 2006 deaths German officials of the United Nations

4043728

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyubov%20Yegorova%20%28cross-country%20skier%29

Lyubov Yegorova (cross-country skier)

Lyubov Ivanovna Yegorova (; born 5 May 1966, Seversk), name also spelled Ljubov Jegorova, is a Russian former cross-country Olympic ski champion, multiple world champion (first time in 1991), winner of the World Cup (1993) and Hero of Russia. Lyubov Yegorova is an honorary citizen of Seversk (1992), Saint Petersburg (1994), and Tomsk Oblast (2005). Career Yegorova won several medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with three golds (4 × 5 km relay: 1991, 1993; 30 km: 1991), one silver (5 km: 1993), and two bronzes (5 km + 10 km combined pursuit, 30 km: 1993). She also won the women's 15 km event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1994. Additionally, Yegorova won a total of nine medals at the Winter Olympics, earning six golds and three silver. She was the most successful athlete at both the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics. She won the Holmenkollen medal in 1994 (shared with Vladimir Smirnov and Espen Bredesen). Doping case Yegorova made a decision to retire after the 1997 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Trondheim when she was disqualified for doping on bromantan, a stimulant drug. She was disqualified on 26 February 1997, three days after winning gold in the women's 5 km event, and stripped of that medal. Return She returned after the suspension to compete at the 2002 Winter Olympics but did not win a medal there. Cross-country skiing results All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS). Olympic Games 9 medals – (6 gold, 3 silver) World Championships 6 medals – (3 gold, 1 silver, 2 bronze) World Cup Season titles 1 titles – (1 overall) Season standings Individual podiums 13 victories 41 podiums Team podiums 12 victories 21 podiums Note: Until the 1999 World Championships and the 1994 Olympics, World Championship and Olympic races were included in the World Cup scoring system. Personal life She is the mother of Viktor Sysoyev. See also List of multiple Olympic gold medalists List of multiple Winter Olympic medalists References External links Holmenkollen medalists – click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file Holmenkollen winners since 1892 – click Vinnere for downloadable pdf file Information on Yegorova's doping disqualification Lyubov Yegorova 1966 births Living people People from Seversk Cross-country skiers at the 1992 Winter Olympics Cross-country skiers at the 1994 Winter Olympics Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics Doping cases in cross-country skiing Heroes of the Russian Federation Holmenkollen medalists Holmenkollen Ski Festival winners Russian female cross-country skiers Olympic cross-country skiers of the Unified Team Olympic cross-country skiers of Russia Olympic gold medalists for Russia Olympic gold medalists for the Unified Team Olympic silver medalists for Russia Olympic silver medalists for the Unified Team Russian sportspeople in doping cases Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing FIS Cross-Country World Cup champions Medalists at the 1992 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 1994 Winter Olympics Tomsk State Pedagogical University alumni Russian sportsperson-politicians Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class Herzen University alumni Members of Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg

4043729

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey%20Post

Guernsey Post

Guernsey Post is the postal service for the island of Guernsey, Channel Islands. It includes a Philatelic bureau, and regularly issues both definitive and commemorative stamps. It also provides postal services for Sark. In contrast to the United Kingdom, Guernsey Post pillar boxes can be identified by their distinctive blue colour. History The first pillar boxes in Britain were introduced in the Channel Islands as an experiment in 1852. Anthony Trollope, the novelist, who was employed by the General Post Office, trialled pillar boxes in the Channel Islands before introducing them into mainland Britain. He was influenced by roadside letter-receiving pillars used in France. Before the use of pillar boxes, on the mainland, individual letters would be taken by hand to a letter receiving house or post office, which was often a coaching inn, a postage stamp purchased and the letter handed to the receiver or postmaster, to connect with the mail coach and later the railway. In the Channel Islands, people took their letters to the mail steamer when it was awaiting the tide in the harbour – the particular problem of an island mail service then. Pillar boxes allowed letters to be posted at any time and they could then be collected when a steamer was due. They were convenient and immediately successful. However, as with many innovations, the first boxes were introduced into Jersey. One of these original pillar boxes can be seen in Union Street, St Peter Port and has been maintained by Guernsey Post in its traditional red livery. Guernsey stamps were first issued in the island during the German Occupation of 1940–1945, when there was a great shortage of British stamps, as all ties with mainland Britain had been severed by the German authorities. Guernsey's government, the States of Guernsey, took over the running of postal services from the British Government in October 1969 (as did Jersey, forming Jersey Post). Since then on it has regularly issued Guernsey stamps. Guernsey is postcoded as the GY postcode area, established in 1993 as an extension of the United Kingdom postcode system. In 2001, the States of Guernsey commercialised the Post Office, and it became Guernsey Post Ltd and was awarded the licence to operate the reserved sector postal operation and meet the Universal Service Obligation (USO). To monitor Guernsey Post and either encourage competition in the market or where it is missing provide a controlling force the Office of Utility Regulation, otherwise known as the OUR, was created. Guernsey Post is a member of the Small European Postal Administration Cooperation. Postage stamps of Guernsey Guernsey and Alderney Stamps are world-renowned for their beauty and quality. The first Guernsey Postage Stamps were designed and printed during the occupation in 1941 when supplies of British stamps ran out. Over the years many aspects of island life have been commemorated and depicted on Guernsey and Alderney stamps. Topics of past philatelic issues include the sea, the natural world, agriculture and horticulture, transport, sport, Christmas, military, art and entertainment. Guernsey Stamps are produced by Guernsey Post. Current Guernsey issues in August 2016 are: 175th Anniversary of the Penny Black 70th Anniversary of Liberation Europa Old Toys Guernsey Flag The Year of the Goat The Life of Winston Churchill Stories from the Great War Part 2 Ramsar Herm 500 Years of Postal History SEPAC: Seasons World Stamp Show NY2016 Commemorative Sheet EUROPA: Think Green Toilers of the Sea by Victor Hugo Bailiwick Life The Year of the Monkey Guernsey William Morris Stained Glass Windows Current Alderney issues in August 2016 are: Alderney Longis Nature Reserve Her Majesty The Queen's 90th Birthday Alderney 70th Anniversary of Homecoming Alderney Anne French Stained Glass Windows Her Majesty: The Longest Reigning Monarch Alderney Forts Alderney Flora & Fauna Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Next Alderney issues in September 2016 are: 950th anniversary of the Battle of Hastings References External links Guernsey Philatelic Bureau website Guernsey Post Ltd website Office of Utility regulation website Swift – Postal Automation System Communications in Guernsey Postal organizations Postal system of the United Kingdom Members of the Small European Postal Administration Cooperation

4043730

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross%20Lander%20244X

Cross Lander 244X

The Cross Lander 244X was a basic, rugged 4x4 SUV built under license from ARO of Romania, in Manaus, Brazil, and based on the ARO 244. ARO was to supply CKD kits to Brazil for assembly by Cross Lander Industria e Comercio. Sales in the United States were expected to begin in 2005, with targets of 6,000 units per year but the launch has been cancelled. The American Cross Lander used Ford's 4.0 L Cologne V6 engine and an Eaton transmission. The engine produces 207 hp (154 kW) and 238 ft·lbf (323 N·m) of torque. See also ARO 24 Series ARO References ARO vehicles Sport utility vehicles Cars of Romania

4043734

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1bado%20Al%20Mediod%C3%ADa

Sábado Al Mediodía

Sábado Al Mediodía (Saturday at Noon), Hosted by Celines Toribio, Jimmy Nieves, Luis Velasco and later Birmania Rios. Sabado Al Mediodia, a variety and entertainment show that was the number-one-rated local Spanish TV program on Univision's New York affiliate, WXTV-41, from March 27, 1993 to June 30, 2001. Almost every major Latino celebrity and personality — Ricky Martin, Luis Miguel, Celia Cruz, Daddy Yankee, Shakira, Juanes — has been a regular television guest. External links New York Metro Radio Notas El Diario NY Variety television series

4043742

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20beyond%20the%20Standard%20Model

Physics beyond the Standard Model

Physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) refers to the theoretical developments needed to explain the deficiencies of the Standard Model, such as the inability to explain the fundamental parameters of the standard model, the strong CP problem, neutrino oscillations, matter–antimatter asymmetry, and the nature of dark matter and dark energy. Another problem lies within the mathematical framework of the Standard Model itself: the Standard Model is inconsistent with that of general relativity, and one or both theories break down under certain conditions, such as spacetime singularities like the Big Bang and black hole event horizons. Theories that lie beyond the Standard Model include various extensions of the standard model through supersymmetry, such as the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) and Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (NMSSM), and entirely novel explanations, such as string theory, M-theory, and extra dimensions. As these theories tend to reproduce the entirety of current phenomena, the question of which theory is the right one, or at least the "best step" towards a Theory of Everything, can only be settled via experiments, and is one of the most active areas of research in both theoretical and experimental physics. Problems with the Standard Model Despite being the most successful theory of particle physics to date, the Standard Model is not perfect. A large share of the published output of theoretical physicists consists of proposals for various forms of "Beyond the Standard Model" new physics proposals that would modify the Standard Model in ways subtle enough to be consistent with existing data, yet address its imperfections materially enough to predict non-Standard Model outcomes of new experiments that can be proposed. Phenomena not explained The Standard Model is inherently an incomplete theory. There are fundamental physical phenomena in nature that the Standard Model does not adequately explain: Gravity. The standard model does not explain gravity. The approach of simply adding a graviton to the Standard Model does not recreate what is observed experimentally without other modifications, as yet undiscovered, to the Standard Model. Moreover, the Standard Model is widely considered to be incompatible with the most successful theory of gravity to date, general relativity. Dark matter. Cosmological observations tell us the standard model explains about 5% of the energy present in the universe. About 26% should be dark matter, which would behave just like other matter, but which only interacts weakly (if at all) with the Standard Model fields. Yet, the Standard Model does not supply any fundamental particles that are good dark matter candidates. Dark energy. The remaining 69% of the universe's energy should consist of the so-called dark energy, a constant energy density for the vacuum. Attempts to explain dark energy in terms of vacuum energy of the standard model lead to a mismatch of 120 orders of magnitude. Neutrino masses. According to the standard model, neutrinos are massless particles. However, neutrino oscillation experiments have shown that neutrinos do have mass. Mass terms for the neutrinos can be added to the standard model by hand, but these lead to new theoretical problems. For example, the mass terms need to be extraordinarily small and it is not clear if the neutrino masses would arise in the same way that the masses of other fundamental particles do in the Standard Model. Matter–antimatter asymmetry. The universe is made out of mostly matter. However, the standard model predicts that matter and antimatter should have been created in (almost) equal amounts if the initial conditions of the universe did not involve disproportionate matter relative to antimatter. Yet, there is no mechanism in the Standard Model to sufficiently explain this asymmetry. Experimental results not explained No experimental result is accepted as definitively contradicting the Standard Model at the 5 level, widely considered to be the threshold of a discovery in particle physics. Because every experiment contains some degree of statistical and systemic uncertainty, and the theoretical predictions themselves are also almost never calculated exactly and are subject to uncertainties in measurements of the fundamental constants of the Standard Model (some of which are tiny and others of which are substantial), it is to be expected that some of the hundreds of experimental tests of the Standard Model will deviate from it to some extent, even if there were no new physics to be discovered. At any given moment there are several experimental results standing that significantly differ from a Standard Model-based prediction. In the past, many of these discrepancies have been found to be statistical flukes or experimental errors that vanish as more data has been collected, or when the same experiments were conducted more carefully. On the other hand, any physics beyond the Standard Model would necessarily first appear in experiments as a statistically significant difference between an experiment and the theoretical prediction. The task is to determine which is the case. In each case, physicists seek to determine if a result is merely a statistical fluke or experimental error on the one hand, or a sign of new physics on the other. More statistically significant results cannot be mere statistical flukes but can still result from experimental error or inaccurate estimates of experimental precision. Frequently, experiments are tailored to be more sensitive to experimental results that would distinguish the Standard Model from theoretical alternatives. Some of the most notable examples include the following: Anomalous magnetic dipole moment of the muon – the experimentally measured value of the muon's anomalous magnetic dipole moment (muon ) is significantly different from the Standard Model prediction. Initial results from Fermilab's Muon g-2 experiment with a standard deviation σ of 4.2 "strengthen evidence of new physics". B meson decay etc. – results from a BaBar experiment may suggest a surplus over Standard Model predictions of a type of particle decay . In this, an electron and positron collide, resulting in a B meson and an antimatter meson, which then decays into a D meson and a tau lepton as well as a tau antineutrino. While the level of certainty of the excess (3.4  in statistical jargon) is not enough to declare a break from the Standard Model, the results are a potential sign of something amiss and are likely to affect existing theories, including those attempting to deduce the properties of Higgs bosons. In 2015, LHCb reported observing a 2.1 excess in the same ratio of branching fractions. The Belle experiment also reported an excess. In 2017 a meta analysis of all available data reported a 5 deviation from SM. Anomalous mass of the W boson - results from the CDF Collaboration, reported in April 2022, indicate that the mass of a W boson exceeds the mass predicted by the Standard Model with a significance of 7 Theoretical predictions not observed Observation at particle colliders of all of the fundamental particles predicted by the Standard Model has been confirmed. The Higgs boson is predicted by the Standard Model's explanation of the Higgs mechanism, which describes how the weak SU(2) gauge symmetry is broken and how fundamental particles obtain mass; it was the last particle predicted by the Standard Model to be observed. On July 4, 2012, CERN scientists using the Large Hadron Collider announced the discovery of a particle consistent with the Higgs boson, with a mass of about . A Higgs boson was confirmed to exist on March 14, 2013, although efforts to confirm that it has all of the properties predicted by the Standard Model are ongoing. A few hadrons (i.e. composite particles made of quarks) whose existence is predicted by the Standard Model, which can be produced only at very high energies in very low frequencies have not yet been definitively observed, and "glueballs" (i.e. composite particles made of gluons) have also not yet been definitively observed. Some very low frequency particle decays predicted by the Standard Model have also not yet been definitively observed because insufficient data is available to make a statistically significant observation. Unexplained relations Koide formula - an unexplained empirical equation remarked upon by Yoshio Koide in 1981, and later by others. It relates the masses of the three charged leptons: . Standard Model does not predict masses of leptons (they are free parameters of the theory). However, the value of Koide formula being equal to 2/3 within experimental errors of measured lepton masses suggests existence of theory which is able to predict lepton masses. The CKM matrix, if interpreted as a rotation matrix in a 3-dimensional vector space, "rotates" vector composed of square roots of down-type quark masses into vector of square roots of up-type quark masses , up to vector lengths, a result due to Kohzo Nishida. The sum of squares of Yukawa couplings of all Standard Model fermions is approximately 0.98, which is very close to 1. It is unclear if these empirical relationships represent any underlying physics; according to Koide, they "may be an accidental coincidence". Theoretical problems Some features of the standard model are added in an ad hoc way. These are not problems per se (i.e. the theory works fine with these ad hoc features), but they imply a lack of understanding. These ad hoc features have motivated theorists to look for more fundamental theories with fewer parameters. Some of the ad hoc features are: Hierarchy problem – the standard model introduces particle masses through a process known as spontaneous symmetry breaking caused by the Higgs field. Within the standard model, the mass of the Higgs gets some very large quantum corrections due to the presence of virtual particles (mostly virtual top quarks). These corrections are much larger than the actual mass of the Higgs. This means that the bare mass parameter of the Higgs in the standard model must be fine tuned in such a way that almost completely cancels the quantum corrections. This level of fine-tuning is deemed unnatural by many theorists. Number of parameters – the standard model depends on 19 numerical parameters. Their values are known from experiment, but the origin of the values is unknown. Some theorists have tried to find relations between different parameters, for example, between the masses of particles in different generations or calculating particle masses, such as in asymptotic safety scenarios. Quantum triviality – suggests that it may not be possible to create a consistent quantum field theory involving elementary scalar Higgs particles. This is sometimes called the Landau pole problem. Strong CP problem – theoretically it can be argued that the standard model should contain a term that breaks CP symmetry—relating matter to antimatter—in the strong interaction sector. Experimentally, however, no such violation has been found, implying that the coefficient of this term is very close to zero. Grand unified theories The standard model has three gauge symmetries; the colour SU(3), the weak isospin SU(2), and the weak hypercharge U(1) symmetry, corresponding to the three fundamental forces. Due to renormalization the coupling constants of each of these symmetries vary with the energy at which they are measured. Around these couplings become approximately equal. This has led to speculation that above this energy the three gauge symmetries of the standard model are unified in one single gauge symmetry with a simple gauge group, and just one coupling constant. Below this energy the symmetry is spontaneously broken to the standard model symmetries. Popular choices for the unifying group are the special unitary group in five dimensions SU(5) and the special orthogonal group in ten dimensions SO(10). Theories that unify the standard model symmetries in this way are called Grand Unified Theories (or GUTs), and the energy scale at which the unified symmetry is broken is called the GUT scale. Generically, grand unified theories predict the creation of magnetic monopoles in the early universe, and instability of the proton. Neither of these have been observed, and this absence of observation puts limits on the possible GUTs. Supersymmetry Supersymmetry extends the Standard Model by adding another class of symmetries to the Lagrangian. These symmetries exchange fermionic particles with bosonic ones. Such a symmetry predicts the existence of supersymmetric particles, abbreviated as sparticles, which include the sleptons, squarks, neutralinos and charginos. Each particle in the Standard Model would have a superpartner whose spin differs by 1/2 from the ordinary particle. Due to the breaking of supersymmetry, the sparticles are much heavier than their ordinary counterparts; they are so heavy that existing particle colliders may not be powerful enough to produce them. Neutrinos In the standard model, neutrinos have exactly zero mass. This is a consequence of the standard model containing only left-handed neutrinos. With no suitable right-handed partner, it is impossible to add a renormalizable mass term to the standard model. Measurements however indicated that neutrinos spontaneously change flavour, which implies that neutrinos have a mass. These measurements only give the mass differences between the different flavours. The best constraint on the absolute mass of the neutrinos comes from precision measurements of tritium decay, providing an upper limit 2 eV, which makes them at least five orders of magnitude lighter than the other particles in the standard model. This necessitates an extension of the standard model, which not only needs to explain how neutrinos get their mass, but also why the mass is so small. One approach to add masses to the neutrinos, the so-called seesaw mechanism, is to add right-handed neutrinos and have these couple to left-handed neutrinos with a Dirac mass term. The right-handed neutrinos have to be sterile, meaning that they do not participate in any of the standard model interactions. Because they have no charges, the right-handed neutrinos can act as their own anti-particles, and have a Majorana mass term. Like the other Dirac masses in the standard model, the neutrino Dirac mass is expected to be generated through the Higgs mechanism, and is therefore unpredictable. The standard model fermion masses differ by many orders of magnitude; the Dirac neutrino mass has at least the same uncertainty. On the other hand, the Majorana mass for the right-handed neutrinos does not arise from the Higgs mechanism, and is therefore expected to be tied to some energy scale of new physics beyond the standard model, for example the Planck scale. Therefore, any process involving right-handed neutrinos will be suppressed at low energies. The correction due to these suppressed processes effectively gives the left-handed neutrinos a mass that is inversely proportional to the right-handed Majorana mass, a mechanism known as the see-saw. The presence of heavy right-handed neutrinos thereby explains both the small mass of the left-handed neutrinos and the absence of the right-handed neutrinos in observations. However, due to the uncertainty in the Dirac neutrino masses, the right-handed neutrino masses can lie anywhere. For example, they could be as light as keV and be dark matter, they can have a mass in the LHC energy range and lead to observable lepton number violation, or they can be near the GUT scale, linking the right-handed neutrinos to the possibility of a grand unified theory. The mass terms mix neutrinos of different generations. This mixing is parameterized by the PMNS matrix, which is the neutrino analogue of the CKM quark mixing matrix. Unlike the quark mixing, which is almost minimal, the mixing of the neutrinos appears to be almost maximal. This has led to various speculations of symmetries between the various generations that could explain the mixing patterns. The mixing matrix could also contain several complex phases that break CP invariance, although there has been no experimental probe of these. These phases could potentially create a surplus of leptons over anti-leptons in the early universe, a process known as leptogenesis. This asymmetry could then at a later stage be converted in an excess of baryons over anti-baryons, and explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe. The light neutrinos are disfavored as an explanation for the observation of dark matter, due to considerations of large-scale structure formation in the early universe. Simulations of structure formation show that they are too hot—i.e. their kinetic energy is large compared to their mass—while formation of structures similar to the galaxies in our universe requires cold dark matter. The simulations show that neutrinos can at best explain a few percent of the missing dark matter. However, the heavy sterile right-handed neutrinos are a possible candidate for a dark matter WIMP. Preon models Several preon models have been proposed to address the unsolved problem concerning the fact that there are three generations of quarks and leptons. Preon models generally postulate some additional new particles which are further postulated to be able to combine to form the quarks and leptons of the standard model. One of the earliest preon models was the Rishon model. To date, no preon model is widely accepted or fully verified. Theories of everything Theoretical physics continues to strive toward a theory of everything, a theory that fully explains and links together all known physical phenomena, and predicts the outcome of any experiment that could be carried out in principle. In practical terms the immediate goal in this regard is to develop a theory which would unify the Standard Model with General Relativity in a theory of quantum gravity. Additional features, such as overcoming conceptual flaws in either theory or accurate prediction of particle masses, would be desired. The challenges in putting together such a theory are not just conceptual - they include the experimental aspects of the very high energies needed to probe exotic realms. Several notable attempts in this direction are supersymmetry, loop quantum gravity, and string theory. Supersymmetry Loop quantum gravity Theories of quantum gravity such as loop quantum gravity and others are thought by some to be promising candidates to the mathematical unification of quantum field theory and general relativity, requiring less drastic changes to existing theories. However recent work places stringent limits on the putative effects of quantum gravity on the speed of light, and disfavours some current models of quantum gravity. String theory Extensions, revisions, replacements, and reorganizations of the Standard Model exist in attempt to correct for these and other issues. String theory is one such reinvention, and many theoretical physicists think that such theories are the next theoretical step toward a true Theory of Everything. Among the numerous variants of string theory, M-theory, whose mathematical existence was first proposed at a String Conference in 1995 by Edward Witten, is believed by many to be a proper "ToE" candidate, notably by physicists Brian Greene and Stephen Hawking. Though a full mathematical description is not yet known, solutions to the theory exist for specific cases. Recent works have also proposed alternate string models, some of which lack the various harder-to-test features of M-theory (e.g. the existence of Calabi–Yau manifolds, many extra dimensions, etc.) including works by well-published physicists such as Lisa Randall. See also Antimatter tests of Lorentz violation Beyond black holes Fundamental physical constants in the standard model Higgsless model Holographic principle Little Higgs Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillations Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model Neutrino Minimal Standard Model Peccei–Quinn theory Preon Standard-Model Extension Supergravity Seesaw mechanism Supersymmetry Superfluid vacuum theory String theory Technicolor (physics) Theory of everything Unsolved problems in physics Unparticle physics References Further reading External resources Standard Model Theory @ SLAC Scientific American Apr 2006 LHC. Nature July 2007 Les Houches Conference, Summer 2005 Particle physics Physical cosmology Unsolved problems in physics

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City%20of%20Cape%20Town

City of Cape Town

The City of Cape Town (; ) is the metropolitan municipality which governs the city of Cape Town, South Africa and its suburbs and exurbs. As of the 2011 census, it had a population of 3,740,026. The remote Prince Edward Islands are deemed to be part of the City of Cape Town, specifically of ward 115. Cllr. Ian McMahon is the current ward councilor of ward 115. History Cape Town first received local self-government in 1839, with the promulgation of a municipal ordinance by the government of the Cape Colony. When it was created, the Cape Town municipality governed only the central part of the city known as the City Bowl, and as the city expanded, new suburbs became new municipalities, until by 1902 there were 10 separate municipalities in the Cape Peninsula. During the 20th century, many of the inner suburban municipalities became unsustainable; in 1913 the first major unification took place when the municipalities of Cape Town, Green Point and Sea Point, Woodstock, Mowbray, Rondebosch, Claremont, Maitland, and Kalk Bay were unified to create the first City of Cape Town. In 1927 the municipality of Wynberg was also merged with Cape Town, with the result that all of the Southern Suburbs were incorporated into the City. Many new municipalities were established during the 20th century. Durbanville achieved municipal status in 1901, Goodwood in 1938, Parow in 1939, Bellville and Fish Hoek in 1940, Pinelands in 1948, Kuils River in 1950, Milnerton in 1955, Kraaifontein in 1957, Gordon's Bay in 1961, Brackenfell in 1970. In 1979 Bellville was upgraded to city status. The areas not included in a municipality were governed by divisional councils. Most of the Cape metropolitan area fell under the Divisional Council of the Cape, while the eastern parts around Brackenfell, Kuils River and the Helderberg area formed part of the Divisional Council of Stellenbosch, and an area in the northeast around Kraaifontein formed part of the Divisional Council of Paarl. In earlier years the right to vote in local elections was not restricted by race (see Cape Qualified Franchise), but the policies of the apartheid government aimed for complete segregation of local government. A 1962 amendment to the Group Areas Act introduced management committees for the areas designated for coloured and Indian residents. These management committees were subordinate to the existing local authorityeither a municipality or the divisional council. From 1972 no new non-white voters could be registered as voters for municipal or divisional councils, and existing non-white voters lost their voting rights when a management committee was established for the area where they lived. In 1982 the Black Local Authorities Act created elected town councils for black communities. Five such councils were established in the Cape metropolitan areas. They were generally regarded as under-resourced and unsustainable, and were opposed by the United Democratic Front and other civic organisations. Turnout in BLA elections was very low. In 1987 the divisional councils of the Cape, Paarl and Stellenbosch were dissolved and the Western Cape Regional Services Council (RSC) was created in their place. The RSC councils were indirectly elected, consisting of representatives nominated by all the local authorities within its area, including municipalities, management committees and town councils. The Cape Rural Council represented the rural areas of the RSC that were not included in any local authority. Also in 1987, an act of the House of Assembly allowed the creation of local councils for white communities in peri-urban areas. Thus at the end of apartheid in 1994, there were over 50 different local authorities in existence in the metropolitan area, listed below. Western Cape Regional Services Council (RSC) Cape Rural Council Cities City of Cape Town City of Bellville Municipalities Brackenfell Municipality Durbanville Municipality Fish Hoek Municipality Goodwood Municipality Gordon's Bay Municipality Kraaifontein Municipality Kuils River Municipality Milnerton Municipality Parow Municipality Pinelands Municipality Simon's Town Municipality Somerset West Municipality Strand Municipality Management Committees (indicating in brackets the local authority to which they were subordinated) Athlone and District MC (City of Cape Town) Atlantis MC (RSC) Belhar MC (RSC) Cravenby MC (RSC) Elsie's River MC (RSC) Grassy Park MC (RSC) Kensington MC (City of Cape Town) Kraaifontein MC (Kraaifontein Municipality) Macassar MC (RSC) Matroosfontein/Nooitgedacht MC (RSC) Melton Rose/Blue Downs/Delft MC (RSC) Mitchells Plain MC (City of Cape Town) Morningstar MC (Durbanville Municipality) Ocean View MC (RSC) Proteaville MC (City of Bellville) Ravensmead MC (Parow Municipality) Retreat/Steenberg MC (City of Cape Town) Rylands Estate MC (City of Cape Town) Sarepta MC (Kuils River Municipality) Schotschekloof MC (City of Cape Town) Scottsdene MC (RSC) Sir Lowry's Pass MC (RSC) Strand MC (Strand Municipality) Strandfontein MC (City of Cape Town) Temperance Town MC (Gordon's Bay Municipality) Wittebome/Wynberg MC (City of Cape Town) Woodstock/Walmer Estate/Salt River MC (City of Cape Town) Town Councils Crossroads Town Council iKapa Town Council (Langa, Gugulethu and Nyanga) Lingelethu West Town Council (Khayelitsha) Lwandle Town Council Mfuleni Town Council Local Councils Atlantis Industria LC Bloubergstrand LC Constantia LC Kommetjie LC Llandudno LC Melkbosstrand LC Noordhoek LC Ottery East LC Scarborough LC Mamre Board of Management As part of the post-1994 reforms, municipal government experienced a complete overhaul. The existing local authorities, political parties, ratepayers' organisations, and community organisations were brought together into a negotiating forum. This forum agreed on the creation of a two-level local government system consisting of multiple transitional metropolitan substructures (TMSs), brought together in a transitional metropolitan council named the Cape Metropolitan Council (CMC). The CMC would replace the Regional Services Council and take over its responsibilities; it would also be responsible for metro-level planning and co-ordination, improving service delivery in disadvantaged areas, and cross-subsidization of poorer areas with revenue from affluent areas. Initially, in a period called the "pre-interim phase", the existing local authorities would become TMSs but their councils would be replaced by councillors nominated by the members of the negotiating forum. This agreement came into effect, and the pre-interim phase began, on 1 February 1995. The second phase of the transformation, known as the "interim phase" began on 29 May 1996 when local elections were held. The pre-interim TMSs were dissolved, and six new TMSs were established covering the whole metropolitan area: City of Cape Town (Central), City of Tygerberg, South Peninsula Municipality, Blaauwberg Municipality, Oostenberg Municipality, and Helderberg Municipality. The Cape Metropolitan Council continued with its coordinating functions. In 1998 Parliament enacted legislation (the Municipal Structures Act) determining the final form of local government in post-apartheid South Africa. This legislation determined that metropolitan areas would be governed by unified metropolitan municipalities. Local elections were held on 5 December 2000; the Cape Metropolitan Council and the six interim TMSs were dissolved and replaced by the unified City of Cape Town. It is for this reason that the City of Cape Town is sometimes referred to as the "Unicity". At the time of the 2000 election the northern boundary of the metropolitan area was also extended to include Philadelphia, Klipheuwel, and the surrounding farmland. The current municipality covers Cape Point in the south-west, Gordon's Bay in the south-east, and Atlantis in the north, and includes Robben Island. Politics and government Council Cape Town is governed by a 231-member city council elected in a system of mixed-member proportional representation. The city is divided into 116 wards, each of which elects a councillor by first-past-the-post voting. The remaining 115 councillors are elected from party lists so that the total number of councillors for each party is proportional to the number of votes received by that party. The makeup of the council after the 2021 election is shown in the following table. The speaker of the council is Felicity Purchase of the Democratic Alliance. The council is divided into 24 subcouncils which deal with local functions for between three and six wards. A subcouncil consists of the ward councillors and a similar number of proportionally-elected councillors assigned to the subcouncil. A subcounil is chaired by one of the councillors and appoints a manager to run its day-to-day business. A subcouncil does not have any inherent responsibilities in law, but it is entitled to make recommendations to the City Council about anything that affects its area. The City Council may also delegate responsibilities to the subcouncils. Executive The executive authority for the city is vested in an Executive Mayor who is elected by the council. The mayor appoints a mayoral committee whose members oversee various portfolios. A City Manager is appointed as the non-political head of the city's administration. With the Democratic Alliance (DA) having won an absolute majority of council seats in the election of 1 November 2021, its mayoral candidate Geordin Hill-Lewis, who had been a Member of Parliament since 2011, was elected. The Mayoral Committee consists of 10 members who are appointed by the Executive Mayor. Each member manages a different area of the local government. The current city manager is Lungelo Mbandazayo. He had been the acting city manager since the former city manager Achmat Ebrahim, who was appointed in April 2006, resigned in January 2018 amid misconduct allegations. He was formally appointed city manager in April 2018. The local municipality was one of the four to have passed the 2009-10 audit by the Auditor-General of South Africa, who deemed it to have a clean administration. Electoral history The City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality in its present form took shape after the 2000 municipal elections. The old Central Cape Town MLC council had been governed by the New National Party (NNP), but they were losing support to the African National Congress (ANC) and the Democratic Party (DP). Fearing further losses, the NNP agreed to contest the upcoming local election in December 2000 together with the DP by forming the Democratic Alliance (DA), with DP and NNP members running as DA candidates. The DA won Cape Town with an outright majority, and Peter Marais, also a senior member of the provincial NNP, became mayor of the unicity. However, DA leader Tony Leon's attempt to remove Marais from his position in 2001 caused the disintegration of the alliance, and NNP came to ally with the ANC. Marais was replaced as mayor by Gerald Morkel, but Morkel was himself soon ousted during the October 2002 local floor crossing period after a large number of DA councillors had defected to the NNP. Nomaindia Mfeketo of the ANC became mayor supported by an ANC-NNP coalition. In 2004, after a dismal showing in the general elections that year, the NNP prepared for dissolution and merger with the ANC, and most of its councillors joined the governing party. This gave the ANC an outright majority on the council, which lasted until the next election. In the 2006 local government election, the DA was the largest single party, ahead of the ANC, but with no party holding a majority. The new Independent Democrats (ID) led by Patricia de Lille was in third place. The African Christian Democratic Party (ACDP) initiated negotiations with five other smaller parties who together formed a kingmaker block of fifteen councillors, collectively known as the Multi-Party Forum parties. Despite the ID voting with the ANC, Helen Zille of the DA was elected executive mayor on 15 March 2006 by a very narrow margin with the support of the Multi-Party Forum. Andrew Arnolds of the ACDP was elected executive deputy mayor and Jacob "Dirk" Smit of the Freedom Front Plus (FF+) was elected speaker. The initially fragile position of this new DA-led coalition, also known as the Multi-Party Government, was improved in January 2007 with the introduction of the ID following the expulsion of the small Africa Muslim Party for conspiring with the ANC. As a result of the ID's support, the coalition significantly increased its majority, resulting in a much more stable city government. The ID's Charlotte Williams became executive deputy mayor. However, she resigned just a few months later, and the post then went to Grant Haskin of the ACDP in late 2007. The DA would also bolster its position through by-election victories and floor crossing defections. With the ID and DA together holding a firm council majority, several of the smaller coalition partners were dropped from the city government by the time of the 2009 general elections, including the ACDP and FF+. The DA's Ian Neilson became deputy mayor, while Dirk Smit, who had defected to the DA, retained the position of speaker. Helen Zille left the mayorship the same year to take up the position of premier of the Western Cape, and Dan Plato became mayor. In 2010, the DA and ID formalized an agreement in which the ID would merge into the DA by 2014. This was prompted in part by the ID's disappointing result in the 2009 general election. As per the agreement, ID ceased to exist at the local level after the 2011 municipal elections with ID members running as DA candidates. DA won a large outright majority in the election, and ID leader Patricia de Lille, who had defeated Plato in an earlier internal election, became the new mayor. The party extended its lead even further to win a two-thirds majority of the seats on the City of Cape Town council in the 2016 municipal elections, and De Lille was thus sworn in to serve a second term. It was however cut short following her resignation on 31 October 2018 after an extended battle with her party over accusations of covering up corruption, accusations she strongly denied. The previous mayor Dan Plato was chosen as her successor. The DA's Geordin Hill-Lewis was voted in as mayor after the 2021 local government elections. The following table shows the results of the 2021 election. Demographics Geography The municipality has a total area of 2455 km2. Subdivision varies according to purpose. Main places for census purposes may differ from planning districts. Main places The 2001 census divided the municipality into the following main places: Planning districts The planning districts are: Blaauwberg, which includes subdistricts: Atlantis, Blouberg, Mamre, Melkboschstrand, Table View, and parts of Cape Farms, Goodwood, Milnerton, and Maitland. Cape Flats, which includes subdistricts: Athlone, False Bay Coastal Park, Grassy Park, Guguletu, Hanover Park, Manenberg, Ottery, Pelican Park, and parts of Muizenberg, Retreat, and Rondebosch. Helderberg, which includes subdistricts: Gordon's Bay, Macassar, Sir Lowry's Pass ,Somerset West, Stellenbosch Farms and Strand. Khayelitsha/Mitchells Plain, which includes subdistricts: Blackheath, Blue Downs, Eerste River, Khayelitsha, Mitchell's Plain, and part of Guguletu Northern, which includes subdistricts: Brackenfell, Durbanville, Eversdal, Joostenbergvlakte, Kenridge, Kraaifontein, Malmesbury Farms, Vredekloof, and Welgemoed. Southern, which includes subdistricts: Bergvliet, Cape Point, Constantia, Fish Hoek, Hout Bay, Kalk Bay, Kommetjie, Newlands, Noordhoek, Ocean View, Plumstead, Simon's Town, Tokai, Wynberg, parts of Muizenberg, Retreat, Rondebosch, and Table Mountain. Table Bay, which includes subdistricts: Camps Bay, Cape Town, Observatory, Pinelands, Robben Island, Sea Point, Signal Hill/Lion's Head, and parts of Epping, Goodwood, Langa, Maitland, and Table Mountain, Tygerberg, which includes subdistricts: Airport, Bellville, Bishop Lavis, Delft, Elsies River, Kalsteenfontein, Kuils River, Parow, Plattekloof, and parts of Epping, Goodwood, and Milnerton. Adjacent municipalities Swartland Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality (north) Drakenstein Local Municipality, Cape Winelands District Municipality (northeast) Stellenbosch Local Municipality, Cape Winelands District Municipality (northeast) Theewaterskloof Local Municipality, Overberg District Municipality (east) Overstrand Local Municipality, Overberg District Municipality (southeast) The City of Cape Town is also bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the south and west. See also References External links City of Cape Town official website City of Cape Town on the Western Cape Government website City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipalities of South Africa Municipalities of the Western Cape Districts of the Western Cape

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Town%20Square

Old Town Square

Old Town Square ( or colloquially ) is a historic square in the Old Town quarter of Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic. It is located between Wenceslas Square and Charles Bridge. Buildings The square features buildings belonging to various architectural styles, including the Gothic Church of Our Lady before Týn, which has been the main church of this part of the city since the 14th century. Its characteristic towers are 80 m high. The Baroque St. Nicholas Church is another church located in the square. Prague Orloj is a medieval astronomical clock mounted on the Old Town Hall. The clock was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest one still in operation. The tower of the Old Town Hall is open to the public and offers panoramic views of the Old Town. An art museum of the Czech National Gallery is located in the Kinský Palace. Statues and memorials The square's centre is home to a statue of religious reformer Jan Hus, who was burned at the stake in Konstanz for his beliefs. This led to the Hussite Wars. The statue known as the Jan Hus Memorial was erected on 6 July 1915 to mark the 500th anniversary of his death. In front of the Old Town Hall, there is also a memorial to the "martyrs" (including Jan Jesenius and Maxmilián Hošťálek) beheaded on that spot during the Old Town Square execution by Habsburgs, after the Battle of White Mountain. Twenty-seven crosses mark the pavement in their honour. The crosses were installed during the repairs of the Old Town Hall after the Second World War, while a nearby plaque which lists the names of all 27 victims dates from 1911. Orthodox Czechs do not trample these crosses out of respect. On 3 November 1918, a Marian Column that had been erected in the square shortly after the Thirty Years' War was demolished in celebration of independence from the Habsburg empire. The column was re-erected in 2020. Markets At Christmas and Easter, markets are held on the square; they resemble medieval markets. A tall decorated tree and a musical stage are set up. The Christmas Markets in Old Town Square are the largest Christmas markets in the Czech Republic and are visited by hundreds of thousands of visitors from the Czech Republic and abroad, primarily Germans, Russians, Italians and Britons. In 2016, CNN ranked Prague's Christmas Markets among the 10 best ones worldwide. See also Old Town Square execution References External links Photos of Old Town Square and Background Information Old Town Square Live WebCam Execution sites National Cultural Monuments of the Czech Republic Squares in Prague

4043780

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong%20Jian

Tong Jian

Tong Jian (; born August 15, 1979 in Harbin, Heilongjiang) is a Chinese retired pair skater. With his wife Pang Qing, he is the 2010 Olympic silver medalist, 2006 and 2010 World Champion, a five-time Four Continents champion (2002, 2004, 2008, 2009 and 2011) and the 2008 Grand Prix Final Champion. Career Tong was born into a Manchurian family in the city of Harbin, China, the home of Chinese pair skating. He began skating at age six. He originally competed as a single skater. He then competed as an ice dancer for two years because of his weak jumps. After his short ice dancing career, Tong switched to pairs. He previously competed with Zhang Xiwen. In 1993, coach Yao Bin teamed him up with Qing and they have been skating together ever since. When Yao moved to Beijing, Pang and Tong trained without a coach until 1997, when they began training under Yao again. Pang and Tong did not have a strong junior career, perhaps due to the fact that the Junior Grand Prix did not exist when they were skating at the junior level. They placed 14th, 9th, and 8th at the World Junior Championships between 1997 and 1999. After that, they went senior. Pang and Tong won the silver medal at the 1997 Chinese national championships, but did not represent China at the World Championships until 1999. They are the 2000 Chinese national champions. At their first major senior international, the 1999 Four Continents Championships (the first Four Continents ever held), they placed 5th. They then went to their first Worlds, where they placed 14th. In the 1999–2000 season, Pang and Tong made their Grand Prix debut. They placed 4th at Skate Canada and 5th at Cup of Russia. They slowly moved up the ranks over the years. At the 2002 Winter Olympics, coming in as the Four Continents Champions, they placed 9th. Following the 2001–2002 season, Pang and Tong began to be contenders. They consistently placed on the podium at their Grand Prix events. They won their first World medal (a bronze) at the 2004 World Championships. After their first world medal, they had a rough 2004–2005 season and a shaky start at the beginning of the 2005–2006 season. They recovered with consistency by the 2006 Olympics, where they placed a controversial 4th behind teammates Shen Xue & Hongbo Zhao and Zhang Dan & Zhang Hao. They went to the 2006 Worlds and won it. In the 2006–2007 season, Pang and Tong were unable to defend their World title. They were forced to withdraw from Skate America due to injury. They won the silver medal at the Cup of China, the Asian Winter Games, and the Four Continents Championships. At Worlds, they placed second. During the 2007–2008 season, Pang and Tong had a rough start, losing two out of their three Grand Prix events. They came back strong midseason by winning the bronze at the Grand Prix Final and their third Four Continents title. They ended their season with a disappointing 5th at the World Championships. During the 2008–2009 season, Pang and Tong had another rough outing at their first event, the Cup of China. Despite this, they went on the two win their next Grand Prix events and the final. During that season, they made history, when they went on to win a record setting fourth Four Continents title and have now won more Four Continent titles than any other person. Despite the momentum they had built, they had another disappointing World Championships, where they were once again finished the podium. During the 2009–2010 season, Pang and Tong won both of their Grand Prix events and a silver at the Grand Prix Final, defeating all the world medalists at the previous world championship. In the 2010 Winter Olympics, Pang and Tong set a new World Record for the free skate with a score of 141.81 points. They placed second place behind Shen Xue and Hongbo Zhao thanks to their teammates world record-setting short program. The People's Republic of China broke Russia's 46-year twelve Olympic gold medal streak in pairs skating, sweeping gold and silver places. Pang and Tong became the 2010 World Champions in Turin, Italy. For the 2010–2011 ISU Grand Prix season, Pang and Tong were assigned to the 2010 NHK Trophy and to the 2010 Cup of China. They won both of their Grand Prix assignments to qualify for the Grand Prix Final where they won silver. They won the bronze medal at the 2011 World Championships. Pang and Tong withdrew from their assigned 2011–12 Grand Prix events, however, returned to competition in January 2012, where they won gold at the Chinese National Winter Games. They earned first-place marks in the short program (70.24) and free skate (126.31). They competed at and finished fourth at the 2012 World Championships in what was their only ISU international event of the season. For the 2012–13 season, Pang and Tong medaled at both their Grand Prix events, taking second at 2012 Skate America and first at 2012 Cup of China. They went on to win the bronze at the 2012–13 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final. They were fifth at the 2013 World Figure Skating Championships. During the 2013–14 season, Pang and Tong finished second at 2013 Cup of China and first at 2013 Trophée Éric Bompard before winning bronze again at the 2013–14 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final. They went on to finish fourth at the 2014 Winter Olympics, their fourth consecutive Olympic Games. For the 2014–15 season, Pang and Tong competed at the 2015 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships and 2015 World Figure Skating Championships, placing third at both events. Personal life Although they had not spoken about their personal lives, Pang and Tong revealed publicly in an issue of Vanity Fair during the 2010 Winter Olympics that they were romantically involved. In June 2011, the pair became engaged after Tong proposed on-ice to Pang at a show in Shanghai. They got married on June 18, 2016. Programs Competitive highlights (with Pang) Detailed results References External links Official website 1979 births Chinese male pair skaters Olympic figure skaters of China Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics Living people Olympic silver medalists for China Figure skaters from Harbin Olympic medalists in figure skating World Figure Skating Championships medalists Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics Asian Games medalists in figure skating Figure skaters at the 2003 Asian Winter Games Figure skaters at the 2007 Asian Winter Games Figure skaters at the 2011 Asian Winter Games Asian Games gold medalists for China Asian Games silver medalists for China Medalists at the 2003 Asian Winter Games Medalists at the 2007 Asian Winter Games Medalists at the 2011 Asian Winter Games Universiade medalists in figure skating Manchu sportspeople Universiade silver medalists for China Competitors at the 1999 Winter Universiade

4043787

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua%20%28journal%29

Lingua (journal)

Lingua: An International Review of General Linguistics is a peer-reviewed academic journal of general linguistics that was established in 1949 and is published by Elsevier. Its editor-in-chief is Marta Dynel (University of Lodz). In October 2015 the editors and editorial board of Lingua resigned en masse to protest their inability to come to an agreement with Elsevier regarding fair pricing models for open access publishing. They subsequently started a new journal, Glossa. Since then, the majority of the linguistics community has supported Glossa and boycotted Lingua. As part of the boycott, the journal got the pejorative nickname Zombie Lingua. References External links Linguistics journals Elsevier academic journals Publications established in 1949 English-language journals Journals published between 13 and 25 times per year Hybrid open access journals

4043790

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skydiggers/Cash%20Brothers

Skydiggers/Cash Brothers

Skydiggers/Cash Brothers is a CD by the Canadian bands Skydiggers and The Cash Brothers, released in 2006. The CD evolved from a series of collaborative shows played by the two bands in the fall and winter of 2005 and 2006. The bands have had a long and extensive shared history — Peter Cash is a former member of Skydiggers, and Andrew Cash was a frequent collaborator with the band in their early years of performing. Track listing I Know You Lie Awake (A. Cash/P. Cash) Smile Me Down (A. Cash) Overcast and Grey (Finlayson/Maize/Jamieson) Maybe Some Day (A. Cash/P. Cash) I'm Coming Home (A. Cash/P. Cash) Heart-a-Pounding (A. Cash/P. Cash) Barely Made it Through (A. Cash/P. Cash) Only Now (Finlayson/Maize) Falling Down (A. Cash/P. Cash) From Down the Line (Finlayson/Maize) Nowhere to Go But Up (A. Cash/P. Cash) An Honest Day's Work (Finlayson/Maize) 2006 albums Skydiggers albums The Cash Brothers albums

4043791

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahar%20Zoughari%20Stadium

Tahar Zoughari Stadium

Tahar Zoughari Stadium () is a multi-use stadium in Relizane, Algeria. It is mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 30,000 people. RC Relizane are tenants. The stadium was opened on 18 March 1987. References Tahar Zoughari Buildings and structures in Relizane Province

4043799

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic%20history%20of%20India

Linguistic history of India

The languages of India are divided into various language families, of which the Indo-Aryan and the Dravidian languages are the most widely spoken. There are also many languages belonging to unrelated language families such as Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan, spoken by smaller groups. Linguistic records begin with the appearance of the Gujarati from about the 3rd century BCE. Indo-Aryan languages Proto-Indo-Aryan Proto-Indo-Aryan is a proto-language hypothesized to have been the direct ancestor of all Indo-Aryan languages. It would have had similarities to Proto-Indo-Iranian, but would ultimately have used Sanskritized phonemes and morphemes. Old Indo-Aryan Vedic Sanskrit Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, a large collection of hymns, incantations, and religio-philosophical discussions which form the earliest religious texts in India and the basis for much of the Hindu religion. Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the Rigveda to be the earliest. The hymns preserved in the Rigveda were preserved by oral tradition alone over several centuries before the introduction of writing, the oldest Aryan language among them predating the introduction of Brahmi by as much as a millennium. The end of the Vedic period is marked by the composition of the Upanishads, which form the concluding part of the Vedic corpus in the traditional compilations, dated to roughly 500 BCE. It is around this time that Sanskrit began the transition from a first language to a second language of religion and learning, marking the beginning of Classical India. Classical Sanskrit The oldest language surviving Sanskrit grammar is Pāṇini's Aṣtādhyāyī ("Eight-Chapter Grammar") dating to c. the 5th century BCE. It is essentially a prescriptive grammar, i.e., an authority that defines (rather than describes) correct Sanskrit, although it contains descriptive parts, mostly to account for Vedic forms that had already passed out of use in Pāṇini's time. Knowledge of Sanskrit was a marker of social class and educational attainment. Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or "Paninian" Sanskrit, while broadly similar, are separate varieties, which differ in a number of points of phonology, vocabulary, and grammar. Middle Indo-Aryan Prakrits Prakrit (Sanskrit prākṛta प्राकृत, the past participle of प्राकृ, meaning "original, natural, artless, normal, ordinary, usual", i.e. "vernacular", in contrast to samskrta "excellently made", both adjectives elliptically referring to vak "speech") is the broad family of Indo-Aryan languages and dialects spoken in ancient India. Some modern scholars include all Middle Indo-Aryan languages under the rubric of "Prakrits", while others emphasise the independent development of these languages, often separated from the history of Sanskrit by wide divisions of caste, religion, and geography. The Prakrits became literary languages, generally patronized by kings identified with the kshatriya caste. The earliest inscriptions in Prakrit are those of Ashoka, emperor of the Maurya Empire, and while the various Prakrit languages are associated with different patron dynasties, with different religions and different literary traditions. In Sanskrit drama, kings speak in Prakrit when addressing women or servants, in contrast to the Sanskrit used in reciting more formal poetic monologues. The three Dramatic Prakrits – Sauraseni, Magadhi, Maharashtri, as well as Jain Prakrit each represent a distinct tradition of literature within the history of India. Other Prakrits are reported in historical sources, but have no extant corpus (e.g., Paisaci). Pali Pali is the Middle Indo-Aryan language in which the Theravada Buddhist scriptures and commentaries are preserved. Pali is believed by the Theravada tradition to be the same language as Magadhi, but modern scholars believe this to be unlikely. Pali shows signs of development from several underlying Prakrits as well as some Sanskritisation. The Prakrit of the North-western area of India known as Gāndhāra has come to be called Gāndhārī. A few documents are written in the Kharoṣṭhi script survive including a version of the Dhammapada. Apabhraṃśa/Apasabda The Prakrits (which includes Pali) were gradually transformed into Apabhraṃśas (अपभ्रंश) which were used until about the 13th century CE. The term apabhraṃśa, meaning "fallen away", refers to the dialects of Northern India before the rise of modern Northern Indian languages, and implies a corrupt or non-standard language. A significant amount of apabhraṃśa literature has been found in Jain libraries. While Amir Khusro and Kabir were writing in a language quite similar to modern Hindi-Urdu, many poets, especially in regions that were still ruled by Hindu kings, continued to write in Apabhraṃśa. Apabhraṃśa authors include Sarahapad of Kamarupa, Devasena of Dhar (9th century CE), Pushpadanta of Manikhet (9th century CE), Dhanapal, Muni Ramsimha, Hemachandra of Patan, Raighu of Gwalior (15th century CE). An early example of the use of Apabhraṃśa is in Vikramūrvashīiya of Kalidasa, when Pururava asks the animals in the forest about his beloved who had disappeared. Modern Indo-Aryan Hindustani Hindustani is right now the most spoken language in the Indian subcontinent and the fourth most spoken language in the world. The development of Hindustani revolves around the various Hindi dialects originating mainly from Sauraseni Apabhramsha. A Jain text Shravakachar written in 933AD is considered the first Hindi book. Modern Hindi is based on the prestigious Khariboli dialect which started to take Persian and Arabic words too with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate; however, the Arabic-Persian influence was profound mainly on Urdu and to a lesser extent on Hindi.Khadiboli also started to spread across North India as a vernacular form previously commonly known as Hindustani. Amir Khusrow wrote poems in Khariboli and Brajbhasha and referred that language as Hindavi. During the Bhakti era, many poems were composed in Khariboli, Brajbhasa, and Awadhi. One such classic is Ramcharitmanas, written by Tulsidas in Awadhi. In 1623 Jatmal wrote a book in Khariboli with the name 'Gora Badal ki Katha'. The establishment of British rule in the subcontinent saw the clear division of Hindi and Urdu registers. This period also saw the rise of modern Hindi literature starting with Bharatendu Harishchandra. This period also shows further Sanskritization of the Hindi language in literature. Hindi is right now the official language in nine states of India— Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh—and the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Post-independence Hindi became the official language of the Central Government of India along with English. Urdu has been the national and official language of Pakistan as well as the lingua franca of the country. Outside the India, Hindustani is widely understood in other parts of the Indian subcontinent and also used as a lingua franca, and is the main language of Bollywood. Marathi Marathi is one of several languages that further descend from Maharashtri Prakrit. Further change led to the Apabhraṃśa languages like Old Marathi, however, this is challenged by Bloch (1970), who states that Apabhraṃśa was formed after Marathi had already separated from the Middle Indian dialect. The earliest example of Maharashtri as a separate language dates to approximately 3rd century BCE: a stone inscription found in a cave at Naneghat, Junnar in Pune district had been written in Maharashtri using Brahmi script. A committee appointed by the Maharashtra State Government to get the Classical status for Marathi has claimed that Marathi existed at least 2300 years ago alongside Sanskrit as a sister language. Marathi, a derivative of Maharashtri, is probably first attested in a 739 CE copper-plate inscription found in Satara After 1187 CE, the use of Marathi grew substantially in the inscriptions of the Seuna (Yadava) kings, who earlier used Kannada and Sanskrit in their inscriptions. Marathi became the dominant language of epigraphy during the last half century of the dynasty's rule (14th century), and may have been a result of the Yadava attempts to connect with their Marathi-speaking subjects and to distinguish themselves from the Kannada-speaking Hoysalas. Marathi gained prominence with the rise of the Maratha Empire beginning with the reign of Shivaji (1630–1680). Under him, the language used in administrative documents became less persianised. Whereas in 1630, 80% of the vocabulary was Persian, it dropped to 37% by 1677 The British colonial period starting in early 1800s saw standardisation of Marathi grammar through the efforts of the Christian missionary William Carey. Carey's dictionary had fewer entries and Marathi words were in Devanagari. Translations of the Bible were first books to be printed in Marathi. These translations by William Carey, the American Marathi mission and the Scottish missionaries led to the development of a peculiar pidginized Marathi called "Missionary Marathi” in the early 1800s. After Indian independence, Marathi was accorded the status of a scheduled language on the national level. In 1956, the then Bombay state was reorganized which brought most Marathi and Gujarati speaking areas under one state. Further re-organization of the Bombay state on 1 May 1960, created the Marathi speaking Maharashtra and Gujarati speaking Gujarat state respectively. With state and cultural protection, Marathi made great strides by the 1990s. Dravidian languages The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 73 languages that are mainly spoken in southern India and northeastern Sri Lanka, as well as certain areas in Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and eastern and central India, as well as in parts of southern Afghanistan, and overseas in other countries such as the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Malaysia and Singapore. The origins of the Dravidian languages, as well as their subsequent development and the period of their differentiation, are unclear, and the situation is not helped by the lack of comparative linguistic research into the Dravidian languages. Many linguists, however, tend to favor the theory that speakers of Dravidian languages spread southwards and eastwards through the Indian subcontinent, based on the fact that the southern Dravidian languages show some signs of contact with linguistic groups which the northern Dravidian languages do not. Proto-Dravidian is thought to have differentiated into Proto-North Dravidian, Proto-Central Dravidian and Proto-South Dravidian around 1500 BCE, although some linguists have argued that the degree of differentiation between the sub-families points to an earlier split. It was not until 1856 that Robert Caldwell published his Comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages, which considerably expanded the Dravidian umbrella and established it as one of the major language groups of the world. Caldwell coined the term "Dravidian" from the Sanskrit drāvida, related to the word 'Tamil' or 'Tamilan', which is seen in such forms as into 'Dramila', 'Drami˜a', 'Dramida' and 'Dravida' which was used in a 7th-century text to refer to the languages of the southern India. The Dravidian Etymological Dictionary was published by T. Burrow and M. B. Emeneau. History of Tamil Linguistic reconstruction suggests that Proto-Dravidian was spoken around the 6th millennium BCE. The material evidence suggests that the speakers of Proto-Dravidian were the culture associated with the Neolithic complexes of South India. The next phase in the reconstructed proto-history of Kannada is Proto-South Dravidian. The linguistic evidence suggests that Proto-South Dravidian was spoken around the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE and Kannada emerged around the 3rd century BCE. The earliest epigraphic attestations of Tamil are generally taken to have been written shortly thereafter. Among Indian languages, Tamil has one of the ancient Indian literature besides others. Scholars categorise the attested history of the language into three periods, Old Tamil (400 BCE – 700 CE), Middle Tamil (700–1600) and Modern Tamil (1600–present). Old Tamil The earliest records in Old Tamil are short inscriptions from around the 6th century BCE in caves and on pottery. These inscriptions are written in a variant of the Brahmi script called Tamil Brahmi. The earliest long text in Old Tamil is the Tolkāppiyam, an early work on Tamil grammar and poetics, whose oldest layers could be as old as the 2nd century BCE. A large number of literary works in Old Tamil have also survived. These include a corpus of 2,381 poems collectively known as Sangam literature. These poems are usually dated to between the 1st and 5th centuries CE, which makes them the oldest extant body of secular literature in India. Other literary works in Old Tamil include two long epics, Cilappatikāram and Maṇimēkalai, and a number of ethical and didactic texts, written between the 5th and 8th centuries. Old Tamil preserved some features of Proto-Dravidian, including the inventory of consonants, the syllable structure, and various grammatical features. Amongst these was the absence of a distinct present tense – like Proto-Dravidian, Old Tamil only had two tenses, the past and the "non-past". Old Tamil verbs also had a distinct negative conjugation (e.g. (காணேன்) "I do not see", (காணோம்) "we do not see"). Nouns could take pronominal suffixes like verbs to express ideas: e.g. (பெண்டிரேம்) "we are women" formed from (பெண்டிர்) "women" + - (ஏம்) and the first person plural marker. Despite the significant amount of grammatical and syntactical change between Old, Middle and Modern Tamil, Tamil demonstrates grammatical continuity across these stages: many characteristics of the later stages of the language have their roots in features of Old Tamil. Middle Tamil The evolution of Old Tamil into Middle Tamil, which is generally taken to have been completed by the 8th century, was characterised by a number of phonological and grammatical changes. In phonological terms, the most important shifts were the virtual disappearance of the aytam (ஃ), an old phoneme, the coalescence of the alveolar and dental nasals, and the transformation of the alveolar plosive into a rhotic. In grammar, the most important change was the emergence of the present tense. The present tense evolved out of the verb (கில்), meaning "to be possible" or "to befall". In Old Tamil, this verb was used as an aspect marker to indicate that an action was micro-durative, non-sustained or non-lasting, usually in combination with a time marker such as (ன்). In Middle Tamil, this usage evolved into a present tense marker – (கின்ற) – which combined the old aspect and time markers. Middle Tamil also saw a significant increase in the Sanskritisation of Tamil. From the period of the Pallava dynasty onwards, a number of Sanskrit loan-words entered Tamil, particularly in relation to political, religious and philosophical concepts. Sanskrit also influenced Tamil grammar, in the increased use of cases and in declined nouns becoming adjuncts of verbs, and phonology. The Tamil script also changed in the period of Middle Tamil. Tamil Brahmi and Vaṭṭeḻuttu, into which it evolved, were the main scripts used in Old Tamil inscriptions. From the 8th century onwards, however, the Pallavas began using a new script, derived from the Pallava Grantha script which was used to write Sanskrit, which eventually replaced Vaṭṭeḻuttu. Middle Tamil is attested in a large number of inscriptions, and in a significant body of secular and religious literature. These include the religious poems and songs of the Bhakthi poets, such as the Tēvāram verses on Saivism and Nālāyira Tivya Pirapantam on Vaishnavism, and adaptations of religious legends such as the 12th-century Tamil Ramayana composed by Kamban and the story of 63 shaivite devotees known as Periyapurāṇam. Iraiyaṉār Akapporuḷ, an early treatise on love poetics, and Naṉṉūl, a 12th-century grammar that became the standard grammar of literary Tamil, are also from the Middle Tamil period. Modern Tamil The Nannul remains the standard normative grammar for modern literary Tamil, which therefore continues to be based on Middle Tamil of the 13th century rather than on Modern Tamil. Colloquial spoken Tamil, in contrast, shows a number of changes. The negative conjugation of verbs, for example, has fallen out of use in Modern Tamil – negation is, instead, expressed either morphologically or syntactically. Modern spoken Tamil also shows a number of sound changes, in particular, a tendency to lower high vowels in initial and medial positions, and the disappearance of vowels between plosives and between a plosive and rhotic. Contact with European languages also affected both written and spoken Tamil. Changes in written Tamil include the use of European-style punctuation and the use of consonant clusters that were not permitted in Middle Tamil. The syntax of written Tamil has also changed, with the introduction of new aspectual auxiliaries and more complex sentence structures, and with the emergence of a more rigid word order that resembles the syntactic argument structure of English. Simultaneously, a strong strain of linguistic purism emerged in the early 20th century, culminating in the Pure Tamil Movement which called for removal of all Sanskritic and other foreign elements from Tamil. It received some support from Dravidian parties and nationalists who supported Tamil independence. This led to the replacement of a significant number of Sanskrit loanwords by Tamil equivalents, though many others remain. Literature Tamil literature has a rich and long literary tradition spanning more than two thousand years. The oldest extant works show signs of maturity indicating an even longer period of evolution. Contributors to the Tamil literature are mainly from Tamil people from Tamil Nadu, Sri Lankan Tamils from Sri Lanka, and from Tamil diaspora. Also, there have been notable contributions from European authors. The history of Tamil literature follows the history of Tamil Nadu, closely following the social and political trends of various periods. The secular nature of the early Sangam poetry gave way to works of religious and didactic nature during the Middle Ages. Jain and Buddhist authors during the medieval period and Muslim and European authors later, contributed to the growth of Tamil literature. A revival of Tamil literature took place from the late 19th century when works of religious and philosophical nature were written in a style that made it easier for the common people to enjoy. Nationalist poets began to utilize the power of poetry in influencing the masses. With the growth of literacy, Tamil prose began to blossom and mature. Short stories and novels began to appear. The popularity of Tamil Cinema has also provided opportunities for modern Tamil poets to emerge. History of Kannada Kannada is one of oldest languages in South India. The spoken language is said to have separated from its proto-language source earlier than Tamil and about the same time as Tulu. However, archaeological evidence would indicate a written tradition for this language of around 1600–1650 years. The initial development of the Kannada language is similar to that of other south Indian languages. Stages of development By the time Halmidi shasana (stone inscription) Kannada had become an official language. Some of the linguistics suggest that Tamil & HaLegannada are very similar or might have same roots. Ex: For milk in both languages it is 'Haalu', the postfix to the names of elders to show respect is 'avar / avargaL'. 600 – 1200 AD During this era, language underwent a lot of changes as seen from the literary works of great poets of the era viz Pampa, Ranna, Ponna. 1400 – 1600 AD Vijayanagar Empire which is called the Golden era in the history of medieval India saw a lot of development in all literary form of both Kannada and Telugu. During the ruling of the King Krishnadevaraya many wonderful works. Poet Kumaravyasa wrote Mahabharata in Kannada in a unique style called "shatpadi" (six lines is a stanza of the poem). This era also saw the origin of Dasa Sahitya, the Carnatic music. Purandaradasa and Kanakadasa wrote several songs praising Lord Krishna. This gave a new dimension to Kannada literature. Stone inscriptions The first written record in the Kannada language is traced to Emperor Ashoka's Brahmagiri edict dated 200 BCE. The first example of a full-length Kannada language stone inscription (shilashaasana) containing Brahmi characters with characteristics attributed to those of protokannada in Hale Kannada (Old Kannada) script can be found in the Halmidi inscription, dated c. 450, indicating that Kannada had become an administrative language by this time. Over 30,000 inscriptions written in the Kannada language have been discovered so far. The Chikkamagaluru inscription of 500 CE is another example. Prior to the Halmidi inscription, there is an abundance of inscriptions containing Kannada words, phrases and sentences, proving its antiquity. Badami cliff shilashaasana of Pulakeshin I is an example of a Sanskrit inscription in Hale Kannada script. Copper plates and manuscripts Examples of early Sanskrit-Kannada bilingual copper plate inscriptions (tamarashaasana) are the Tumbula inscriptions of the Western Ganga Dynasty dated 444 AD The earliest full-length Kannada tamarashaasana in Old Kannada script (early 8th century) belongs to Alupa King Aluvarasa II from Belmannu, South Kanara district and displays the double crested fish, his royal emblem. The oldest well-preserved palm leaf manuscript is in Old Kannada and is that of Dhavala, dated to around the 9th century, preserved in the Jain Bhandar, Mudbidri, Dakshina Kannada district. The manuscript contains 1478 leaves written in ink. History of Telugu Origins Telugu is hypothesised to have originated from a reconstructed Proto-Dravidian language. It is a highly Sanskritised language; as Telugu scholar C.P Brown states in page 266 of his book A Grammar of the Telugu language: "if we ever make any real progress in the language the student will require the aid of the Sanskrit Dictionary". Prakrit Inscriptions containing Telugu words dated around 400–100 BCE were discovered in Bhattiprolu in District of Guntur. English translation of one inscription as reads: "Gift of the slab by venerable Midikilayakha". Stages From 575 CE, we begin to find traces of Telugu in inscriptions and literature, it is possible to broadly define four stages in the linguistic history of the Telugu language: 575 –1100 The first inscription that is entirely in Telugu corresponds to the second phase of Telugu history. This inscription, dated 575 , was found in the districts of Kadapa and Kurnool and is attributed to the Renati Cholas, who broke with the prevailing practice of using Prakrit and began writing royal proclamations in the local language. During the next fifty years, Telugu inscriptions appeared in Anantapuram and other neighboring regions. The earliest dated Telugu inscription from coastal Andhra Pradesh comes from about 633 . Around the same time, the Chalukya kings of Telangana also began using Telugu for inscriptions. Telugu was more influenced by Sanskrit than Prakrit during this period, which corresponded to the advent of Telugu literature. One of the oldest Telugu stone inscriptions containing literature was the 11-line inscription dated between 946 and 968 found on a hillock known as Bommalagutta in Kurikyala village of Karimnagar district, Telangana. The sing-song Telugu rhyme was the work of Jinavallabha, the younger brother of Pampa who was the court poet of Vemulavada Chalukya king Arikesari III. This literature was initially found in inscriptions and poetry in the courts of the rulers, and later in written works such as Nannayya's Mahabharatam (1022 ). During the time of Nannayya, the literary language diverged from the popular language. This was also a period of phonetic changes in the spoken language. 1100 – 1400 The third phase is marked by further stylization and sophistication of the literary language. Ketana (13th century CE) in fact prohibited the use of the vernacular in poetic works. During this period the divergence of the Telugu script from the common Telugu-Kannada script took place. Tikkana wrote his works in this script. 1400–1900 Telugu underwent a great deal of change (as did other Indian languages), progressing from medieval to modern. The language of the Telangana region started to split into a distinct dialect due to Muslim influence: Sultanate rule under the Tughlaq dynasty had been established earlier in the northern Deccan during the 14th century CE. South of the Krishna River (in the Rayalaseema region), however, the Vijayanagara empire gained dominance from 1336 CE till the late 17th century, reaching its peak during the rule of Krishnadevaraya in the 16th century, when Telugu literature experienced what is considered to be its golden age. Padakavithapithamaha, Annamayya, contributed many atcha (pristine) Telugu Padaalu to this great language. In the latter half of the 17th century, Muslim rule extended further south, culminating in the establishment of the princely state of Hyderabad by the Asaf Jah dynasty in 1724 CE. This heralded an era of Persian/Arabic influence on the Telugu language, especially on that spoken by the inhabitants of Hyderabad. The effect is also felt in the prose of the early 19th century, as in the Kaifiyats. 1900 to date The period of the late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the influence of the English language and modern communication/printing press as an effect of the British rule, especially in the areas that were part of the Madras Presidency. Literature from this time had a mix of classical and modern traditions and included works by scholars like Kandukuri Viresalingam, Gurazada Apparao, and Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao. Since the 1930s, what was considered an elite literary form of the Telugu language has now spread to the common people with the introduction of mass media like movies, television, radio and newspapers. This form of the language is also taught in schools as a standard. In the current decade the Telugu language, like other Indian languages, has undergone globalization due to the increasing settlement of Telugu-speaking people abroad. Modern Telugu movies, although still retaining their dramatic quality, are linguistically separate from post-Independence films. At present, a committee of scholars have approved a classical language tag for Telugu based on its antiquity. The Indian government has also officially designated it as a classical language. Carnatic music Though Carnatic music, one of two main subgenres of Indian classical music that evolved from ancient Hindu traditions, has a profound cultural influence on all of the South Indian states and their respective languages, most songs (Kirtanas) are in Kannada and Telugu. Purandara Dasa, said to have composed at least a quarter million songs and known as the "father" of Carnatic music composed in Kannada. The region to the east of Tamil Nadu stretching from Tanjore in the south to Andhra Pradesh in the north was known as the Carnatic region during 17th and 18th centuries. The Carnatic war in which Robert Clive annexed Trichirapali is relevant. The music that prevailed in this region during the 18th century onwards was known as Carnatic music. This is because the existing tradition is to a great extent an outgrowth of the musical life of the principality of Thanjavur in the Kaveri delta. Thanjavur was the heart of the Chola dynasty (from the 9th century to the 13th), but in the second quarter of the 16th century a Telugu Nayak viceroy (Raghunatha Nayaka) was appointed by the emperor of Vijayanagara, thus establishing a court whose language was Telugu. The Nayaks acted as governors of what is present-day Tamil Nadu with their headquarters at Thanjavur (1530–1674 CE) and Madurai(1530–1781 CE). After the collapse of Vijayanagar, Thanjavur and Madurai Nayaks became independent and ruled for the next 150 years until they were replaced by Marathas. This was the period when several Telugu families migrated from Andhra and settled down in Thanjavur and Madurai. Most great composers of Carnatic music belonged to these Telugu families. Telugu words end in vowels which many consider a mellifluous quality and thus suitable for musical expression. Of the trinity of Carnatic music composers, Tyagaraja's and Syama Sastri's compositions were largely in Telugu, while Muttuswami Dikshitar is noted for his Sanskrit texts. Tyagaraja is remembered both for his devotion and the bhava of his krithi, a song form consisting of pallavi, (the first section of a song) anupallavi (a rhyming section that follows the pallavi) and charanam (a sung stanza which serves as a refrain for several passages in the composition). The texts of his kritis are almost all in Sanskrit, in Telugu (the contemporary language of the court). This use of a living language, as opposed to Sanskrit, the language of ritual, is in keeping with the bhakti ideal of the immediacy of devotion. Sri Syama Sastri, the oldest of the trinity, was taught Telugu and Sanskrit by his father, who was the pujari (Hindu priest) at the Meenakshi temple in Madurai. Syama Sastri's texts were largely composed in Telugu, widening their popular appeal. Some of his most famous compositions include the nine krithis, Navaratnamaalikā, in praise of the goddess Meenakshi at Madurai, and his eighteen krithi in praise of Kamakshi. As well as composing krithi, he is credited with turning the svarajati, originally used for dance, into a purely musical form. History of Malayalam Malayalam is thought to have diverged from approximately the 6th century in the region coinciding with modern Kerala. The development of Malayalam as a separate language was characterized by a moderate influence from Sanskrit, both in lexicon and grammar, which culminated in the Aadhyaathma Ramayanam, a version of the Ramayana by Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan which marked the beginning of modern Malayalam. Ezhuthachan's works also cemented the use of the Malayalam script, an alphabet blending the Tamil Vatteluttu alphabet with elements of the Grantha script resulting in a large number of letters capable of representing both Indo-Aryan and Dravidian sounds. Today, it is considered one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and was declared a classical language by the Government of India in 2013. Languages of other families in India Sino-Tibetan languages Sino-Tibetan languages are spoken in the western Himalayas (Himachal Pradesh) and in the highlands of Northeast India. The Sino-Tibetan family includes such languages as Meithei, Tripuri, Bodo, Naga and Garo. Some of the languages traditionally included in Sino-Tibetan may actually be language isolates or part of small independent language families. Austroasiatic languages The Austroasiatic family spoken in East and North-east India. Austroasiatic languages include the Santal and Munda languages of eastern India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, and the Mon–Khmer languages spoken by the Khasi and Nicobarese in India and in Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and southern China. The Austroasiatic languages arrived in east India around 4000-3500 ago from Southeast Asia. Great Andamanese and Ongan languages On the Andaman Islands, language from at least two families have spoken: the Great Andamanese languages and the Ongan languages. The Sentinelese language is spoken on North Sentinel Island, but contact has not been made with the Sentinelis; thus, its language affiliation is unknown. While Joseph Greenberg considered the Great Andamanese languages to be part of a larger Indo-Pacific family, it was not established through the comparative method but considered spurious by historical linguists. Stephen Wurm suggests similarities with Trans-New Guinea languages and others are caused by a linguistic substrate. Juliette Blevins has suggested that the Ongan languages are the sister branch to the Austronesian languages in an Austronesian-Ongan family because of sound correspondences between protolanguages. Isolates The Nihali language is a language isolate spoken in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Affiliations have been suggested to the Munda languages but they have yet to be demonstrated. Scripts Indus The Indus script is the short strings of symbols associated with the Harappan civilization of ancient India (most of the Indus sites are distributed in present-day Pakistan and northwest India) used between 2600 and 1900 BCE, which evolved from an early Indus script attested from around 3500–3300 BCE. Found in at least a dozen types of context, the symbols are most commonly associated with flat, rectangular stone tablets called seals. The first publication of a Harappan seal was a drawing by Alexander Cunningham in 1875. Since then, well over 4000 symbol-bearing objects have been discovered, some as far afield as Mesopotamia. After 1500 BCE, coinciding with the final stage of Harappan civilization, use of the symbols ends. There are over 400 distinct signs, but many are thought to be slight modifications or combinations of perhaps 200 'basic' signs. The symbols remain undeciphered (in spite of numerous attempts that did not find favour with the academic community), and some scholars classify them as proto-writing rather than writing proper. Brāhmī The best-known inscriptions in Brāhmī are the rock-cut edicts of Ashoka, dating to the 3rd century BCE. These were long considered the earliest examples of Brāhmī writing, but recent archaeological evidence in Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu suggest the dates for the earliest use of Tamil Brāhmī to be around the 6th century BCE, dated using radiocarbon and thermoluminescence dating methods. This script is ancestral to the Brahmic family of scripts, most of which are used in South and Southeast Asia, but which have wider historical use elsewhere, even as far as Mongolia and perhaps even Korea, according to one theory of the origin of Hangul. The Brāhmī numeral system is the ancestor of the Hindu-Arabic numerals, which are now used worldwide. Brāhmī is generally believed to be derived from a Semitic script such as the Imperial Aramaic alphabet, as was clearly the case for the contemporary Kharosthi alphabet that arose in a part of northwest Indian under the control of the Achaemenid Empire. Rhys Davids suggests that writing may have been introduced to India from the Middle East by traders. Another possibility is with the Achaemenid conquest in the late 6th century BCE. It was often assumed that it was a planned invention under Ashoka as a prerequisite for his edicts. Compare the much better-documented parallel of the Hangul script. Older examples of the Brahmi script appear to be on fragments of pottery from the trading town of Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka, which have been dated to the early 400 BCE. Even earlier evidence of the Tamil -Brahmi script has been discovered on pieces of pottery in Adichanallur, Tamil Nadu. Radio-carbon dating has established that they belonged to the 6th-century BCE. The origin of the script is still much debated, with most scholars stating that Brahmi was derived from or at least influenced by one or more contemporary Semitic scripts, while others favor the idea of an indigenous origin or connection to the much older and as yet undeciphered Indus script of the Indus Valley civilization. Kharosthi The Kharoṣṭhī script, also known as the Gāndhārī script, is an ancient abugida (a kind of alphabetic script) used by the Gandhara culture of ancient northwest India to write the Gāndhārī and Sanskrit languages. It was in use from the 4th century BCE until it died out in its homeland around the 3rd century CE. It was also in use along the Silk Road where there is some evidence it may have survived until the 7th century CE in the remote way stations of Khotan and Niya. Scholars are not in agreement as to whether the Kharoṣṭhī script evolved gradually, or was the work of a mindful inventor. An analysis of the script forms shows a clear dependency on the Aramaic alphabet but with extensive modifications to support the sounds found in Indian languages. One model is that the Aramaic script arrived with the Achaemenid conquest of the region in 500 BCE and evolved over the next 200+ years to reach its final form by the 3rd century BCE. However, no Aramaic documents of any kind have survived from this period. Also intermediate forms have yet been found to confirm this evolutionary model, and rock and coins inscriptions from the 3rd century BCE onward show a unified and mature form. The study of the Kharoṣṭhī script was recently invigorated by the discovery of the Gandharan Buddhist Texts, a set of birch-bark manuscripts written in Kharoṣṭhī, discovered near the Afghan city of Haḍḍā (compare Panjabi HAḌḌ ਹੱਡ s. m. "A bone, especially a big bone of dead cattle" referring to the famous mortuary grounds if the area): just west of the Khyber Pass. The manuscripts were donated to the British Library in 1994. The entire set of manuscripts are dated to the 1st century CE making them the oldest Buddhist manuscripts in existence. Gupta The Gupta script was used for writing Sanskrit and is associated with the Gupta Empire of India which was a period of material prosperity and great religious and scientific developments. The Gupta script was descended from Brahmi and gave rise to the Siddham script and then Bengali-Assamese script. Siddhaṃ Siddhaṃ (Sanskrit, accomplished or perfected), descended from the Brahmi script via the Gupta script, which also gave rise to the Devanāgarī script as well as a number of other Asian scripts such as Tibetan script. Siddhaṃ is an abugida or alphasyllabary rather than an alphabet because each character indicates a syllable. If no other mark occurs then the short 'a' is assumed. Diacritic marks indicate the other vowels, the pure nasal (anusvara), and the aspirated vowel (visarga). A special mark (virama), can be used to indicate that the letter stands alone with no vowel which sometimes happens at the end of Sanskrit words. See links below for examples. The writing of mantras and copying of Sutras using the Siddhaṃ script is still practiced in Shingon Buddhism in Japan but has died out in other places. It was Kūkai who introduced the Siddham script to Japan when he returned from China in 806, where he studied Sanskrit with Nalanda trained monks including one known as Prajñā. Sutras that were taken to China from India were written in a variety of scripts, but Siddham was one of the most important. By the time Kūkai learned this script the trading and pilgrimage routes overland to India, part of the Silk Road, were closed by the expanding Islamic empire of the Abbasids. Then in the middle of the 9th century, there were a series of purges of "foreign religions" in China. This meant that Japan was cut off from the sources of Siddham texts. In time other scripts, particularly Devanagari replaced it in India, and so Japan was left as the only place where Siddham was preserved, although it was, and is only used for writing mantras and copying sutras. Siddhaṃ was influential in the development of the Kana writing system, which is also associated with Kūkaiwhile the Kana shapes derive from Chinese characters, the principle of a syllable-based script and their systematic ordering was taken over from Siddham. Nagari Descended from the Siddham script around the 11th century. See also Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit Persian language in the Indian subcontinent Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil Linguistic Survey of India References Sources Steve Farmer, Richard Sproat, and Michael Witzel, The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization, EVJS, vol. 11 (2004), issue 2 (Dec) Scharfe, Harmut. Kharoṣṭhī and Brāhmī. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 122 (2) 2002, p. 391–3. Stevens, John. Sacred Calligraphy of the East. [3rd ed. Rev.] (Boston : Shambala, 1995) Further reading A Database of G.A. Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India (1904–1928, Calcutta). Gramophone recordings from the Linguistic Survey of India (1913–1929), Digital South Asia Library External links Omniglot alphabets for Kharoṣṭhī, Brahmi, Siddham, Devanāgarī. Indian Scripts and Languages Linguistic history of Pakistan

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somhlolo%20National%20Stadium

Somhlolo National Stadium

Somhlolo National Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Lobamba, Eswatini. Built in 1968, it has artificial turf and holds 20,000 fans (all standing). It is used for football and rugby matches. The stadium is named for King Somhlolo, who had moved his people into the region that is now Eswatini (Swaziland) about 200 years ago, and is considered the father of the country. References External links Stadium Pictures Photos of the stadium Football venues in Eswatini Athletics (track and field) venues in Eswatini Eswatini Multi-purpose stadiums

4043813

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade%20de%20K%C3%A9gu%C3%A9

Stade de Kégué

Stade de Kégué is a multi-use stadium in Lomé, Togo. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 40,000 people and opened in 2000. It was designed by Chinese architect Yang Zhou. The stadium was the main host of the 2007 African U-17 Championship, in March 2007. History In 2004, the stadium saw an incident following a match between Togo and Mali in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifiers. The lights on Stade de Kégué went down, and while the panicking crowd tried to leave the stadium, three people were killed and eight injured in the ensuing stampede. On 19 October 2007 the Confederation of African Football placed an indefinite ban on the stadium after an African Nations Cup qualifier between ended in violence which saw Malian players and fans injured. Over 118 million CFA francs were spent in renovations aiming for a higher security during the ban. Kégué went back to hosting international games in 2009, where Togo lost 2-1 to Morocco in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifiers. References External links Photo at cafe.daum.net/stade Photo at worldstadiums.com Football venues in Togo Athletics (track and field) venues in Togo Togo Buildings and structures in Lomé

4043825

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence%20Stadium%20%28Zambia%29

Independence Stadium (Zambia)

Independence Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Lusaka, Zambia. It was originally built in the mid-1960s for use in hosting the country's independence celebrations. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 30,000 people. In 2004, the stadium was closed by the then national sports minister citing safety concerns due to the age and status of the building. The order was repealed in 2005, though safety concerns remained. As of 2007, the aging stadium is slated to undergo renovations to bring its structure and facilities up to internationally accepted standards as well as deal with its various safety issues. The stadium's west grandstand was demolished in late 2007. A new 70,000-seat stadium, currently referred to as New Lusaka Stadium, would have been built next to the Independence Stadium for Lusaka's hosting of the 2011 All-Africa Games before Lusaka withdrew its hosting duties due to lack of funds. The games were given to Maputo. References Football venues in Zambia Zambia Multi-purpose stadiums in Zambia Buildings and structures in Lusaka Sport in Lusaka Sports venues completed in 1964 1964 establishments in Zambia

4043836

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler%20RFE%20transmission

Chrysler RFE transmission

The RFE is an automatic transmission family from Chrysler. The name refers to its Rear wheel drive design and Full Electronic control system. 45RFE and 545RFE The 45RFE was introduced in the Jeep Grand Cherokee in 1999, it is notable for including three planetary gearsets rather than the two normally used in a 4-speed automatic. It also features three multiple disc input clutches, three multiple disc holding clutches, and a dual internal filter system (one primary filter for transmission sump, one for the fluid cooler return system). In the 45RFE applications four gears are utilized. In the 545RFE four gears are used on the upshift and a new "gear", 2nd Prime, was used with a different (1.50:1 rather than 1.67:1) ratio to increase versatility when downshifting. Although, with some tuning, you can get the 545RFE to upshift into 2nd Prime. The 45RFE was produced at the Indiana Transmission plant in Kokomo, Indiana. It was normally paired with the 4.7 L PowerTech V8. The 45RFE later became the 5-speed 545RFE. Gear Ratios: 1st 3.00:1 2nd 1.67:1 2nd Prime 1.50:1 (Only used when a kickdown acceleration) 3rd 1.00:1 4th 0.75:1 5th 0.67:1 (545RFE only and 45RFE reprogrammed) Reverse 3.00:1 Applications: 45RFE 1999–2000 Jeep Grand Cherokee (4.7L) 2002–early 2003 Jeep Liberty (3.7L) 2000–2002 Dodge Dakota (4.7L) and "(3.9L) Sport Edition Dakota" 2000–2002 Dodge Durango (4.7L) 2002 Dodge Ram 1500 (3.7L and 4.7) 545RFE 2001–2011 Jeep Grand Cherokee (4.7L, 4.7L H.O.,5.7L Hemi) 2005–2006 Jeep Liberty (Diesel applications) 2003–2011 Dodge Ram (4.7L, 5.7L Hemi) 2005–2011 Dodge Power Wagon 2003–2011 Dodge Dakota (4.7L, 4.7L H.O.) 2003–2011 Dodge Durango (4.7L, 5.7L) 2006–2010 Jeep Commander (4.7L, 5.7L Hemi) 2007–2010 Jeep Wrangler (2.8 L CRD) 2007–present LTI/London Taxi Company TX4 2007-2009 Chrysler Aspen (4.7L, 5.7L Hemi) 68RFE The 68RFE was introduced in 2007 Ram 2500 and 3500 Pickups with the 6.7L Cummins ISB Diesel engine. The basic design and operation is the same or similar to the 45 and 545RFE counterparts with the following exceptions: larger bellhousing with different bolt pattern and cutout to accommodate diesel engine modified internal components to handle increased torque of diesel engine revised gear ratios and Transmission Controller programming for larger application no 2nd gear prime for downshifting like the 45RFE and 545RFE transmissions Gear Ratios: 1st 3.23:1 2nd 1.83:1 3rd 1.41:1 4th 1.00:1 5th 0.81:1 6th 0.62:1 Reverse 4.44:1 Applications: 2007–present Dodge Ram 2500 and 3500 Pickup (6.7L Cummins ISB Diesel) 65RFE and 66RFE For the 2012 model year, the 545RFE was recalibrated and introduced as the 65RFE in 1500 Ram models. With the exception of an improved torque converter, it is physically the same as its predecessor. The key difference in the 65RFE is the ability to use all six forward gears in sequence when using Electronic Range Select mode. In normal drive mode, however, the 65RFE uses the shift pattern of the 545RFE; thus never using 2nd and 3rd gears in succession. 2500 and 3500 models with gas engines received the 66RFE, a hybrid of 68RFE internals (including the gearset) packaged in a 545RFE case. Gear Ratios: 65RFE 1st 3.00:1 2nd 1.67:1 3rd 1.50:1 4th 1.00:1 5th 0.75:1 6th 0.67:1 Reverse 3.00:1 66RFE 1st 3.231:1 2nd 1.837:1 3rd 1.410:1 4th 1.000:1 5th 0.816:1 6th 0.625:1 Reverse 4.444:1 Applications: 65RFE 2012 Dodge Durango (5.7L) 2012-2013 Jeep Grand Cherokee (5.7L) 2012 Ram 1500 (4.7L, 5.7L) 66RFE 2012-2018 Ram 2500 (5.7L) 2012-2018 Ram Chassis Cab 3500 (5.7L) 2012-2018 Dodge Power Wagon 2014-2018 Ram 2500 (6.4L) Basic RFE operation The fully electronic control is accomplished by the Transmission Control Module (TCM). Depending on year and application, it can either be a stand-alone module or integrated with the Powertrain Control Module (PCM). The TCM uses data from various transmission and engine sensors to control transmission shifting. The TCM operates the solenoid pack to change hydraulic flow through the valve body to various clutches in the transmission. The solenoid pack is mounted directly to the valve body; its connector protrudes from a hole on the left side of the transmission. On the 45 and 545RFE the hydraulic control system design (without electronic assist) provides the transmission with PARK, REVERSE, NEUTRAL, SECOND, and THIRD gears, based solely on driver shift lever selection. This design allows the vehicle to be driven (in “limp-in” mode) in the event of an electronic control system failure, or a situation that the Transmission Control Module (TCM) recognizes as potentially damaging to the transmission. On the 68RFE, fourth gear is used for limp-in instead of second and third. All RFE transmissions use Mopar ATF +4. Service fill is 6–8 quarts + transmission filter. References http://hotrodlane.cc/New%20HEMI%20Tech/2004%2057%20hemi%20trans.pdf See also List of Chrysler transmissions 45RFE

4043843

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Chrysler%20transmissions

List of Chrysler transmissions

Chrysler produces a number of automobile transmissions in-house. Semi-automatic 1941–1942 M4 Vacamatic — 4-speed (2-range manual control with automatic 2-speed shift vacuum operated) with clutch and fluid coupling (Fluid Drive); also known as Simplimatic, Powermatic 1946–1953 M5/M6 Presto-Matic — 4-speed (2 gear manual with electric overdrive) with clutch and fluid coupling (Fluid Drive) or torque converter (Fluid Torque Drive); also known as Tip-Toe Shift, Gyro-Matic, Fluid-Matic, Gyro-Torque 1953–1954 Hy-Drive — 3-speed manual transmission behind a torque converter Automatic 1954–1961 PowerFlite — 2-speed automatic 1956–2007 TorqueFlite 1956–1961 A466 — 3-speed automatic 1962–1994 A727 (36RH/37RH) — 3-speed automatic 1960–2002 A904 (30RH) — 3-speed automatic A998 (31RH) — 3-speed automatic A999 (32RH) — 3-speed automatic 1988–2004 A500 (40RH/42RH/40RE/42RE/44RE) — 4-speed automatic 1992–2003 A518 (46RH/46RE) — 4-speed automatic 1994–2003 A618 (47RH/47RE) — 4-speed heavy-duty automatic 2003–2007 A818 (48RE) — 4-speed heavy-duty automatic 1978–1983 A404 — 3-speed front-wheel drive transaxle 1981–2001 A413 (31TH) 1981–1987 A470 1987–2000 A670 1989–present Ultradrive 1989–2010 A604 (40TE/41TE) — 4-speed transverse front-wheel drive automatic 1991–2004 A604 (41AE) — 4-speed transverse all-wheel drive automatic 1993–2004 A606 (42LE) — 4-speed longitudinal front-wheel drive automatic 2003–2012 42RLE — 4-speed longitudinal rear-wheel drive automatic 2007–present 40TES/41TES — 4-speed transverse front-wheel drive automatic 2007–present 62TE — 6-speed transverse front-wheel drive automatic 2007–present 62TEA — 6-speed transverse all-wheel drive automatic 1999–present RFE — longitudinal rear-wheel drive 1999–2003 45RFE — 4-speed (5 gear) automatic 2001–2011 545RFE — 5-speed (6 gear) automatic 2012–2017 65RFE — 6-speed automatic 2012–present 66RFE — 6-speed heavy-duty automatic 2007–present 68RFE — 6-speed heavy-duty automatic 2005-2019 Chrysler W5A580, 5-speed automatic. This was a Chrysler adaptation of the Mercedes 5G-Tronic assembly, which was first labelled as the NAG1. Commonly found in the 300, Magnum, Charger, Challenger, Wrangler, and some Dodge Ram pickups, the A580 was last used in the 2020 Dodge Charger Pursuit models. Model number conventions Newer Chrysler automatic transmissions follow standard model number conventions. Below are the available values and some example transmission models: Manual 1960–1972 Chrysler A903 — 3-speed manual for 6-cyl and low power V8s. 1st gear, no synchromesh 1961–1971 Chrysler A745 — 3-speed manual for V8s 1964–1974 Chrysler A833 — 4-speed manual manufactured by New Process Gear 1970–1981 Chrysler A230 — 3-speed manual, all-synchromesh 1973–1974 Chrysler A250 — 3-speed manual, 1st gear no synchromesh 1975–1978 Chrysler A390 — 3-speed manual, all-synchromesh 1976–1980 Chrysler A833 — 4-speed manual overdrive (NPG) 1981–1986 Chrysler A460 — 4-speed manual transaxle 1983–1984 Chrysler A465 — 5-speed manual transaxle 1984–1990 Chrysler A525 — 5-speed manual transaxle 1987–1989 Chrysler A520 — 5-speed manual transaxle 1987–1989 Chrysler A555 — 5-speed manual transaxle, Chrysler-built (NPG) with Getrag-sourced gearset 1990–1994 Chrysler A523 — 5-speed manual transaxle 1990–1994 Chrysler A543 — 5-speed manual transaxle 1990–1993 Chrysler A568 — 5-speed manual transaxle, Chrysler-built (NPG) with Getrag-sourced gearset 1995–2005 New Venture Gear T350 (also known as A578 and F5MC1) — 5-speed manual transaxle for the Dodge and Plymouth Neon and various GM subcompacts 2001–2007 New Venture Gear T850 — 5-speed manual transaxle 2005–present Chrysler NSG370 transmission — 6-speed longitudinal manual 1962–1993 New Process Gear NP435 — 4-speed longitudinal manual 1987–1991 New Process Gear NP535 (also known as New Venture Gear NV2500) — 5-speed longitudinal manual New Venture Gear NV1500 — 5-speed longitudinal manual 1994–2004 New Venture Gear NV3500 — 5-speed longitudinal manual 2000–2004 New Venture Gear NV3550 1992–2005 New Venture Gear NV4500 — 5-speed longitudinal manual 1999–2005 New Venture Gear NV5600 — 6-speed longitudinal manual Non-Chrysler Transmissions used on Chrysler vehicles Automatic Aisin-Warner AW4 — 4-speed longitudinal 1987–2001 Jeep Cherokee 1987–1992 Jeep Comanche 1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee (with 6-cylinder engine) Aisin AS66RC — 6-speed longitudinal with PTO capability 2014–present Ram Chassis Cab 3500/4500/5500 (6.4L V8) Aisin AS68RC — 6-speed longitudinal with PTO capability 2007–2012 Dodge Ram Chassis Cab 3500/4500/5500 Aisin AS69RC — 6-speed longitudinal with PTO capability 2013–present Ram Chassis Cab 3500/4500/5500 (6.7L diesel) Aisin AW6F25 (AW60T) — 6-speed transaxle 2017–present Jeep Compass Powertech 6F24 — 6-speed transverse front-wheel drive 2012–2016 Dodge Dart 2014–2016 Jeep Compass 2014–2017 Jeep Patriot ZF 8HP (also branded as TorqueFlite 8 by Chrysler) — 8-speed longitudinal 8HP45 (replaced by 845RE) 2011–2013 Chrysler 300 V6 2011–2013 Dodge Charger (LD) V6 Retail 2013 Ram 1500 (3.6L V6) 845RE (Chrysler-built version of 8HP45) 2013–present Chrysler 300 V6 2013–present Dodge Charger (LD) V6 Retail 2014–present Dodge Durango V6 2015–present Dodge Challenger V6 2014–present Ram 1500 (3.6L V6) 2014–2016 Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2) (3.6L V6) 850RE (Chrysler-built version of 8HP50) 2017–present Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2) (3.6L V6) 2018–present Jeep Wrangler (JL) 2021-present Dodge Charger V6 AWD Pursuit (LD) 8HP70 2013–present Ram 1500 (5.7L V8, 3.0L V6 diesel) 2014–present Dodge Durango V8 Retail 2015–present Dodge Charger (5.7L & 6.4L V8) 2021-present Dodge Charger Pursuit RWD V8 (LD) 2015–present Dodge Challenger (5.7L & 6.4L V8) 2014–present Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2) (5.7L & 6.4L V8, 3.0L V6 diesel) 2015–present Chrysler 300 V8 8HP90 2015–present Dodge Challenger (6.2L V8 s/c) 2015–present Dodge Charger (LD) (6.2L V8 s/c) 8HP95 2018–present Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2) (6.2L V8 Supercharged) 2021-present Ram 1500 TRX (6.2L V8 Supercharged) ZF 9HP — 9-speed transverse 9HP48 2015–2017 Chrysler 200 (3.6L V6) 2017–present Jeep Compass 948TE (Chrysler-built version of 9HP48) 2014–present Jeep Cherokee (KL) 2014–present Jeep Renegade 2015–2017 Chrysler 200 (2.4L) 2015–present Ram ProMaster City 2017–present Chrysler Pacifica Manual Aisin AX5 — 5-speed longitudinal 1984–2000 Jeep Cherokee 1986–1992 Jeep Comanche 1987–2002 Jeep Wrangler Aisin AX15 — 5-speed longitudinal 1989–1999 Jeep Cherokee 1989–1992 Jeep Comanche 1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee 1989–1999 Jeep Wrangler Aisin BG6 — 6-speed transaxle 2007–2010 Chrysler Sebring (diesel engine) 2006–2011 Dodge Caliber (diesel engine) 2007–2010 Dodge Avenger (diesel engine) 2008–2010 Dodge Journey (diesel engine) 2006–2016 Jeep Compass (diesel engine) 2006–2017 Jeep Patriot (diesel engine) Aisin AL6 (D478) — 6-speed longitudinal 2018–present Jeep Wrangler (JL) Borg-Warner T-10 — 4-speed longitudinal 1963 Dodge and Plymouth V8, except Hemi Borg-Warner T-56 (also known as Tremec T-56) — 6-speed longitudinal 2004–2006 Dodge Ram SRT10 1992–2002 Dodge Viper RT/10 1996–2002 Dodge Viper GTS 2003–2007 Dodge Viper SRT-10 Fiat C510 — 5-speed transaxle 2014–present Jeep Renegade (1.6L E.torQ) Fiat C635 — 6-speed transaxle 2011–present Dodge Journey/Fiat Freemont (2.0L MultiJet) 2012–2016 Dodge Dart (1.4L turbo) 2014–present Jeep Renegade (1.4L turbo, 1.6L-2.0L MultiJet) 2017–present Jeep Compass Getrag 360 5 speed longitudinal 1989-1993 w/d 250 250 cummins diesel Getrag 238 — 6-speed longitudinal 2005–2008 Dodge Ram 2005–2009 Dodge Dakota Getrag 288 — 5-speed transaxle 2003–2008 Chrysler PT Cruiser GT Getrag DMT6 — 6-speed transaxle 2008–2009 Dodge Caliber SRT4 Magna Driveline T355 — 5-speed transaxle 2006–2011 Dodge Caliber 2008–2010 Dodge Journey 2006–2016 Jeep Compass 2006–2017 Jeep Patriot Mercedes-Benz G56 — 6-speed longitudinal 2005–present Dodge Ram 2500/3500/4500/5500 Mitsubishi F5 — 5-speed transaxle F5M22 1989–1994 Plymouth Laser (1.8L - 2.0L n/a) F5M33 1991–1996 Dodge Stealth (3.0L V6 n/a) 1989–1994 Plymouth Laser (2.0L turbo) F5M42 2000–2006 Dodge Stratus (2.4L - 2.7L) F5M51 2000–2006 Chrysler Sebring (3.0L V6) 2001–2006 Dodge Stratus (3.0L V6) Peugeot BA10/5 - 5-speed longitudinal 1987-mid-1989 YJ Wrangler, XJ Cherokee and MJ Commanche Tremec TR-6060 — 6-speed longitudinal 2008–2010 Dodge Viper SRT-10 2009–present Dodge Challenger 2012–present SRT and Dodge Viper Volkswagen 020 — 4-speed transaxle adopted as Chrysler A412 1978–1982 Dodge Omni 1.7L 1978–1982 Plymouth Horizon 1.7L Dual clutch Fiat C635 DDCT 2012–2016 Dodge Dart (1.4L turbo) 2014–present Jeep Renegade Fiat C725 DDCT 2016–present Jeep Renegade (China) 2017–present Jeep Compass (China) Getrag MPS6 (6DCT450) 2009–2010 Chrysler Sebring (diesel engine) 2009–2010 Dodge Avenger (diesel engine) 2009–2010 Dodge Journey (diesel engine) Continuously variable Jatco JF011E 2007-2012 Dodge Caliber 2006–2016 Jeep Compass 2006–2017 Jeep Patriot See also List of AMC Transmission Applications (for list of transmission used in AMC vehicles before Chrysler buyout) References Chrysler transmissions Lists of automobile transmissions

4043844

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprarenal

Suprarenal

Suprarenal is an adjective that may refer to: Adrenal gland Suprarenal veins Suprarenal impression

4043853

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20detector

Heat detector

A heat detector is a fire alarm device designed to respond when the convected thermal energy of a fire increases the temperature of a heat sensitive element. The thermal mass and conductivity of the element regulate the rate flow of heat into the element. All heat detectors have this thermal lag. Heat detectors have two main classifications of operation, "rate-of-rise" and "fixed temperature". The heat detector is used to help in the reduction of property damage. Fixed temperature heat detectors This is the most common type of heat detector. Fixed temperature detectors operate when the heat sensitive eutectic alloy reaches the eutectic point changing state from a solid to a liquid. Thermal lag delays the accumulation of heat at the sensitive element so that a fixed-temperature device will reach its operating temperature sometime after the surrounding air temperature exceeds that temperature. The most common fixed temperature point for electrically connected heat detectors is 58°C (136.4°F). Rate-of-rise heat detectors Rate-of-Rise (ROR) heat detectors operate on a rapid rise in element temperature of 6.7° to 8.3°C (12° to 15°F) increase per minute, irrespective of the starting temperature. This type of heat detector can operate at a lower temperature fire condition than would be possible if the threshold were fixed. It has two heat-sensitive thermocouples or thermistors. One thermocouple monitors heat transferred by convection or radiation while the other responds to ambient temperature. The detector responds when the first sensing element's temperature increases relative to the other. Rate of rise detectors may not respond to low energy release rates of slowly developing fires. To detect slowly developing fires combination detectors add a fixed temperature element that will ultimately respond when the fixed temperature element reaches the design threshold. Heat detector selection Heat detectors commonly have a label on them that reads "Not a life safety device". That is because heat detectors are not meant to replace smoke detectors in the bedrooms or in the hallway outside of the bedrooms. A heat detector will nonetheless notify of a fire in a kitchen or utility area, e.g., laundry room, garage, or attic, where smoke detectors should not be installed as dust or other particles would affect the smoke detector and cause false alarms. This will allow extra time to evacuate the building or to put out the fire, if possible. Mechanical heat detectors are independent fire warning stations that — unlike smoke detectors — can be installed in any area of a home. Portability, ease of installation, and excellent performance and reliability make this a good choice for residential fire protection when combined with the required smoke detectors. Because the detectors are not interconnected, heat activation identifies the location of the fire, facilitating evacuation from the home. Each type of heat detector has its advantages, and it cannot be said that one type of heat detector should always be used instead of another. If one were to place a rate-of-rise heat detector above a large, closed oven, then every time the door is opened a nuisance alarm could be generated due to the sudden heat transient. In this circumstance the fixed threshold detector would probably be best. If a room filled with highly combustible materials is protected with a fixed heat detector, then a fast-flaming fire could exceed the alarm threshold due to thermal lag. In that case the rate-of-rise heat detector may be preferred. See also Aspirating smoke detector Automatic fire suppression Carbon monoxide detector Fire alarm system Fire sprinkler Flame detector Gaseous fire suppression Manual fire alarm activation Passive infrared sensor Smoke detector Active fire protection Safety equipment Fire detection and alarm Firefighting equipment Detectors ja:自動火災報知設備#感知器

4043858

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Boston

Bruce Boston

Bruce Boston (born 1943) is an American speculative fiction writer and poet. Early years Bruce Boston was born in Chicago and grew up in Southern California. He received a B.A. in economics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1965, and an M.A. in 1967. He lived in the San Francisco Bay Area from 1961 to 2001, where he worked in a variety of occupations, including computer programmer, college professor (literature and creative writing, John F. Kennedy University, Orinda, California, 1978–82), technical writer, book designer, gardener, movie projectionist, retail clerk, and furniture mover. According to Boston, he meant to major in math at university and write on the side, but soon found that he was more interested in writing. After being advised by a friend that he should not major in English to become a writer, he decided on economics instead. Writing career Boston has won the Rhysling Award for speculative poetry a record seven times, and the Asimov's Readers' Award for poetry a record seven times. He has also received a Pushcart Prize for fiction, 1976, a record four Bram Stoker Awards for solo poetry collections, and the first Grand Master Award of the Science Fiction Poetry Association, 1999. His collaborative poem with Robert Frazier, "Return to the Mutant Rain Forest," received first place in the 2006 Locus Online Poetry Poll for Best All-Time Science Fiction, Fantasy, or Horror Poem. Boston has also published more than a hundred short stories and the novels Stained Glass Rain and The Guardener's Tale (the latter a Bram Stoker Award Finalist and Prometheus Award Nominee). His work has appeared widely in periodicals and anthologies, including Asimov's SF Magazine, Amazing Stories Magazine, Analog, Realms of Fantasy, Science Fiction Age, Weird Tales, Strange Horizons, Year's Best Fantasy and Horror, and the Nebula Awards Showcase. Writing in The Washington Post, Paul Di Filippo described his collection Masque of Dreams as containing "nearly two dozen brilliant stories ranging across all emotional and narrative terrains." Boston has chaired the Nebula Award Novel Jury (SFWA), the Bram Stoker Award Novel Jury, and the Philip K. Dick Award Jury, and served as Secretary and Treasurer of the Science Fiction Poetry Association. He has served as fiction and/or poetry editor for a number of publications, including Occident, The Open Cell, Berkeley Poets Cooperative, City Miner, Star*Line and The Pedestal Magazine. He was the poet guest of honor at the World Horror Convention in 2013. Personal life As of 2022 Boston was living in Ocala, Florida, with his wife, writer-artist Marge Simon, whom he married in 2001. Bibliography Novels El Guardián de Almas, Spanish-language edition of The Guardener's Tale, La Factoria de Ideas, 2009 Novelettes After Magic. Eotu, 1990, Dark Regions, 1999 Houses. Talisman, 1991 Fiction and poetry collections The Complete Accursed Wives, Talisman/Dark Regions, 2000 Masque of Dreams, Wildside, 2001, 2009 Bruce Boston: Short Stories, Volume 1 (ebook), Fictionwise, 2003 Bruce Boston: Short Stories, Volume 2 (ebook), Fictionwise, 2003 Visions of the Mutant Rain Forest (with Robert Frazier), Crystal Lake Publishing, 2017 Fiction collections Jackbird. BPW&P, 1976 She Comes When You're Leaving. BPW&P, 1982 Skin Trades, Chris Drumm, 1988 Hypertales & Metafictions. Chris Drumm, 1990 All the Clocks Are Melting (single story booklet), Pulphouse Publishing, 1991 Night Eyes. Chris Drumm, 1993 Dark Tales & Light. Dark Regions, 1999 Flashing the Dark. Sam's Dot Publishing, 2006 Gallimaufry. Plum White Press, 2021 Poetry Collections XXO. Maya Press, 1969 Potted Poems. Maya Press, 1970 All the Clock Are Melting. Velocities, 1984 Alchemical Texts. Ocean View, 1985 Nuclear Futures. Velocities, 1987 Time. Titan, 1988 The Nightmare Collector. 2AM Publications, 1989 Faces of the Beast. Starmont House, 1990 Other Voices, Other Worlds (audio tape, music by Jack Poley). Chris Drumm, 1990, (MP3 audio) Telltale Weekly, 2004 Short Circuits (prose poems). Ocean View, 1991 Cybertexts. Talisman, 1991 Accursed Wives. Night Visions, 1993 Specula: Selected Uncollected Poems, 1968-1993. Talisman, 1993 Sensuous Debris: Selected Poems, 1970-1995. Dark Regions, 1995 Conditions of Sentient Life. Gothic Press, 1996 Cold Tomorrows. Gothic Press, 1998 Pavane for a Cyber-Princess (single poem chapbook). Miniature Sun, 2001 White Space. Dark Regions, 2001 Quanta: Award Winning Poems. Miniature Sun, 2001 Night Smoke (ebook, with Marge Simon), Miniature Sun & Quixsilver, 2002 She Was There for Him the Last Time (single poem chapbook). Miniature Sun, 2002 Head Full of Strange (ebook). CyberPulp, 2003 Pitchblende. Dark Regions, 2003 Etiquette with Your Robot Wife. Talisman, 2005 Shades Fantastic. Gromagon Press, 2006 Night Smoke (with Marge Simon, expanded print edition of 2002 ebook). Kelp Queen Press, 2007 The Nightmare Collection. Dark Regions, 2008 Double Visions (collaborative poems). Dark Regions, 2009 North Left of Earth. Sam's Dot, 2009 Dark Matters. Bad Moon Books, 2010 Surrealities. Dark Regions, 2011 Anthropomorphisms. Elektrik Milk Bath Press, 2012 Notes from the Shadow City (with Gary William Crawford). Dark Regions, 2012 Dark Roads: Selected Long Poems 1971-2012. Dark Renaissance Books, 2013 Resonance Dark & Light. Eldritch Press, 2015 Sacrificial Nights (with Alessandro Manzetti). Kipple Officina Libraria, 2016 Brief Encounters with My Third Eye: Selected Short Poems 1975-2016. Crystal Lake Publishing, 2016, Korean-language edition, Philyohanchaek, 2021 Artifacts. Independent Legions, 2018 Spacers Snarled in the Hair of Comets. Mind's Eye Publications, 2022 Broadsides Musings. Eldritch Emu Press, 1988 The Last Existentialist. Chris Drumm, 1993 Confessions of a Body Thief. Talisman, 1998 The Lesions of Genetic Sin. Miniature Sun, 2000 In Far Pale Clarity. Quixsilver, 2002 The Crow Is Dismantled in Flight (ebroadside). Miniature Sun, 2003 Major awards and honors Bram Stoker Award for Poetry Collection 2003 Pitchblende, Dark Regions Press 2006 Shades Fantastic, Gromagon Press 2008 The Nightmare Collection, Dark Regions Press 2010 Dark Matters, Bad Moon Books Asimov’s Readers Award for Poetry 1989 Old Robots Are the Worst 1993 Curse of the Shapeshifter's Wife 1997 Curse of the SF Writer's Wife 2003 Eight Things Not to Do or Say When a Mad Scientist Moves into Your Neighborhood 2005 Heavy Weather 2007 The Dimensional Rush of Relative Primes 2014 In the Quiet Hour Rhysling Award for Speculative Poetry (SFPA) 1985 For Spacers Snarled in the Hair of Comets, short 1987 The Nightmare Collector, short 1988 In the Darkened Hours, long 1994 Spacer's Compass, short 1995 Future Present: A Lesson in Expectation, short 1999 Confessions of a Body Thief, long 2001 My Wife Returns as She Would Have It, short Others 1976 Pushcart Prize for Fiction for “Broken Portraiture” 1999 Grandmaster Award, Science Fiction Poetry Association 2006 Winner of Locus Poll for Favorite SF, Fantasy, Horror Poem -- "Return to the Mutant Rain Forest" with Robert Frazier 2013 Poet Guest of Honor, World Horror/Bram Stoker Awards Convention, New Orleans References External links Bruce Boston's website Interview by John Amen at The Pedestal Magazine Interview by JoSelle Vanderhooft at Strange Horizons Bruce Boston at Smashwords Songs of the Stars, Songs of the Dark Retrospective essay on Boston's poetry by Gary William Crawford 1943 births Living people 21st-century American male writers 21st-century American novelists John F. Kennedy University faculty American male novelists American science fiction writers Analog Science Fiction and Fact people Asimov's Science Fiction people Projectionists Retail clerks Rhysling Award for Best Long Poem winners Rhysling Award for Best Short Poem winners Writers from California Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area

4043859

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Botts

Mike Botts

Michael Gene Botts (December 8, 1944 – December 9, 2005) was an American drummer, best known for his work with 1970s soft rock band Bread, and as a session musician. During his career, he recorded with Linda Ronstadt, Karla Bonoff, Andrew Gold, Olivia Newton-John, Peter Cetera, Anne Murray, Warren Zevon and Dan Fogelberg, among many others. He also contributed to several soundtracks for films, and to albums released under the name of The Simpsons. Although known primarily as a drummer, Botts also contributed backing vocals to some Bread songs. Career Born in Oakland, California, Botts grew up in nearby Antioch before moving to Sacramento. While in college, he began playing with a band called The Travellers Three and working as a studio musician. Eventually, the group disbanded, but not before recording some songs with producer David Gates. While working with Bill Medley, Botts was invited to join Gates's band, Bread, for its second album, On the Waters. He accepted the offer and worked as a full-time member of Bread from 1970 to 1973, when the band went on hiatus. At that point, Botts began working with Linda Ronstadt, and recorded and toured with her for over two years. Botts reunited with the other members of Bread in 1976 for one final album and tour, before disbanding again in 1978. He then worked with Karla Bonoff and Andrew Gold, playing on Gold's 1977 hit "Lonely Boy", and continued to work in the studio as a player, singer, writer, and producer. In 1989, he toured Japan with Richard Carpenter. Two years later, he began touring and recording with Dan Fogelberg while continuing his session work, and also writing jingles and music for children's albums. In 1996, the members of Bread again reunited for a world tour that ran until the fall of 1997. Botts then recorded his only solo album, Adults Only, released in 2000. Botts died in Burbank, California, one day after his 61st birthday, having suffered from colon cancer. Discography Joshua Fox – Joshua Fox (1968) Tommy Flanders – Moonstone (1969) Glenda Griffith – Glenda Griffith (1969) Mary McCaslin – Goodnight Everybody (1969) Dick Rosmini – A Genuine Rosmini (1969) Bread – On the Waters (1970) Johnny Darrell – California Stop-Over (1970) Ananda Shankar – Ananda Shankar (1970) Bread – Manna (1971) Cyrus Faryar – Cyrus (1971) Bread – Baby I'm-a Want You (1972) Bread – Guitar Man (1972) Malvina Reynolds – Malvina (1972) Linda Ronstadt – Linda Ronstadt (1972) Stephen Cohn – Stephen Cohn (1973) Cyrus Faryar – Islands (1973) David Gates – First (1973) Richard Ruskin – Richard Ruskin (1973) Andrew Gold – Andrew Gold (1975) Malvina Reynolds – Held Over (1975) Rick Ruskin – Microphone Fever (1975) Hoyt Axton – Fearless (1976) Andrew Gold – What's Wrong with This Picture? (1976) Linda Ronstadt – Hasten Down the Wind (1976) J. D. Souther – Black Rose (1976) Wendy Waldman – Main Refrain (1976) Hoyt Axton – Road Songs (1977) Joan Baez – Blowin' Away (1977) Karla Bonoff – Karla Bonoff (1977) Bread – Lost Without Your Love (1977) Chi Coltrane – Road to Tomorrow (1977) Peter McCann – Peter McCann (1977) Eric Carmen – Change of Heart (1978) Kerry Chater – Love on a Shoestring (1978) David Gates – Goodbye Girl (1978) Jimmy Griffin – James Griffin (1978) Michael Murphey – [[Lone Wolf (Michael Martin Murphey album)|Lone Wolf]] (1978) Olivia Newton-John – Totally Hot (1978) Shawn Phillips – Transcendence (1978) Barry Volk – Do What You Like (1978) Hoyt Axton – A Rusty Old Halo (1979) David Gates – Falling in Love Again (1979) Andrew Gold – Whirlwind (1979) Peter McCann – One on One (1979) Michael Murphey – Peaks, Valleys, Honky Tonks & Alleys (1979) Dan Peek – All Things Are Possible (1979) J. D. Souther – You're Only Lonely (1979) John Stewart – Bombs Away Dream Babies (1979) Coast to Coast – Original Soundtrack (1980) John Farrar – John Farrar (1980) Johnny Lee – Lookin' for Love (1980) Mary MacGregor – Mary MacGregor (1980) The Ozark Mountain Daredevils – Ozark Mountain Daredevils (1980) Urban Cowboy – Original Soundtrack (1980) Peter Cetera – Peter Cetera (1981) The Chipmunks – Urban Chipmunk (1981) Rita Coolidge – Heartbreak Radio (1981) Albert Hammond – Your World and My World (1981) Dan Hill – Partial Surrender (1981) Quarterflash – Quarterflash (1981) Hoyt Axton – Pistol Packin' Mama (1982) Nicolette Larson – All Dressed Up and No Place to Go (1982) Moon Martin – Mystery Ticket (1982) Michael Martin Murphey – Michael Martin Murphey (1982) Glenn Shorrock – Villain of the Peace (1982) Warren Zevon – The Envoy (1982) Eddie Money – Where's the Party? (1983) Sharon O'Neill – Foreign Affairs (1983) Brock Walsh – Dateline: Tokyo (1983) Footloose – Original Soundtrack (1984) Mickey Gilley – Too Good to Stop Now (1984) Air Supply – Hearts in Motion (1986) Eikichi Yazawa – Flash in Japan (1987) The Simpsons – The Simpsons Sing the Blues (1990) Dan Fogelberg – Dan Fogelberg Live: Greetings from the West (1991) Parachute Express – Circle of Friends (1991) Parachute Express – Sunny Side Up (1991) Parachute Express – Happy to Be Here (1991) Rox Diamond – Rox Diamond (1992) Dan Fogelberg – River of Souls (1993) Alvin and the Chipmunks – A Very Merry Chipmunk (1994) Kermit & Friends – Kermit Unpigged (1994) Maureen McCormick – When You Get a Little Lonely (1995) Nelson – Because They Can (1995) Eliza Gilkyson – Redemption Road (1997) The Simpsons – The Yellow Album (1998) Batman Beyond – TV Soundtrack (1999) Mike Botts – Adults Only (2000) Dan Fogelberg – Live: Something Old New Borrowed & Some Blues (2000) References External links Mike Botts official site 1944 births 2005 deaths Deaths from colorectal cancer American rock musicians Musicians from Oakland, California Deaths from cancer in California American rock drummers American session musicians 20th-century American drummers American male drummers 20th-century American male musicians

4043861

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal%20forebrain

Basal forebrain

The basal forebrain structures are located in the forebrain to the front of and below the striatum. They include the ventral basal ganglia (including nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum), nucleus basalis, diagonal band of Broca, substantia innominata, and the medial septal nucleus. These structures are important in the production of acetylcholine, which is then distributed widely throughout the brain. The basal forebrain is considered to be the major cholinergic output of the central nervous system (CNS) centred on the output of the nucleus basalis. The presence of non-cholinergic neurons projecting to the cortex have been found to act with the cholinergic neurons to dynamically modulate activity in the cortex. Function Acetylcholine is known to promote wakefulness in the basal forebrain. Stimulating the basal forebrain gives rise to acetylcholine release, which induces wakefulness and REM sleep, whereas inhibition of acetylcholine release in the basal forebrain by adenosine causes slow wave sleep. The nucleus basalis is the main neuromodulator of the basal forebrain and gives widespread cholinergic projections to the neocortex. The nucleus basalis is an essential part of the neuromodulatory system that controls behaviour by regulating arousal and attention. The nucleus basalis is also seen to be a critical node in the memory circuit. The importance of non-cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain structures has been shown in working together with the cholinergic neurons in a dynamically modulatory way. This is seen to play a significant role in cognitive functions. Adenosine acts on A1 receptors of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. This results in hyperpolarization of cholinergic neurons, which inhibits the release of acetylcholine. Nitric oxide production in the basal forebrain is both necessary and sufficient to produce sleep. Clinical significance Acetylcholine affects the ability of brain cells to transmit information to one another, and also encourages neuronal plasticity, or learning. Thus, damage to the basal forebrain can reduce the amount of acetylcholine in the brain and impair learning. This may be one reason why basal forebrain damage can result in memory impairments such as amnesia and confabulation. One common cause of basal forebrain damage is an aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery. It is thought that damage to the nucleus basalis and its cortical projections are implicated in forms of dementia, notably Alzheimer's dementia and Parkinson's disease dementia. There have been studies on the use of deep brain stimulation to the nucleus basalis, in the treatment of dementia, and while giving some positive results trials are still being undertaken. References Rostral basal ganglia and associated structures

4043864

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion%20and%20capital%20punishment

Religion and capital punishment

The major world religions have taken varied positions on the morality of capital punishment and as such, they have historically impacted the way in which governments handle such punishment practices. Although the viewpoints of some religions have changed over time, their influence on capital punishment generally depends on the existence of a religious moral code and how closely religion influences the government. Religious moral codes are often based on a body of teachings, such as the Old Testament or the Qur'an. Many Islamic nations have governments that are directly run by the code of Sharia law. The Qur'an explicitly states that the taking of a life results in the taking of ones own. There are certain actions in Islam, such as adultery, that are recognized to result in the death penalty. However, not all Islamic nations have the death penalty, for example Djibouti is an Islamic abolitionist nation. Tazir is an Islamic principle whereby the courts and the rulers can apply discretion in the way a certain crime is punished. Christianity has changed its perspective on the death penalty over time and different Christian denominations have different teachings on it. Many early Christians were strongly opposed to the death penalty and magistrates who enforced it could be excommunicated. Attitudes gradually began to relax in the fifth century. In the thirteenth century, Thomas Aquinas argued that capital punishment was a form of "lawful slaying", which became the standard Catholic teaching on the issue for centuries. During the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther and John Calvin defended the death penalty, but Quakers, Brethren, and Mennonites have opposed it since their founding. Since the Second Vatican Council, the Roman Catholic Church has generally opposed the death penalty and, in August 2018, Pope Francis revised the Catechism of the Catholic Church to explicitly condemn it in all cases, as an inadmissible attack on the inviolability and dignity of the person. Buddhism has a strong belief in compassion for the lives of others, as stated in the panca-sila (five precepts). There is an understanding of healing people who have committed crimes rather than retaliation against them. For these reasons, Buddhism has generally opposed the death penalty. China and Japan, both historically Buddhist countries, continue to practise the death penalty. Judaism has a history of debate over the death penalty but it generally disagrees with the practice. Although the Torah describes over 30 situations where the death penalty would be appropriate, there are many limitations that have made it difficult to implement. Since 1954, Israel has outlawed the use of the death penalty, except in cases of genocide and treason. Hinduism has historically not taken a stance on the death penalty and has little influence on the governments opinion of it, but India (an 80% Hindu nation) has the lowest rate of execution of any other country. This is likely due to the belief in Ahimsa, or non-violence, which became very apparent during Gandhi's time and was supported by India's ancient Buddhist emperor Ashoka, who is the only leader in the country's history to openly oppose the death penalty. Baháʼí Faith The Baháʼí Faith prescribes the death penalty, or life in prison, for murder and arson. Those punishments are intended for a future society and have never been implemented by Baháʼís. Details left up to the supreme governing institution, the Universal House of Justice, to clarify at some future date. Buddhism Although the death penalty is generally opposed in Buddhist nations, it is difficult to identify a specific Buddhist opinion on capital punishment because some countries that are majority Buddhist do not follow religious principles. Buddhist principles may not carry much weight, even in the case of a Buddhist ruler, because there is no direct effort of Buddhist followers to encourage pacifism in their country. The five precepts are not a divine order from god, they are merely a set of ethical guidelines to live by. For this reason, rulers do not necessarily have to worry about being punished by god for not following them, and some leaders may choose to simply ignore these guidelines when trying to run a country. Buddhist opposition to capital punishment The first of the Five Precepts (Panca-sila) is to abstain from destruction of life. Chapter 10 of the Dhammapada states: Everyone fears punishment; everyone fears death, just as you do. Therefore do not kill or cause to kill. Everyone fears punishment; everyone loves life, as you do. Therefore do not kill or cause to kill. This concept is meant to encourage compassion (karuna) and that everyone has the opportunity to reach enlightenment. Buddhism retains the idea that all life should be valued and valuing the life of someone who does not necessarily value the life of others shows great compassion and non-violence (ahimsa). The concept of ahimsa also includes Karma, which recognizes that killing is an example of bad karma and that killing for revenge is seen as counterproductive. It is believed that even the lives of murderers have value. There is a strong focus on rehabilitation and killing people takes away their opportunity be helped. Killing for revenge is seen as counterproductive. Chapter 26, the final chapter of the Dhammapada, states, "Him I call a brahmin who has put aside weapons and renounced violence toward all creatures. He neither kills nor helps others to kill." The story of the Jhanasanda-Jataka contains a similar message in talking about a prince who gets rid of all places of execution. Similarly, the Rajaparikatha-ratnamala contains advice given by the Buddhist Philosopher Nagarjuna and states that people should have compassion even for murderers and that banishment should be utilized as opposed to killing. This strong emphasis on compassion, in relation to capital punishment, is also evident in the story of Angulimala. Angulimala was a murderer that everyone in the village feared but despite this, the Buddha headed down the road to where Angulimata is rumored to live. Out of compassion, the Buddha finds him and teaches him how to be a monk. This exemplifies the Buddhist concept of rehabilitation, however, Angulimata had built up too much bad karma previously and died a painful death as a result. Historically, many Buddhist Kings in India did not impose the death penalty. They charged fines instead and cut off a hand at worst. Some people view this as surprising because many pre-modern societies used capital punishment often. Many places used banishment instead and sent murders off to mountains in the desert with just enough food to survive. Both the current Dalai Lama and his immediate predecessor have openly opposed the death penalty. The previous Dalai Lama (1879-1933) abolished the death penalty in an attempt to reform Tibet's feudal system after he had previously avoided cases involving capital punishment because of his focus on being a religious figure. Actions of Buddhist countries Bhutan, Cambodia, and Thailand all recognize Buddhism as a state religion and use a Buddhist approach to address the issue of capital punishment. Cambodia is the only nation to have officially outlawed the use of the death penalty, though neither Thailand nor Bhutan have utilized capital punishment in many years. Thailand is home to about 63 million people, 95% of these people follow Theravada Buddhism and it has become central to the culture and identity of Thailand. Thailand's war on drugs may potentially explain its current retention of the death penalty. The manufacture and distribution of drugs is considered an offense in which the death penalty is mandatory. There were no executions in Thailand, however, between the years of 1988-1995 and 2004–2007. Sri Lanka also recognizes Buddhism as its official state religion but appears to be moving toward an increase in its use of capital punishment. It is unclear, however, if this anything to do with its Buddhist beliefs. Unlike Thailand, Sri Lanka has had a long history of political and religious tension due to its history of being ruled by various countries. Its Buddhist influence was weakened by foreign rulers that believed in a suppression of Buddhist culture. A Buddhist monk was sentenced to death after his assassination of Prime Minister Bandaranaike in 1959 because he felt that he had not lived up to his political promises of promoting Buddhist culture within politics. There has not been an execution in Sri Lanka since 1977. Although it is communist, Laos has a much less intense commitment to capital punishment than other nearby communist nations. This is likely due to the strong influence of Theravada Buddhism. Myanmar also has a strong Theravada Buddhism influence in its country and has not carried out any government ordered executions since 1989. Christianity Christian tradition from the New Testament have come to a range of conclusions about the permissibility and social value of capital punishment. While some hold that a strict reading of certain texts forbids executions, others point to various verses of the New Testament which seem to endorse the death penalty's use. Many early Christians were strongly opposed to the death penalty. A church order from Rome dated to around 200 AD forbids any Christian magistrate from carrying out a death sentence under pain of excommunication. It was also forbidden for any Christian to accuse a person of a crime if that accusation might result in the person being put to death or beaten with lead-weighted leather thongs. In the fifth century, Christian attitudes towards the death penalty gradually became less stringent. In 405, Pope Innocent I ruled that magistrates who enforced the death penalty could not be excommunicated, although the custom was probably still regarded as immoral. Roman Catholic Church Historically and traditionally, the Church has classed capital punishment as a form of "lawful slaying", a view defended by theological authorities such as Thomas Aquinas. (See also Aquinas on the death penalty). At various times in the past, the Church has held that, in certain cases, a legal system may be justified in levying a death sentence, such as in cases where the sentence may deter crime, may protect society from potential future acts of violence by an offender, may bring retribution for an offender's wrongful acts, and may even help the offender to move closer to reconciliation with God in the face of death. The 1566 Roman Catechism states this teaching thus: Another kind of lawful slaying belongs to the civil authorities, to whom is entrusted power of life and death, by the legal and judicious exercise of which they punish the guilty and protect the innocent. The just use of this power, far from involving the crime of murder, is an act of paramount obedience to this Commandment which prohibits murder. The end of the Commandment is the preservation and security of human life. Now the punishments inflicted by the civil authority, which are the legitimate avengers of crime, naturally tend to this end, since they give security to life by repressing outrage and violence. Hence these words of David: In the morning I put to death all the wicked of the land, that I might cut off all the workers of iniquity from the city of the Lord. This teaching was evident in the writings both of Pope Innocent I and Pope Innocent III, with the latter stating that "the secular power can without mortal sin carry out a sentence of death, provided it proceeds in imposing the penalty not from hatred but with judgment, not carelessly but with due solicitude." More recently, the 1911 edition of the Catholic Encyclopedia suggested that Catholics should hold that "the infliction of capital punishment is not contrary to the teaching of the Catholic Church, and the power of the State to visit upon culprits the penalty of death derives much authority from revelation and from the writings of theologians", but that the matter of "the advisability of exercising that power is, of course, an affair to be determined upon other and various considerations." In an address given on September 14, 1952, Pope Pius XII stated that the Church does not regard the execution of criminals as a violation by the State of the universal right to life, declaring: "When it is a question of the execution of a condemned man, the State does not dispose of the individual's right to life. In this case it is reserved to the public power to deprive the condemned person of the enjoyment of life in expiation of his crime when, by his crime, he has already disposed himself of his right to live.” In the later twentieth century, however, the Catholic Church began to generally move away from condoning the death penalty and instead began to increasingly adopt a more disapproving stance on the issue. Many modern Church figures such as Pope John Paul II, Pope Francis, and the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops have actively discouraged the death penalty or advocated its outright abolition. For example, in his 1995 Evangelium Vitae, Pope John Paul II suggested that capital punishment should be avoided unless it is the only way to defend society from the offender in question, opining that: [T]he nature and extent of the punishment must be carefully evaluated and decided upon, and ought not go to the extreme of executing the offender except in cases of absolute necessity: in other words, when it would not be possible otherwise to defend society. Today however, as a result of steady improvements in the organisation of the penal system, such cases are very rare, if not practically non-existent." The 1999 edition of the Catechism of the Catholic Church restated this view, and further stated that: Assuming that the guilty party’s identity and responsibility have been fully determined, the traditional teaching of the Church does not exclude recourse to the death penalty if this is the only possible way of effectively defending human lives against the unjust aggressor. If, however, non-lethal means are sufficient to defend and protect people’s safety from the aggressor, authority will limit itself to such means, as these are more in keeping with the concrete conditions of the common good and more in conformity to the dignity of the human person. However, in 2004, Cardinal Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI) suggested that the assessment of the contemporary situation advanced by John Paul II was not necessarily binding on the faithful, arguing that: if a Catholic were to be at odds with the Holy Father (i.e., the Pope) on the application of capital punishment or on the decision to wage war, he would not for that reason be considered unworthy to present himself to receive Holy Communion. While the Church exhorts civil authorities to seek peace, not war, and to exercise discretion and mercy in imposing punishment on criminals, it may still be permissible to take up arms to repel an aggressor or to have recourse to capital punishment. There may be a legitimate diversity of opinion even among Catholics about waging war and applying the death penalty, but not however with regard to abortion and euthanasia. Some Catholic writers, such as the late Cardinal Joseph Bernadin of Chicago, have argued against the use of the death penalty in modern times by drawing on a stance labelled the "consistent life ethic". Characteristic of this approach is an emphasis on the sanctity of human life, and the responsibility on both a personal and social level to protect and preserve life from "womb to tomb" (conception to natural death). This position draws on the conviction that God has "boundless love for every person, regardless of human merit or worthiness." Other Catholic writers, such as Joseph Sobran and Matt Abbott, have criticised this approach, contending that it minimises the issue of abortion by placing it on the same level as the death penalty – the latter of which the Church does not consider intrinsically immoral. In 2015, Pope Francis stated in an address to the International Commission against the Death Penalty that: "Today the death penalty is inadmissible, no matter how serious the crime committed." Francis argued that the death penalty is no longer justified by a society's need to defend itself and has lost all legitimacy due to the possibility of judicial error. He further stated that capital punishment is an offense "against the inviolability of life and the dignity of the human person, which contradicts God's plan for man and society" and "does not render justice to the victims, but rather fosters vengeance." In the address, Francis further explained: In certain circumstances, when hostilities are underway, a measured reaction is necessary in order to prevent the aggressor from causing harm, and the need to neutralize the aggressor may result in his elimination; it is a case of legitimate defence (cf. Evangelium Vitae, n. 55). Nevertheless, the prerequisites of legitimate personal defence are not applicable in the social sphere without the risk of distortion. In fact, when the death penalty is applied, people are killed not for current acts of aggression, but for offences committed in the past. Moreover, it is applied to people whose capacity to cause harm is not current, but has already been neutralized, and who are deprived of their freedom. [...] For a constitutional State the death penalty represents a failure, because it obliges the State to kill in the name of justice [...] Justice is never reached by killing a human being. [...] The death penalty loses all legitimacy due to the defective selectivity of the criminal justice system and in the face of the possibility of judicial error. Human justice is imperfect, and the failure to recognize its fallibility can transform it into a source of injustice. With the application of capital punishment, the person sentenced is denied the possibility to make amends or to repent of the harm done; the possibility of confession, with which man expresses his inner conversion; and of contrition, the means of repentance and atonement, in order to reach the encounter with the merciful and healing love of God. Furthermore, capital punishment is a frequent practice to which totalitarian regimes and fanatical groups resort, for the extermination of political dissidents, minorities, and every individual labelled as “dangerous” or who might be perceived as a threat to their power or to the attainment of their objectives. As in the first centuries and also in the current one, the Church suffers from the application of this penalty to her new martyrs. The death penalty is contrary to the meaning of humanitas and to divine mercy, which must be models for human justice. It entails cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment, as is the anguish before the moment of execution and the terrible suspense between the issuing of the sentence and the execution of the penalty, a form of “torture” which, in the name of correct procedure, tends to last many years, and which oftentimes leads to illness and insanity on death row. Shortly prior to Francis's address, the Vatican had officially given support to a 2015 United Nations campaign against the death penalty. During a U.N. Human Rights Council meeting concerning the abolishment of capital punishment, Archbishop Silvano Tomasi declared that "The Holy See Delegation fully supports the efforts to abolish the use of the death penalty." The Archbishop stated: Considering the practical circumstances found in most States ... it appears evident nowadays that means other than the death penalty 'are sufficient to defend human lives against an aggressor and to protect public order and the safety of persons [...] We should take into account that no clear positive effect of deterrence results from the application of the death penalty and that the irreversibility of this punishment does not allow for eventual corrections in the case of wrongful convictions. On August 2, 2018, Pope Francis changed Catechism of the Catholic Church 2267 to the following: Recourse to the death penalty on the part of legitimate authority, following a fair trial, was long considered an appropriate response to the gravity of certain crimes and an acceptable, albeit extreme, means of safeguarding the common good. Today, however, there is an increasing awareness that the dignity of the person is not lost even after the commission of very serious crimes. In addition, a new understanding has emerged of the significance of penal sanctions imposed by the state. Lastly, more effective systems of detention have been developed, which ensure the due protection of citizens but, at the same time, do not definitively deprive the guilty of the possibility of redemption. Consequently, the Church teaches, in the light of the Gospel, that “the death penalty is inadmissible because it is an attack on the inviolability and dignity of the person”, and she works with determination for its abolition worldwide”. Eastern Orthodox Various Eastern Orthodox churches have issued statements opposing capital punishment, including the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church, the Orthodox Church in America, the Greek Orthodox Church, and the Georgian Orthodox Church. Coptic Orthodox The Coptic Orthodox Church approves of fair capital punishment. They believe that the new testament has spoken about grace, love and justice, while at the same time suggesting that capital punishment is justifiable as God's justice for people who take the life of others. Methodists In 1956, the United Methodist Church was one of the first Protestant Christian denomination to make a statement opposing capital punishment. At the United Methodist General Council, church leaders released a statement saying, "We stand for the application of the redemptive principle to the treatment of offenders against the law, to reform of penal and correctional methods, and to criminal court procedures. We deplore the use of capital punishment." The church stands by this statement today. The Salvation Army In the positional statement, it states that The Salvation Army does not support death penalty: Anglican and Episcopalian Article 37 of the Thirty-Nine Articles states that The Lambeth Conference of Anglican and Episcopalian bishops condemned the death penalty in 1988: Before that date, Anglican Bishops in the House of Lords had tended to vote in favour of the retention of capital punishment. The Southern Baptist Convention In 2000 the Southern Baptist Convention updated Baptist Faith and Message. In it the convention officially sanctioned the use of capital punishment by the State. This was an extension of earlier church sentiment. It said that it is the duty of the state to execute those who are guilty of murder and God established capital punishment in the Noahic Covenant (Genesis 9:6). Other Protestants Several key leaders early in the Protestant Reformation, including Martin Luther and John Calvin, followed the traditional reasoning in favour of capital punishment, and the Lutheran Church's Augsburg Confession explicitly defended it. Some Protestant groups have cited Genesis 9:5–6, Romans 13:3–4, and Leviticus 20:1–27 as the basis for permitting the death penalty. However, Martin Luther thought it was wrong to use the death penalty against heretics. This was one of the specific issues he was asked to recant on in 1520 and excommunicated when he did not in 1521. Furthermore, some verses can be cited where Jesus seems to be a legalist by advocating respect for religious and civil laws: Matthew 5:17-22, 22:17-21 (the famous phrase ″Give therefore to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's″, separating religion and civil law) and John 8:10-11. Mennonites, Church of the Brethren and Friends have opposed the death penalty since their founding, and continue to be strongly opposed to it today. These groups, along with other Christians opposed to capital punishment, have cited Christ's Sermon on the Mount (transcribed in Matthew Chapter 5–7) and Sermon on the Plain (transcribed in Luke 6:17–49). In both sermons, Christ tells his followers to turn the other cheek and to love their enemies, which these groups believe mandates nonviolence, including opposition to the death penalty. Mormonism The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) presently takes no position on capital punishment. There are statements from church officials on blood atonement. This belief held that the blood of Jesus' Atonement could not remit certain serious sins, and that the only way a Mormon sinner could pay for committing such sins would be to have his own blood spilled on the ground as an atonement. This doctrine was never held by the church or practised by clergy in their official capacity. The doctrine has no relation as to the reason why, until recently, Utah gave convicts sentenced to death a choice to be executed by firing squad rather than other methods such as lethal injection. This issue received significant public attention when Ronnie Lee Gardner, who was convicted of robbery, murder, and escaping from jail, chose to die by firing squad, citing the blood atonement as the reason for his decision. On the night of Ronnie's execution, the LDS Church released a statement that it did not support blood atonement of individuals as a doctrine of salvation. Islam Many Islamic governments support capital punishment. Many Islamic nations have governments that are directly run by the code of Sharia and, therefore, Islam is the only known religion which has a direct impact on governmental policies with regard to capital punishment in modern times. Islamic law is often used in the court system of many Islamic countries where there is no separation of church and state. The Quran is viewed as the direct word of Allah and going against its teachings is seen as going against the whole basis of the law. The Quran states "Do not kill a soul which Allah has made sacred except through the process of due law," which means that the death penalty is allowed in certain cases where the law says it is necessary. The Quran explicitly states that the taking of a life results in the taking of ones own. According to the Quran, the death penalty is recognized as a necessary form of punishment for some "Hudud" crimes in Islam because it is believed that these acts go directly against the word of god and are seen as a threat to society. However, in pre-modern Islam, capital punishments for these crimes were rarely enforced because the evidentiary standards were so high as to make convictions more difficult to obtain. At times the enforcement of these laws by modern Islamic governments has been a source of minor controversy within Muslim communities. Islamic nations Islamic nations generally agree that the death penalty should be retained but they differ on how to impose it, which indicates that there is still disagreement on the issue even within the religion of Islam. Iran and Iraq, for example, are very open about their frequent imposition of the death penalty, while the Islamic nation of Tunisia only imposes it in extremely rare cases. Sudan imposes the death penalty on those who are under the age of eighteen, while Yemen has taken a stand against the imposition of the death penalty on minors. Exceptionally, Djibouti is an Islamic nation which prohibits the death penalty in all situations. Although formerly under France and French law, the French code penal still imposed the death penalty for several offences upon Djibouti independence in June 1977. The UN has voiced concern about the sudden increase in death sentences in Iran since 2014. Although Iran has been called upon to stop utilizing the death penalty so frequently multiple times, a total of 625 executions were carried out in 2013 alone. Many of these executions were for drug related crimes, "enmity against god", and threatening national security. In a controversial case, an Iranian woman named Reyhaneh Jabbari was hanged in Tehran in October 2014 for the murder of a man who she claimed attempted to rape her. Her sentence was supported by the concept of qisas which is found in the Quran. The term qisas is translated as "equality in retaliation," meaning that any injury inflicted on another should be compensated for by punishing the perpetrator with the same injury. Fatwas and Jihad A fatwa is translated as a legal ruling that is issued by an Islamic legal expert that addresses the allowance or prohibition of a certain act. Fatwas promoting violence, in which the government allows an individual or a group of people to kill, is found only in Islam. Some fatwas are based on the concept of jihad, which is defined by radicals as a military conflict that must be waged on an individual basis by all healthy adult males. This idea becomes relevant in military struggles between Muslims and non-believers in which Muslims are not permitted to flee. The necessity to fight is viewed as an act of faith to Allah and those who remain loyal to Allah are rewarded. Ancient Islamic law lays out 36 conditions under which jihads can be waged and around 10-14 of those 36 conditions are military related. Other forms of jihad include personal struggles with the evil implications of ones soul or wealth. Current military motivations for Jihad might originate with the idea that Islam can only be spread through violence although the modern world includes other methods by which Islam can be spread such as the mass media and the internet Traditionally, fatwas must identify the legal problem which is being addressed, consider other rulings regarding the issue, and lay out a clear guidelines on how to solve the problem. Fatwas need to be based on many sources such as the Qur'an, the sunnah, logical analogies, public interest, and necessity. Questions have been raised about a Muslim who follows a fatwa that causes him to sin, particularly in cases of violence. This falls back on the cleric who issued the fatwa and the person who committed the potential crime. This has led to radical interpretations that legitimize killing in order to fulfill a fatwa. An example of this includes Islamic terrorism which is based on the belief that "the meaning of jihad is to strive to liberate Muslim lands from the grip of kuffars who usurped them and imposed their own laws on them instead of the laws of Allah." Fatwas have been issued against the West by radicals within the Muslim community who claim that the West's governments practice heresy and world domination. An example of this is the fatwa issued by Sheikh Abdallah 'Azzam who called for an ongoing jihad "until all of mankind worships Allah." This resulted in a fatwa which ruled that the killing of all non-believers was a duty that must be fulfilled by all Muslims as a response to the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. Another example is a fatwa which the Well-known Islamic religious leader Yusuf al-Qaradawi issued against the Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi in February 2011. In his fatwa which he issued on Al-Jazeera television, he stated that "whoever in the Libyan army is able to shoot a bullet at Mr Gaddafi should do so". Judaism The teachings of Judaism approve the death penalty in principle but the standard of proof required for application of death penalty is extremely stringent, and in practice, it has been abolished by various Talmudic decisions, making the situations in which a death sentence could be passed effectively impossible and hypothetical. "Forty years before the destruction" of the Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE, i.e. in 30 CE, the Sanhedrin effectively abolished capital punishment, making it a hypothetical upper limit on the severity of punishment, fitting in finality for God alone to use, not fallible humans. While allowing for the death penalty in some hypothetical circumstances, scholars of Judaism are broadly opposed to the death penalty as practised in the modern world. The Jewish understanding of Biblical law is not based on a literal reading of the Bible, but rather through the lens of Judaism's oral law. These oral laws were first recorded around 200 CE in the Mishnah and later around 600 CE in the Babylonian Talmud. The laws make it clear that the death penalty was used only rarely. The Mishnah states: A Sanhedrin that puts a man to death once in seven years is called destructive. Rabbi Eliezer ben Azariah says: a Sanhedrin that puts a man to death even once in seventy years. Rabbi Akiba and Rabbi Tarfon say: Had we been in the Sanhedrin none would ever have been put to death. Rabban Simeon ben Gamaliel says: they would have multiplied shedders of blood in Israel. (Mishnah, Makkot 1:10). Rabbinic tradition describes a detailed system of checks and balances to prevent the execution of an innocent person. These rules are so restrictive as to effectively legislate the penalty out of existence. The law requires that: There must have been two witnesses to the crime, and these must conform to a prescribed list of criteria. For example, females and close relatives of the criminal are precluded from being witnesses according to Biblical law, while full-time gamblers are precluded as a matter of rabbinical law. The witnesses must have verbally warned the person seconds before the act that they were liable for the death penalty The person must then have verbally acknowledged that he or she was warned and that the warning would be disregarded, and then have gone ahead and committed the sin. No individual was allowed to testify against him or herself. The 12th-century Jewish legal scholar Maimonides famously stated that "It is better and more satisfactory to acquit a thousand guilty persons than to put a single innocent one to death." Maimonides argued that executing a defendant on anything less than absolute certainty would lead to a slippery slope of decreasing burdens of proof, until we would be convicting merely "according to the judge's caprice." Maimonides was concerned about the need for the law to guard itself in public perceptions, to preserve its majesty and retain the people's respect. On the other hand, he allowed for the possibility of imposing capital punishment on circumstantial evidence alone when warranted Today the State of Israel only uses the death penalty for extraordinary crimes, and only two people have ever been executed in Israel's history. The only civil execution ever to take place in Israel was of convicted Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann in 1962. The other execution was of Meir Tobianski, an army major court-martialled and convicted of treason during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and posthumously exonerated. However, Israeli employment of the death penalty has little to do with Jewish law. Orthodox Judaism In Orthodox Judaism it is held that in theory the death penalty is a correct and just punishment for some crimes. However, in practice the application of such a punishment can only be carried out by humans whose system of justice is nearly perfect, a situation which has not existed for some time. Orthodox Rabbi Yosef Edelstein writes "So, at least theoretically, the Torah can be said to be pro-capital punishment. It is not morally wrong, in absolute terms, to put a murderer to death ...However, things look rather different when we turn our attention to the practical realisation of this seemingly harsh legislation. You may be aware that it was exceedingly difficult, in practice, to carry out the death penalty in Jewish society ...I think it's clear that with regard to Jewish jurisprudence, the capital punishment outlined by the Written and Oral Torah, and as carried out by the greatest Sages from among our people (who were paragons of humility and humanity and not just scholarship, needless to say), did not remotely resemble the death penalty in modern America (or Texas). In theory, capital punishment is kosher; it's morally right, in the Torah's eyes. But we have seen that there was great concern—expressed both in the legislation of the Torah, and in the sentiments of some of our great Sages—regarding its practical implementation. It was carried out in ancient Israel, but only with great difficulty. Once in seven years; not 135 in five and a half." (Rabbi Yosef Edelstein, Director of the Savannah Kollel) Orthodox Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan writes: "In practice, however, these punishments were almost never invoked, and existed mainly as a deterrent and to indicate the seriousness of the sins for which they were prescribed. The rules of evidence and other safeguards that the Torah provides to protect the accused made it all but impossible to actually invoke these penalties...the system of judicial punishments could become brutal and barbaric unless administered in an atmosphere of the highest morality and piety. When these standards declined among the Jewish people, the Sanhedrin...voluntarily abolished this system of penalties" (Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan in Handbook of Jewish Thought, Volume II, pp. 170–71). On the other hand, Rabbi Moshe Feinstein, in a letter to then New York Governor Hugh Carey states: "One who murders because the prohibition to kill is meaningless to him and he is especially cruel, and so too when murderers and evil people proliferate they [the courts] would [should?] judge [capital punishment] to repair the issue [and] to prevent murder – for this [action of the court] saves the state." Conservative Judaism In Conservative Judaism the death penalty was the subject of a responsum by its Committee on Jewish Law and Standards: "The Talmud ruled out the admissibility of circumstantial evidence in cases which involved a capital crime. Two witnesses were required to testify that they saw the action with their own eyes. A man could not be found guilty of a capital crime through his own confession or through the testimony of immediate members of his family. The rabbis demanded a condition of cool premeditation in the act of crime before they would sanction the death penalty; the specific test on which they insisted was that the criminal be warned prior to the crime, and that the criminal indicate by responding to the warning, that he is fully aware of his deed, but that he is determined to go through with it. In effect this did away with the application of the death penalty. The rabbis were aware of this, and they declared openly that they found capital punishment repugnant to them... There is another reason which argues for the abolition of capital punishment. It is the fact of human fallibility. Too often we learn of people who were convicted of crimes and only later are new facts uncovered by which their innocence is established. The doors of the jail can be opened, in such cases we can partially undo the injustice. But the dead cannot be brought back to life again. We regard all forms of capital punishment as barbaric and obsolete..." Reform Judaism Reform Judaism has formally opposed the death penalty since 1959, when the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (now the Union for Reform Judaism) resolved “that in the light of modern scientific knowledge and concepts of humanity, the resort to or continuation of capital punishment either by a state or by the national government is no longer morally justifiable.” The resolution goes on to say that the death penalty “lies as a stain upon civilization and our religious conscience.” In 1979, the Central Conference of American Rabbis, the professional arm of the Reform rabbinate, resolved that, “both in concept and in practice, Jewish tradition found capital punishment repugnant” and there is no persuasive evidence “that capital punishment serves as a deterrent to crime.” Hinduism Although Hinduism has historically not taken a stance on the death penalty and has little influence on the governments opinion of it, India (an 80% Hindu nation) has the lowest rate of execution of any other country. A basis can be found in Hindu teachings, such as the Mahabharata, for opposing the death penalty, even though it has historically been implemented by Hindu leaders. Hinduism preaches ahimsa (or ahinsa, non-violence), but also teaches that the soul cannot be killed and death is limited only to the physical body, explaining the difficulty in choosing an exact position on capital punishment. Hinduism's belief that life in this world is more of an illusion greatly decreases the religious impact on governments in majority Hindu nations. Use of the death penalty has not faced much opposition by Indian citizens historically, with the exception of some recent backlash. Hinduism's belief in karma may explain why there is no strong support or opposition to capital punishment because it is believed that if someone commits a crime in this life, they will pay for it in another life. It is also believed that the soul comes back many times after death to be purified by good karma and a persons destiny determines when they die. Evidence in support of the death penalty Historically, The Laws of Manu, or manusmriti, state that the king should be the one to decide on appropriate punishments. The king has the right to do whatever needs to be done in order to protect his people. He is given the right to punish criminals by placing them in shackles, imprisoning them, or sentencing them to death. It was observed in the 5th century that death sentences were related to caste. For example, If a Sudra insulted a priest they were sentenced to death but if a priest were to kill a sudra it was the equivalent of killing a dog or a cat and their only punishment would be to pay a fine. Other crimes worthy of capital or corporal punishment, according to the Laws of Manu, include when a lower caste man makes love to a woman of the highest caste, a Sudra slandering a Kshatriya, when men and women are stolen from the most noble family, and when a woman is violated without consent. With a history of rulers who favored capital punishment, Ashoka is the only known ruler to openly oppose its use. In the 1980s parliament expanded punishment by death to offenses such as terrorism and kidnapping for ransom. This decision was supported by the public and a survey conducted in the 1980s solidified this support in finding that teachers, doctors, and lawyers all favored the death penalty. Currently, the Indian Penal Code (IPC) recognizes legitimacy of the death penalty in cases of murder, waging war against the government, encouraging suicide, fabricating false evidence, kidnapping, and murder as part of a robbery. Today, It is common to find people in support of the death penalty such as Kiran Bedi, Police Advisor to the UN, who says that "the death penalty is necessary in certain cases to do justice to society's anger against the crime." An example of recent capital punishment in India includes Mohammad Afzal Guru, who was sentenced to death in 2013 after attacking the Indian Parliament in December 2001. Evidence opposing the death penalty Emperor Ashoka, being a Buddhist himself, was one of the first rulers to completely outlaw the use of capital punishment. This was because of Buddhism's large emphasis on ahimsa, or nonviolence. In Buddhism, and also in Hinduism, the concept of ahimsa bans the killing of any living being, no matter how small. Many people who oppose the death penalty go back to the beliefs of their enlightened ancestors who preached non-violence and that we should respect human rights and the gift of life. Gandhi also opposed the death penalty and stated that "I cannot in all conscience agree to anyone being sent to the gallows. God alone can take life because he alone gives it. In 1980, the Indian Supreme Court made it very clear that it does not take capital punishment lightly and as a result of Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab ruled that the death penalty should only be utilized in the "rarest of rare cases." Currently, it is mainly only human rights activists that take a stand against the death penalty. This is because they believe that the only people being sentenced to death are "the poor, the sick, and the ignorant." Also vulnerable are the non-Hindu minorities, who feel threatened by the idea of the death penalty and oppose it Although it is unclear whether a sample of Indian college students is representative of the whole population, Lambert found that when asked their opinion of the death penalty 44% of college students opposed it. However, when taking into account the importance of religion in their lives there was a significant relationship between religious affiliation and support for the death penalty. Summary of worldwide denominational positions See also Death penalty in the Bible Notes References References For a detailed discussion on the Roman Catholic Church's view on capital punishment see chapter 3 of Pope John Paul II's encyclical, Evangelium Vitae. Religion and politics

4043894

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang%20Qing

Pang Qing

Pang Qing (; born December 24, 1979 in Harbin, Heilongjiang) is a Chinese retired pair skater. With her husband Tong Jian, she is the 2010 Olympic silver medalist, the 2006 and 2010 World Champion, a five-time Four Continents champion (2002, 2004, 2008, 2009 & 2011) and the 2008 Grand Prix Final Champion. Career Pang was born in Harbin, the home of Chinese pair skating. She began skating at age six. She originally competed as a single skater. In 1993, coach Yao Bin teamed her up with Tong and they have been skating together ever since. When Yao moved to Beijing, Pang and Tong trained without a coach until 1997, when they began training under Yao again. Pang and Tong did not have a strong junior career, perhaps due to the fact that the Junior Grand Prix did not exist when they were skating at the junior level. They placed 14th, 9th, and 8th at the World Junior Championships between 1997 and 1999. After that, they went senior. Pang and Tong won the silver medal at the 1997 Chinese national championships, but did not represent China at the World Championships until 1999. They are the 2000 Chinese national champions. At their first major senior international, the 1999 Four Continents Championships (the first Four Continents ever held), they placed 5th. They then went to their first Worlds, where they placed 14th. In the 1999–2000 season, Pang and Tong made their Grand Prix debut. They placed 4th at Skate Canada and 5th at Cup of Russia. They slowly moved up the ranks over the years. At the 2002 Winter Olympics, coming in as the Four Continents Champions, they placed 9th. Following the 2001–2002 season, Pang and Tong began to be contenders. They consistently placed on the podium at their Grand Prix events. They won their first World medal (a bronze) at the 2004 World Championships. After their first world medal, they had a rough 2004–2005 season and a shaky start at the beginning of the 2005–2006 season. They recovered with consistency by the 2006 Olympics, where they placed a controversial 4th behind teammates Shen Xue & Hongbo Zhao and Zhang Dan & Zhang Hao. They went to the 2006 Worlds and won it. In the 2006–2007 season, Pang and Tong were unable to defend their World title. They were forced to withdraw from Skate America due to injury. They won the silver medal at the Cup of China, the Asian Winter Games, and the Four Continents Championships. At Worlds, they placed second. During the 2007–2008 season, Pang and Tong had a rough start, losing two out of their three Grand Prix events. They came back strong midseason by winning the bronze at the Grand Prix Final and their third Four Continents title. They ended their season with a disappointing 5th at the World Championships. During the 2008–2009 season, Pang and Tong had another rough outing at their first event, the Cup of China. Despite this, they went on to win their next Grand Prix events and the final. During that season, they made history, when they went on to win a record setting fourth Four Continents title and have now won more Four Continent titles than any other team. Despite the momentum they had built, they had another disappointing World Championships, where they were once again off the podium. During the 2009–2010 season, Pang and Tong won both of their Grand Prix events and a silver at the Grand Prix Final, defeating all the world medalists at the previous world championship. In the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, Pang and Tong set a new World Record for the free skate with a score of 141.81 points. They placed second place behind Shen Xue & Hongbo Zhao thanks to their teammates' world record-setting short program. The People's Republic of China broke Russia's 46-year twelve Olympic gold medal streak in pairs skating, sweeping gold and silver places. They became the 2010 World Champions in Turin, Italy. For the 2010–2011 ISU Grand Prix season, Pang and Tong were assigned to the 2010 NHK Trophy and to the 2010 Cup of China. They won both of their Grand Prix assignments to qualify for the Grand Prix Final where they won silver. They won the bronze medal at the 2011 World Championships. Pang and Tong withdrew from their assigned 2011–12 Grand Prix events, however, returned to competition in January 2012, where they won gold at the Chinese National Winter Games. They earned first-place marks in the short program (70.24) and free skate (126.31). They competed at and finished fourth at the 2012 World Championships in what was their only ISU international event of the season. For the 2012–13 season, Pang and Tong medaled at both their Grand Prix events, taking second at 2012 Skate America and first at 2012 Cup of China. They went on to win the bronze at the 2012–13 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final. They were fifth at the 2013 World Figure Skating Championships. During the 2013–14 season, Pang and Tong finished second at 2013 Cup of China and first at 2013 Trophée Éric Bompard before winning bronze again at the 2013–14 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final. They went on to finish fourth at the 2014 Winter Olympics, their fourth consecutive Olympic Games. For the 2014–15 season, Pang and Tong competed at the 2015 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships and 2015 World Figure Skating Championships, placing third at both events. Coaching career In June 2016, Pang began working as a coach for Chinese single skaters, Li Zijun and Yan Han. Personal life Although they had not spoken about their personal lives, Pang and Tong revealed publicly in an issue of Vanity Fair during the 2010 Winter Olympics that they were romantically involved. In June 2011, the pair became engaged after Tong proposed on-ice to Pang at a show in Shanghai. They got married on June 18, 2016. Pang gave birth to their son on November 27, 2016. Programs Competitive highlights (with Tong) Detailed results References External links Official website 1979 births Chinese female pair skaters Olympic figure skaters of China Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics Living people Olympic silver medalists for China Figure skaters from Harbin Olympic medalists in figure skating World Figure Skating Championships medalists Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics Asian Games medalists in figure skating Figure skaters at the 2003 Asian Winter Games Figure skaters at the 2007 Asian Winter Games Figure skaters at the 2011 Asian Winter Games Asian Games gold medalists for China Asian Games silver medalists for China Medalists at the 2007 Asian Winter Games Medalists at the 2011 Asian Winter Games Universiade medalists in figure skating Universiade silver medalists for China Competitors at the 1999 Winter Universiade

4043899

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20vineyards%20and%20wineries

List of vineyards and wineries

The following is a non-exhaustive list of vineyards and wineries from around the world. Argentina Adrianna Vineyard, Mendoza Bodega Catena Zapata, Mendoza Australia New South Wales Botobolar Vineyard De Bortoli Wines Wyndham Estate South Australia Tasmania Bruny Island Premium Wines Moorilla Estate Victoria Brown Brothers Milawa Vineyard De Bortoli Wines Tahbilk Western Australia Bulgaria Winery Balar AD, Upper Thracian Plain Villa Melnik Winery Canada Colio Estate Wines Diamond Estates Wines & Spirits Ltd. Gaspereau Vineyards Haywire Winery Pelee Island Winery Prince Edward County Wine Strewn Winery Vignoble Carone Chile Concha y Toro Winery France Château Branaire-Ducru Château Brane-Cantenac Château de Camensac Château Cheval Blanc Château de Curton Château Ducru-Beaucaillou Château Figeac Chateau Haut-Bages Liberal Château Haut-Bailly Château Haut-Brion Château Haut-Marbuzet Château Lafite Rothschild Château Lascombes Château Latour Château Leoville Las Cases Château Lynch-Moussas Château Margaux Château Montrose Château Mouton Rothschild Château Pétrus Château de Pommard Château Pontet-Canet Château Rauzan-Gassies Château Suau (Capian) Domaine Henri Milan Domaine Laroche Germany Mosel Rheingau New Zealand Cloudy Bay Vineyards Grove Mill Montana Wines Pegasus Bay Vineyards Two Paddocks Villa Maria Estates Yealands Estate Romania Băbească neagră Busuioacă de Bohotin Cotnari Dealing Mare Fetească albă Fetească neagră Fetească regală Grasă de Cotnari Halewood Jidvei Murfatlar Tămâioasă Românească South Africa United States Chalone Vineyard Chateau Montelena Chateau Morrisette Winery Clos Du Val Winery David Bruce Winery E & J Gallo Winery Freemark Abbey Winery Grgich Hills Estate Heitz Wine Cellars Inglenook Winery Kendall-Jackson Louis M. Martini Winery Mayacamas Vineyards Messina Hof Opus One Winery Remick Ridge Vineyards Ridge Vineyards Kedem Winery Rubicon Estate Winery Silverado Vineyards Winery Spring Mountain Vineyard Stag's Leap Wine Cellars Stags' Leap Winery Sterling Vineyards Trefethen Vineyards The Williamsburg Winery See also List of wine-producing countries List of wine-producing regions Lists of vineyards and wineries Outline of wine Wine References Lists of companies by industry Agriculture-related lists

4043909

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collie%20eye%20anomaly

Collie eye anomaly

Collie eye anomaly (CEA) is a congenital, inherited, bilateral eye disease of dogs, which affects the retina, choroid, and sclera. It can be a mild disease or cause blindness. CEA is caused by a simple autosomal recessive gene defect. There is no treatment. Affected breeds It is known to occur in Collies (smooth and rough collies), Shetland Sheepdogs, Australian Shepherds, Border Collies, Lancashire Heelers, and Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers. Frequency is high in Collies and Shetland Sheepdogs, and low in Border Collies and NSDTRs. In the United States, incidence in the genotype of collies has been estimated to be as high as 95 percent, with a phenotypic incidence of 80 to 85 percent. Pathogenesis CEA is caused by improper development of the eye. Failure of the cells of the posterior portion of the optic vesicles to express growth hormone affects the differentiation of other cells of the eye. The choroid, especially lateral to the optic disc, is hypoplastic (underdeveloped). A coloboma, or hole, may form in or near the optic disc due to a failed closure of embryonic tissue. The degree of these abnormalities varies between individual dogs, and even between the same dog's eyes. CEA is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait that has a penetrance reaching 100 percent, and has been localized to canine chromosome 37. Signs The most common sign of CEA is the presence of an area of undeveloped choroid (appearing as a pale spot) lateral to the optic disc. The choroid is a collection of blood vessels supplying the retina. CEA can also cause retinal or scleral coloboma, coloboma of the optic disc, retinal detachment, or intraocular hemorrhage. It can be diagnosed by fundoscopy by the age of six or seven weeks. Severe cases may be blind. Breeding and testing Controversies exist around eliminating this disorder from breeding Collies. Some veterinarians advocate only breeding dogs with no evidence of disease, but this would eliminate a large portion of potential breeding stock. Because of this, others recommend only breeding mildly affected dogs, but this would never completely eradicate the condition. Also, mild cases of choroidal hypoplasia may become pigmented and therefore undiagnosable by the age of three to seven months. If puppies are not checked for CEA before this happens, they may be mistaken for normal and bred as such. Checking for CEA by seven weeks of age can eliminate this possibility. Diagnosis is also difficult in dogs with coats of dilute color because lack of pigment in the choroid of these animals can be confused with choroidal hypoplasia. Also, because of the lack of choroidal pigment, mild choroidal hypoplasia is difficult to see, and therefore cases of CEA may be missed. Until recently, the only way to know if a dog was a carrier was for it to produce an affected puppy. However, a genetic test for CEA became available at the beginning of 2005, developed by the Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, and administered through OptiGen. The test can determine whether a dog is affected, a carrier, or clear, and is therefore a useful tool in determining a particular dog's suitability for breeding. References External links Informational website for CEA Optigen: Collie Eye Anomaly / Choroidal Hypoplasia (CEA) Test Dog diseases

4043934

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandrau%20State%20Park

Flandrau State Park

Flandrau State Park is a state park of Minnesota, United States, on the Cottonwood River adjacent to the city of New Ulm. Initially called Cottonwood River State Park, it was renamed in 1945 to honor Charles Eugene Flandrau, a leading citizen of early Minnesota who commanded defenses during the Battles of New Ulm in the Dakota War of 1862. The park was originally developed in the 1930s as a job creation project to provide a recreational reservoir. However the dam was repeatedly damaged by floods and was removed in 1995. Along with the dam, crews from the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and Works Progress Administration (WPA) built several structures in the National Park Service rustic style. In a unique twist on the mandate to harmonize with the local environment, the buildings were designed to reflect the ethnic German heritage of New Ulm. The WPA barracks were reused during World War II as Camp New Ulm, housing German prisoners of war. All of these structures are listed as a district on the National Register of Historic Places. Natural history Geography Flandrau State Park lies in a small valley carved by the east-flowing Cottonwood River. Marshy oxbow lakes mark the river's former courses along the valley floor. The steep valley walls rise . The Cottonwood joins the Minnesota River just east of the park. It originates west of the park in Lyon County, Minnesota. The park boundary largely follows the valley rim. Trees on the slopes generally screen the adjacent development. The northern end of the park, including the campground, is within the city limits of New Ulm. No bridges cross the river within Flandrau, so the parkland on the south bank is not readily accessible. The only development there, the group center, is at the end of a gated road. Geology Flandrau State Park lies atop a bedrock of shale, sandstone, and conglomerate. These sediments accumulated at the bottom of the Western Interior Seaway 100 million years ago during the late Cretaceous period. The fine-grained sandstone is white with bands of orange from iron oxide, and contains fossilized plant material. The conglomerate contains pebbles of granite that had formed 3,000–2,500 million years ago and later eroded into the seaway. Lying directly atop the Cretaceous rocks is till just a few thousand years old. All intermediate rock had eroded away before the till was deposited in a ground moraine by continental glaciers. Within Flandrau State Park this glacial debris is thick. While the till contains some rock from Canada and northern Minnesota, most is from the local region. Numerous springs emerge at the base of the till slopes, especially at the western end of the park. As the northern glaciers melted, the massive Glacial River Warren carved a deep channel for itself. The modern Minnesota River follows the same course, but occupies only a fraction of the former riverbed. Its tributaries must drop from the surrounding plains into the broad valley to reach their base level. This is why the Cottonwood River, a placid prairie stream for most of its length, plunges into such a deep valley near its mouth. The Cottonwood's downcutting has carved all the way through the thick glacial till and a few feet into the Cretaceous bedrock below. There may once have been a waterfall on the Cottonwood River, which eroded into rapids before achieving the steady gradient of modern times. Flora The vegetation of Flandrau State Park is representative of the Upper Minnesota River Country Biocultural Region. Although the surrounding tallgrass prairie is gone, the forested river valley remains similar to times before European settlement. The valley floor supports marshes and wet prairie interspersed with bottomland hardwood forest of willow, eastern cottonwood, American elm, silver maple, and green ash. The steep valley walls bear northern hardwood forest, although the cooler, moister north-facing slopes favor sugar maple, basswood, and common hackberry while the drier south slopes are characterized by bur oak, eastern red cedar, and aspen. A few dry, sunny knolls support prairie characterized by big bluestem and indian grass. The park's plant communities have been altered since Euro-American settlement. Without periodic wildfires to thin woody plants, the valleyside forests have gotten denser and many prairie openings have filled in with sumac. Many elm trees were lost to Dutch elm disease. The valley floor is largely secondary forest, having been cleared for agriculture and then submerged under a reservoir. Fauna Surrounded by human development, Flandrau is an important refuge for local wildlife. The 25 species of mammals seen in the park include white-tailed deer, coyotes, gray foxes, raccoons, beavers, skunks, opossums, and minks. Over 168 species of birds have been documented in the park. Many of these are birds migrating through rather than nesting. These include many warblers, flycatchers, vireos, and thrushes. The Cottonwood River supports a few game fish — notably northern pike and smallmouth bass — and a greater variety of rough fish. Cultural history Archaeological evidence found outside the park confirms that prehistoric Native Americans inhabited the Cottonwood River valley. A few sites were as much as 7,000 years old, though most were 2,000 years old or less. At the time of European contact in the mid-17th century the area was home to the Dakota. Pioneers began settling the Cottonwood Valley in the 1830s. In less than a century, though, the valley floor was largely abandoned due to the periodic flooding. State park creation To help combat unemployment during the Great Depression, federal funding was dedicated to park development throughout the United States. The Cottonwood River valley was selected as it was in a well-populated region with no other large recreational area or lakes. Moreover, the land was largely abandoned and seemingly in need of flood control structures. The state of Minnesota purchased the property in 1934. The first Works Progress Administration (WPA) enrollees arrived in September, living in tents while they built bunkhouses, a mess hall, and an administrative building over the winter. Mostly middle-aged skilled workers, the WPA men quarried stone and constructed three park buildings: a beachhouse, a manager's residence, and a garage. A second workforce arrived in June 1935, establishing its own camp in the southwest corner of the park. These were less-skilled workers hired through the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). They built the dam and its earthen dikes, constructed a kitchen shelter, landscaped, planted trees, and blazed trails. WPA and CCC workers cleared trees out of the lakebed. For the first year the laborers were World War I veterans from the Veterans Conservation Corps (VCC). In July 1936 they transferred to other Minnesota state parks and were replaced with the unemployed young men more typical of CCC projects. The dam, completed in 1937 after two years of work, impounded a reservoir of . The WPA continued to work in the park until 1941 and the CCC until 1942. As planned, the WPA camp was converted to a group center while the CCC camp was razed. The stone structures built by the WPA have been called " the most unusual architectural designs in the state park system" by the Minnesota Historical Society. A principle of the rustic style was to harmonize with the local environment, generally by using local materials. In this case, however, architect Edward W. Barber chose to reflect local culture as well, honoring the strong German heritage of New Ulm. The park buildings evoke the architecture of Germany with steeply pitched roofs, dormers, chimneys, casement windows with small panes, and fine nonlinear stonework. The beachhouse is also one of the largest New Deal structures in the Minnesota state park system. Camp New Ulm During World War II, the empty group camp built by the WPA was used to house German prisoners of war in the United States. Late in the war, Great Britain was short on space and resources to provide for captured enemy combatants; meanwhile, much of the U.S. labor force was off serving in the military. The U.S. established camps throughout the country from which 450,000 POWs were employed in non-defense industries. Nine POW camps were established in Minnesota — including one other state park, Whitewater — all managed from a regional headquarters in Algona, Iowa. About 160 German POWs arrived at Camp New Ulm in June 1944. Mostly members of the Luftwaffe (the German Air Force), they ranged in age from 18 to 25. Twelve men from the U.S. Army served as their guards. The POWs primarily worked in the nearby town of Sleepy Eye at a cannery, which paid the rent on the camp. After the harvest season, prisoners worked at brick and tile factories and a poultry processing plant. Ochs Brick in Springfield was one. Small groups were hired out to local farms, unguarded, as short-term farmworkers. The POWs spent the winter at the regional main camp in Algona and returned in spring 1945. That year their use on farms expanded considerably, encompassing worksites in eight counties, while prisoners at the cannery were instrumental in packing Sleepy Eye's largest-ever pea crop. The location of Camp New Ulm outside a town with a strong German heritage was a lucky break for the POWs. Many locals still spoke German and were sympathetic toward the prisoners (and hoping in many cases for news of relatives and the old country). German-speaking church officials held Lutheran and Catholic services in the camp and gathered donations of reading material. Although the guards warned civilians that they were not to have contact with the POWs, food was slipped over the fence, cannery workers shared ice cream and beer, and young women waded across the river at night to flirt at the camp's edge. POWs out on weeklong farm details fared best of all, often receiving full home-cooked meals at the family dinner table. Prisoner Helmut Lichtenberg, who had become friendly with a farm family he'd worked for, arranged to slip out of camp and spend much of a weekend with them. Mindless of the severity of the infraction, the farmer and his mother-in-law drove Lichtenberg into camp Sunday afternoon, where they were stopped by guards. Lichtenberg was punished with solitary confinement; the Americans were ultimately both fined $300 and lectured by the judge. Their testimony indicated that other prisoners undertook such forays, but this was the camp's only documented escape incident. For recreation the POWs had a clubhouse with a fireplace and library, a camp store, a sport field, and a workshop where they made their own furniture and sporting equipment. They were allowed to swim and fish in part of Cottonwood Lake. Further entertainments included newspapers, radios, and weekly movie screenings. Some musical instruments were gathered, and locals came to listen and sing along to Sunday afternoon concerts. Camp New Ulm closed in December 1945 and all of the internees were eventually repatriated to Germany. One of the former prisoners later immigrated to the United States, settling in Wisconsin. The camp remains in use as the state park's group center, one of the country's few World War II POW camps that are still maintained. When the camp is not occupied, visitors can ask at the park office to access the grounds. Recent history By World War II, sentiment developed for renaming the park after Charles Flandrau (1828–1903), a notable figure in early Minnesota history. A lawyer, Indian agent, and statesman, Flandrau served on the territorial supreme court, presided over the first court session in Brown County, and led the military defense of New Ulm during the Dakota War of 1862. The name was changed in March 1945. Two years later the Cottonwood Lake Dam was overtopped and seriously damaged by a flood. It was reconstructed at great expense, but damaged again by flooding in spring 1965. This time federal funds were denied, and the state opted for a shorter dam and a separate swimming pool. However a third damaging flood swept through in 1969. With local opinion divided about reestablishing the recreational lake, the state commissioned an independent study. The engineering consultants reported that, although a restored dam would improve habitat for panfish and block upstream movement of undesirable species such as carp, it would not provide effective flood control. The capacity of the lake basin was too small compared to the watershed, exacerbated by increased agricultural drainage and wetland loss since the original damming in the 1930s. Nor would a new dam be cost-effective for generating hydroelectricity, and the lake would be prone to heavy sedimentation and periods of poor water quality. The director of the state parks division recommended against rebuilding the dam. Some structures remained for several years; full dam removal took place in 1995 and the Cottonwood River is again free-flowing through the park. As an interpretive sign reads, "the dam that took almost 200 men nearly two years to build was demolished by four men and heavy equipment in five months." Recreation Flandrau State Park has of trails for hiking, walking, and running. Many connect to city streets such as Indian Point Dr. and Summit Ave., so the park experiences significant walk-in traffic. In winter 6 miles of the trails are groomed for cross-country skiing and 2 miles for snowshoeing. The park maintains three campgrounds with 92 sites total, 34 of which have electrical hookups. There are also three secluded walk-in sites. Visitors can rent two camper cabins or the historic group center, which sleeps up to 110 in eight bunkhouses. The popular day-use area centers around a unique sand-bottomed, chlorinated swimming pool. This is adjacent to the historic beachhouse and a picnic area with a playground, volleyball and horseshoes facilities, and a reservable shelter. Most fishing is done at the downstream end of the Cottonwood River, near the park's eastern edge, where the riverbank is most easily accessed. Flandrau is adjacent to Nehls City Park, the private New Ulm Country Club, and the August Schell Brewing Company. The Hermann Heights Monument and Martin Luther College are within blocks of the park entrance. References External links Official Flandrau State Park website 1937 establishments in Minnesota Civilian Conservation Corps in Minnesota German-American culture in Minnesota Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota National Register of Historic Places in Brown County, Minnesota New Ulm, Minnesota Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota Protected areas established in 1937 Protected areas of Brown County, Minnesota Rustic architecture in Minnesota State parks of Minnesota Works Progress Administration in Minnesota World War II prisoner of war camps in the United States

4043945

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Night%20on%20Earth

A Night on Earth

A Night On Earth is the name of a Crazy Penis album produced in 2005. Track listing "Lady T" "Can't Get Down" "Bumcop" "A Night on Earth" "Turnaway" "Music's My Love" "Life Is My Friend" "Cruising" "Kicks" "In Deep" "Sweet Feeling" "Sun-Science" "Warm on the Inside" The cover design was done by Gregory McKneally and David Vigh. 2005 albums

4043949

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marge%20Simon

Marge Simon

Marge Baliff Simon (born 1942) is an American artist and a writer of speculative poetry and fiction. Biography Early life Marge Simon was born in Bethesda, MD, but grew up in Boulder, CO. Education and career She received her BA and MA degrees from the University of Northern Colorado, and then continued her studies at the Art Center College of Design. Deciding against a career as a commercial artist, she began working as an art teacher in elementary schools instead. In the mid-1980s, Simon began writing and illustrating for the small press and went on to become an award-winning writer. Simon's poems, short fiction, and illustrations have appeared in hundreds of publications, including Amazing Stories, Nebula Awards 32, Strange Horizons, The Pedestal Magazine, Chizine, Niteblade, Vestal Review, and Daily Science Fiction. Simon is a former president of the Small Press Writers and Artists Organization and of the Science Fiction & Fantasy Poetry Association (SFPA). She is additionally a former editor of Star*Line, the SFPA's bimonthly journal. In 2013, Simon began editing the column "Blood and Spades: Poets of the Dark Side" for the monthly newsletter of the Horror Writers Association (HWA). She serves as the Chair of the HWA Board of Trustees. Marriage Simon lives in Ocala, Florida, with her husband, writer Bruce Boston, with whom she sometimes collaborates. Published works Poetry collections Poets of the Fantastic (co-ed. with Steve Eng). AE Press, 1993 Eonian Variations. Dark Regions, 1995 Night Smoke with Bruce Boston, ebook. Miniature Sun/Quixsilver, 2003 (Bram Stoker Award finalist) Artist of Antithesis, ebook. Miniature Sun, 2004 (Bram Stoker Award finalist) Vectors: A Week in the Death of a Planet with Charlee Jacob. Dark Regions, 2007 (Bram Stoker Award winner) Night Smoke with Bruce Boston, expanded print edition of the 2003 ebook. Kelp Queen Press, 2007 Uneathly Delights. Sam's Dot Publishing, 2011 The Mad Hattery. Elektrik Milk Bath Press, 2011 The Four Elements with Linda Addison, Rain Graves, and Charlee Jacob. Bad Moon Books, 2012 Dangerous Dreams with Sandy DeLuca. Elektrik Milk Bath Press, 2013 Vectors: A Week in the Death of a Planet with Charlee Jacob Vampires, Zombies, and Wanton Souls Sweet Poison with Mary A. Turzillo Small Spirits: Dark Dolls Satan's Sweethearts with Mary A. Turzillo War with Alessandro Manzetti Poetry and fiction collections Dragon Soup with Mary Turzillo. vanZeno Press, 2008 Legends of the Fallen Sky with Malcolm Deeley. Sam's Dot Publishing, 2008 City of a Thousand Gods with Malcolm Deeley. Sam's Dot Publishing, 2010 Fiction collections Like Birds in the Rain. Sam's Dot Publishing, 2007 Christina's World. Sam's Dot Publishing, 2008 The Dragon's Dictionary with Mary Turzillo. Sam's Dot Publishing, 2010 Art Gallery of color art at Strange Horizons. Soho Galleries, black and white art. Recognition Simon's poem "Variants of the Obsolete" won the 1996 Rhysling Award for speculative poetry in the Long category. Her poems “Shutdown” and “George Tecumseh Sherman’s Ghosts” placed first in the Short category of the Rhyslings in 2015 and 2017, respectively. Simon's short-form poem "Blue Rose Buddha" won the 2012 Dwarf Stars Award. Vectors: A Week in the Death of a Planet, written by Simon in collaboration with Charlee Jacob, won the Bram Stoker Award for best horror poetry collection in 2008. In 2012, Simon's collection Vampires, Zombies, and Wanton Souls was a recipient of the same award. Sweet Poison, co-written with Mary A. Turzillo, won the 2015 Elgin Award for best full-length speculative poetry collection. Simon's Small Spirits: Dark Dolls placed second in the full-length book category of the 2017 Elgins, and Satan's Sweethearts, another collaborative work with Turzillo, placed second in the 2018 Elgins. War, written by Simon in collaboration with Alessandro Manzetti, won the 2019 Elgin for full-length book. In 2015, Simon was created a Grand Master of the Science Fiction & Fantasy Poetry Association in recognition of more than twenty years of contributions to the field of speculative verse. References External links Marge Simon's website Interview at Fear and Trembling 1942 births 20th-century American short story writers 21st-century American novelists 21st-century American short story writers American science fiction writers American women novelists American women poets American women short story writers Living people Rhysling Award for Best Long Poem winners Women science fiction and fantasy writers 20th-century American women writers 21st-century American women writers

4043953

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/98%20B-Line

98 B-Line

The 98 B-Line was a bus rapid transit line in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It linked Richmond to Downtown Vancouver, with a connection to Vancouver International Airport. It travelled mainly along Granville Street in Vancouver and a dedicated bus lane on No. 3 Road in Richmond. It was operated by Coast Mountain Bus Company and was funded by TransLink. The route was long. The line carried over 18,000 passengers daily. It was discontinued on September 7, 2009, two and a half weeks after the opening of the Canada Line, which replaced it. History Prior to the introduction of the 98 B-Line, most bus routes in Richmond travelled into Downtown Vancouver during rush hours. These routes served all stops along their routes in Richmond, then would operate along Granville Street in Vancouver as express services. Although the idea of a rapid bus line from Richmond to Vancouver had been discussed for decades, it was first proposed by BC Transit in 1994. In 1995, Vancouver city council approved a southbound high-occupancy vehicle lane for the evening peak hours in the Marpole neighbourhood in preparation for an express bus service. In 1997, the idea of a rapid transit line was re-introduced with the objective of providing the express service at regular fares. A study determined that the best route for the line would be via Granville Street in Vancouver. The project cost approximately to build; this included the price of new vehicles, the construction of a dedicated bus lane in Richmond, installing new bus shelters, automated on-board announcements and similar technology, transit priority systems for traffic lights and a share of the new Richmond bus depot, as the old Vancouver Oakridge depot could not accommodate the longer articulated buses used on the route. The line opened as far as Sea Island on September 4, 2000, later extending from Airport Station into central Richmond in August 2001. The introduction of the B-Line eliminated most other local bus services that travelled between Richmond and Vancouver, requiring a transfer between buses for most commuters. As a result of the added transfer and quicker travel times of the B-Line that did not materialize, commute times for passengers increased even though a commute time savings of several minutes had been promised. Within a few years, this prompted improved rush hour services on remaining Richmond to Vancouver routes. The B-line was one of the most used routes in the TransLink system. In early 2001, the Richmond/Airport-Vancouver Rapid Transit Project feasibility study, which examined replacing the 98 B-Line with light rail, held open houses. This proposed line's working name was the "RAV Line" (Richmond–Airport–Vancouver). The estimated cost of $1.72billion generated much controversy. Richmond city council, which favoured an at-grade line within the city limits for aesthetic reasons, also threatened the project. However, the city backed down because an elevated line was both preferred by the public, and offered faster trip times and lower operating costs. The TransLink board twice rejected the project because board members representing the northeast areas of Greater Vancouver wanted a line built to Coquitlam. The "RAV Line" project was saved after the board agreed to build both lines by 2010. While not part of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, the Canada Line, completed in August 2009, replaced the 98 B-Line. Beginning in February 2008, 98 B-Line route passengers with valid proof of payment were permitted to board using any of the three doors at any stop. To facilitate this, the bus driver controlled the operation of all three doors at each of the stops. Passengers paying cash or validating FareSavers had to board through the front door. The 98 B-Line was discontinued on September 7, 2009, two and a half weeks after the Canada Line opened. Afterwards, the #10 Hastings/Downtown/Granville bus began running more frequently along Granville street to compensate. Features The 98 featured GPS technology, automated stop announcements, specialized bus stop displays that showed the amount of time until the next bus arrives, and special traffic light signals that sustained green lights long enough for buses to pass through. In Richmond, the 98 B-Line followed a dedicated bus lane separated from mainstream traffic on No. 3 Road, between the Lansdowne and Sea Island Way stops. On February 13, 2006, the 98 B-Line's bus lane in Richmond was closed as utility crews prepared for the construction of the Canada Line along No. 3 Road. Between February 2006 until its discontinuation in September 2009, the 98 B-Line travelled with regular traffic. 98 B-Line stops and transfer points Downtown Vancouver Seymour & Davie – Served the upscale Yaletown neighbourhood. (Note: The bus's destination sign changes to "98 B-Line: Richmond Centre" at this point.) Seymour & Smithe – Served the nightclub area on Granville Street, a block to the west. It is also the stop for street youth hostels in the area and the Orpheum Theatre. Granville Station – Transfer point to the SkyTrain system and suburban routes to North Vancouver and West Vancouver. Also served Pacific Centre, Hudson Bay Company, and major commercial district as well as the Vancouver Public Library, which is several blocks to the east. Waterfront Station – Transfer point to the SkyTrain terminus for both the Expo and Millennium Lines, as well as the SeaBus to Lonsdale Quay in North Vancouver. It is also the western terminus of the West Coast Express. Burrard Station – This was the Vancouver terminus for the 98 B-Line, though it did not make a layover. Located in the middle of the financial district. Transfer point to the SkyTrain system as well as to suburban routes to Burnaby, North Vancouver, Surrey, Delta, White Rock, Coquitlam and Port Moody. Burrard & Robson – Served the Robson Street shopping district. Nelson & Hornby – Formerly known as Nelson & Howe, before the stop was moved. Stopped in front of One Wall Centre. Also served the provincial law courts. Howe & Davie – Served the hospitality district near False Creek. Also a transfer point to buses and community shuttles to Davie Village. Vancouver 5th Avenue – Served the southern False Creek area as well as Granville Island. Broadway – Transfer point to the 99 B-Line as well as many trolley routes. It is a short distance away from Vancouver General Hospital and is also the transfer point for those going to Kitsilano. King Edward – Transfer point to the #25 bus, which served the affluent Shaughnessy area, University, and North Burnaby. B.C. Children's Hospital and B.C. Women's Hospital were a short distance away from the stop 41st Avenue – Transfer point to the #41 bus, which served the Kerrisdale area, particularly the shopping district, and the Oakridge area. Also served as transfer point to the #43 bus, which is an express version of the #41, but only runs during peak hours, and the #480, which is an express bus from Richmond Centre to UBC Loop. 49th Avenue – Transfer point to the #49 bus, which operates eastbound to nearby Langara College and terminating at Metropolis at Metrotown, the biggest shopping mall in the province. During peak hours, the route's western terminus is at University of British Columbia, instead of Dunbar Loop. 70th Avenue – Served the Marpole neighbourhood and acts as a transfer point to the #100 bus (which travels along Marine Drive). Richmond Airport Station – Transfer point to the #424 bus, which was a shuttle to Vancouver International Airport's main terminal. Also served the Burkeville neighbourhood of Sea Island, and was a transfer point to the #620 bus to the Tsawwassen ferry terminal. Airport Station was closed the same day the 98 B-Line was discontinued. Sea Island Way – Served River Rock Casino, the largest casino in Metro Vancouver. Capstan Way – Served Yaohan Centre, Union Square Shopping Centre, and also the Asian shopping district along Capstan Way itself. Aberdeen – Served the main Golden Village Asian shopping district, including Aberdeen Centre, Empire Centre, Parker Place, President Plaza, and south side of Yaohan Centre. Alderbridge – Served the northern part of the Lansdowne Centre shopping mall as well as the Alexandra Road restaurant district. Lansdowne – Served the southern part of Lansdowne Centre and the Richmond campus of Kwantlen Polytechnic University Westminster Highway – Popular transfer point to the #401 and #407 buses to Steveston along No. 1 Road and Gilbert Road, respectively. Many passengers used those routes to reach Richmond Hospital and the headquarters of WorkSafe B.C., the workers' compensation and safety board. Richmond Centre – The unofficial terminus of the line (owing to the fact that the bus's destination signs read "98 RICHMOND CENTRE"). Stops outside of the Richmond Centre shopping mall and is the main transfer point to almost all of the bus routes in Richmond. Brighouse – The southern terminus of the line. Served the Richmond City Hall and the Brighouse area (particularly the Minoru cultural centre, which is home to the Richmond Public Library, the local skating rink and the local swimming pool.) Route notes For early morning and late evening trips, the 98 B-Line provided local non-express service between the Brighouse stop and the Richmond Transit Centre, along No. 3 Road (south of Granville Avenue) and Steveston Highway (until Shell Road). The buses going back to Richmond Transit Centre were signed "98 To Steveston & Shell B-Line". On Mondays to Fridays, during peak hours, 98 B-Line service between Vancouver and Airport Station was supplemented by the #496 Railway/Burrard Station and #491 One Road/Burrard Station express routes. The #490 Steveston/Burrard Station express route also did this but went to Highway 99 via Marpole Loop instead of Airport Station. Non-express service was also provided along some of the 98 B-Line's corridors, via the #10 Granville/Downtown (along Granville Street) and #410 Railway/22nd Street Station (between the Aberdeen and Brighouse stops) routes in Vancouver and Richmond, respectively. See also Canada Line Millennium Line Expo Line R1 King George Blvd (formerly 96 B-Line) R4 41st Ave R5 Hastings St (formerly 95 B-Line) 97 B-Line 99 B-Line List of bus routes in Metro Vancouver References External links TransLink Federal Transit Administration (US) – Overview of the 98 B-Line's technologies Transport Canada: Urban Transportation Showcase Program Novax B-Line Study Report 2001 establishments in British Columbia 2009 disestablishments in British Columbia B-Line (Vancouver) Transport in Richmond, British Columbia

4043958

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis%20Driskill

Travis Driskill

Travis Corey Driskill (born August 1, 1971) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He is 6 feet tall and weighs 215 pounds. He bats and throws right-handed. He attended Texas Tech University, where he played for the Red Raiders, and is currently the pitching coach for the Corpus Christi Hooks. Career Driskill was drafted in 1990 and 1992 by the Houston Astros and California Angels, respectively, but did not sign. He was drafted again in the fourth round of the 1993 draft by the Cleveland Indians and this time he did sign. Driskill played in the Indians minor league system for the next five years, advancing as high as Triple-A before his contract was purchased by the Yakult Swallows on January 6, 1998. Driskill appeared in seven games as a reliever for the Swallows before he was released and signed back with the Indians in August. A minor league free agent after the season, Driskill signed with the Houston Astros, and played the next two seasons in their minor league system. On November 15, 2001, Driskill signed with the Baltimore Orioles. He made his MLB debut with the Orioles in , appearing in 29 games including 19 starts, the most games appeared in for a single season for Driskill's entire major league career. Driskill appeared in 20 more games for the Orioles in and became a free agent at the end of the season. On November 20, 2003, Driskill signed with the Colorado Rockies. He played only one season in Colorado, appearing in five games. On November 11, 2004, Driskill signed with the Houston Astros and became a free agent after the season. On December 9, 2005, he signed with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, but was released on April 2, 2006; on April 14 he resigned with the Astros. Driskill played the next two seasons for Houston's Triple-A affiliate, the Round Rock Express, except for a callup in August , appearing in two games. Driskill retired after the season and accepted an offer from the Astros to become the pitching coach of their Rookie League team, the Greenville Astros. References External links Travis Driskill at Baseball Gauge Nippon Professional Baseball Venezuela Winter League 1971 births Living people Akron Aeros players American expatriate baseball players in Canada American expatriate baseball players in Japan Baltimore Orioles players Baseball coaches from Nebraska Baseball players from Nebraska Blinn Buccaneers baseball players Blinn College alumni Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players Canton-Akron Indians players Caribes de Anzoátegui players Colorado Rockies players Colorado Springs Sky Sox players Columbus RedStixx players Houston Astros players Kinston Indians players Leones del Caracas players American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela Major League Baseball pitchers Minor league baseball coaches Naranjeros de Hermosillo players American expatriate baseball players in Mexico New Orleans Zephyrs players Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers Ottawa Lynx players Rochester Red Wings players Round Rock Express players Sportspeople from Omaha, Nebraska Texas Tech Red Raiders baseball players Texas Tech University alumni Yakult Swallows players

4043961

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei%20Slavnov

Sergei Slavnov

Sergei Gennadyevich Slavnov (; born 11 March 1982) is a Russian pair skater. He is best known for his partnership with Julia Obertas, with whom he competed from 2003 to 2007. Together, they are the 2005 European silver medalists. Previously, Slavnov competed with Julia Karbovskaya, with whom he is the 2002 World Junior silver medalist. Career Sergei Slavnov began skating at age 5, originally as a single skater, and switched to pair skating at age 16. Slavnov originally skated with Julia Karbovskaya and won silver at the 2002 World Junior Championships. They were coached by Nikolai Velikov at the Yubileyny rink in Saint Petersburg. In 2002, Slavnov began dating Julia Obertas, who trained at the same rink, and in August 2003 they decided to skate together and to switch coaches to Tamara Moskvina, who also worked at Yubileyny. At the 2004 Skate America, shortly after Tatiana Totmianina's accident, Obertas fell out of an overhead lift, a hand-to-hand lasso lift, but Slavnov managed to catch her to prevent her head hitting the ice. The pair won silver at the 2005 European Championships and were fifth at the World Championships. During the 2005-06 season, they were fourth at Europeans, and then finished eighth at both the Olympics and Worlds. At the start of the 2006-07 season, Obertas / Slavnov decided to return to the Velikovs, with Ludmila Velikova as their main coach. The pair won bronze at 2006 Trophée Eric Bompard and finished 6th at 2006 NHK Trophy. At the 2007 Russian Championships, they won the silver medal and were sent to the 2007 European Championships where they finished 4th. They did not compete at Worlds. The pair announced they would miss the 2007-08 season as the result of an injury to Obertas. In summer 2008, they said they would miss the start of the 2008-09 season, but might compete at Russian Nationals. In autumn 2008, Slavnov participated in the Russia 1 ice show Star Ice (Звёздный лёд), skating with the Russian actress Anastasia Zadorozhnaya. Obertas / Slavnov did not compete at Russian Nationals and ended their career. Obertas / Slavnov performed some quadruple twists in competition. Slavnov joined the Russian Ice Stars company in 2011. Programs With Obertas With Karbovskaya Results With Obertas With Karbovskaya References External links 1982 births Russian male pair skaters Olympic figure skaters of Russia Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics Living people Figure skaters from Saint Petersburg European Figure Skating Championships medalists World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists

4043970

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne%20Dankers

Arne Dankers

Arne Dankers (born June 1, 1980) is a Canadian speed skater. Dankers was a member of the Canadian team that set the team pursuit world record of 3:39.69 in Calgary, Canada on November 12, 2005. The Canadian team, of which Dankers was a part, was not able to duplicate this performance at the 2006 Turin Olympics. The Italian team now holds the Olympic team pursuit record of 3:43.64. 2006 Winter Olympics At the 2006 Olympics he participated in the following events: Speed Skating, Men's 1500 m Speed Skating, Men's 5000 m – 5th place Speed Skating, Men's 10000 m – 9th place Speed Skating, Men's Team Pursuit – Silver Dankers placed 5th place in the 5000m men's speed skating final and his team won a silver medal in Men's team pursuit speed skating. His parents, Peter Dankers and Marja Verhoef, are both Dutch. Arne Dankers moved to Canada when he was two years old. Arne Dankers graduated from the University of Calgary with a master's degree in Electrical Engineering and later completed a PhD at the Delft University of Technology. External links References 1980 births Living people Canadian male speed skaters Speed skaters from Calgary Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics Olympic silver medalists for Canada Olympic speed skaters of Canada Canadian people of Dutch descent Olympic medalists in speed skating Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics

4043974

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WODA

WODA

WODA is a radio station in Bayamon, Puerto Rico. The station airs at 94.7 FM and it is known commercially as La Nueva 94 FM or La 94. It has a sister station, WNOD airing at 94.1 FM in Mayaguez, covering the western part of Puerto Rico and retransmitting WODA programming. The station is relayed through booster station, WODA-FM1 in Ceiba, also operating at 94.7 FM. History The station was founded in 1959 as WBYM, and broadcast its Beautiful music format. The station operates at 94.7 FM, and was assigned to Radio Aeropuerto, Inc, the owners of WRAI-AM. WEYA, Radio Femenina Originally this radio station was owned and operated by Carlos Pirallo and was named WEYA which means "Ella" or "She", Radio Femenina and it was playing Beautiful Music with an automated system. Then in the early 1980s changed its call letters to WGSX with the "g" forming a 9 and S like a 5 and it was called 95X, with soft rock format. WGSX, 95X During the 1980s the station was branded as 95X and its format was CHR/pop airing music from the 1980s pop and rock top stars. WGSX was an affiliate of Casey Kasem's American Top 40 throughout the 1980s. WLDI, Oldies 94.7 In 1992, the station changed to an Oldies music format airing Top 40 music from the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. The station was known commercially as Oldies 94.7. also changing the call letters to WLDI. Cosmos 94 FM/Onda 94 WNOD began transmissions in early 1960s as WOYE-FM and was owned by Pepino Broadcasters, Inc. managed by the Bonnet Alvarez family. In the 1970s the station was acquired by Prime Time Radio Corporation, and was changed to a Spanish Variety format branded as Cosmos 94, La Estácion Espacial Musical. The programs that made history at the station was, El Meneo de la Mañana, La Hora del Rocheo, Astro Rock, Enlace Romántico and La Movida en Diez. In 1995, the station was acquired by Primedia Broadcasting, Inc. and once again changed format and brand name, expanding the Cosmos 94 name across Puerto Rico. Originally geared toward an ever-growing group of underground rap followers, the station was branded as Cosmos 94 FM, Tu Emisora Radioactiva. However the underground rap music format lasted just for a month and was changed to a CHR/Latin pop format. It was then sold to the Spanish Broadcasting System in 1998. The new owners turned it into a Rock en Español station, a format that lasted until 2002. Before changing the brand to "Onda 94" the last words spoken by the DJ was a quote that says "The human spirit does not die when it's defeated, it dies when it surrenders". During the last couple of hours of transmission as "Cosmos 94" various artists took part of the live broadcast as a sort of tribute to it. After that, it was rebranded as Onda 94, changing again to a Top 40 format. Reggaeton 94 On May 1, 2005, The station changed the format and now plays a reggaeton format branded as Reggaeton 94 FM. El Despelote was moved from La Mega to Reggaeton 94 in 2008. La Nueva 94 In June 2012, WODA changed its current reggaeton format and now still plays an Urban AC format branded as La Nueva 94 FM. Some of the programming on WODA can be also listen via LaMusica App. Translator stations Logos WODA Branding Radio Femenina 94.7 (1970s to 1980s) 95X (1980s to 1990s) Oldies 94.7 (1990 to 1995) Cosmos 94 (1995 to 2002) Onda 94 (2002 to 2005) Reggaeton 94 (2005 to 2012) La Nueva 94 (2012 to present) WNOD Branding Oye FM (1967 to 1975) Cosmos 94 (1975 to 2002) Onda 94 (2002 to 2005) Reggaeton 94 (2005 to 2012) La Nueva 94 (2012 to present) External links WODA ODA Radio stations established in 1959 Latin rhythmic radio stations Spanish Broadcasting System radio stations

4043986

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Logan%20%28poet%29

William Logan (poet)

William Logan (born 1950) is an American poet, critic and scholar. Life Logan was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to W. Donald Logan, Jr. and Nancy Damon Logan. He lives in Gainesville, Florida and Cambridge, England with his wife, the poet and artist, Debora Greger. Educated at Yale (BA, 1972) and the Iowa Writers' Workshop at the University of Iowa (MFA, 1975), he has authored eight books of poetry as well as five books of criticism. Work He is a professor of creative writing at the University of Florida. Logan's poetry reviews have appeared in the New York Times Book Review. Many of these reviews have been quite controversial, leading Slate magazine to call him "the most hated man in American poetry...  [and] its guiltiest pleasure". Logan's own poetry has received generally positive reviews. The poet Richard Tillinghast wrote, "when he manages to avoid obscurity, Mr. Logan writes with vigor, almost classical restraint and a fine sense of musicality." Logan's work has also received positive notices from The New York Times Book Review, Poetry and Publishers Weekly. In a review in Poetry magazine, Michael Scharf favorably compared the poetry from Logan's 1999 collection Night Battle with the work of the poet Geoffrey Hill. Reviews Being a formalist poet himself, Logan's handful of positive reviews tend to go to well-established, conservative poets (usually deceased) who were/are masters of formal verse like Geoffrey Hill, Frederick Seidel, Robert Lowell, and Elizabeth Bishop. But he has also fiercely criticized other formalist poets like Les Murray and Derek Walcott and praised a few free verse poets like Louise Gluck and Anne Carson. Logan has been especially critical of popular free verse poets like Mary Oliver, Billy Collins, and Sharon Olds as well as more experimental poets like Jorie Graham and Rae Armantrout. Although he's best known for his often extreme reviews of poets, Logan has written some mixed reviews of poets like Kay Ryan, John Ashbery, and Frank O'Hara whom he has judged to be flawed but admirable. Awards National Book Critics Circle award for criticism Citation for Excellence in Reviewing from the National Book Critics Circle Peter I.B. Lavan Award from the Academy of American Poets John Masefield and Celia B. Wagner Awards from the Poetry Society of America J. Howard and Barbara M. J. Wood Prize from Poetry John William Corrington Award for Literary Excellence Amy Lowell Poetry Travelling Scholarship Aiken Taylor Award for Modern American Poetry 2013 Bibliography Poetry "Christ Among the Moneychangers, 1929", Poetry Foundation "from Punchinello in Chains: VI. Punchinello Dreams of Escape", Poetry Foundation "The Other Place", Poetry, April 2005 "To a Wedding", Poetry, November 2008 Sad-faced Men (1982) Difficulty (1985) Sullen Weedy Lakes (1988) Vain Empires (1998), a New York Times "notable book of the year" Night Battle (1999) Macbeth in Venice (2003) The Whispering Gallery (2005) Strange Flesh (2008) Madame X (2012) Rift of Light (2017) Criticism All the Rage (1998) Reputations of the Tongue (1999) Desperate Measures (2002) The Undiscovered Country (2005) Our Savage Art (2009) Guilty Knowledge, Guilty Pleasure: The Dirty Art of Poetry (2014) Dickinson's Nerves, Frost's Woods: Poetry in the Shadow of the Past (2018) Broken Ground: Poetry and the Demon of History (2021) References External links University of Florida Biography Logan's review of The Oxford Book of American Poetry in The New York Times, April 16, 2006 Review of Geoffrey Hill 1950 births Living people American male poets Formalist poets University of Florida faculty Iowa Writers' Workshop alumni

4043989

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewitt%20Quadrangle

Hewitt Quadrangle

Hewitt University Quadrangle, commonly known as Beinecke Plaza, is a plaza at the center of the Yale University campus in New Haven, Connecticut. It is the home of the university's administration, main auditorium, and dining facilities. The quadrangle was created with the construction of the university's Bicentennial Buildings and Woodbridge Hall in 1901. Until 1917, it was known as University Court. The completion of the Beinecke Library created subterranean library facilities beneath the courtyard, establishing the present appearance of the paved plaza and sunken courtyard. Buildings Bicentennial Buildings The Bicentennial Buildings–University Commons, the Memorial Rotunda, and Woolsey Hall–were the first buildings constructed for Yale University as opposed to one of its constituent entities (Yale College, Sheffield Scientific School, or others), reflecting a greater emphasis on central administration initiated by Presidents Timothy Dwight and Arthur Twining Hadley. Constructed in 1901-2 for the University's bicentennial, the limestone Beaux-Arts buildings linked the College buildings on the Old Campus with the Sheffield Scientific buildings on Hillhouse Avenue. They were designed by John M. Carrère and Thomas Hastings of Carrère and Hastings. The University Commons, simply known as "Commons" on campus, is a timber-trussed banqueting hall. It served as the university-wide dining hall until the completion of the residential colleges, Sterling Law Building, and Hall of Graduate Studies in the 1930s. Woolsey Hall was the University's first large secular assembly hall, with 2,691 seats. It holds one of the largest organs in the world: the Newberry Memorial Organ, a 1928 Skinner organ. The Rotunda, with tablets on the walls commemorating Yale's war dead is a double-sized, domed, colonnaded version of Bramante's Tempietto built in 1502 on the site of St. Peter's martyrdom in Rome. Above the memorial is the President's Room, used for donor and ceremonial receptions. Woodbridge Hall Also completed in 1901, Woodbridge Hall is the main administrative building of the university. The Office of the President of the University has been stationed on the building's second floor since the administration of Arthur Twining Hadley. Adjacent is the Corporation Room, the boardroom of Yale's governing body. The building is named for Timothy Woodbridge, one of the ten founding ministers of the school, whose names of are engraved on the building's facade. Beinecke Library The visible portion of Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, on the east side of the plaza, designed by Gordon Bunshaft, is like the visible portion of an iceberg. With three underground levels extending under the plaza, most of the library is hidden. Sculpture Before the colonnade of the Commons is a memorial cenotaph. Its inscription reads: Behind the cenotaph, one can see inscribed the names of World War I battles of Cambrai, Argonne, Somme, Chateau-Thierry, Ypres, St. Mihiel and Marne. Woodbridge Hall, located on the west side of the plaza, was designed by the firm of Howells & Stokes and is French Renaissance in style. It contains the central administration of the University. The building was named for Reverend Timothy Woodbridge, one of the founders of Yale College. The Beinecke Library's sunken courtyard, visible but not accessible from the plaza, contains Isamu Noguchi's sculpture The Garden (Pyramid, Sun, and Cube). The three marble sculptures represent time, the sun, and chance. Alexander Calder's sculpture Gallows and Lollipops stands on the plaza. The Claes Oldenburg sculpture Lipstick Ascending on a Caterpillar Tread (now located in Morse College) was once on the plaza. Use As the symbolic heart of the university—and as the space in front of the administration building—Beinecke Plaza is occasionally the site of rallies and protests. These have included labor rallies held by the Federation of Hospital and University Employees and their supporters. Student protests have included a 16-day occupation of the plaza by Students Against Sweatshops in support of an ethical licensing policy (spring 2002). Most notable was the 1986 construction of a shanty-town erected to demand Yale's divestment from apartheid South Africa. After students erected the shanty-town, designed to mimic a Soweto shanty and named after Winnie Mandela, the university administration ordered its removal and demolished it. The destruction of the shanty-town, which required the arrest of dozens of protesters, unleashed an outpouring of anger and demands that the shanty-town be recreated. Eventually the university relented and the town was resurrected, only to be burned down by an irate alumnus two years later and replaced by a "memorial wall". References Bibliography Yale University

4044008

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnitger%20organ%20%28Hamburg%29

Schnitger organ (Hamburg)

The organ of the St. Jacobi Church (St. James' Church) in Hamburg, was built from 1689 to 1693 by the most renowned organ builder of his time, Arp Schnitger. The organ boasts four manuals and pedal with 60 stops, 15 of which are reeds – and has approximately 4000 sounding pipes. All in all, from the organ's original installation and its condition today (despite the partial destruction during World War II) not much of its conception has changed. The old pipework and the prospect pipes have been preserved in almost original format. It is the largest organ in existence from before 1700 and is one of the most eminent Baroque instruments that have been preserved. Building history Preceding instruments It is not yet documented when the very first organ at St. Jacobi was built. Nevertheless, it can be attested to that there was a certain organist at St. Jacobi named "Meister Rudolf" around 1300. It is known that from 1512 – 1516 a two-manual instrument was built by Jacob Iversand and Harmen Stüven. A Rückpositiv (positive organ division) was added before 1543. Further refurbishments followed in the 16th and 17th centuries by several builders. Among them were Jacob Scherer (from 1551), his son-in-law Dirk Hoyer (1577–1578) who built a new Rückpositiv and two new pedal towers; also Hans Bockelmann (1588–1589) and Hans Scherer the Elder (1588–1592) who provided a new Oberwerk (upper division). Scherer's sons Hans and Fritz refurbished the organ in 1606/7. At the end of the 16th century, musician Hieronymus Praetorius thus ended up having one of the most impressive and large instruments in the country at his disposal. The earlier disposition of 1592 with 53 stops and 3 manuals is provided by Michael Praetorius in his treatise, Syntagma Musicum: Disposition of 1592 Annotations Between 1635 and 1636, Gottfried Fritzsche greatly expanded the instrument from its previous Renaissance keyboard range. It was enlarged to span four octaves and four manuals. Ulrich Cernitz, St. Jacobi organist of the time (who had studied with Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck) reported extensively on these expansions which led to the instrument having more than 56 registers. Renovations were also made by his son, Hans Christoph Fritzsche, in 1655. New build by Schnitger in 1693 Arp Schnitger used the existing instrument and kept 27 of the stops (including some of the oldest pipes of the original 1516 organ) for his project. Schnitger built the rest of the stops himself. He then expanded the four-manual instrument to 60 stops. Despite the advice of one of the most prominent organists at the church of St. Katharinen in Hamburg, Johann Adam Reincken, Schnitger installed both a Principal 32' and Posaune 32' into the pedal. This brought a tremendous prestige factor to the instrument. The total costs for this project was 29.108 Marks. The different divisions have the following (German) names: Werck (Hauptwerk), Rückpositiv, Oberpositiv, Brustpositiv and Pedal. The prospect of the Schnitger organ in St. Jacobi is the largest existing example of the so-called "Hamburg Prospects": those having many-tiered divisional structures that was developed by the organ builder family Scherer in Hamburg around 1600. Typical for these fronts are the symmetrical case with the large pedal towers at each side and the staggered arrangement of the manual divisions, although the Oberpositiv did not appear in these frontal prospects. Instead, it was located in a higher position behind the Great (having no back panel). The directness of the sound is in part created by the wide downward shaping arches of the building. These create excellent acoustics. The figures on the prospect were cut by Christian Precht and belong to his latest known works. In 1720, Johann Sebastian Bach applied for the position of organist at St. Jacobi. However Bach, despite being a famed organist, did not get the position. Instead it was awarded to Johann Joachim Heitmann, who was able to pay the required high sum of 4000 Mark into the church fund and also marrying the pastor's daughter. In the records of Johann Mattheson we find part of a rather severe sermon by the pastor of St. Jacobi at the time, Erdmann Neumeister: "He believed with certainty that – if one of the angels were to descend from heaven and, wanting to become an organist of St. Jacobi, played divinely – but if this angel from Bethlehem had no money, they would simply have to fly away again." It is confirmed that Bach also played the organ in the neighbouring church of St. Katharinen. Apparently the condition of the St. Jacobi instrument was (temporarily) not very good. He therefore left before playing the official audition for the post. The disposition of 1721 was notated by organbuilder Otto Diedrich Richborn: Disposition of 1721 2 tremulants Zimbelstern, Trommel 5 stop valves, 1 main valve Later work In 1722 Otto Diedrich Richborn made a small change in the organ's disposition. Later, in 1761, organ builder Johann Jacob Lehnert from Hamburg also slightly changed the disposition. From 1774 to 1775, Johann Paul Geycke renewed the console. Further renovations were carried out in 1790 by Johann Daniel Kahl; then once again in 1836 and 1846 by Johann Gottlieb Wolfsteller. In 1866, new wind channels and compensatory bellows were built. Jürgen Marcussen made a further disposition change by installing an additional pneumatic system with five registers in 1890. Restorations In 1917 there was a serious invasion of the tonal quality of the instrument. This happened when the tin prospect pipes had to be taken down and handed over to the army administration's metal collection during the First World War. After World War I, Hans Henny Jahnn and Gottlieb Harms discovered and realized the value of this instrument. They advocated for the repair and replacement of the missing front pipes. Substantial funds were raised for this purpose with a series of benefit concerts (called Ugrino concerts) in 1922. Jahnn managed to secure Günther Ramin, organist of the Leipzig Thomaskirche, for these concerts. Ramin brought back compositions of Hamburg organists of the 17th century alongside works of Buxtehude and Bach to the concert space for the first time in a long while. At the organ convention, initiated by Jahnn in Hamburg and Lübeck in July 1925, the Schnitger organ in St. Jacobi became a great focus of interest in the organ scene of Northern Europe. It became known as a model instrument for Baroque and pre-Baroque organ music. Because the wind chests, pipework and carvings were removed in 1942, this prevented these sound-producing parts of the organ from being destroyed in World War II. When the church completely burned down, Schnitger's case, the bellow enclosure and the console of 1774 were lost. The southern nave was only slightly destroyed, and after its restoration in 1950 the Lübeck organ workshop Kemper made a provisional installation. Kemper had already carried out the restoration work of previous decades under the direction of and cooperation with Hans Henny Jahnn. Another step along the way towards restoration was at the old site in the west of the main nave, completed in 1961. It included a new case for the old divisions, a new console with carved heads for register knobs (1950), an extension of the keyboard ranges with the necessary technical adjustments and an extremely stiff action by Kemper. This effort resulted in a sound that was phonetically uneven, and an action that was unsatisfactory. The use of different wind pressures in the manual divisions and the pedal did not correspond to historical building practice. The pipework had been shortened in different ways during the course of the 19th and 20th centuries to emulate modern pitch. Many pipes on the wind chests became displaced. The sound of the principal choir was too similar to that of the flutes. The reeds had no stability. Furthermore, the proportions of the case were incorrect, because the keyboard extensions led to many additional large pipes that had to be considered. Despite all this, the sound quality of the instrument was still recognizable and continued to fascinate listeners. The push for a fundamental restoration of the organ came from St. Jacobi organist Rudolf Kelber in 1982. He wanted to get rid of all the technical defects and problems in sound quality. A consensus was reached to restore it to the old state i.e. that of the Jacobi organ as it was in the late 18th century, with all its surviving components. These included the registers by Johann Jacob Lehnert from the year 1761 (the Viola di Gamba 8 'in the Werck and the Trommet 8' in the Rückpositiv). No attempt was made to reconstruct the console from 1774. Instead it made more sense to return to the concept of Schnitger, with the short octave in the manual keyboards. This was done according to the model of the Schnitger console received from the Lübeck Dom organ. The recovery of the original case proportions with original Schnitger wind chest dimensions was essential. A compromise here was the addition of the note D sharp (or E flat) in the bass octave of the pedal. This was placed on an auxiliary chest outside the case. The wind supply was set up with six wedge bellows located in the upper area of the tower space, behind the organ. Jürgen Ahrend, regarded as a connoisseur of Schnitger organs (and who had all the resources needed for this project in his workshop) was commissioned for this project. The materials included a provision of wood that had been stored up for decades. Three hundred years after the completion of the organ built by Arp Schnitger, the restored instrument was inaugurated in 1993. Cornelius H. Edskes, the leading Dutch organologist and Schnitger specialist, made sure the restoration was done as fundamentally secure as possible by creating the meticulous documentation needed. The result was a collection of more than 60,000 pieces of data. The discussion regarding the tuning of the organ led to the decision for modified mean tone temperament. It is a compromise between the standard pure thirds of the mean tone tuning and the requirements for playing organ literature from the 17th and 18th centuries in keys that contain multiple sharps/ flats. The discovery of the mean tone temperament was read off of the pipe lengths of the inner pipes of the Principal 32' in the pedal. The Schnitger organ in Hamburg's main church of St. Jacobi has become one of the most influential models for organ building in the last 100 years. Disposition Today's disposition dates back to the restoration of 1993, which in effect restored the state of 1762. Couplers: IV/II, II/III Two tremulants Zimbelstern Trommel (Drum) Sch = Scherer (16th/17th century) F = Gottfried Fritzsche (1636) S = Arp Schnitger (1693) L = Johann Jakob Lehnert (1761) A = Jürgen Ahrend (1993) Technical data 60 stops, about 4000 pipes Wind supply: 12 wind chests (Schnitger) One main valve, five stop valves (Ahrend) 6 wedge bellows (Ahrend) Wind pressure: 80 mm Tuning: Pitch: a1 = 495.45 Hz at 18 degrees Celsius Modified meantone (−1/5 syntonic comma) Bibliography Cornelius H. Edskes, Harald Vogel, translated by Joel Speerstra (2016): Arp Schnitger and His Work. Bremen: Edition Falkenberg. , pp. 66–69, 178–179. Cornelius H. Edskes (1996): Über die Stimmtonhöhe und Temperatur der Arp-Schnitger-Orgel von St. Jacobi in Hamburg. In: Hans Davidsson (ed.): Cornelius H. Edskes doctor honoris causa. Göteborg: Göteborgs universitet, Depart. of Musicology. , . Gustav Fock (1974): Arp Schnitger und seine Schule. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Orgelbaues im Nord- und Ostseeküstengebiet. Kassel: Bärenreiter. , pp. 240–241. Ibo Ortgies (2007): Die Praxis der Orgelstimmung in Norddeutschland im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert und ihr Verhältnis zur zeitgenössischen Musikpraxis. Göteborg: Göteborgs universitet (gbv.de online). Heimo Reinitzer (ed.) (1995): Die Arp-Schnitger-Orgel der Hauptkirche St. Jacobi in Hamburg. Hamburg: Christians. . References External links St James' Church Arp Schnitger Organ Database Page of NOMINE Page of Hans-Werner Coordes www.arpschnitger.nl Link to the specification and history of the organ Discography of Arp Schnitger organs Culture in Hamburg Individual pipe organs

4044009

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Beauchamp%2C%20Countess%20of%20Shrewsbury

Margaret Beauchamp, Countess of Shrewsbury

Margaret Beauchamp (1404 – 14 June 1467) was the eldest daughter of Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick and his first wife Elizabeth de Berkeley. As the eldest child of a family without male issue, Margaret was expected to inherit from her father until her stepmother Isabel le Despenser gave him a son. Ancestry She was the granddaughter and heir-general of Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley; however, the Barony and castle of Berkeley had passed to his nephew James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley on his death in 1417. These lands were also claimed by her mother, to whom she and her two sisters were coheirs. Her paternal grandfather was Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick, who fought for John of Gaunt in Spain and imprisoned in the Tower of London by Richard II and pardoned by Henry IV. However he died 3 years before Margaret was born. Marriage On 6 September 1425 she had married John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury; he and her two brothers-in-law, the Duke of Somerset and the Baron Latimer, vigorously maintained the claim to the Berkeley lands. However, Latimer's claim was possessed by his brother, the Earl of Salisbury, as Latimer had been declared insane. By Talbot, she had five children: John Talbot, 1st Viscount Lisle (1426 – 17 July 1453) Sir Louis Talbot (c. 1429) Sir Humphrey Talbot (before 1434 – c. 1492) Lady Eleanor Talbot (c. February/March 1436 – 30 June 1468), married to Sir Thomas Butler and alleged mistress to King Edward IV. Lady Elizabeth Talbot (c. December 1442/January 1443 – 6 November 1506/10 May 1507), married to John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk. Lord and Lady Talbot were distantly related to each other, having a shared ancestor in King Edward I and both being descendants of the houses of Clare and Despenser. She received the title of Countess of Clermont through the bravery of her husband during the wars with France. Wars of the Roses During the troubled years of the Wars of the Roses, the dispute frequently passed from litigation to actual violence. Lord Berkeley sacked Margaret's manor at Wotton-under-Edge in Gloucestershire, in return for which her son, the Viscount Lisle, stormed Berkeley Castle (1452) and took him prisoner. Margaret also succeeded in having Lord Berkeley's wife, Lady Isabel Mowbray, committed to prison, where she died that year. Litigation from her deathbed Lord Berkeley married Lady Joan Talbot, Margaret's stepdaughter, in 1457, temporarily quelling the feud. It broke out again in 1463, when William Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley, acceded. Litigation continued, and on her death in 1467, she left her claims to her grandson Thomas Talbot, 2nd Viscount Lisle. She was buried in St Faith under St Paul's at London. Ancestry Notes References Camden, William. "Of the Antiquity of Epitaphs in England." A Collection of Curious Discourses. Vol. 1, Ed. Thomas Hearne, Benjamin White, at Horace's Head, London, 1775. External links Margaret Beauchamp 1404 births 1467 deaths 15th-century English women 15th-century English people Shrewsbury Daughters of British earls Margaret

4044014

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CipSoft

CipSoft

CipSoft GmbH is a German video game developer based in Regensburg. Founded in 2001, it is the developer of Tibia. As of April 2021, the company employs 95 people. History CipSoft was founded on 8 June 2001 by Guido Lübke, Stephan Payer, Ulrich Schlott, and Stephan Vogler. The four had developed the game Tibia during their time at university and released it in 1997. After completing their studies, they founded CipSoft to continue the development of the game. Games Tibia Tibia is one of the first online role-playing games (MMORPG) ever created. It is the main product of CipSoft GmbH. On the islands of Tibia players discover a fantastic 2D world where they can go on virtual adventures. The main intention of the game is for the player to develop the character and to prove oneself as a knight, paladin, sorcerer or druid. The fact that Tibia is still based on 2D has never influenced the growth of the number of players. In 2008, Tibia was seen as one of the "8 best MMORPGs for Linux" TibiaME TibiaME is the first online role playing game for mobile phones. The story of TibiaME is inspired by the PC game Tibia. As a knight or a sorcerer, the players develop the skills of their selected characters. By exploring large varieties of areas, they will come upon exciting quests and dangerous dungeons where hundreds of players can set their forces together. Communicating and interacting with other players in a diplomacy is only one attractive aspect of TibiaME. The player can log out at any moment of the game and log in later. Fiction Fighters Fiction Fighters was a new product, which became available in 2011, but was discontinued during its beta release due to massive lack of player's staying interest - despite a massive marketing campaign. It was an interactive 3D comic, where players entered a parallel comic universe. The players acted and interacted only in comic strips. Panzer League Panzer League is mobile multiplayer online battle arena for tanks. To win the game you have to destroy your opponents and defense systems before blowing up. Matches last 5 to 10 minutes. The game is available for the Android and iOS devices. References External links Companies based in Regensburg Software companies of Germany Video game companies established in 2001 Video game companies of Germany

4044028

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen%20Street

Aberdeen Street

Aberdeen Street is a border street dividing Sheung Wan and Central on Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. It ascends from Queen's Road Central to Caine Road in Mid-Levels. The street is named after George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, Foreign Secretary at the time of the cession of Hong Kong Island to the United Kingdom in 1842. History In the early days after 1841, while Choong Wan was planned to be business centre of Victoria City and an area of Westener population, Chinese population was removed from Choong Wan to the area around Tai Ping Shan Street in Sheung Wan and Sheung Wan became the area of Chinese population. South of Hollywood Road was the Alice Memorial Hospital and the College of Medicine where Sun Yat-sen graduated with distinction in 1892. After the college was merged into the University of Hong Kong, the hospital was also moved to Bonham Road and renamed to Nethersole Hospital. After reclamation of island north, Aberdeen Street was extended in the north by Wing Kut Street (), a pedestrian lane which hosts a street market. Features The following list follows a north–south order. (W) indicates the western side of the street, while (E) indicates the eastern side. Junction with Queen's Road Central This section is a ladder street > intersection with Wellington Street (E) Lin Heung Tea House () Located at 160–164 Wellington Street, at the corner with Aberdeen Street. The restaurant opened in 1928 and changed location several times before opening at its present location. It serves dim sum for breakfast and lunch and traditional Cantonese dishes for dinner. (W)> junction with Kau U Fong () (W) Lan Kwai Fong Hotel Located at No. 3 Kau U Fong, at the corner with Aberdeen Street. Despite the name, it is not located at Lan Kwai Fong. (E)> junction with Wa on Lane () (W)> junction with Gough Street (E)> junction with Gage Street (E) Original site of the school where Yang Quyun was assassinated by Qing agents in 1911. Located at No. 52 Gage Street, at the corner with Aberdeen Street. A marker, part of the Dr Sun Yat-sen Historical Trail is located in Aberdeen Street. The site is also included in the Central and Western Heritage Trail. (E)> junction with Sam Ka Lane () > intersection with Hollywood Road (W) PMQ () The compound occupies the block west of Aberdeen Street, between Hollywood Road and Staunton Street. It is located on the site of the former Central School. The school had been established in 1862 at Gough Street and moved to the Aberdeen Street location in 1889, while being renamed Victoria College. At that time, the school was one of the largest and most expensive buildings in Hong Kong. It was renamed Queen's College in 1894. The campus was destroyed during World War II, and the school was subsequently relocated. The buildings at Aberdeen Street were demolished in 1948 and the Quarters were opened in 1951. They were completely vacated in 2000. It has been revitalised as a creative hub for local design talents in 2014. > intersection with Staunton Street (E) Kwong Hon Terrace Garden () (W) Albron Court, at the corner with Caine Road The current building occupies the site of a former two-storey-mansion of the same name, that had been built in the 1870s for H.N. Mody. A gatepost of the mansion remains in front of the building on Caine Road. (E) St. Margaret's Girls' College, at the corner with Caine Road > intersection with Caine Road See also List of streets and roads in Hong Kong References Further reading External links An article about the street in Sing Pao Google Maps of Aberdeen Street Central, Hong Kong Sheung Wan Roads in Hong Kong Ladder streets in Hong Kong

4044047

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boil-water%20advisory

Boil-water advisory

A boil-water advisory, boil-water notice, boil-water warning, boil-water order, or boil order is a public-health advisory or directive issued by governmental or other health authorities to consumers when a community's drinking water is or could be contaminated by pathogens. Under a boil-water advisory (BWA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that water be brought to a rolling boil for one minute before it is consumed in order to kill protozoa, bacteria, and viruses. At altitudes above , boiling should be extended to 3 minutes, as the lower boiling point at high altitudes requires more time to kill such organisms. BWAs are typically issued when monitoring of water being served to consumers detects E. coli or other microbiological indicators of sewage contamination. Another reason for a BWA is a failure of distribution system integrity evidenced by a loss of system pressure. While loss of pressure does not necessarily mean the water has been contaminated, it does mean that pathogens may be able to enter the piped-water system and thus be carried to consumers. In the United States, this has been defined as a drop below . History John Snow's 1849 recommendation that water be "filtered and boiled before it is used" is one of the first practical applications of the germ theory of disease in the area of public health and is the antecedent to the modern boil water advisory. Snow demonstrated a clear understanding of germ theory in his writings. He first published his theory in an 1849 essay On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, in which he correctly suggested that the fecal-oral route was the mode of communication, and that the disease replicated itself in the lower intestines. Snow later went so far as to accurately propose in his 1855 edition of the work that the structure of cholera was that of a cell. Snow's ideas were not fully accepted until years after his death in 1858. The first known modern boil-water advisory based solely on germ theory and unfettered by extraneous and irrelevant advice was distributed in 1866 during the last of three major cholera outbreaks that ravaged London in the 19th century. See also 2010 Boston water emergency 1998 Sydney water crisis Walkerton E. coli outbreak Water supply Water pollution References Drinking water Health campaigns Water treatment

4044059

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptanitrocubane

Heptanitrocubane

Heptanitrocubane is an experimental high explosive based on the cubic eight-carbon cubane molecule and closely related to octanitrocubane. Seven of the eight hydrogen atoms at the corners of the cubane molecule are replaced by nitro groups, giving the final molecular formula . As with octanitrocubane, not enough heptanitrocubane has been synthesized to perform detailed tests on its stability and energy. It is hypothesized to have slightly better performance than explosives such as HMX, the current high-energy standard explosive, based on chemical energy analysis. While in theory not as energetic as octanitrocubane's theoretical maximum density, the HNC that has been synthesized so far is a more effective explosive than any ONC that has been produced, due to more efficient crystal packing and hence higher density. Heptanitrocubane was first synthesized by the same team who synthesized octanitrocubane, Philip Eaton and Mao-Xi Zhang at the University of Chicago, in 1999. References Further reading Explosive chemicals Nitroalkanes

4044062

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultradrive

Ultradrive

The Ultradrive is an automatic transmission manufactured by Chrysler beginning in the 1989 model year. Initially produced in a single four-speed variant paired with the Mitsubishi (6G72) 3.0-liter engine in vehicles with transverse engines, application was expanded to the Chrysler 3.3- and 3.8-liter V6 engines in 1990 model year Dodge Caravan/Grand Caravan, Plymouth Voyager/Grand Voyager, Chrysler Town & Country, Dodge Dynasty and Chrysler New Yorker. A six-speed variant (62TE) was introduced in the 2007 model year and remains in production for several models as of 2019. The Ultradrive and succeeding transmissions are produced at the Kokomo Transmission plant in Kokomo, Indiana, which also manufactures other Chrysler automatic transmissions. As of 2020, Dodge Journeys equipped with four-cylinder engines are the only applications of the four-speed Ultradrive (40TES) remaining in production. The Ram Promaster will be the only vehicle to use an Ultradrive transmission after 2020. History The Ultradrive was a significant technological advancement in transmission operation, one of the first electronically controlled automatics. It pioneered many now-common features such as adaptive shifting, wherein the electronic control unit optimizes shifting based on the driving style of the operator. It earned a reputation for being unreliable. While the Ultradrive transmission had numerous issues, reportedly due to being rushed into production, a common problem was not necessarily caused by a design flaw, but by poor labelling: both owner's manuals and transmission fluid dipsticks advocated the use of Dexron transmission fluid in the event the required fluid was not available. The transmissions were designed to use a special fluid (Type 7176, also known as ATF+3, now superseded by ATF+4) and many owners reported failures from the use of Dexron, as well as temporary issues which were resolved when the proper fluid was added. There may also have been mistaken impressions of failure due to the "limp home" feature. When the computer sensed a problem, such as a sensor giving an inappropriate reading, a code would be stored in the car's computer and the transmission would default to second gear only, under transmission computer control, so that owners could still drive to a service location for diagnosis or repairs. This may have caused perceptions of failure and premature replacement. A major drawback to the "second-gear-only limp mode" was, if second gear was the defective gear, the vehicle would not go forward. The torque converter measured in diameter and was mounted to the flywheel by a flexible drive plate. The transaxle was cooled through an oil-to-water heat exchanger in the collector tank on the radiator, and/or a standard oil-to-air heat exchanger. There were no bands or mechanical holding devices; ratios were supplied by five different clutch packs. This allowed the transmission to be lightweight and to use fewer moving parts than the three speed it replaced. The 41TE transmission which directly replaced the TorqueFlite had a similar design and could be considered an evolutionary change, but it included different valve bodies, solenoid packs, sensors, and other components to increase reliability. This line was also given a flash-programmable TCM and, in 2006, a variable line pressure hydraulic system was phased in, which boosted performance and longevity. "Autostick" option In some applications, the driver could select a certain gear with an extra position on the stick. Marketed as "Autostick," activation required the driver to press a safety button on the selector stick, whereby and the selector could be moved to the "manual" position—where side-to-side movements towards the + and - icons (or pressing the + and - buttons on column-mounted selectors) made it possible to manually engage the transmission sequentially through all four forward speeds. The computer could override the gear selector to limit maximum engine RPM or prevent selection of a gear too low for vehicle speed. The option was advantageous in certain driving conditions, e.g., slippery roads or mountain driving. Technical information There are currently four different types of units. Chrysler switched to a new coded naming convention in the 1990s. This new standard starts with two numbers, the number of gears (4–6) and the torque rating (0–9) plus two or three letters describing the unit. TE: Transverse electronic LE: Longitudinal electronic TEA: Transverse electronic all-wheel-drive Differences in bell housing and bolt pattern can be seen between years and platforms (e.g. 2013 Grand Caravan RT platform 62TE is not bolt compatible with a 2013 ProMaster VF platform 62TE). A604/41TE The 41TE is a four-speed transmission originally fitted on 1989 Dodge/Plymouth vehicles with the 3.0 L 6G72 V6. Applications include (but are not limited to) the Dodge Caravan/Grand Caravan, Plymouth Voyager/Grand Voyager, Dodge Shadow, Chrysler LeBaron and Chrysler Sebring (1995–1997). Applications: 1989–1993 Chrysler New Yorker 1989–1995 Chrysler LeBaron 1989–2010 Dodge Caravan 1989–1993 Dodge Daytona IROC 1992–1993 Chrysler Daytona IROC (EU) 1989–1993 Dodge Dynasty 1989–1994 Dodge Shadow 1989–1994 Chrysler Saratoga (EU) 1989–1994 Plymouth Sundance 1989–1994 Dodge Spirit 1989–1994 Plymouth Acclaim 1989–2000 Plymouth Voyager 1990–1993 Chrysler Imperial 1990–1993 Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue 1990–2010 Chrysler Town and Country 1992–1994 Plymouth Duster 1995–2000 Chrysler Cirrus 1995–2006 Chrysler Sebring 1995–2006 Chrysler Stratus (EU) 1995–2000 Dodge Avenger 1995–2006 Dodge Stratus 1995–2006 Chrysler Sebring (EU) 1996–2000 Plymouth Breeze 2000–2003 Chrysler Voyager (US) 1989–2007 Chrysler Voyager (intl.) 2001–2010 Chrysler PT Cruiser 2002–2003 Dodge Neon 2004–2008 Chrysler Pacifica 1995–1999 Mitsubishi Eclipse non-turbo 2008–2010 Volga Siber 41AE The 41AE is a variant of the 41TE that was originally used for the all-wheel drive variants of the minivans, and was also used for the Chrysler Pacifica from its 2004-model-year introduction until the model was discontinued in 2008. Applications: 1991–2004 Chrysler Town and Country 1991–2004 Chrysler Voyager (intl.) 1991–2004 Dodge Caravan 1991–2000 Plymouth Voyager 2004–2008 Chrysler Pacifica 40TE Since 2003 (2004 model year), the 41TE was replaced by a similar but cheaper and lighter 40TE transmissions in cars equipped with inline-four-cylinder, or naturally-aspirated engines. Applications: 2003–2010 Chrysler PT Cruiser 2003–2006 Chrysler Sebring 2003–2007 Dodge Caravan 2003–2005 Dodge Neon 2003–2006 Dodge Stratus A606/42LE The 42LE was an upgraded version of the 41TE modified for longitudinal engines. It debuted in 1993 on the LH cars. It is strengthened with a reworked final drive unit, barreled axle shafts, and upgraded clutch packs. The major modification to a longitudinal drivetrain while maintaining front wheel drive was accomplished by adding a differential to the transmission case, which was driven by means of a transfer chain from the output shaft of the low/reverse clutch assembly at the rear of the transmission case. Applications: 42LE 1999–2004 Chrysler 300M 1993–2004 Chrysler Concorde 1994–2001 Chrysler LHS 2001–2002 Chrysler Prowler 1994–1996 Chrysler New Yorker 1993–2004 Dodge Intrepid 1993–1997 Eagle Vision 1997–2002 Plymouth Prowler 42RLE The 42LE was modified in 2003 as the 42RLE, originally for the then-new Jeep Liberty. It is a 42LE transaxle, modified for use in rear-wheel drive vehicles by removing the integral differential and transfer chain. Power flow exits the rear of the transmission. The case has also been modified. By design, it has full-electronic shift control with adaptive memory to learn the operator's driving habits controlled by the vehicle's Transmission Control Module (TCM). Contained within the automatic's torque converter is an Electronically Modulated Converter Clutch (EMCC), designed act as a shock absorber for harsh shifting. 42RLE production ceased in early 2012. Gear Ratios for the 42RLE: 1st: 2.80 2nd: 1.55 3rd: 1.00 4th: 0.69 Applications: 42RLE 2005–2010 Chrysler 300 2006–2010 Dodge Charger 2004–2011 Dodge Dakota 2004–2009 Dodge Durango 2005–2008 Dodge Magnum 2007–2011 Dodge Nitro 2003–2012 Jeep Liberty 2003–2011 Jeep Wrangler 2009 Dodge Challenger V6 2003–2012 Dodge Ram 40TES/41TES The 40TES and 41TES are upgraded replacement versions of the 41TE, which were first introduced with the 2007 Chrysler Sebring. The 40TES is used with the 2.4 L GEMA I4 engine while the 41TES is used with the 2.7 L EER V6. The difference between the TES and TE is the TES has a shallower bell housing and the torque converter is more compact. This was done for the revised packaging of the 2007 Sebring's engine compartment. The 40TES and 41TES are also known As VLP, (Variable Line Pressure) Transmissions: a pressure sensor and line pressure solenoid were added to the valve body, in addition to the solenoid pack that bolts to the outside of the case. This resulted in an additional harness connector coming through the case near the manual linkage. Applications: 2007–2010 Chrysler Sebring 2011–2014 Chrysler 200 2008–2014 Dodge Avenger 2009–2020 Dodge Journey 62TE The 62TE is a six-speed derivative of the 41TE, first introduced on 2007 Chrysler Sebring models fitted with the 3.5L EGJ V6. Applications also include the Pacifica crossover (4.0L), the RT Platform minivans (3.8L & 4.0L V6; also 2.8L diesel for Europe) and the Dodge Journey (3.5L & 3.6L). Applications: 2007–2008 Chrysler Pacifica 2007–2010 Chrysler Sebring 2011–2014 Chrysler 200 2008–2014 Dodge Avenger 2008–2016 Chrysler Town and Country 2008–2016 Chrysler Grand Voyager 2008–2020 Dodge Grand Caravan 2009–2012 Volkswagen Routan 2009–2019 Dodge Journey 2014–2021 Ram ProMaster Problems Many problems with Chrysler automatic transmissions are started when the automatic transmission fluid or "ATF" is replaced or topped-up with standard, more common fluids like DEXRON or MERCON type fluids. Chrysler transmissions need to use their own fluid, designated as ATF+4 Synthetic type 9602 fluid from Chrysler, not any other or any other plus an additive. If any quantity of other type of fluid is added to the transmission, a complete drain, flush and replacement with the correct ATF+4 will be needed. The most common problems (shift stuck-, limp mode-, blocking problems) with the Chrysler Ultradrive transmissions are poor shifting quality and sudden locks into second gear ("limp-home" mode) caused by the transmission computer detecting problems with sensor data. Nine design changes were made in an attempt to fix clutch failure, and four were directed to excessive shifting on hills. After pressure from the US Center for Auto Safety, Consumer Reports, and others, Chrysler LLC promised to waive the $100 deductible in the warranty, provide loaners, and buy back any cars with Ultradrives that could not be fixed (US located cars only). Chrysler ran a campaign to contact all American owners of cars with Ultradrives to find and fix problems. See also List of Chrysler transmissions References 41TE

4044070

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20Obertas

Julia Obertas

Julia Nikolayevna Obertas, married name: Horak (, ; born 19 June 1984) is a former pair skater who represented Ukraine until 2000 and then Russia until the end of her career. She is best known for her partnership with Sergei Slavnov, with whom she competed from 2003 to 2007. They are the 2005 European silver medalists. Earlier, she competed with Alexei Sokolov for Russia and Dmytro Palamarchuk for Ukraine. With Palamarchuk, she became a two-time (1998–1999) World Junior champion. Career Early career Obertas began skating at age 5. She initially competed with Dmytro Palamarchuk representing Ukraine. They won the 1998 and 1999 World Junior Championships. They also won the 1997 and 1998 Junior Grand Prix Final. They then began competing on the senior level. At the 2000 World Championships, Obertas/Palamarchuk were 10th after the short program but during the free skate Palamarchuk caught an edge (right skate) while executing an overhead lift with Obertas – she was uninjured in the resulting fall but he hit his head on the ice. No medical attention was immediately offered at the event in Nice, France. Palamarchuk lay on the ice for several minutes before getting up and leaving the ice on his own but then lost consciousness and was taken to hospital – no damage was found but he was kept overnight for observation. The pair ended their partnership shortly afterward. Obertas moved to Russia as her mother had remarried and the family decided to settle in Saint Petersburg. Partnership with Sokolov In the summer of 2000, Obertas teamed up with Alexei Sokolov and began to represent Russia, coached by Ludmila Velikova and Nikolai Velikov. They trained at the Yubileyny rink in Saint Petersburg. After two fourth-place finishes at Russian Nationals, they won bronze in 2003. They earned a berth in the 2003 European Championships, where they placed fifth, and to the 2003 World Championships, where they finished eighth. Partnership with Slavnov Obertas had begun dating another one of the Velikovs' students, Sergei Slavnov, and in August 2003, they decided to skate together, switching coaches to Tamara Moskvina who also worked at Yubileyny. At the 2004 Skate America, shortly after Tatiana Totmianina's accident, Obertas fell out of an overhead lift, a hand-to-hand lasso lift, but Slavnov managed to catch her to prevent her head hitting the ice. The pair won silver at the 2005 European Championships and were fifth at the World Championships. During the 2005-06 season, they were fourth at Europeans, and then finished eighth at both the Olympics and Worlds. At the start of the 2006-07 season, Obertas/Slavnov decided to return to Ludmila Velikova. The pair won bronze at 2006 Trophée Eric Bompard and finished 6th at 2006 NHK Trophy. At the 2007 Russian Championships, they won the silver medal and were sent to the 2007 European Championships where they finished 4th. They did not compete at Worlds. The pair announced they would miss the 2007-08 season as the result of an injury to Obertas. In summer 2008, they said they would miss the start of the 2008-09 season, but might compete at Russian Nationals. In autumn 2008, Obertas participated in the Russia 1 ice show Star Ice (), skating with the Russian actor Alexander Peskov. Obertas/Slavnov did not compete at Russian nationals and ended their career. Obertas/Slavnov performed some quadruple twists in competition. Personal life Obertas and Slavnov dated from 2002 to 2008. In 2010, Obertas married Czech figure skater Radek Horák. After spending some time coaching in Italy, she and her husband now coach in Stockholm, Sweden. Programs With Slavnov With Sokolov Results With Slavnov for Russia With Sokolov for Russia With Palamarchuk for Ukraine References External links Navigation 1984 births Russian female pair skaters Ukrainian female pair skaters Olympic figure skaters of Russia Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics Living people European Figure Skating Championships medalists World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists Sportspeople from Dnipro

4044071

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel%20Lees

Nathaniel Lees

Nathaniel Lees is a New Zealand theatre actor and director and film actor of Samoan descent, best known for film roles in The Matrix Reloaded, The Matrix Revolutions and The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers and for starring in Young Hercules as Chiron the centaur. Acting career Lees was born in Auckland, New Zealand. He was brought up in an environment where Samoan was commonly spoken, so he grew up thinking of himself as being Samoan. He got his first acting job because of "being brown", as the theatre required brown people running around on stage killing Captain Cook. Part of the audition was him walking through the door, and upon doing so, he "had the job". He is known for his role as Captain Mifune in The Matrix trilogy and his role as "Uglúk" in The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers. He has also had roles on the TV series Young Hercules, Hercules: The Legendary Journeys and Xena: Warrior Princess. He appeared in 30 Days of Night with Josh Hartnett. He also played Master Mao in the Power Rangers series Power Rangers Jungle Fury. Early television appearances in New Zealand included a regular role in the 1989 series Shark in the Park. He is also well known for a long career in theatre, having received many prestigious rewards for his contribution to the arts. Lees was one of the influential actors that paved the way for Pacific theatre in New Zealand. In 2004 he was awarded the Senior Pacific Artist Award at the Creative New Zealand Arts Pasifika Awards. Theatre director Lees was the director of the award winning play Think of a Garden written by John Kneubuhl, performed at the Watershed Theatre in 1993 in Auckland and then again in 1995 produced by Cath Cardiff and performed at Taki Rua Theatre in Wellington 1995. At the prestigious Chapman Tripp Theatre Awards 1995, the play won Production of the Year and Lees was awarded Director of the Year. In 1996, he directed A Frigate Bird Sings co-written by Oscar Kightley and Dave Fane and produced by Makerita Urale for the New Zealand International Festival of the Arts. The set was designed by Kate Peters and Michel Tuffery. The play was nominated for Production of the Year, Director of the Year, and Set Design at the 1996 Chapman Tripp Theatre Awards. In 2003, Lees directed The Songmaker's Chair by Albert Wendt. He also directed Awhi Tapu, by Māori playwright Albert Belz. Filmography Other Halves (1984) – Court Clerk Death Warmed Up (1984) – Jackson Shaker Run (1985) – Squad Commander Chill Factor (1989) – Charles Rapa-Nui (1994) – Long Ear Chief Bonjour Timothy (1995) – Mr. Wiley The Other Side of Heaven (2001) – Kelepi The Lost World (2001, TV Movie) – Indian chief The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) – Uglúk The Matrix Reloaded (2003) – Mifune Liquid Bridge (2003) – Ogitani The Matrix Revolutions (2003) – Mifune No. 2 (2006) – Uncle John Sione's Wedding (2006) – Minister The Tattooist (2007) – Mr. Perenese 30 Days of Night (2007) – Carter Davies Power Rangers Jungle Fury (2008, TV Series) – Master Mao Journey to Ihipa (2008) Under the Mountain (2009) – Detective Gray Sione's 2: Unfinished Business (2012) – Minister Mr. Pip (2012) – Mr. Jaggers Realiti (2014) – George One Thousand Ropes (2016) – Henry Pasi Everybody Else Is Taken (2016, Short) – Geoffrey Mortal Engines (2018) The Other Side of Heaven II: Fire of Faith (2019) – Kelepi The Dead Lands (2020, TV Series) – Te Kaipō References External links New Zealand male film actors New Zealand male television actors Living people People from Auckland New Zealand people of Samoan descent 21st-century New Zealand male actors Actors of Samoan descent 1972 births

4044078

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Talbot%2C%202nd%20Viscount%20Lisle

Thomas Talbot, 2nd Viscount Lisle

Thomas Talbot, 2nd Baron Lisle and 2nd Viscount Lisle (c. 1449 – 20 March 1470), English nobleman, was the son of John Talbot, 1st Viscount Lisle and Joan Cheddar. He married Margaret Herbert, the daughter of William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke. Upon the death of his grandmother Margaret Beauchamp in 1467, Lisle inherited her claims upon the lands of Baron Berkeley. He attempted to gain entrance to Berkeley Castle by bribery; but the plot was discovered, and in a fit of pique, he challenged Lord Berkeley to a trial of arms. The ensuing Battle of Nibley Green was the last battle on English soil fought entirely between private feudatories. The superior numbers of Berkeley won the day: Lisle's troops were routed, he was slain on the field, and Berkeley pillaged Lisle's manor of Wotton-under-Edge. Lady Lisle miscarried a son shortly thereafter; the Viscounty of Lisle became extinct, and the barony passed into abeyance between his two sisters. References History of Berkeley |- 1440s births 1470 deaths Thomas 2 Barons Lisle (Peerage of England)

4044086

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciana%20Paluzzi

Luciana Paluzzi

Luciana Paluzzi (born 10 June 1937) is an Italian actress. She is perhaps best known for playing SPECTRE assassin Fiona Volpe in the fourth James Bond film, Thunderball, but she had important roles in notable films of the 1960s and 1970s in both the Italian film industry and Hollywood, including Chuka, The Green Slime, 99 Women, Black Gunn, The Klansman and The Sensuous Nurse. Career Film Paluzzi was born in Rome and was brought up there. She went to Milan and studied naval engineering for two years at the Scientific Academy of Milan, being the only woman in her class. One of her first roles was an uncredited walk-on part in Three Coins in the Fountain (1954), which she got by chance through a friend of her father's who was invited for dinner and happened to be looking for a young actress doing a very short two-line role for director Jean Negulesco, thinking Paluzzi might be a fit. Negulesco had not been satisfied with the other actresses so far, but when Paluzzi, who did not plan to become an actress, recited the English line the next day (it was the only English she spoke at that time) she got the role. Paluzzi went on to appear in many movies, most of which were made in her native Italy. In her early films, she is credited as Luciana Paoluzzi. In 1957, she came to England to appear in the British war film No Time To Die (also known as Tank Force) alongside Victor Mature where she was directed by Terence Young. She was then cast in the British action drama Sea Fury as the Spanish-born Josita, who is fought over by Stanley Baker and Victor McLaglen's characters. In 1959, Paluzzi went to Hollywood under contract with Twentieth Century Fox Television to star as a regular in the 20th Century Fox Television series Five Fingers, which was cancelled after three months. Paluzzi then played Rafaella, the wife of Brett Halsey's character Ted Carter, in 1961's Return to Peyton Place. From 1963 to 1965, Paluzzi almost exclusively appeared in Italian productions. In 1965, Paluzzi was cast as SPECTRE villainess, Fiona Volpe, "volpe" is "fox" in Italian, in Terence Young's Thunderball (1965), for which she is best known. She had auditioned for the part of the lead Bond girl, Dominetta "Domino" Petacchi, but producers instead cast Claudine Auger, changing the character's name from an Italian to a Frenchwoman, renaming her Dominique Derval. Initially crestfallen when informed she did not get the part, Paluzzi rejoiced when told her consolatory prize was the part of Fiona Volpe, originally planned to be Fiona Kelly, which she said was "more fun" to play. Paluzzi later claimed being a Bond girl was a double-edged sword. In the documentary Bond Girls Are Forever, Paluzzi expressed amazement at the level of fame, publicity, and recognition she received from Thunderball; but as a result of being in such an outlandish film, she felt she was taken less seriously as an actress when returning to the Italian film industry. Paluzzi appeared in such films as Muscle Beach Party (1964) and Chuka (1967). She co-starred in the 1969 women in prison film 99 Women, and as a Southern belle in the 1974 Hollywood drama The Klansman (with her voice dubbed by American actress Joanna Moore), again for Terence Young. Television In 1959–60, Paluzzi appeared with David Hedison in the short-lived espionage television series, Five Fingers. She appeared with Tab Hunter in an episode of The Tab Hunter Show in 1960. In 1962 she played a murderous wife in an episode of Thriller titled "Flowers of Evil". In 1964 she played the villainess in an episode of The Man from U.N.C.L.E., as the seductive THRUSH agent Angela in the first-season episode "The Four Steps Affair" and in the movie version of the show's pilot episode, To Trap a Spy. In 1966 she played Baroness Carla Montaglia in Season 3, Episode 3 "Face of a Shadow" in Twelve O'Clock High. Also in 1966, she played Greek bar owner Tuesday Hajadakis in the premier episode of The Girl from U.N.C.L.E. . In 1967 she played the seductive foreign agent Marla Valemska in "Matchless," the premier episode of Mr. Teriffic. In 1971 Paluzzi appeared as a special guest star in "Powderkeg," the pilot movie for the CBS TV series, Bearcats!. In 1978 she portrayed journalist Liana Labella in the Hawaii Five-O episode "My Friend, the Enemy". Also starred in Bonanza, 'The Dowry', in 1962. Personal life In 1960, Paluzzi married actor Brett Halsey, who had just left his marriage with Renate Hoy, an actress and Miss Germany of 1954. The two co-starred as a newlywed couple in the film, Return to Peyton Place. The couple had one son, Christian, and after they divorced in 1962 Halsey married Heidi Brühl. During the 1960s and 1970s, Paluzzi had a long-term relationship with Tony Anthony, with whom she appeared in the films Wounds of Hunger and Come Together. Her work in Japan on The Green Slime inspired Anthony to write and produce the hybrid Spaghetti Western-jidaigeki film The Silent Stranger. In 1979, Paluzzi married her current husband, American media mogul Michael Jay Solomon, who had founded Michael Jay Solomon Film International in 1977, co-founded Telepictures Corporation in 1978 and in 1985 became president of Warner Bros. International Television, and she moved to New York to live with her husband. The marriage caused her to end her film career. In 1980, she became sales representative of Canale 5 and :it:Reteitalia in the United States, which she characterized as a very quiet job, and followed her husband on his international travels. Paluzzi and her husband also resided at an exclusive clifftop estate on the Pacific Ocean in Jalisco, Mexico, known as "Casa Dos Estrellas".<ref>Casa Dos Estrellas – Costa Careyes Luxury Mansion (per 3 November 2013)</ref> The couple sold that estate in about 2005 to live in New York and Rome, to be close to family. Selected filmography Sua altezza ha detto: no! (1953) – NanúThree Coins in the Fountain (1954) – Angela Bianchi (uncredited)My Seven Little Sins (1954) – PatIl vetturale del Moncenisio (1954)Adriana Lecouvreur (1955)Faccia da mascalzone (1956)The Lebanese Mission (1956) – Michèle HennequinMademoiselle Striptease (1956) – SophiaGuaglione (1956) – Marisa's FriendLa donna che venne dal mare (1957)Hercules (1958) – Luciana PaoluzziNo Time to Die (1958) – CarolaSi le roi savait ça (1958)Sea Fury (1958) – JositaThe Tiger of Eschnapur (1959) – Bharani – Seetha's servantCarlton-Browne of the F.O. (1959) – Her Serene Highness Princess IlyenaMy Wife's Enemy (1959) – GiuliaJourney to the Lost City (1960) – BahraniReturn to Peyton Place (1961) – RaffaellaBonanza (1962, Episode: "The Dowry") – Michele DuboisThe Reluctant Saint (1962) – Carlotta (scenes deleted)Vice and Virtue (1963) – HélénaWounds of Hunger (1963) – EstelaBurke's Law (1964, Episode: "Who killed Marty Kelso") – Mia BandiniTo Trap a Spy (1964) – Angela (archive footage)Muscle Beach Party (1964) – JulieQuesta volta parliamo di uomini (1965) – Manuela (segment "Un uomo d'onore")I Kill, You Kill (1965) – La mamma (segment "Giochi acerbi")Thunderball (1965) – Fiona VolpeThe Venetian Affair (1966) – Giulia AlmerantiThe One Eyed Soldiers (1966) – Gava BerensChuka (1967) – Veronica KleitzThe Green Slime (1968) – Dr. Lisa BensonOSS 117 – Double Agent (1968) – Maud, a female doctorA Black Veil for Lisa (1968) – LisaLa esclava del paraíso (1968) – Mizziana1001 Nights (1968) – Mizziana99 Women (1969) – Natalie MendozaCarnal Circuit (1969) – Mary SullivanThe Forgotten Pistolero (1969) – Anna CarrascoPlaygirl 70 (1969) – LuisaCaptain Nemo and the Underwater City (1969) – MalaIl segreto dei soldati di argilla (1970)The Man Who Came from Hate (1971) – TheresaCome Together (1971) – Lisa (1971) – FridaThe Two Faces of Fear (1972) – Elena CarliColpo grosso... grossissimo... anzi probabile (1972) – JacquelineThe Italian Connection (1972) – Eva LalliBlack Gunn (1972) – ToniTragic Ceremony (1972) – Lady AlexanderMedusa (1973) – SarahThe Great Kidnapping (1973) – Renata BolettiWar Goddess (1973) – PhaedraMean Mother (1974) – ThereseThe Klansman (1974) – TrixieLa sbandata (1974) – Rosa – wife of RaffaeleManhunt in the City (1975) – Vera VannucchiCalling All Police Cars (1975) – Ispettrice Giovanna NunzianteThe Sensuous Nurse (1975) – Jole ScarpaNick the Sting (1976) – AnnaHawaii Five-O (1978) Episode:"My Friend, the Enemy" – Liana LabellaThe Greek Tycoon (1978) – Paola ScottiDeadly Chase'' (1978) – Rosy (final film role) References External links 1937 births Living people Italian film actresses Italian television actresses People of Lazian descent Actresses from Rome 20th-century Italian actresses Italian emigrants to the United States

4044087

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicious%20Rumors%20%28Vicious%20Rumors%20album%29

Vicious Rumors (Vicious Rumors album)

Vicious Rumors is the third album by the American heavy metal band Vicious Rumors, released in 1990. A music video was made for "Don't Wait for Me". Track listing Personnel Carl Albert – lead vocals, backing vocals Geoff Thorpe – guitars, producer Mark McGee – guitars, mandolin, backing vocals Dave Starr – bass Larry Howe – drums Production Mike Houghes – back cover logo concept Geoff Thorpe – producer, mixing Howie Weinberg – mastering Anthony Ranieri – design Jay Janini – photography Michael Rosen – producer, engineer, mixing Peggy Donnelly – A&R coordination Mark McGee – producer (assistant), mixing Bob Defrin – art direction Stan Woch – front cover logo concept Don Brautigam – front & back illustration References 1990 albums Vicious Rumors albums Atlantic Records albums

4044090

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Caton-Jones

Michael Caton-Jones

Michael Caton-Jones (born Michael Jones; 15 October 1957) is a Scottish director and producer of film and television. His credits include the World War II film Memphis Belle (1990), the romantic comedy Doc Hollywood (1991), the biographical drama This Boy's Life (1993), the historical epic Rob Roy (1995), the action thriller The Jackal (1997), and an erotic thriller sequel, Basic Instinct 2 (2006). He also directed the Channel 4 miniseries Brond (1987) and World Without End (2012). Career Caton-Jones attended the National Film and Television School. In October 2017, Michael Caton-Jones revealed he had chosen Sophie Okonedo, to star in B. Monkey. However producer, Harvey Weinstein, decided the actress was not "f**kable". Caton-Jones and Weinstein discussed the matter heatedly and Caton-Jones said, "'Don’t screw up the casting of this film because you want to get laid', whereupon he went mental." Weinstein then told Variety that Caton-Jones had left the production due to "creative differences". Asia Argento, who replaced Okonedo, was one of three women who in 2017 were reported in The New Yorker to have been raped by Weinstein; she said she submitted to Weinstein because, "I felt I had to, because I had the movie coming out and I didn’t want to anger him." Filmography Film Television Awards and nominations References External links 1957 births Living people People educated at Wellington College, Berkshire Scottish film directors People from Broxburn, West Lothian Squatters

4044093

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duane%20Ackerson

Duane Ackerson

Duane Ackerson (October 17, 1942 – April 19, 2020) was an American writer of speculative poetry and fiction. Не taught at the University of Oregon, then headed the creative program at Idaho State University. He lived in Salem, Oregon, where he died on April 19, 2020. Duane Ackerson's work has appeared in anthologies that include The Year's Best SF 1974, 100 Great Science Fiction Short Short Stories, Future Pastimes, and the textbook Writing Poetry. He has won the Rhysling Award for Best Short Poem twice, in 1978 and 1979. Ackerson's poems are translated into Russian by Dmitry Kuzmin. Bibliography The Bird at the End of the Universe The Eggplant & Other Absurdities Weathering UA Flight to Chicago. Lincoln, Nebraska: The Best Cellar Press, 1971. References External links 1942 births 2020 deaths 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American poets American male novelists American male poets American male short story writers American science fiction writers American short story writers Idaho State University faculty Novelists from New York (state) Novelists from Oregon Rhysling Award for Best Short Poem winners Writers from New York City Writers from Salem, Oregon University of Oregon faculty

4044098

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Mill%20State%20Park

Old Mill State Park

Old Mill State Park is a small Minnesota state park on the Middle River between Argyle and Newfolden on an ancient beach of glacial Lake Agassiz in Marshall County in the northwestern part of the state. It is a park. History The park area was originally homesteaded by the Larson Family in 1882. A series of water- and wind-powered mills were soon built in the area. Eventually a steam-powered mill replaced the older technology. The state bought the area in 1937 and rebuilt the steam engine in 1958. Every year as part of the park's special events and interpretive programs, the old mill is run as it had been years ago. Wildlife Many species are attracted to the river that runs through the park. Deer and moose are the largest animals that frequent the park. Beaver, raccoon, white-tailed jackrabbits and snowshoe hares are common. A bird migration route runs through the park adding more wildlife especially in the spring and fall. The ground-nesting marsh hawk is a common summer resident. Owls and the occasional eagle have been sighted in the park. National Register of Historic Places A historic district including eight contributing buildings and structures, built by the Works Progress Administration, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Larson Mill is listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places. References External links Old Mill State Park 1937 establishments in Minnesota Grinding mills on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota Mill museums in Minnesota Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota Protected areas established in 1937 Protected areas of Marshall County, Minnesota Rustic architecture in Minnesota State parks of Minnesota Works Progress Administration in Minnesota Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota National Register of Historic Places in Marshall County, Minnesota

4044099

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathroom%20Divas

Bathroom Divas

Bathroom Divas: So You Want to Be an Opera Star? is a television show that originally aired on Bravo! Canada for two seasons. It was produced by Kaleidoscope Entertainment, Inc. and directed by Mike Ward. The winner got to perform live in front of a world class orchestra. The title is a hint to the expression "bathroom singing". It was picked up by Ovation TV to replay the previous episodes. Seasons Season 1 Judges: The principal judges were Mary Lou Fallis, Tom Diamond, Gary Relyea, and Michael McMahon. Winner: Elton Lammie Season 2 Judges: Mary Lou Fallis and Tom Diamond are joined by Liz Upchurch and Daniel Lichti. Winner: Elaine Jean Brown External links Official site Here's a switch -- reality TV with class Once shy singer tries her luck on Bravo TV London soprano reality show's second-best Bathroom Diva Season Two Press Release CTV Drama Channel original programming Singing talent shows Canadian reality television series Canadian music television series

4044129

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaver

Cleaver

A cleaver is a large knife that varies in its shape but usually resembles a rectangular-bladed hatchet. It is largely used as a kitchen or butcher knife and is mostly intended for splitting up large pieces of soft bones and slashing through thick pieces of meat. The knife's broad side can also be used for crushing in food preparation (such as garlic) and can also be used to scoop up chopped items. Tools described as cleavers have been in use since the Acheulean period. "Cleaver" was commonly spelled clever in the late 17th century. Design In contrast to other kitchen knives, the cleaver has an especially tough edge meant to withstand repeated blows directly into thick meat, dense cartilage, bone, and the cutting board below. This resilience is accomplished by using a softer, tougher steel and a thicker blade, because a harder steel or thinner blade might fracture or buckle under hard use. In use, it is swung like a meat tenderizer or hammer the knife's design relies on sheer momentum to cut efficiently; to chop straight through rather than slicing in a sawing motion. Part of the momentum derives from how hard the user swings the cleaver, and the other part from how heavy the cleaver is. Because of this, the edge of a meat cleaver does not need to be particularly sharp in fact, a knife-sharp edge on a cleaver is undesirable. The grind for a meat cleaver, at approximately 25°, is much blunter than for other kitchen knives The tough metal and thick blade of a cleaver also make it a suitable tool for crushing with the side of the blade, whereas some hard, thin slicing knives could crack under such repeated stress. Some cleavers have a small hole, at the top front corner, for hanging them on a wall. A butcher does not typically lay them flat, as the blade may dull or get damaged. Use Cleavers are primarily used for cutting through thin or soft bones and sinew. With a chicken, for example, it can be used to chop through the bird's thin bones or to separate ribs. Cleavers can also be used in preparation of hard vegetables and other foods, such as squash, where a thin slicing blade runs the risk of shattering. Cleavers are not used for cutting through solid, thick and hard bones – instead a bone saw, either manual or powered, is used. Cultural references Cleavers occur with some frequency in traditional Chinese thought. A story from the Zhuangzi on the proper use of a cleaver tells of a butcher who effortlessly cut ox carcasses apart, without ever needing to sharpen his cleaver. When asked how he did so, he replied that he did not cut through the bones, but rather in the space between the bones. In explaining his ideal of junzi, Kǒng Fūzǐ remarked "Why use an ox-cleaver to carve a chicken?" on the futility of the common people seeking to emulate noblemen. East Asia Chinese "cleaver" The Chinese chef's knife is frequently incorrectly referred to as a "cleaver", due its similar rectangular shape. However Chinese chef knives are much thinner in cross-section and are intended more as general-purpose kitchen knives, and mostly used to slice boneless meats, chop, slice, dice, or mince vegetables, and to flatten garlic bulbs or ginger; while also serving as a spatula to carry prepared ingredients to the wok. For butchering tasks and to prepare boned meats, there is a heavier Chinese "cleaver", used in similar fashion to the Western one. Japan In Japanese cutlery, the main cleaver used is the light-duty deba bocho, primarily for cutting the head off fish. See also Side knife, a woodworking tool resembling a cleaver. References Kitchen knives Chinese food preparation utensils Japanese food preparation utensils Korean food preparation utensils

4044132

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile%20tilapia

Nile tilapia

The Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a species of tilapia, a cichlid fish native to the northern half of Africa and the Levante area, including Israel, and Lebanon. Numerous introduced populations exist outside its natural range. It is also commercially known as mango fish, nilotica, or boulti. The first name leads to easy confusion with another tilapia which is traded commercially, the mango tilapia (Sarotherodon galilaeus). Description The Nile tilapia reaches up to in length, and can exceed . As typical of tilapia, males reach a larger size and grow faster than females. Wild, natural-type Nile tilapias are brownish or grayish overall, often with indistinct banding on their body, and the tail is vertically striped. When breeding, males become reddish, especially on their fins. Although commonly confused with the blue tilapia (O. aureus), that species lacks the striped tail pattern, has a red edge to the dorsal fin (this edge is gray or black in Nile tilapia), and males are bluish overall when breeding. The two species can also be separated by meristics. Because many tilapia in aquaculture and introduced around the world are selectively bred variants and/or hybrids, identifying them using the standard features that can be used in the wild, natural types often is not possible. The virtually unknown O. ismailiaensis has a plain tail, but otherwise closely resembles (and may only be a variant of) the Nile tilapia. Regardless, O. ismailiaensis might be extinct, as its only known habitat in northeastern Egypt has disappeared, although similar-looking individuals (perhaps the same) are known from the vicinity. Nile tilapia can live for more than 10 years. Range and habitat The Nile tilapia is native to larger parts of Africa, except Maghreb and almost all of Southern Africa. It is native to tropical West Africa, the Lake Chad basin, and much of the Nile system, including lakes Tana, Albert and Edward–George, as well as lakes Kivu, Tanganyika, and Turkana, and the Awash and Omo Rivers. In Israel, it is native to coastal river basins. It has been widely introduced elsewhere, both in Africa and other continents, including tens of countries in Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. In these places, it often becomes highly invasive, threatening the native ecosystems and species. However, some introduced populations historically labelled as Nile tilapia either are hybrids or another species; the Nile tilapia and blue tilapia especially often have been confused. The Nile tilapia can be found in most types of freshwater habitats, such as rivers, streams, canals, lakes, and ponds, and ranging from sea level to an altitude of . It also occurs in brackish water, but is unable to survive long-term in full salt water. The species has been recorded at water temperatures between , although typically above , and the upper lethal limit usually is at . Also, some variations occur depending on the population. For example, those in the northern part of its range survive down to the coldest temperatures, while isolated populations in hot springs in the Awash basin and at Suguta River generally live in waters that are at least . Although Nile tilapia can survive down to relatively cold temperatures, breeding generally only occurs when the water reaches . Subspecies Although FishBase considers the species as monotypic, several distinctive populations often are recognized as valid subspecies: O. n. niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) – most of species' range O. n. baringoensis Trewavas, 1983 – Lake Baringo in Kenya O. n. cancellatus (Nichols, 1923) – Awash basin in Ethiopia O. n. eduardianus (Boulenger, 1912) – Albertine Rift Valley lakes O. n. filoa Trewavas, 1983 – hot springs in Awash basin in Ethiopia O. n. sugutae Trewavas, 1983 – Karpeddo soda springs at Suguta River in Kenya O. n. tana Seyoum & Kornfield, 1992 – Lake Tana in Ethiopia O. n. vulcani Trewavas, 1933 – Lake Turkana in Ethiopia and Kenya While the species is overall very widespread and common, the IUCN considers O. n. baringoensis as endangered, O. n. sugutae as vulnerable, and O. n. filoa as data deficient. A population found in Lake Bogoria appears to be an undescribed subspecies. The forms referred to as Oreochromis (or Tilapia) nyabikere and kabagole seem to belong to this species, too. An undescribed population found at, for example, Wami River, Lake Manyara, and Tingaylanda seems to be a close relative. Behavior Feeding The Nile tilapia is mostly a herbivore, but with omnivorous tendencies, especially when young. They mostly feed on phytoplankton and algae, and in some populations other macrophytes also are important. Other recorded food items are detritus and aquatic insect larvae, including those of mosquitoes, making it a possible tool in the fight against malaria in Africa. However, when introduced outside its native range, it often becomes invasive, threatening more localized species. The Nile tilapia typically feeds during daytime, which suggests that, similar to trout and salmon, it exhibits a behavioral response to light as a main factor contributing to feeding activity. Due to its fast reproductive rate, however, overpopulation often results within groups of Nile tilapia. To obtain the necessary nutrients, night feeding may also occur due to competition for food during daylight. A recent study found evidence that, contrary to popular belief, size dimorphism between the sexes results from differential food conversion efficiency rather than different amounts of food consumed. Hence, although males and females eat equal amounts of food, males tend to grow larger due to a higher efficiency of converting food to body weight. Social organization Groups of Nile tilapia establish social hierarchies in which the dominant males have priority for both food and mating. Circular nests are built predominantly by males through mouth digging to become future spawning sites. These nests often become sites of intense courtship rituals and parental care. Like other fish, Nile tilapia travel almost exclusively in schools. Although males settle down in their crafted nesting zones, females travel between zones to find mates, resulting in competition between the males for females. Like other tilapias, such as Mozambique tilapia, dominance between the males is established first through noncontact displays such as lateral display and tail beats. Unsuccessful attempts to reconcile the hierarchy results in contact fighting to inflict injuries. Nile tilapia have been observed to modify their fighting behavior based upon experiences during development. Thus, experience in a certain form of agonistic behavior results in differential aggressiveness among individuals. Once the social hierarchy is established within a group, the dominant males enjoy the benefits of both increased access to food and an increased number of mates. However, social interactions between males in the presence of females results in higher energy expenditures as a consequence of courtship displays and sexual competition. Reproduction Typical of most fish, Nile tilapia reproduce through mass spawning of a brood within a nest made by the male. In such an arrangement, territoriality and sexual competition amongst the males lead to large variations in reproductive success for individuals in a group. The genetic consequence of such behavior is reduced genetic variability in the long run, as inbreeding is likely to occur among different generations due to differential male reproductive success. Perhaps driven by reproductive competition, tilapias reproduce within a few months after birth. The relatively young age of sexual maturation within Nile tilapia leads to high birth and turnover rates. Consequently, the rapid reproductive rate of individuals can actually have a negative impact on growth rate, leading to the appearance of stunted tilapia as a result of a reduction in somatic growth in favor of sexual maturation. Female Nile tilapia, in the presence of other females either visually or chemically, exhibit shortened interspawning intervals. Although parental investment by a female extends the interspawning period, female tilapia that abandon their young to the care of a male gain this advantage of increased interspawning periods. One of the possible purposes behind this mechanism is to increase the reproductive advantage of females that do not have to care for young, allowing them more opportunities to spawn. For males, reproductive advantage goes to the more dominant males. Males have differential levels of gonadotropic hormones responsible for spermatogenesis, with dominant males having higher levels of the hormone. Thus, selection has favored larger sperm production with more successful males. Similarly, dominant males have both the best territory in terms of resources and the greatest access to mates. Furthermore, visual communication between Nile tilapia mates both stimulates and modulates reproductive behavior between partners such as courtship, spawning frequency, and nest building. Parental care Species belonging to the genus Oreochromis typically care for their young through mouthbrooding, oral incubation of the eggs and larvae. Similar to other tilapia, Nile tilapia are maternal mouthbrooders and extensive care is, therefore, provided almost exclusively by the female. After spawning in a nest made by a male, the young fry or eggs are carried in the mouth of the mother for a period of 12 days. Sometimes, the mother pushes the young back into her mouth if she believes they are not ready for the outside. Nile tilapias also demonstrate parental care in times of danger. When approached by a danger, the young often swim back into the protection of their mother's mouth. However, mouthbrooding leads to significant metabolic modifications for the parents, usually the mother, as reflected by fluctuations in body weight and low fitness. Thus, parental-offspring conflict can be observed through the costs and benefits of mouthbrooding. Protection of the young ensures passage of an individual's genes into the future generations, but caring for the young also reduces an individual's own reproductive fitness. Since female Nile tilapia exhibiting parental care show extended interspawning periods, one of the benefits is slowing down vitellogenesis (yolk deposition) to increase the survival rate of one's own young. The size of spawned eggs correlates directly with advantages concerning hatching time, growth, survival, and onset of feeding, since increased egg size means increased nutrients for the developing young. Thus, one of the reasons behind a delayed interspawning period by female Nile tilapia may be for the benefit of offspring survival. Aquaculture Tilapia, likely the Nile tilapia, was well known as food fish in Ancient Egypt and commonly featured in their art (paintings and sculptures). This includes a 4000-year-old tomb illustration that shows them in man-made ponds, likely an early form of aquaculture. In modern aquaculture, wild-type Nile tilapia are not farmed very often because the dark color of their flesh is undesirable for many customers, and because of the reputation the fish has as being a trash fish. However, they are fast-growing and produce good fillets; leucistic ("red") breeds which have lighter meat have been developed to counter the consumer distaste for darker meat. Hybrid stock is also used in aquaculture; Nile × blue tilapia hybrids are usually rather dark, but a light-colored hybrid breed known as "Rocky Mountain White" tilapia is often grown due to its very light flesh and tolerance of low temperatures. As food The red-hybrid Nile tilapia is known in the Thai language as pla thapthim (), meaning "pomegranate fish" or "ruby fish". This type of tilapia is very popular in Thai cuisine, where it is prepared in a variety of ways. The black-and-white-striped tilapia pla nin (), meaning "Nile fish", has darker flesh and is commonly either salted and grilled or deep-fried, and it can also be steamed with lime (pla nin nueng manao). Nile tilapia, called bulṭī in Arabic, is (being native to Egypt) among the most common fish in Egyptian cuisine, and probably the most common in regions far from the coast. It is generally either battered and pan-fried whole ( bulṭī maqlī [bʊltˤiː maʔliː]) or grilled whole ( bulṭī mashwī [bʊltˤiː maʃwiː]). Like other fish in Egypt, is generally served with rice cooked with onions and other seasonings to turn it red. In Israel, Nile tilapia is commonly fried, grilled or baked with vegetables herbs and spices and eaten with rice or bulgur pilafs. It is also baked in the oven with tahini sauce drizzled over it with potatoes, onions, asparagus, sweet peppers or tomatoes and flavored with sumac and dried mint. Tilapia, often farmed, is a popular and common supermarket fish in the United States. In India, Nile tilapia is the most dominant fish in some of the South Indian reservoirs and available throughout the year. O. niloticus grows faster and reaches bigger sizes in a given time. The littoral areas of Kelavarappalli Reservoir are full of nests of Nile tilapia and they breed during south-west monsoon (July–September). The fish mainly feed on detritus. Zooplankton, phytoplankton, and macrophytes also were recorded occasionally from the gut of Nile tilapia. The demand is heavy, especially from local poor people, as this fish is affordable to the lowest income group in this area. See also Nile perch — a similar-named but different fish that grows much larger and is highly predatory References External links Further reading (1972): Aquaculture. the Farming and Husbandry of Freshwater and Marine Organisms. John Wiley & Sons. Nile tilapia Nile Nile tilapia Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

4044135

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Laxey%20Mine%20Railway

Great Laxey Mine Railway

The Great Laxey Mine Railway was originally constructed to serve the Isle of Man's Great Laxey Mine, a lead mine located in Laxey. The gauge railway runs from the old mine entrance to the washing floors along a right of way that passes through the Isle of Man's only remaining railway tunnel (another at Dhoon West Quarry is disused) under the gauge Victorian Manx Electric Railway and the main A2 Douglas to Ramsey coast road. History The Great Laxey Mine was an extensive system of mine shafts and tunnels, which descended to a depth of 2,200 feet underground. The uppermost level of mine workings, known as the adit, was a series of tunnels extending to a mile and a half, which entered the hillside at ground level, and connected the heads of all the working mine shafts. Within this adit level a railway was provided from 1823, to allow transportation of mined ores from the mine shafts out to the external washing floors and mine yards. The railway was originally hand-operated, with miners pushing small wagons. In 1827 a pit pony was purchased to haul the wagons, and the number of ponies grew as the mines expanded. By the 1870s there was a clear need for more modern motive power, and the two steam locomotives Ant and Bee were delivered in 1877. The mine closed in 1929. The railway remained in place for the following six years, but in 1935 all parts of the railway above ground, including the locomotives and rolling stock, were scrapped. In the 1970s the adit level was reopened and explored for historical evidence. It was discovered that parts of the underground section of the railway were still intact, and in one tunnel an entire train (consisting of six open ore wagons) was found, abandoned underground when work in the mine had finished. The wagons were returned to ground level and restored. In the late 1990s momentum began to grow for the restoration of the railway's above-ground section, and in 2000 restoration work commenced. The restored railway was re-opened in 2004. Restored route The volunteers originally restored the railway's works and locomotive shed (rebuilding the shed on the exact footprint of the original). Clearance of blockages and damages in the tunnel enabled the original route to be relaid to a point close to the mine entrance in time for the 2004 re-opening. By 2005 the line had been relaid into the old mine yard. Although the line runs past the mine entrance, the spur into the underground section has not been restored. Trains on the restored line originally departed from the engine sheds, but in 2006 the original station site at the Valley Gardens was cleared, and the two-platform station was restored, with the track relaid on the original formation, including one of the tightest radius bends on a working heritage railway line in the British Isles. By 2006 a majority of the above-ground section of the original railway had been restored, including a running line extending to in length. Stations Passengers travel from Valley Gardens station to Mines Yard station, near the entrance to the mines. A regular shuttle service runs on operating days. Both stations have two platforms, permitting the operation of more than one train at busy times. There are no intermediate stations or loops. There is one spur, on the washing floors site, leading to the engine and carriage sheds. Locomotives Following the periods of hand operation and then pony haulage, a pair of steam locomotives were delivered from Stephen Lewin of Poole in 1877. Ant and Bee were 0-4-0 tank locomotives made unusually narrow, in order to fit within the adit. They were 4 ft 9in high and only 3 ft wide. Their two 4×6in inside cylinders had Bagnall-Price valve gear and a geared drive to the rear axle, but coupling rods between the axles. The arrangement of the water tanks was particularly unusual, being a front tank ahead of the smokebox, in order to reduce width. The boilers were launch-type, as were commonly used for small locomotives with insufficient space between the frames for a conventional firebox. Around 1905, a replacement locomotive was considered and W G Bagnall were asked for a design. This was similar to the Lewins design, but more conventional. A saddle tank was used and conventional cylinders with connecting rods to the axle. The power cylinders were however mounted inside the frames and the Bagnall-Price valvgear and slide valves mounted outside. This new locomotive was never constructed, although Bagnalls did instead build two new boilers for the existing locomotives. Both survived the closure of the mine, but were scrapped in 1935, six years afterwards. Replicas of both locomotives were constructed for the re-opening of the line as a tourist attraction. They now operate the line, together with a battery electric locomotive named Wasp, which previously worked in a mine in Cornwall. Table of locomotives Rolling stock The railway operates two passenger carriages. Owing to the narrow gauge and low clearances the bogie carriages are long and narrow, with passengers sitting on longitudinal transverse benches, and effectively travelling sideways when the train is in motion. Carriage 1, built by Alan Keef Ltd in 2004. Carriage 2, built by Alan Keef Ltd in 2007. The railway's freight wagons were originally constructed locally, and took the form of high-sided four-wheeled open ore wagons. A full train of these wagons was discovered underground in the mid-1970s. Six original ore wagons, now preserved in museum locations on the island. Six replica ore wagons, built at the Laxey Blacksmith in 2000, in regular service on the restored railway. 4-wheel tipping ore truck (not serviceable), static exhibit at Valley Gardens station. Additionally, some rail vehicles are available for use by volunteer permanent way engineers on the railway, for construction and maintenance duties. 4-wheel tipping wagon, convertible to flatbed format, unofficially named Freddy (acquired second-hand in 2010). 4-wheel light maintenance trolley, unofficially named Jimmy, built in 2006. Single-wheel rail barrow - a single flanged wheel allows the barrow to be hand-operated along one rail of the running line. Liveried in engineering black and yellow wasp stripes. Laxey Browside Tramway At the upper terminus, linking the railway to the Laxey Wheel, once operated the Laxey Browside Tramway but this has long since vanished, replaced with a car park. See also British narrow gauge railways Laxey Wheel References Notes Bibliography External links Great Laxey Mines Railway (Official website) Heritage railways in the Isle of Man Tourist attractions in the Isle of Man Industrial railways 19 in gauge railways in the Isle of Man Mining in the Isle of Man

4044170

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Gandy

Kim Gandy

Kim Gandy (born January 25, 1954) is an American feminist who from 2001 to 2009 was the president of the National Organization for Women. Since 2012, she has been the president and CEO of the National Network to End Domestic Violence. In 2009, Gandy was a resident fellow at the Institute of Politics at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. From January 2010 to October 2012 she was vice president and general counsel at the Feminist Majority Foundation in Arlington, Virginia. Life and career Gandy was born in Bossier City in northwestern Louisiana, to Alfred Kenneth Gandy (1928–2010), a native of Bossier City, and Roma Rae (Young) Gandy (1927–1998), a native of Pennsylvania. Her father was an officer of the former Bossier Bank and Trust Company, an institution organized during the 1920s by her grandfather, W.A. Gandy. After Roma's death, A. K. Gandy married the former Shirley S. Lacobee (1925–2004) of Shreveport. Kim Gandy had a younger sister Kellie Ann, who, like their mother, died of cancer. Kim Gandy graduated from Louisiana Tech University in Ruston, the seat of Lincoln Parish, where she earned a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics. Having taken a job with American Telephone and Telegraph, Gandy became outraged that the firm required her husband's permission for employee benefits. In 1973, she joined Louisiana NOW and devoted the next several years to the campaign that overturned the state's Head and Master law, which gave husbands unilateral control over all property jointly owned by a married couple. Inspired by her activism in NOW, she studied at Loyola University New Orleans School of Law where she was a member of the Loyola Law Review and the National Moot Court Team. She graduated from Loyola in 1978. Gandy served as a senior assistant district attorney in New Orleans and later opened a private trial practice, litigating cases seeking fair treatment for women. She served as president of Louisiana NOW from 1979 through 1981, national secretary of NOW from 1987 to 1991, and executive vice president of NOW from 1991 to 2001. She was elected national NOW president in 2001 and re-elected to a second term in 2005. She was term-limited in 2009. In 2008, Gandy defended presidential candidate Hillary Clinton from a comment made by MSNBC host Chris Matthews that Clinton had become a U.S. senator and a possible frontrunning candidate for President because her husband, former U.S. President Bill Clinton, had "messed around". Gandy charged that Matthews "is a repeat offender when it comes to sexist attitudes toward women politicians. . . . I wasn't really looking for an apology. I was looking for a behavior change, and for him to treat female politicians the same way as [he treats] male politicians." Gandy is married to Christopher "Kip" Lornell, an American ethnomusicologist and professor of music at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. The couple have two daughters. References External links NOW Officers: Kim Gandy – President 2005 National NOW Elections – Candidate Information Institute of Politics, Kennedy School of Government Feminist Majority Foundation 1954 births Living people Louisiana Tech University alumni People from New Orleans People from Shreveport, Louisiana Presidents of the National Organization for Women Loyola University New Orleans alumni American feminists Women in Louisiana politics 21st-century American women

4044175

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig%20Buntin

Craig Buntin

Craig Buntin (born May 27, 1980) is a Canadian former pair skater. He is the co-founder and CEO of Sportlogiq, an AI-powered sports analytics company based in Montreal, Quebec. With former partner Meagan Duhamel, he is the 2009 Canadian silver medallist, the 2008 & 2010 Canadian bronze medallist, and the 2010 Four Continents bronze medallist. With Valérie Marcoux, he represented Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics, where they placed 11th. Personal life Buntin was born on May 27, 1980 in North Vancouver, British Columbia. He studied for his MBA degree at McGill University. He married in August 2011. Career Early partnerships Buntin won the 2000 Canadian junior national title with Chantal Poirier. He teamed up with Valérie Marcoux in 2002. The pair won gold at three consecutive Canadian Championships, from 2004 to 2006. Their partnership ended in early 2007 when Valérie Marcoux decided to retire from competition. Partnership with Duhamel In June 2007, Buntin teamed up with Meagan Duhamel. At their first competition together, the 2007 Nebelhorn Trophy, they won the silver medal. In January 2008, the pair won the bronze medal at the Canadian Nationals but during the exhibition Buntin injured his shoulder, with which he had previous problems, as a result of a timing issue. They missed the Four Continents but competed at the 2008 World Championships in Sweden on March 19, 2008, despite the shoulder still being a problem, and finished 6th. However, their participation aggravated Buntin's injury, tearing the rotator cuff, the labrum and three tendons; he had surgery in April and the recovery took seven to eight months. They could not practice lifts until two weeks before 2008 Skate America so they worked on adding variations to their elements, such as a spread eagle entrance into a lift and a death spiral with the opposite hand. In November 2008, during the long program at the Trophée Eric Bompard, Duhamel accidentally sliced Buntin's hand a minute into the program on a move right after their side-by-side toe loop jumps and blood dripped on the ice; the pair stopped to get his hand bandaged and resumed the program to win the bronze medal. Duhamel and Buntin were the first pair to successfully land a throw triple lutz in competition. In July 2010, Buntin announced his retirement from competitive figure skating. Programs With Duhamel With Marcoux Competitive highlights GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix With Duhamel With Marcoux Early career References External links Skate Canada Profile 1980 births Sportspeople from British Columbia Canadian male pair skaters Olympic figure skaters of Canada Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics Living people People from North Vancouver Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists

4044193

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Joron

Andrew Joron

Andrew Joron (born March 6, 1955) is an American writer of experimental poetry, speculative fiction, and lyrical and critical essays. He began by writing science fiction poetry. Joron's later poetry, combining scientific and philosophical ideas with the sonic properties of language, has been compared to the work of the Russian Futurist Velimir Khlebnikov. Joron currently lives in the San Francisco Bay Area. In fall 2014, Joron joined the faculty of the Creative Writing Department at San Francisco State University. He has won the Rhysling Award three times: for Best Long Poem in 1980 and 1986, and for Best Short Poem in 1978; and the Gertrude Stein Award twice, in 1996 and 2006. Joron's poetry is included in two W. W. Norton anthologies: American Hybrid (2009), edited by Cole Swensen and David St. John, and Postmodern American Poetry (2013), edited by Paul Hoover. Joron is the translator, from the German, of the Marxist-Utopian philosopher Ernst Bloch’s Literary Essays which was published by Stanford University Press in 1998. Joron is also the translator of The Perpetual Motion Machine by the German fantasist Paul Scheerbart (Wakefield Press, 2011). During the 1990s, Andrew Joron formed a close friendship with the poet and novelist Gustaf Sobin. Sobin, who died in 2005, designated Joron as his literary co-executor, along with American poet Andrew Zawacki. Joron also belonged to the circle of Surrealist poet Philip Lamantia in San Francisco from the late '90s until Lamantia's death in 2005. Joron later served as co-editor, with Garrett Caples and Nancy Joyce Peters, of the Collected Poems of Philip Lamantia, published by University of California Press (2013). Since 2008 he has played theremin in various free-improv and ambient-music ensembles, including Cloud Shepherd. Joron has written an essay, "The Theremin in My Life," on the relation between his literary and musical activities. In 2019, Joron performed on theremin with Will Alexander on piano and Anne Waldman reading her poetry at the Entanglements conference on science and poetry held at Wake Forest University in North Carolina. In 2022, Joron returned to the science-fiction genre with the publication of O0 by Black Square Editions. List of books Force Fields. Borgo Press, 1987. Velocities Set (editor). Ocean View Books, 1988. Science Fiction. Pantograph Press, 1992. Terminal Velocities (editor). Pantograph Press, 1993. Invisible Machines with Robert Frazier and Thomas Wiloch. Jazz Police Books, 1997. The Removes. Hard Press, 1999. The emergency of poetry. Velocities, 2002. Fathom. Black Square Editions, 2003. Neo-surrealism: Or, The Sun At Night. Black Square Editions, 2004. The Cry at Zero: Selected Prose. Counterpath Press, 2007. The Sound Mirror. Flood Editions, 2008. Force Fields with Brian Lucas. Hooke Press, 2010. (This is a different book than Joron's 1987 book of the same title.) Trance Archive: New and Selected Poems. City Lights Books, 2010. The Absolute Letter. Flood Editions, 2017. O0. Black Square Editions, 2022. (a book of speculative fiction consisting of two linked novellas) References External links Joron sites, exhibits, artist pages Andrew Joron in the Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Andrew Joron in the Poets and Writers Directory Andrew Joron's bio at the Poetry Foundation Online publications Trance Archive Table of Contents and first five poems Poetry by Andrew Joron in New American Writing Andrew Joron's essay "The Emergency of Poetry" Andrew Joron's essay "The Crisis of the Crystal" Andrew Joron's "Constellations for Theremin" Others on Joron, reviews, perspectives Review of Andrew Joron's book Fathom in Rain Taxi Review of Fathom in Boston Review Review of The Cry at Zero at A Tonalist Notes Review of The Cry at Zero in Denver Quarterly Review of The Sound Mirror in Bookforum Review of Trance Archive on thethepoetry.com Review of The Absolute Letter in Publishers Weekly Interviews Joshua Weiner and Andrew Joron: An Exchange in Chicago Review Garrett Caples interviews Andrew Joron for Studio One Christopher Nelson interviews Andrew Joron Joron's dialogue with "quantum poet" Amy Catanzano Barbara Claire Freeman interviews Andrew Joron Peter Milne Greiner interviews Andrew Joron for Big Echo: Critical SF As theremin player Poet Garrett Caples's "The Thereminist,", a fabulist portrait of Joron as theremin player Sheldon Brown Group, Blood of the Air, featuring Sheldon Brown's compositions based on poet Philip Lamantia's voice patterns Crow Crash Radio, ambient rock trio Ouroboros, free-jazz quartet Cloud Shepherd, free-improv/dark ambient quartet Chamber Cloud, free-improv duo M-KAT, free-improv quartet American male poets American science fiction writers Living people American translators German–English translators Surrealist poets Rhysling Award for Best Long Poem winners Rhysling Award for Best Short Poem winners American male novelists 1955 births

4044203

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome%20to%20the%20Ball

Welcome to the Ball

Welcome to the Ball is the fourth album by the American heavy metal band Vicious Rumors, released in 1991. Track listing All songs written by Carl Albert, Geoff Thorpe and Mark McGee, except where noted. "Abandoned" - 4:15 "You Only Live Twice" - 3:38 "Savior from Anger" - 4:08 "Children" (Thorpe, Albert, Andre Pessis, McGee) - 4:56 "Dust to Dust" (McGee, Thorpe) - 4:20 "Raise Your Hands" (McGee, Thorpe) - 4:02 "Strange Behavior" (Thorpe, McGee) - 4:08 "Six Stepsisters" - 3:31 "Mastermind" - 3:55 "When Love Comes Down" - 4:58 "Ends of the Earth" - 3:13 Personnel Carl Albert – lead and backing vocals Geoff Thorpe – guitars Mark McGee – guitars Dave Starr – bass Larry Howe – drums References 1991 albums Vicious Rumors albums Atlantic Records albums

4044207

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Abernathy

Anne Abernathy

Julianne “Anne” Abernathy (born April 12, 1953) is a luge athlete from the United States Virgin Islands and is the oldest female athlete to compete in the Winter Olympics. The 2006 Winter Olympics were her sixth. Despite her age, she is a strong competitor with numerous international podium finishes, and she is consistently ranked in the top 20 world rankings. She is known within luge circles as "Grandma Luge." She is training for the 2020 Summer Olympics as an archer. Career Her top finishes include third place at the Nations Cup in Igls, Austria in January 2004, and third place at the Nations Cup in Königssee, Germany, February 2004. She finished in the top 10 in seven of the eight events in the 2004-2005 Nations Cup series. Abernathy finished 25th in the 37th World Championships in 2004 in Nagano, Japan, but did not compete in the 2005 championships in Park City, Utah due to injuries suffered during homologation at the Cesana Pariol track in Cesana, Italy three weeks earlier. Abernathy suffered a serious accident during a World Cup race in Altenberg, Germany in January 2001 that resulted in a severe brain injury. To recover from the injury, she used an alternative medicine treatment involving controlling rockets in a video game through electrical impulses from brain waves, a therapy designed to help her retrain her brain to compensate for the damaged areas. The therapy was successful and Abernathy was able to return to competition in time to qualify for the 2002 Winter Olympics. The story of Abernathy's crash and recovery was featured on the Discovery Health Channel series Impact: Stories of Survival. During practice for the competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics, Abernathy crashed and broke her wrist and her scapula, and was forced to withdraw from competition. Abernathy is the oldest woman to ever compete in the Winter Olympic Games, breaking the old record during the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics. She is the only woman to qualify for six Winter Olympic Games and one of only two female athletes to compete in five Winter Olympics. In 2006, she became the first woman over 50 to qualify for the Winter Olympics. Abernathy was the first woman to qualify for six Winter Olympics. In the 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City she became the oldest woman to ever compete in the Winter Games. She is the oldest female Olympian in any Olympic Games (Winter or Summer) and the first woman over the age of 50 in the Winter Olympics. During the Albertville Winter Olympics, she became the first athlete to compete with a camera on board, a feat that was nominated for an Emmy in technical broadcast achievement. In the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway, Abernathy became the first athlete to create an on-line diary (now known as a blog) which was an exclusive on AOL. Before her first Olympic appearance in 1988, Abernathy was diagnosed and treated for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (cancer). Although the cancer returned several times during her sports career, the fact was kept hidden from the public through three Olympic appearances until it was revealed in a front-page article of The Washington Post'' prior to the 1998 Nagano Olympics. References External links Safety issues addressed following the unsuccessful luge homologations in January 2005, featuring Abernathy 1953 births American women bloggers American bloggers United States Virgin Islands female lugers Lugers at the 1988 Winter Olympics Lugers at the 1992 Winter Olympics Lugers at the 1994 Winter Olympics Lugers at the 1998 Winter Olympics Lugers at the 2002 Winter Olympics Lugers at the 2006 Winter Olympics Living people Olympic lugers of the United States Virgin Islands People from Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 21st-century American women

4044210

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Matthew%27s%20Church%2C%20Hamburg

St. Matthew's Church, Hamburg

St. Matthew's Church () in Winterhude, Hamburg, is a brick Lutheran church built from 1910 to 1912 in the baroque style. The church is adorned with the colorful windows of Charles Crodel, who also made the stained-glass windows for the main church of St. James's and for St. Mary's Church in Fuhlsbüttel. St. Matthew's windows were created 1961 to 1971, References The information in this article is based on that in its German equivalent. Matthäuskirche in Winterhude, Hamburg 2002. External links Winterhude church communities Hamburg Matthew Church Matthew Church Matthew Church

4044212

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie%20Marcoux

Valérie Marcoux

Valérie Marcoux (born April 1, 1980 in Ottawa, Ontario) is a Canadian former pair skater. With partner Craig Buntin, she is a three-time Canadian national champion. Prior to teaming up with Buntin in 2002, she skated with Bruno Marcotte. Marcoux announced her retirement from competitive figure skating on April 24, 2007. Programs With Buntin With Marcotte Results GP: Grand Prix With Buntin With Marcotte References External links Skate Canada profile 1980 births Canadian female pair skaters Franco-Ontarian people Olympic figure skaters of Canada Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics Living people Sportspeople from Ottawa Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists

4044217

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khari%20Jones

Khari Jones

Khari Okang Jones ( ; born May 16, 1971) is a former professional Canadian football player and current head coach for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He is also a former television sports reporter for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). Jones played quarterback in the CFL, where he enjoyed his most success with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. Jones also played briefly for the Arena Football League's Albany Firebirds and the World League of American Football's Scottish Claymores. He has also been the offensive coordinator for the BC Lions and Hamilton Tiger-Cats. Playing career College career Jones was a record setting college quarterback at the University of California, Davis, where in two seasons as a starter he became the first UC Davis quarterback to pass for over 3,000 yards in a season and over 50 touchdowns in a career, while leading the Aggies to a 17-2-1 record during his junior and senior seasons (1992–1993). In 2000, Jones was inducted into the UC Davis Aggies Hall of Fame. Arena Football League & NFL Europe Jones joined the Arena Football League's Albany Firebirds in 1995. For the next two seasons, he received very little playing time, making only 3 out of 5 pass completions in his first season, and 3 out of 4 pass completions in 1996. He also played one season in 1996 for the Scottish Claymores of the World League of American Football, which would later become NFL Europe. Canadian Football League In 1997, Jones signed with the BC Lions. Jones played very little during his three-year tenure with the Lions, as he was relegated to the backup spot behind incumbent quarterback Damon Allen. In 2000, Jones joined the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. Though he initially served as a backup to Kerwin Bell, Jones eventually won the starting job during the middle of the 2000 season, thereby clearing the way for the Bombers to release Bell in midseason. In 2001, Jones was the CFLs Most Outstanding Player after leading the Bombers to a 14-4 record, including 12 straight wins. Jones was the Bombers quarterback in the 2001 Grey Cup in Montreal, where heavily favoured Winnipeg lost to the Calgary Stampeders, 27-19. Jones' following season (2002) was even better statistically, which included 5,353 passing yards and 46 touchdown passes. This was the third most passing touchdowns in a season (behind two seasons in which Doug Flutie completed 47 and 48)). From 2000 to 2002, Jones' 107 touchdown passes exceeded the record by any other quarterback in the CFL or NFL over the same period of time. In four seasons with Winnipeg, Jones set seventeen Bomber passing records, including throwing for five touchdowns in a game four times in one season. During the 2004 CFL season, Jones was traded from the Blue Bombers to the Calgary Stampeders, partially due to a shoulder injury which had affected his play. In the off-season between the 2004 and 2005 seasons, the Stampeders signed free agent Henry Burris and Jones was released. Jones attended the Edmonton Eskimos training camp at the beginning of the 2005 CFL season, but with the Eskimos signing Ricky Ray (and already having the 2004 season starter Jason Maas), Jones was released again. Midway through the 2005 season he signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats but was released after eight games. Prior to the 2006 season Jones was signed by the Eskimos only to be released by them once more on June 10, 2006 as part of training camp cuts. Three days later, on June 13, 2006, the CBC announced that Jones would be their sideline reporter for their CFL on CBC broadcasts. On October 17, 2007, Jones inked a standard one-year contract plus an option with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers and then signed his retirement papers right after. This allowed him to officially retire in the city where he had had the most success with during his four-team, nine-year CFL career. Coaching career In 2009, Jones began his coaching career as the quarterbacks coach for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats under head coach Marcel Bellefeuille. In 2011, he was promoted to offensive coordinator and helped the team to an appearance in the East Final. On January 3, 2012, he was announced as part of the coaching staff for the Saskatchewan Roughriders as their quarterbacks coach. In 2013, he helped his team win the 101st Grey Cup. Jones was a top candidate to become the new offensive coordinator for the BC Lions in 2014. Jones officially became the offensive coordinator on December 23, 2013. On January 3, 2018, Jones was announced as the new offensive coordinator for the Montreal Alouettes for the 2018 CFL season. On June 8, 2019, less than a week before the start of the 2019 season, the Alouettes announced they had parted ways with Mike Sherman and promoted Jones to the role of head coach. Despite being thrust into the role six days before the start of the regular season, Jones and the Alouettes surpassed expectations and finished with a 10–8 record and in second place in the East Division. At the conclusion of the season, he was signed to a three-year contract extension to continue as the team's head coach and offensive coordinator. Head coaching record LivingWorks In 2006, Jones became the digital co-trainer of the LivingWorks SafeTALK suicide alertness course. Jones had just finished playing football and was working as a broadcaster in Calgary, and was also working as an actor when his agent approached him with the job of recording the videos. Jones explained that "It hit home for me because suicide, or attempted suicide, has been a part of my family, as it has been for a lot of people. So it was something that was near and dear for me, and it quickly become more than an acting job". In the years since they were first recorded, Khari’s videos have helped trainers present safeTALK to over 300,000 people in more than 20 countries and territories. We are deeply grateful to Khari and to the thousands of dedicated safeTALK trainers who partner with him to bring the training to life. Acting career While attending University of California in Davis, Jones took acting classes which allowed him to get some roles in various made-for-TV movies. Filmography Personal life Jones is a Canadian-American dual citizen and lives in Surrey, British Columbia with his wife, Justine, and daughters, Jaelyn and Siena. He is the son of Cauley Ray and Nina Maria Jones, and brother of filmmaker/podcaster Jamie Jamar Jones. Jones met his wife in a theatre course while both attended UC Davis and appeared in plays together while students. References External links Montreal Alouettes profile AFL stats 1971 births Living people African-American coaches of Canadian football African-American players of Canadian football Albany Firebirds players American football quarterbacks BC Lions players BC Lions coaches Calgary Stampeders players Canadian Football League announcers Canadian football quarterbacks Canadian Football League Most Outstanding Player Award winners Edmonton Elks players Hamilton Tiger-Cats coaches Hamilton Tiger-Cats players Montreal Alouettes coaches Saskatchewan Roughriders coaches Sportspeople from Hammond, Indiana Sportspeople from the Chicago metropolitan area Scottish Claymores players UC Davis Aggies football players Winnipeg Blue Bombers players 21st-century African-American sportspeople 20th-century African-American sportspeople

4044229

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20schools%20of%20the%20Ottawa-Carleton%20District%20School%20Board

List of schools of the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board

Schools of the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board Elementary Carp Huntley Centennial Public School Gloucester Blossom Park Public School Carson Grove Elementary School Centennial Public School Glen Ogilvie Public School Half Moon Bay Public School Le Phare Elementary School Robert Hopkins Public School Sawmill Creek Elementary School Steve Maclean Public School Greely Castor Valley Elementary School Greely Elementary School Kanata Bridlewood Community Elementary Castlefrank Elementary School Jack Donohue Public School John Young Elementary School Katimavik Elementary School Roch Carrier Elementary Roland Michener Public Stephen Leacock Public W. Erskine Johnston Public W.O. Mitchell Elementary South March Public School (Brookside) Kars Kars on the Rideau Public Manotick Manotick Public Metcalfe Metcalfe Public Navan Heritage Public School Nepean Adrienne Clarkson Elementary School Barrhaven Public School Bayshore Public School Bells Corners Public School Berrigan Elementary School Briargreen Public School Chapman Mills Public School Farley Mowat Public School Jockvale Elementary School Knoxdale Public School Lakeview Public School Manordale Public School Mary Honeywell Elementary School Meadowlands Public School Sir Winston Churchill Public School North Gower North Gower-Marlborough Public Orléans Avalon Public Convent Glen Elementary (Convent Glen South Public School) Dunning-Foubert Elementary Fallingbrook Community Elementary Forest Valley Elementary Henry Larsen Elementary Heritage Public Maple Ridge Elementary Orléans Wood Elementary Summerside Public Trillium Elementary Osgoode Osgoode Public Inner Ottawa Agincourt Public Alta Vista Public Arch Street Public Bayview Public Broadview Public Cambridge Street Community Public Carleton Heights Public Charles H. Hulse Public Churchill Alternative School Clifford Bowey Public Connaught Public D. Roy Kennedy Public School Devonshire Community Public Dunlop Public School Elgin Street Public Elmdale Public Featherston Drive Public Fielding Drive Public School First Avenue Public General Vanier Public Hawthorne Public Hilson Avenue Public Hopewell Avenue Public Lady Evelyn Alternative Manor Park Public Mutchmor Public Pinecrest Public Pleasant Park Public Queen Elizabeth Public School Queen Mary Street Public Regina Street Public Riverview Alternative Robert Bateman Public Roberta Bondar Public School Rockcliffe Park Public School Severn Avenue Public Summit Alternative Vincent Massey Public Viscount Alexander Public W.E. Gowling Public Woodroffe Avenue Public York Street Public Richmond Richmond Public Stittsville A. Lorne Cassidy Elementary School Stittsville Public Westwind Vanier Robert E. Wilson Public Woodlawn Stonecrest Elementary Intermediate schools Cedarview Middle School Emily Carr Middle School Fisher Park Middle School/Summit Alternative Middle School Glashan Intermediate School Glen Cairn Middle School Goulbourn Middle School Henry Munro Middle School Katimavik Middle School Terry Fox Middle School Intermediate/High schools Bell High School Earl of March Secondary School Longfields-Davidson Heights Secondary School Merivale High School Sir Robert Borden High School High schools A.Y.Jackson Secondary School Adult High School Brookfield High School Cairine Wilson Secondary School Canterbury High School Colonel By Secondary School Glebe Collegiate Institute Gloucester High School Hillcrest High School John McCrae Secondary School Lisgar Collegiate Institute Nepean High School Osgoode Township High School Ottawa Technical Learning Centre Ridgemont High School Sir Guy Carleton Secondary School Sir Wilfrid Laurier Secondary School South Carleton High School West Carleton Secondary School Woodroffe High School Closed Bronson Avenue Public School (closed 1915; became Borden Public School) Kent Street (Central) Public School (closed 1966; the school was the first public elementary school to be built in the city and the first to be closed down) Borden Public School (closed and demolished 1966) Wellington Street Public School (closed and demolished) T.P. Maxwell Public School (now Carlington Community and Health Services) Brewer Park Public School (became Westboro Academy 1998-2019; now vacant) Parkway Park Public School (now Bishop Hamilton Montessori School) Percy Street Public School (closed 1968; a fire by an arsonist destroyed the building in 1979; the school was partially demolished expect for the foundation area which still stands today) Quarries Public School (closed 1980; later became East Gate Alliance Church, demolished 2013) Fairfield Public School (closed 1985; became École élémentaire publique Séraphin-Marion until 2002; demolished 2004) Bel-Air Public School (closed 1980; now École élémentaire publique Charlotte-Lemieux) Fisher Park High School (closed June 1987; became Notre Dame High School 1987-1994; now Fisher Park Public School and Summit Alternative School) Sir John A. MacDonald High School (closed 1987; now St. Paul High School) Fisher Heights Public School (closed 1988; now Ottawa Islamic School) Graham Park Public School (closed 1988; became École Maimonides School; demolished 2011) Borden High School (closed 1990; converted into loft apartments in 2004) High School Of Commerce (closed 1990; now Adult High School) Brook Lane Public School (closed 1991; now St. Gregory Catholic School) Ottawa Technical High School (closed 1992; now Albert Street Education Centre) Highland Park High School (closed 1992; now Notre Dame High School) Champlain High School (closed 1993; Connaught Public School used the building in 1993-94 while Connaught's building was getting renovated; now Centre Jules-Léger.) Confederation High School (closed 1999; now Confederation Education Centre) Crichton Street Public School (closed 1999; now The School of Dance) McNabb Park Public School (closed 1999; now Richard Pfaff Alternative School) Queensway Public School (closed 1999; now Joan of Arc Academy) Whitehaven Public School (closed 1999; became École élémentaire catholique Terre-des-Jeunes until 2008; now École élémentaire catholique d'enseignement personnalisé Édouard-Bond) City View Public School (became City View Special Education Centre; now Elizabeth Wyn Wood Secondary Alternate Program) McArthur High School (closed 2001; now Ottawa Technical Secondary School) Overbrook Public School (closed 2001; now Counterpoint Academy Day Care) Lamira Dow Billings Elementary School (closed 2002; now École élémentaire publique Séraphin-Marion) Meadowview Public School (closed 2004; now Heritage Public School) Merivale Public School (closed 2004) Riverview Public School (closed 2004; now Baitun Naseer Mosque) J. S. Woodsworth Secondary School (closed 2005; now École secondaire publique Deslauriers) Laurentian High School (closed 2005; demolished 2009) R. Byrns Curry Public School (closed 2006; now Bayview Public School) Bayview Public School (relocated to R. Byrns Curry Public School site in 2007; demolished 2009) Fitzroy Harbour Public School (closed 2006) Grant Alternative School (relocated to Christie Public School site in 2007; closed 2017, now Maison de la francophonie d'Ottawa) Christie Public School (closed 2007; became Grant Alternative School 2007-2017; now vacant) Torbolton Public School (closed 2007; now vacant) Queenswood Public School (closed 2008; now École élémentaire catholique d'enseignement personnalisé La Source) Fitzroy Centennial Public School (closed 2009) McGregor Easson Public School (closed 2010; now Pavillon Sainte-Geneviève) Parkwood Hills Public School (closed 2010; used by Champman Hills in 2012 and Carleton Heights in 2014) Munster Elementary School (closed 2015) Rideau High School (closed 2017) Elizabeth Park Public School (closed 2017) Century Public School (closed 2017; used by Elmdale Public School in 2019) D. Aubrey Moodie Intermediate School (closed 2017) Leslie Park Public School (closed 2017; now École élémentaire publique Ottawa Ouest) Greenbank Middle School (closed 2017; now Knoxdale Public School; the school already shared the building with Knoxdale Public School) J.H. Putman Middle School (closed 2019) Notes External links Ottawa-Carleton District School Board OCDSB Schools Ottawa, public schools Schools

4044234

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs%20sector

Higgs sector

In particle physics, the Higgs sector is the collection of quantum fields and/or particles that are responsible for the Higgs mechanism, i.e. for the spontaneous symmetry breaking of the Higgs field. The word "sector" refers to a subgroup of the total set of fields and particles. See also Higgs boson References Particle physics Symmetry

4044245

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwigsdorf

Ludwigsdorf

Ludwigsdorf may refer to: Ludwigsdorf, Lower Austria Ludwigsdorf (Görlitz) Ludwikowice Klodzkie, part of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp the German name of Łodwigowo in Poland the German name of Giulești and of Logig in Romania the German name of Padina in Vojvodina, Serbia and Montenegro a suburb of Windhoek

4044247

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20schools%20of%20the%20Conseil%20des%20%C3%A9coles%20publiques%20de%20l%27Est%20de%20l%27Ontario

List of schools of the Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario

Schools of the Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario. Elementary Ottawa École élémentaire publique Charlotte-Lemieux, Nepean École élémentaire publique Francojeunesse, Ottawa École élémentaire publique Gabrielle-Roy, Ottawa École élémentaire publique Jeanne Sauve, Orléans École élémentaire publique Kanata, Kanata École élémentaire publique Mauril-Bélanger, Ottawa École élémentaire publique Marie-Curie, Ottawa École élémentaire publique Maurice Lapointe, Kanata École élémentaire publique Michel-Dupuis, Riverside South École élémentaire publique Séraphin-Marion, Gloucester École élémentaire publique l'Odyssée, Orléans École élémentaire publique Ottawa Ouest, Nepean École élémentaire publique le Transit, Ottawa Other École élémentaire publique Cité-Jeunesse, Trenton École élémentaire publique l'Équinoxe, Pembroke Secondary Ottawa École secondaire publique De La Salle, Ottawa École secondaire publique Gisèle-Lalonde, Orléans École secondaire publique Louis-Riel, Gloucester École secondaire publique Omer Deslauriers, Nepean École secondaire publique Le Transit, Ottawa Other École secondaire publique L'Équinoxe, Pembroke École secondaire publique Marc-Garneau, Trenton École secondaire publique Le Sommet, Hawksbury See also List of school districts in Ontario List of high schools in Ontario Ottawa, Public Schools, French Schools of the Conseil des ecoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario

4044252

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20DeCrow

Karen DeCrow

Karen DeCrow ( Lipschultz; December 18, 1937 – June 6, 2014) was an American attorney, author, activist and feminist. She served as the fourth national president of the National Organization for Women (NOW) from 1974 to 1977. She was also a strong supporter of equal rights for men in child custody decisions, arguing for a "rebuttable presumption" of shared custody after divorce. She also asserted that men as well as women should be allowed the decision not to become a parent. Early life Karen Lipschultz was born in Chicago, Illinois, on December 18, 1937. She was the oldest child of Samuel Meyer Lipschultz, a businessman, and Juliette Abt Lipschultz, a professional ballet dancer. She graduated from Sullivan High School in 1955 and received a bachelor's degree from the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University in 1959. After graduating from college, she worked as a writer and editor for a number of magazines and publishing houses, including as a fashion editor at Golf Digest. She married Alexander Kolben in 1960 but they divorced five years later. She was remarried the same year, to Roger DeCrow, a computer scientist, and the couple moved to Syracuse, New York. Career and activism DeCrow joined the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1967, after she and her female coworkers at a publishing house realized they were earning less than men. She was a co-founder of the Syracuse chapter of NOW and became president in 1968. In 1969, she ran for mayor of the city of Syracuse, becoming the first female mayoral candidate in the history of New York. The same year, she and Faith Seidenberg entered the all-male establishment McSorley's Old Ale House and were refused service. They sued for discrimination. The case decision made the front page of The New York Times on June 26, 1970. The suit, Seidenberg v. McSorleys' Old Ale House (S.D.N.Y. 1970) established that, as a public place, the ale house could not violate the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution. Legal career After entering law school, she earned her Juris Doctor from Syracuse University College of Law in 1972, where she was the only woman in the class. In 1972, she was a part of the Ms. magazine campaign: “We Have Had Abortions” which called for an end to "archaic laws" limiting reproductive freedom, and encouraged women to share their stories and take action. Presidency of NOW DeCrow was elected president of NOW from 1974 to 1977, during which time she led campaigns to ensure that collegiate sports would be included under the scope of Title IX, pressured NASA to recruit women as astronauts, oversaw the opening of a new NOW Action Center in Washington, D.C. and the establishment of NOW's National Task Force on Battered Women/Household Violence, and participated in a tour of over 80 public debates with antifeminist activist Phyllis Schlafly over the Equal Rights Amendment. In 1978, DeCrow became an associate of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press. DeCrow was honored by the American Civil Liberties Union in 1985. Later life In 2009, DeCrow was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. She died of melanoma on June 6, 2014, in Jamesville, New York. Political views She was the author of several books, including The Young Woman’s Guide to Liberation (1971) and Sexist Justice—How Legal Sexism Affects You (1975). DeCrow described her ultimate goal as "a world in which the gender of a baby will have little to no relevance in future pursuits and pleasures—personal, political, economic, social and professional." Toward that end, DeCrow was a supporter of shared parenting (joint legal and shared physical custody) of children when parents divorce. Her position on joint custody was criticized by some in the National Organization for Women: "I've become a persona non grata because I've always been in favor of joint custody," DeCrow said. References External links A Conversation with Karen DeCrow about N.O.W. WNED public television series “Woman”, 1974 1937 births 2014 deaths American feminists American women lawyers Deaths from cancer in New York (state) Deaths from melanoma People from DeWitt, New York Presidents of the National Organization for Women Syracuse University College of Law alumni Activists from New York (state) 21st-century American women Medill School of Journalism alumni

4044257

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%20Wake

Blood Wake

Blood Wake is a naval combat video game released in 2001 for the Xbox as part of Microsoft's wave of launch titles. It was developed by Stormfront Studios and published by Microsoft Game Studios. Set in an Asian-themed fictional world, Blood Wake is a story-driven, mission-based high seas action game in which the player controls a series of small fighting vessels. First unveiled at E3 2001, the game received mixed reviews from critics according to the aggregate website Metacritic. It sold enough copies to be added to Microsoft's budget line, known as Platinum Hits. Gameplay The game features a wide variety of naval vessels, from tiny sampans to powerful speedboats and torpedo boats, on up to destroyers and a massive battleship. Over a dozen of these are playable and most have multiple weapon configurations. The weapon types include the standard chain guns, cannon, torpedoes, rockets and mines, plus some unique weapons that are unlocked as you progress through the game. Each boat has machine guns or chain guns as its base, primary armament. Most have one or more heavy weapons as their secondary armament. The single player story-mode consists of 28 missions featuring a wide variety of attack, defense, escort and raid mission types. These missions take the player to many exotic locales and though the player never leaves the water, the game engine allows the designers to vary the sea and sky conditions to create very different gameplay environments. There is also a multiplayer mode that supports a variety of game types for up to four players. The multiplayer options are somewhat limited at first, but progress through the story mode unlocks many new options. The game also features numerous Easter Eggs such as special boats and hidden game modes, including the development team's favorite, "Blood Ball", which is essentially multiplayer soccer-on-water using a 10-meter diameter soccer ball and heavily armed gunboats. There are many different vehicles at the player's disposal in Blood Wake. In the Story Mode the player is assigned a particular boat for each mission. The first is the Speedboat, and each of the mission of the first act features a different variant. As the story progresses, the player is introduced to ever more powerful boats, including a few captured enemy vessels. All of these plus several more are playable in the multiplayer Battle Mode. The following are the main types used by the player during the Story Mode missions: Speedboat: small, fast boat with light weaponry. This is the boat given to the player in the first chapter of Story Mode. Its armament usually consists of four chain guns or auto-cannons, but later adds a rocket launcher. The boat is completely stripped of all armaments for one special mission involving a time trial-style race. In one special mission later in the game it is armed with the Stinger, an extremely powerful, but short-ranged electrical weapon. Catamaran: the game's signature boat, this is featured on the game's cover. Standard armament for this vessel includes two chain guns or auto cannons, with a center mount that may have a rocket launcher, the Stinger, or the Wave Gun (another special weapon type that generates a wave that can detonate torpedoes and sea mines as well as jolt smaller vessels. In addition, it has a pair of side mounts that may hold torpedo launchers or fixed cannons. These weapons differ in combination depending on the model of Catamaran. Gunboat: modeled on a cigarette boat, it is one of the fastest in the game. Its armament is virtually the same as the catamaran, but it adds a rear mount for a mine launcher. Devil Boat: at 75 feet long, this is the largest and most heavily armed playable boat in the game. Inspired by the PT boats of World War II, it has four forward mounts for its primary armament of auto cannons or chain guns. Its secondary armament features dual center mounted rocket launchers, a rear-mounted mine launcher, and four side mounts. The side mounts may have two fixed cannons on the forward pair plus two torpedo launchers on the rear pair, or four torpedo launchers. Hydroplane: The ultra-speedy hydroplane is the fastest and most maneuverable vessel in the game. Modeled on the racing boat Miss Budweiser, its armament is the same as the Gunboat. Plot The player controls Lieutenant Shao Kai, a former naval officer of the Northern League fleet who was betrayed and left for dead by his brother, Admiral Shao Lung. Kai is rescued by a band of sea raiders known as the Shadow Clan, and joins them after proving himself worthy to their leader, Ped Zeng. He will bide his time with them awaiting his chance for revenge against his brother. Here he meets a formidable young woman who advises Ped and becomes the love interest. The Shadow Clan spends most of its time preying on the third faction in the game, the Jade Kingdom, who are primarily a mercantile power led by Lord Sri Brana. All are now in the path of Admiral Shao Lung's ambitions to create the Iron Empire. Lung has developed a monstrous warship named the Dragon and a powerful magic amulet to defeat anyone and anything in his way. Development Initial development began following the creation of the basic game engine by lead programmer Ralf Knoesel during his holiday break following the completion of Stormfront's previous release, Hot Wheels Turbo Racing. Together with lead artists Tim Dean and Matt Small, they conceived a concept that was essentially "Twisted Metal on water." The team received permission to develop a prototype and Stormfront started looking for a publisher. Enter Microsoft who was looking for a suitable development partner for an original IP they had developed that was likened to "Crimson Skies on water." While Stormfront's engine had been designed to support arena combat, they were confident it could be adapted to support the story-driven mission-based structure needed by Microsoft. Music was composed by Robb Mills. The development team grew under the direction of David Bunnett who hired a contract writer named David Ackerman-Gray to develop the story, and David Wessman to be the lead designer. Wessman had formerly been the gameplay and story lead for the highly acclaimed X-Wing series, and was eagerly welcomed to the team for his expertise in vehicular combat games. In addition, he brought a passion for research into the topic of small boat warfare and drew inspiration for the story and missions from histories of the American Civil War, the Opium Wars, World War II and the Vietnam War. As the game took shape, the team was able to consistently deliver on its milestones up to a week early, thus earning considerable respect from Microsoft. When the game entered QA at Microsoft it was observed that testers who were not assigned to work on it nevertheless would spend their free time playing it. This was noted as an extremely good sign, and Microsoft began to think they might have a sleeper hit on their hands. Stormfront was granted a small extension to their schedule for additional polish. Reception Initially hailed as "The Halo Killer" by Boat Magazine, Blood Wake never achieved the popularity of its big brother. The game received average reviews from critics according to Metacritic. In March 2017 GamesRadar+ staff named Blood Wake one of the original Xbox franchise they would like to see revived. The game was not literally an Xbox launch title, since its debut was part of a second wave of game releases thirty days after the first launch. It was highly anticipated following the excited press reaction at the 2000 E3. Microsoft backed Blood Wake with a television advertising campaign on release, and it reached sixth on the NPD sales charts in November 2002 with over 340,000 units sold, and later that year was the #1 game on the NPD Xbox game rental rankings. With strong sales the game became one of the first in Microsoft's Platinum Series Hits and was re-released with new box cover art and a lower price. References External links 2001 video games Microsoft games Multiplayer and single-player video games Naval video games Stormfront Studios games Vehicular combat games Video games developed in the United States Xbox games Xbox-only games

4044262

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Nibley%20Green

Battle of Nibley Green

The Battle of Nibley Green was fought near North Nibley in Gloucestershire on 20 March 1470, between the troops of Thomas Talbot, 2nd Viscount Lisle and William Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley. It is notable for being the last battle fought in England entirely between the private armies of feudal magnates. Prelude Lisle and Berkeley had long been engaged in a dispute over the inheritance of Berkeley Castle and the other Berkeley lands, Lisle being heir-general to Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley and Berkeley heir-male. Lisle impetuously challenged Berkeley to a battle, and the latter agreed, the battle to be fought the next day at Nibley Green. Lisle paid for his rashness with his life. In the little time available, Lisle could only raise a force among his ill-equipped local tenants. Berkeley, however, could draw upon a garrison from Berkeley Castle as well as his local levies, and he was reinforced by men led by his brother Maurice Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley and miners from the Forest of Dean. This gave him a considerable advantage in numbers, about 1,000 to 300. Philip Mede of Wraxall, an alderman and mayor of Bristol in 1459, 1462, and 1469, sent some men on the Berkeley side. Maurice Berkeley, William's younger brother, had married Isabel Mede, Philip's daughter, for which act of marrying beneath his social status he had been disinherited of the Berkeley lands by his elder brother, William. Battle Lisle led his men in a charge against Berkeley's troops as they emerged from a stand of woods. Berkeley's archers loosed arrows and broke up the charge. One of the Dean Foresters, an archer named "Black Will", shot Lisle in the left temple through his open visor and unhorsed him. A few dagger-strokes from the archers ensured Lisle's death, and his leaderless army broke and fled. Aftermath As Lisle's army dispersed, Berkeley advanced to Lisle's manor of Wotton-under-Edge and sacked it. Further reading Fleming, Peter & Wood, Michael. Gloucestershire's Forgotten Battle: Nibley Green 1470, 2003 External links History of Berkeley Mead Genealogy North Nibley website References 1470 in England Nibley Green Nibley Green Nibley Green Nibley Green

4044271

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav%20Adolf%20Scheel

Gustav Adolf Scheel

Gustav Adolf Scheel (22 November 1907 – 25 March 1979) was a German physician and Nazi Party official. He served as a "multifunctionary" in Nazi Germany, including posts as the Reich Student Leader leading both the National Socialist German Students' League and the German Student Union, as an SS member and Sicherheitsdienst employee, as a Higher SS and Police Leader, as well as Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter in Reichsgau Salzburg. He was also an Einsatzgruppen commander in occupied Alsace and he organized the October 1940 deportation of Karlsruhe's Jews to extermination camps. Early years Born as a Protestant pastor's son in Rosenberg, North Baden, Scheel attended classical gymnasium schools in Freiburg, Tauberbischofsheim and Mannheim. While still a schoolboy, he became involved in nationalist circles of the German Youth Movement and Nazi groups. Beginning in the summer semester of 1928, he studied law, political economy and theology at Heidelberg University to become a minister like his father. Scheel intensified his activities in right-wing student circles and in the winter semester of 1928-29 became a member of the Verein Deutscher Studenten (VDSt), an umbrella organization of German Studentenverbindung fraternities. In 1928 he also joined the Heidelberg German Student Union (Deutschen Studentenschaft, DStA). In October 1931 he was named to the board of directors and in December 1931 he became its chairman. Nazi career Student and academic posts In 1930 he joined the National Socialist German Students' League (NSDStB), on 1 October 1930 the Sturmabteilung (SA) and on 1 December 1930 the Nazi Party (NSDAP). He moved for a short time to Tübingen University to begin studies in medicine. He continued his studies again in Heidelberg, where he quickly rose to become one of the main propagandists of the Nazis at the college. As NSDStB College Group Leader (Hochschulgruppenführer), he led the Nazi student rallies against the mathematics professor and pacifist Emil Julius Gumbel (1891–1966) which led to the removal of Gumbel's teaching entitlement in 1932. In 1933, Scheel became chairman of the Heidelberg General Students' Committee (AStA) and fought vehemently for the exclusion of students of Jewish lineage from the benefits of social institutions at the university. During this time, he also became Hanns-Martin Schleyer's mentor, getting him to join the NSDAP and the SS. Furthermore, Scheel exerted influence over the university's appointments and personnel policy in his capacity as student body leader and member of the vice chancellor's leadership staff. On 10 May 1933, Scheel was one of the main speakers at the Heidelberg book burning. In April 1934, he passed his State medical examination and received his doctorate in medicine on 31 May 1935. In November 1935, on his 28th birthday, Scheel was named as an honorary Senator of Heidelberg University. On 6 November 1936, he acceded to the newly created post of Reichsstudentenführer (Reich Student Leader) a position he would retain until the fall of the Nazi regime. As such, he headed both the NSDStB and the DstA. With this came the rank of Amtsleiter in the Party Reichsleitung (National Leadership). Scheel would advance to Hauptamstleiter in April 1937 and Hauptdienstleiter in April 1940. In April 1938, Scheel became an active Senator of Heidelberg University, and he was also elected to the Reichstag from electoral constituency 20, Köln-Aachen, retaining this seat until May 1945. In May 1938, he became leader of the National Socialist Alumni Association and also served as editor of its official organ, Der Altherrenbund. That same month he was made Chairman of the Reichsstudentenwerk (Reich Student Union). In November 1940, he was named an honorary Senator of Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg. In 1943, he declared in his capacity as Reich Student Leader that the members of the White Rose (Weiße Rose) resistance group should be "executed not as students," but rather as "antisocial former Wehrmacht members." Scheel's point of view was that these "criminals" should not be allowed to stain the student body's image. From this time also came Scheel's declaration: "German student, it is not necessary for you to live, but, to be sure, to fulfill your duty to your people." In 1943, Scheel became President of the German Academic Exchange Service and in June 1944, he succeeded Walter Schultze as leader of the National Socialist German Lecturers League. SS and Security Service (SD) On 30 July 1934 Scheel was accepted into the Sicherheitsdienst (SD), the Nazi Party security service by its head, Reinhard Heydrich. He left the SA and joined the Schutzstaffel (SS) on 15 September 1934 and became a full time SD employee in the SD Main Office. He rose swiftly in this secret Nazi intelligence service. Between September 1934 and August 1935 he headed the SD training school in Berlin. Between August 1935 and September 1939 he was Leader of the SD Oberabschnitt (Upper District) Southwest, headquartered in Stuttgart. As a former student official, he brought along with him to the SD a great many young Nazi academics who went on to become mass murderers. Among them were Walter Stahlecker, Martin Sandberger, , , Erich Ehrlinger, and Eugen Steimle, all of whom went into various divisions of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) to become leaders of murder squads of the various Einsatzgruppen. Promoted to SS-Oberführer, Scheel on 25 April 1938 became Inspector for the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police, SiPo) and Sicherheitsdienst (Security Service, SD) in Wehrkreis (Military District) V (Baden and Württemberg), based in Stuttgart. He then transferred to become Leader of SD Oberabschnitt South in Munich from 18 June 1939. On 6 December 1939, he became the Inspector for SiPo and SD in Wehrkreis VII (Munich) and XIII (Nuremberg) encompassing all of Bavaria. Scheel, in the spring of 1940 performed military service as a medical officer with the rank of Unterarzt, serving with the Luftwaffe in the battle of France. After the fall of France, from May through July 1940, Scheel headed Einsatzgruppe III in Alsace and was involved in the deportation of Jews from that area. From August 1940 to January 1941 he was Commander of the Sicherheitspolizei and the SD attached to the office of the Chief of Civil Administration in Alsace, Robert Heinrich Wagner. In October 1940, Scheel organised the deportation of Karlsruhe's Jews to their certain deaths in the east. Scheel's further rise within the Nazi repression apparatus continued unabated. In April 1941, he rose to the rank of SS-Brigadeführer. He became the Higher SS and Police Leader (HSSP) Alpenland from 1 May 1941 while also commanding SS Oberabschnitt Alpenland. In this post, he was the commander of all SS and police forces, including the Ordnungspolizei (Order Police) in the four Reichsgaue of Wehrkreis XVIII, Carinthia, Salzburg, Styria and Tirol-Vorarlberg and reported directly to Heinrich Himmler. He was made a Major General of Police on 19 October 1941. Scheel left the SD service on 24 November 1941 and was transferred to the staff of the Reichsführer-SS. He was promoted to SS-Gruppenführer on 21 June 1942, SS-Obergruppenführer on 1 August 1944 and General of Police on 4 August 1944. Gauleiter and Reichsstatthalter Scheel was named as Gauleiter of Reichsgau Salzburg on 18 November 1941, succeeding Friedrich Rainer. Formally installed on 27 November, he also that day succeeded Rainer as Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governor) thus uniting under his control the highest party and governmental offices in his jurisdiction. Further, on 11 December he also succeeded Rainer as Reich Defense Commissioner of Wehrkreis XVIII. This entailed responsibility for civil defense and evacuation measures as well as administration of wartime rationing and suppression of black market activity. On 16 November 1942, the jurisdiction of the Reich Defense Commissioners was changed from the Wehrkreis to the Gau level, and Scheel remained Commissioner for his Reichsgau alone. After the discovery of resistance groups in Salzburg, Scheel organized a widespread wave of arrests and had a number of railwaymen put to death. In September 1944 Scheel, as the Reich Defense Commissioner, was made leader of the Volkssturm in Reichsgau Salzburg. On 29 April 1945, Adolf Hitler, in his political testament, named Scheel Reich Minister of Culture, in the short-lived Goebbels cabinet. As a Nazi "multifunctionary", Scheel held the following functions (in addition to those mentioned above): Member of the Reich Labour Chamber Member of the Executive Board of the Reichsforschungsrat (Reich Research Council) Leader of the Trainee Office in the Reichsforschungrat Postwar life After Salzburg's peaceful surrender to the Americans on 4 May, Scheel fled with his family to Sankt Veit an der Glan and on 14 May was arrested by the US 307th Counterintelligence Corps and interned. After spending time in many camps and prisons, he was released on 24 December 1947. After once again being interned, he was transferred to Heidelberg to undergo denazification. A local court sentenced him in December 1948 to five years in a labour camp, and classified him as Category I, Hauptschuldiger (literally "main culprit"). He was however released on 24 December 1948 as a result of several testimonies in his defence stating that he had ignored Hitler's commands to defend the city of Salzburg against the approaching US forces. Afterwards, he first worked as a night worker at the Port of Hamburg, and as of summer 1949, he was a doctor in a Hamburg hospital, then an assistant doctor at Rautenberg Hospital in Hamburg. After an appeal proceeding in 1952, Scheel was reclassified to Category II as a Belasteter ("incriminated one"). From 1951 to 1953, he belonged, along with other former Nazi leaders such as Werner Naumann, Karl Kaufmann and Werner Best, to the neo-Nazi "Naumann Circle" that tried to infiltrate the Free Democratic Party, and so was arrested in January 1953 by British police. He was handed over to German authorities in Karlsruhe in March and released by them on 17 June 1953. On 3 December 1954, his trial was dismissed for lack of adequate evidence of wrongdoing. From February 1954 to 8 April 1977, he was the owner of a medical practice in Hamburg. Notes Sources Further reading External links Gustav Scheel in Bavarian State Library 1907 births 1979 deaths Einsatzgruppen personnel Gauleiters Heidelberg University alumni Holocaust perpetrators in France Holocaust perpetrators in Germany Luftwaffe personnel of World War II Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany Nazi Party officials Nazi Party politicians Nazis convicted of war crimes People from Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis People from the Grand Duchy of Baden Physicians in the Nazi Party Recipients of the War Merit Cross Reich Security Main Office personnel SS and Police Leaders SS-Obergruppenführer Sturmabteilung personnel Volkssturm personnel

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina%20Assandra

Caterina Assandra

Caterina Assandra (c. 1590 – after 1618) was an Italian composer and Benedictine nun. In her surviving motet book, Motetti a due a tre voci op.2, Assandra alludes to her birthplace being in the Province of Pavia. She became famous as an organist and published various works during her lifetime. Her work Motetti a due, was dedicated to G.B. Biglia, the Bishop of Pavia, and was first recognized by publisher Lomazzo. Although Assandra had accumulated a substantial reputation for her works as a composer, even reaching outside the borders of Italy, she was at times confused with another 18th-century composer with the same name. And although the date of her birth is approximate, the date of her death is still unknown. Early life Assandra composed a number of motets and organ pieces, written in German tablature. She studied counterpoint with Benedetto Re, or Reggio, one of the leading teachers at Pavia Cathedral, who dedicated a piece to her in 1607. Re may have been an exiled German Catholic. Assandra's musical talents were noted by the publisher Lomazzo early in her career, in his dedication of the works of Giovanni Paolo Cima. She composed many works during the first half of the 17th century, including Promptuarium Musicum and Siren Colestis. In 1609, Assandra took vows and entered the Benedictine monastery of Saint Agata in Lomello, in the Lombard region of northern Italy. She adopted "Agata" as her religious name and continued composing, including a collection of motets in the new concertato style in Milan in 1609, an imitative eight-voice Salve Regina in 1611, and a motet, Audite verbum Dominum, for four voices in 1618. After entering the convent, Assandra published no new books of music. Caterina Assandra was the first Italian nun to have an entire collection of musical works published, following Raffaella Aleotti. Career Two of her compositions from Op. 2 appeared in German publications during the decade and a half following their original appearance. Two works by her, otherwise unknown, also appear in German tablature in a manuscript located in the Furst Thurn und Taxis library in Regensburg. Assandra's motets were among the first in the Roman style to be published in Milan, as Borsieri noted. Researchers suggest Borsieri must have heard in her music the influence of Agazzari, whose small-scale works had recently been published in the city. She composed both highly traditional pieces and more innovative works. Among the latter is Duo seraphim. Her motet O Salutaris hostia, included in Motetti op. 2, was one of the first pieces to include 'violone'. Personal life Two influential figures to Caterina's style were her teacher, Re, and local composer Agazzari. Due to her living in the convent and the likeness between the written bass and continuo parts, her motets were able to be performed and function without male singers, though they were often written for two sopranos, alto, bass, and continuo. On February 20 of 1606, publisher Giovanni Paolo Cima dedicated a portion of his Partito de Ficercari & Canzoni Alla Francese to Caterina. This is the composer's first known mention and is as follows: "To the very excellent and most virtuous lady and my very obliging and benign Mistress: Caterina Assandra". Works, editions and recordings Op. 1 is lost. It is possible that her two motets, Ave Verum Corpus and Ego Flos Campi, could be from that volume. Motetti à due, & tre voci, Op. 2, dedicated to G. B. Biglia, the Bishop of Pavia, in 1609, has survived. Il Canto delle Dame, a 2010 recording by María Cristina Kiehr, Jean-Marc Aymes, and Concerto Soave, includes four pieces from the Motetti of 1608: Duo Seraphim, Canzon a 4, O quam suavis, and O salutaris hostia. Ave verum corpus. Unknown publish date Canzon a 4 (for Benedetto Re) written for voice and ensemble Duo Seraphim written for 3 voices and continuo Ego flos campi Haec dies written in 1609 for 2 to 3 voices Impleos nostrum motet written for 3 voices Jubilate Deo written in 1609 O Dulcis Amor Jesu motet written for 3 voices O quam suavais written for voice and ensemble O Salutaris hostia written for voice and ensemble Salve Regina motet written for 8 voices References Sources "Assandra, Caterina (Early 1590s-1620)." Assandra, Caterina (Early 1590s-1620) | Women Composers 1 | Alexander Street, search.alexanderstreet.com Bowers, Jane; Judith Tick. Women Making Music. University of Illinois Press (1986). Cessac, Catherine. Il Canto delle Dame, liner notes. Centre culturel de rencontre d'Ambronay (2010). Eckart Tscheuschner, Die Neresheimer Orgeltabulaturen der Fürstlich Thurn und Taxisschen Hofbibliothek zu Regensburg (Erlangen, 1963), 107. Jump up^ Listen: Ego Flos Campi (H.Heldstab), "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-10-19. Women Composers: Music Through the Ages. Further reading Free scores by Caterina Assandra at the International Music Score Library Project Facsimile of Impetum fecerunt in a collection from the Bavarian State Library (book 1, page 129) Index of pieces in the above collection by Choral Public Domain Library Italian Baroque composers Italian women classical composers 17th-century Italian Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns 1590s births 17th-century deaths Benedictine nuns Musicians from Pavia 17th-century Italian composers 17th-century women composers

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Newquist

Jimmy Newquist

James P. Newquist (born May 10, 1970) is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist, best known as lead singer for the alternative rock band Caroline's Spine. Born in Boston, Massachusetts and raised in Phoenix, Arizona, he is one of eight children. Newquist started writing songs at an early age and moved to Los Angeles, California to further his music career. In 1993, he formed Caroline's Spine with college friend Mark Haugh – the band's name being a reference to a character in a story Newquist wrote about a comatose girl whose doctor nonchalantly inquires, "How's Caroline's spine today?" His major label debut, "Monsoon" by Caroline's Spine, was released by Hollywood Records in 1997. Newquist has since released numerous albums under the Caroline's Spine moniker as well as his own name. Living people Musicians from Boston American rock guitarists American male guitarists American rock singers Songwriters from Massachusetts 1970 births Guitarists from Massachusetts 21st-century American singers 21st-century American guitarists 21st-century American male singers American male songwriters

4044278

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce%20Davison

Bryce Davison

Bryce Davison (born January 29, 1986 in Walnut Creek, California) is an American-Canadian former competitive pair skater. With former partner Jessica Dubé, he is a three-time (2007, 2009, 2010) Canadian national champion, the 2008 World bronze medalist and the 2009 Four Continents silver medalist. They represented Canada at the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics. Career Davison began skating at age three. He competed with Jessie McNeil at the pre-novice and juvenile levels. They were the 2000 Canadian Juvenile national champions. He later competed with Claire Daugulis on the novice and junior levels. Davison teamed up with Jessica Dubé in July 2003. The two had a successful junior career before moving up to the senior level in 2005–06. They placed 10th at the 2006 Winter Olympic Games and 7th at the World Championships that same season. In the summer of 2006, Dubé suffered an injury in practice and was removed from the ice on a backboard; she had knee surgery in September. They won their first national crown in Nova Scotia at the 2007 Canadian Championships. After an on-ice accident at the 2007 Four Continents (see below), they made a comeback a month later at the World Championships, where they again finished seventh. Dube and Davison had a breakthrough season in 2007–08. They won their first Grand Prix medals, including a gold at 2007 Skate America. They lost the national title to Anabelle Langlois and Cody Hay at the 2008 Canadian Championships, but two months later at the World Championships, they won the bronze medal after finishing second in the long program; they set personal best scores in each segment of the event and overall. The next two seasons did not prove as successful, and while they regained and then defended their national title, the pair were unable to repeat their success at the World Championships. Their top placement during this time was a second-place finish at the 2009 Four Continents Championships. Dube and Davison were part of Team Canada at the inaugural World Team Trophy in April 2009. In the 2009–10 Olympic season, they medalled at both Grand Prix events but did not qualify for the Grand Prix final. They were sixth at the Olympics and at Worlds. Davison suffers from osteochondritis dissecans, which led to his sustaining a serious knee injury in practice in October 2010, forcing the pair to withdraw from the 2010 Skate Canada International. He underwent season-ending surgery to reattach a broken piece of bone. The recovery period was estimated at 18 months. Dubé and Davison announced the end of their partnership on March 10, 2011. He had felt they needed to make changes but Dubé was unwilling and suggested parting ways. Davison left open the possibility that he might continue skating if he finds the right partner. In July, it was reported that Davison had completed his Level I Coaching Certification and would begin coaching young skaters in Hamilton, Ontario. At the time, Davison said he might compete again, but in December 2011, he confirmed that he had retired from competition. He is the director of skater development at the Hamilton Skating Club. Davison competed in singles until 2007. He is a member of the Hamilton Skating Club in Hamilton, Ontario. Accidents On February 8, 2007, Dubé was struck in the face by the blade of Davison's skate during the free skate segment at the Four Continents Championships in Colorado Springs. The pair were on their third rotation of a side-by-side camel spin, in which one leg is horizontal during the spin, when they began to drift towards one another, causing her face and his skate blade to connect. She immediately fell to the ice and clutched at her face as blood pooled on the ice. Davison comforted her as the medical staff put her on a stretcher and took her to Memorial Hospital. She underwent surgery that night, receiving 83 stitches to repair a laceration on her left cheek and nose. Her eye was not affected and nothing was broken. Both skaters were later treated for post-traumatic stress disorder, but by March 2007 they had returned to competition together. In April 2009, at the gala exhibition of the 2009 World Team Trophy in Tokyo, Dubé accidentally struck Davison on the head during a triple twist; he was unable to catch her and she crashed to the ice, hitting her head. Dubé and Davison were hospitalized as a precautionary measure, but neither was seriously injured. Personal life Davison has dual American and Canadian citizenship. In addition to figure skating, he also played hockey until age 15. He formerly dated his partner Dubé. Davison studied human anatomy and physiology through Athabasca University online courses. He married retired Canadian synchronized skater Michele Moore Davison on September 9, 2017. The couple have two children together. Programs (With Dubé) Competitive highlights Pairs career with Dubé Pairs career with Daugulis Singles career References External links Partnership biography from Skate Canada 1986 births American emigrants to Canada Canadian male single skaters Canadian male pair skaters Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics Living people Olympic figure skaters of Canada Sportspeople from Walnut Creek, California People from Huntsville, Ontario People from Varennes, Quebec World Figure Skating Championships medalists Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists

4044281

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Clarke%20%28botanist%29

Charles Clarke (botanist)

Dr. Charles M. Clarke (born in Melbourne, Australia) is an ecologist and botanist specialising in the carnivorous plant genus Nepenthes, for which he is regarded as a World Authority. Clarke has an honours degree in Botany from Monash University in Melbourne, and a Ph.D. in Ecosystem management at the University of New England, in Armidale, New South Wales. Clarke first travelled to Borneo in search of pitcher plants in 1987. In 1989 and 1990 he lived in Brunei, studying the ecology of Nepenthes. In between travels, Clarke has taught Ecology and Biometrics at James Cook University in Queensland, and worked as a horticultural consultant in Hong Kong. He now works at the Cairn's Botanic Garden. Clarke has written five books and guides on Nepenthes, which present a synthesis of the research performed on his travels around the Malay Archipelago. The most significant of these works are the monographs Nepenthes of Borneo (1997) and Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia (2001). Clarke has described six species of Nepenthes: N. baramensis (now known as N. hemsleyana), N. benstonei, N. chaniana, N. izumiae, N. jacquelineae, and N. tenax. Publications Clarke, C., Schlauer, J., Moran, J. & Robinson, A.S., 2018. Systematics and evolution of Nepenthes. In: Ellison, A.M. & Adamec, L., eds.: Carnivorous plants: physiology, ecology, and evolution. Oxford University Press, 58-69. Clarke, C.M. 1992. The ecology of metazoan communities in Nepenthes pitcher plants in Borneo, with special reference to the community of Nepenthes bicalcarata Hook.f. Ph.D. thesis, University of New England, Armidale, N.S.W. 269 pp. Clarke, C.[M.] 1993.   Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 22(1–2): 27–28. Clarke, C.M. & R.L. Kitching 1993. The Metazoan Food Webs from Six Bornean Nepenthes Species. Ecological Entomology 18: 7–16. Clarke, C.M. & J.A. Moran 1994. A further record of aerial pitchers in Nepenthes ampullaria Jack. Malayan Nature Journal 47: 321–323. Clarke, C.M. & R.L. Kitching 1995. Swimming Ants and Pitcher Plants: a Unique Ant-Plant Interaction from Borneo. Journal of Tropical Ecology 11(4): 589–602. Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. xi + 207 pp. Clarke, C.M. 1997. Another nice trip to Sumatra. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 26(1): 4–10. Clarke, C.M. 1997. The effects of pitcher dimorphism on the metazoan community of the carnivorous pitcher plant Nepenthes bicalcarata Hook.f. Malayan Nature Journal 50: 149–157. Clarke, C.M. 1998. Initial colonisation and prey capture in Nepenthes bicalcarata (Nepenthaceae) pitchers in Brunei. Sandakania 12: 27–36. Clarke, C.M. 1998. The aquatic arthropod community of the pitcher plant, Nepenthes bicalcarata (Nepenthaceae) in Brunei. Sandakania 11: 55–60. Clarke, C.M. 1998. A re-examination of geographical variation in Nepenthes food webs. Ecography 21(4): 430–436. Clarke, C.M. 1999. Nepenthes benstonei (Nepenthaceae), a new pitcher plant from Peninsular Malaysia. Sandakania 13: 79–87. Clarke, C.M. 2001. Ecology & Conservation of Montane Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) in Sumatra. Fourth International Flora Malesiana Symposium. 20–24 July 1998, Kuala Lumpur. Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. ix + 325 pp. Clarke, C.M. 2001. A Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sabah. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. iv + 40 pp. Moran, J.A., M.A. Merbach, N.J. Livingston, C.M. Clarke & W.E. Booth 2001. Annals of Botany 88: 307–311. Clarke, C.M. 2002. A Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. iv + 32 pp. Clarke, C.M., T. Davis & R. Tamin 2003. Nepenthes izumiae (Nepenthaceae): a new species from Sumatra. Blumea 48: 179–182. Moran, J.A., C.M. Clarke & B.J. Hawkins 2003. From Carnivore to Detritivore? Isotopic Evidence for Leaf Litter Utilization by the Tropical Pitcher Plant Nepenthes ampullaria. International Journal of Plant Sciences 164: 635–639. Dong, T.T.X., Q.M. Xiao, C.M. Clarke, H.S. Zhong, N.J. Zhao, K.L. Chun & K.W.K. Tsim 2003. Phylogeny of Astragalus in China: Molecular evidence from the DNA sequences of 5S rRNA spacer, ITS, and 18S rRNA. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51(23): 6709–6714. Clarke, C.M. & C.C. Lee 2004. A Pocket Guide: Pitcher Plants of Sarawak. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. vi + 81 pp. Cantley, R., C.M. Clarke, J. Cokendolpher, B. Rice & A. Wistuba 2004. Nepenthes clipeata Survival Project. International Carnivorous Plant Society. Clarke, C.M., C.C. Lee & S. McPherson 2006. Nepenthes chaniana (Nepenthaceae), a new species from north-western Borneo. Sabah Parks Journal 7: 53–66. Clarke, C.M & R. Kruger 2006. Nepenthes tenax C.Clarke and R.Kruger (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. Austrobaileya 7(2): 319–324. Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15 Clarke, C.M., U. Bauer, C.C. Lee, A.A. Tuen, K. Rembold & J.A. Moran 2009. Biology Letters 5(5): 632–635. Chin, L., J.A. Moran & C. Clarke 2010. Trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from Borneo is a function of tree shrew body size. New Phytologist 186 (2): 461–470. Clarke, C.M., J.A. Moran & L. Chin 2010. Mutualism between tree shrews and pitcher plants: perspectives and avenues for future research. Plant Signaling & Behavior 5(10): 1187–1189. Clarke, C., J.A. Moran & C.C. Lee 2011. Nepenthes baramensis (Nepenthaceae) – a new species from north-western Borneo . Blumea 56(3): 229–233. References Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. xi + 207 pp.  Australian taxonomists 20th-century Australian botanists Australian ecologists Monash University alumni University of New England (Australia) alumni James Cook University faculty Hong Kong University of Science and Technology faculty Science teachers Living people Year of birth missing (living people) 21st-century Australian botanists

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20schools%20of%20the%20Conseil%20des%20%C3%A9coles%20catholiques%20du%20Centre-Est

List of schools of the Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre-Est

Schools of the Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre-Est. Elementary École élémentaire catholique Édouard-Bond - Enseignement personnalisé École élémentaire catholique l’Étoile-de-l’Est École élémentaire catholique la Source - Enseignement personnalisé École élémentaire catholique Reine-des-Bois École élémentaire catholique Saint-Joseph d’Orléans École élémentaire catholique des Voyageurs École élémentaire catholique Arc-en-ciel École élémentaire catholique de la Découverte École élémentaire catholique des Pionniers École élémentaire catholique Saint-Guillaume École élémentaire catholique la Vérendrye École élémentaire catholique Montfort École élémentaire catholique des Pins École élémentaire catholique le Petit Prince École élémentaire catholique Sainte-Anne École élémentaire catholique Sainte-Marie École élémentaire catholique Sainte-Kateri École élémentaire catholique Vision Jeunesse École élémentaire catholique Georges-Étienne-Cartier École élémentaire catholique Lamoureux - Enseignement personnalisé École élémentaire catholique Marius-Barbeau École élémentaire catholique Notre-Dame-Des-Champs École élémentaire catholique Sainte-Bernadette École élémentaire catholique Sainte-Geneviève École élémentaire catholique Saint-Laurent École élémentaire catholique Sainte-Thérèse-d’Avila École élémentaire catholique Élisabeth-Bruyère École élémentaire catholique J.-L.-Couroux École élémentaire catholique Laurier-Carrière École élémentaire catholique Pierre-Elliott-Trudeau École élémentaire catholique Roger-Saint-Denis École élémentaire catholique Saint-François-d’Assise École élémentaire catholique Sainte-Marguerite-Bourgeoys École élémentaire catholique Jean-Paul II École élémentaire catholique Terre-des-Jeunes École élémentaire catholique Jean-Robert Gauthier École élémentaire catholique Bernard-Grandmaître École élémentaire catholique Académie catholique Ange Gabrielle École élémentaire catholique Monseigneur Rémi-Gaulin High school École secondaire catholique Béatrice-Desloges, Ottawa Collège catholique Franco-Ouest, Ottawa Collège catholique Mer-Bleue, Ottawa Collège catholique Samuel-Genest, Ottawa Centre professionel et technique Minto, Ottawa École secondaire catholique Paul-Desmarais, Ottawa École secondaire catholique Franco-Cité, Ottawa École secondaire catholique Garneau, Ottawa École secondaire catholique Pierre-Savard, Ottawa École secondaire catholique Marie-Rivier, Kingston Académie catholique Ange Gabrielle, Brockville Centre scolaire catholique Jeanne-Lajoie, Pembroke See also List of school districts in Ontario List of high schools in Ontario Ottawa Schools of the Conseil des ecoles catholiques du Centre-Est 1988 establishments in Ontario

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20schools%20of%20the%20Ottawa%20Catholic%20School%20Board

List of schools of the Ottawa Catholic School Board

Schools of the Ottawa Catholic School Board. Elementary Assumption School Chapel Hill Catholic School Convent Glen Catholic School Corpus Christi School Divine Infant School Dr. F. J. McDonald Catholic School Georges Vanier Catholic School Good Shepherd School Guardian Angels School Holy Cross School Holy Family Catholic School Holy Redeemer School Holy Spirit School St. John Paul II Catholic School (formerly known as Pineview Catholic School) Monsignor Paul Baxter School Our Lady of Fatima Catholic School Our Lady of Mount Carmel School Our Lady of Peace School Our Lady of Victory Catholic School Our Lady of Wisdom Catholic School Prince of Peace School St. Andrew School St. Anne School St. Anthony School St. Augustine School St. Bernard School St. Benedict School St. Brigid School St. Brother André Catholic School (formerly known as Elmridge Catholic School) St. Catherine School St. Cecilia School St. Clare School St. Daniel School St. Dominic School St. Elizabeth School St. Elizabeth Ann Seton School St. Emily School St. Francis of Assisi Catholic School St. Gabriel School St. Gemma School (formerly known as McMaster Catholic School) St. George School St. Gregory School St. Isidore School St. Isabel School St. James School St. Jerome School St. John XXIII School St. John the Apostle School St. Kateri Tekakwitha Elementary School (formerly known as Blessed Kateri Tekakwitha School) St. Leonard School St. Luke School (Barrhaven) St. Luke Elementary School (Hawthorne Meadows) St. Marguerite d'Youville School St. Martin De Porres School St. Mary School School St. Michael School (Vanier) St. Michael School (Corkery) St. Michael School (Fitzroy) St. Monica School St. Patrick School St. Philip School St. Rita School St. Rose of Lima School (formerly known as Bayshore Catholic) St. Stephen School St. Theresa School St. Thomas More School Thomas D'Arcy McGee Catholic School Intermediate Frank Ryan Catholic Intermediate School Secondary St. Nicholas Adult High School M. F. McHugh Education Centre All Saints Catholic High School Holy Trinity Catholic High School Immaculata High School Lester B. Pearson Catholic High School Mother Teresa High School Notre Dame High School Sacred Heart High School St. Joseph High School St. Mark Catholic High School St. Matthew High School St. Patrick's High School St. Paul High School St. Peter High School St. Pius X High School St. Francis Xavier Catholic High School Closed St. Victor School (closed 1999; now École élémentaire catholique Lamoureux) St. Raymond's Intermediate School (closed 2000; now École élémentaire catholique Terre-des-Jeunes) St. Margaret Mary School (closed 2002; demolished 2004) Pauline Vanier Intermediate School (closed 2007; demolished 2008) St. Mary's Catholic School (closed 2008; now St. Ambrose Training Centre of Excellence) Jean Vanier Catholic Intermediate (closed 2009) Uplands Catholic Elementary School (closed 2017) St. Patrick's Intermediate School (closed 2018) See also List of school districts in Ontario List of high schools in Ontario References Canada Ottawa Schools of the Ottawa Catholic School Board

4044294

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly%20Stone%20discography

Sly Stone discography

This is a discography for the work of Sly Stone (Sylvester Stewart) outside of his most famous band, Sly and the Family Stone. Solo singles Notes 1 Released under the name "Danny (Sly) Stewart" 2 Released under the name "Sylvester Stewart" 3 Released under the name "Sly Stewart" 4 Released under the name "Sly" 5 Early demos by Sly and Freddie Stone released after Sly & the Family Stone had become successful 6 Duet with Martha Davis Solo album 1975: High on You 2011: I'm Back! Family & Friends As a member of a group The Stewart Four Members Sylvester Stewart, Freddie Stewart, Rose Stewart, and Vaetta Stewart 1952: "On The Battlefield" / "Walking In Jesus' Name" (Church Of God In Christ, Northern Sunday School Department) The Viscaynes 1961: "Stop What You are Doing" / "I Guess I'll Be" (Tropo Records) 1 1961: "Yellow Moon" / "Uncle Sam Needs You (My Friend)" (VPM Records) ² 1961: "Yellow Moon" / "Heavenly Angel" (VPM Records) 1976: "Oh What A Nite" / "You've Forgotten Me" (Subarro Records) ³ 1 Tropo 101. Released as by "THE VISCAYNES AND THE RAMBLERS" ² VPM 1006. "Yellow Moon" comp.: Geo. Motola - R. Page. Record was first misprinted as The Biscaynes. This was a mistake because the band has always used the name VISCAYNES. ³ Subarro 489. A leftover George Motola production, "Oh What A Nite" (a remake of the Dells' 1956 hit), b/w "You've Forgotten Me" was credited "Sly Stone & the Biscaynes" when issued in 1976. 4 Sylvester Stewart / Sly Stone has nothing to do with the Stewart Brother singles released in the late 50s on the LA based Keen and Ensign labels. This was a different Sylvester Stewart. Stone Flower Productions Sly Stone wrote, produced, and performed instrumentation for each single released on his Stone Flower label: Little Sister For details on this group, see Little Sister (band) 1970: "You're The One [Part 1]" / "You're The One [Part 2]" (US #22, R&B #4) 1970: "Somebody's Watching You" / "Stanga" (US #32, R&B #8) Joe Hicks 1969: "I'm Goin' Home" / "Home Sweet Home" (backed by Sly & the Family Stone on both sides) 1970: "Life And Death in G & A" [Part 1] / "Life And Death in G & A" [Part 1] 6IX 1970: "I'm Just Like You" / "Dynamite" Other collaborations Compilations and other releases 1994: Precious Stone - Sly Stone In The Studio 1963 -1965 2010: Listen To The Voices - Sly Stone In The Studio 1965 - 1970 2014: I'm Just Like You: Sly's Stone Flower 1969-70 – Light in the Attic References Edwin & Arno Konings www.slystonebook.com Sly and the Family Stone Discographies of American artists Pop music discographies Rhythm and blues discographies

4044298

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Dub%C3%A9

Jessica Dubé

Jessica Dubé (born October 29, 1987) is a Canadian former competitive figure skater who is best known for her pairs career with Bryce Davison. They are the 2008 World bronze medallists, the 2009 Four Continents silver medallists, and three-time Canadian national champions (2007, 2009, 2010). They represented Canada at the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics. With later partner Sébastien Wolfe, Dubé is the 2012 Canadian national silver medallist. Career Early years Jessica Dubé began skating at age four. She eventually took up pair skating and competed for a few seasons with Samuel Tetrault. During the 2002–03 season, they won silver at the Junior Grand Prix Final and also became Canadian junior champions. Partnership with Davison Dubé teamed up with Bryce Davison in July 2003. The two had a successful junior career before moving up to the senior level in 2005–06. They placed 10th at the 2006 Winter Olympic Games and 7th at the World Championships that same season. She has also competed in singles skating. Her highest finish in the senior ladies' event at the Canadian Championships was 6th in 2008; internationally, she was a medallist at two junior Grand Prix events. In the summer of 2006, Dubé suffered an injury in practice and was removed from the ice on a backboard; she had knee surgery in September. They trained both short and long programs for nationals, while Jessica also trained a short program for the singles event. They won their first national crown in Nova Scotia at the 2007 Canadian Championships. After an on-ice accident at the 2007 Four Continents (see below), they made a comeback a month later at the World Championships, where they again finished seventh. Dube and Davison had a breakthrough season in 2007–08. They won their first Grand Prix medals, including a gold at 2007 Skate America. They lost the national title to Anabelle Langlois and Cody Hay at the 2008 Canadian Championships, but two months later at the World Championships, they won the bronze medal after finishing second in the long program; they set personal best scores in each segment of the event and overall. The next two seasons did not prove as successful, and while they regained and then defended their national title, the pair were unable to repeat their success at the World Championships. Their top placement during this time was a second-place finish at the 2009 Four Continents Championships. Dube and Davison were part of Team Canada at the inaugural World Team Trophy in April 2009. In the 2009–10 Olympic season, they medalled at both Grand Prix events but did not qualify for the Grand Prix final. They were sixth at the Olympics and at Worlds. Dubé and Davison withdrew from 2010 Skate Canada International after Davison suffered a knee injury. Davison underwent season-ending surgery to reattach a broken piece of bone. Dubé elected to compete as a singles skater in 2010–11. She qualified for Canadian Nationals, and competed in the ladies' event for the first time in three years, her last appearance being in 2008 when she finished 6th. Despite falling ill with a virus on the morning of the free skate, she skated to a 6th-place finish in 2011. Dubé and Davison announced the end of their partnership on March 10, 2011. Dubé said she intended to continue as a singles skater but did not rule out returning to pair skating in the future. Accidents On February 8, 2007, Dubé was struck in the face by the blade of Davison's skate during the free skate segment at the Four Continents Championships in Colorado Springs. The pair were on their third rotation of a side-by-side camel spin, in which one leg is horizontal during the spin, when they began to drift towards one another, causing her face and his skate blade to connect. She immediately fell to the ice and clutched at her face as blood pooled on the ice. Davison comforted her as the medical staff put her on a stretcher and took her to Memorial Hospital. She underwent surgery that night, receiving 83 stitches to repair a laceration on her left cheek and nose. Her eye was not affected and nothing was broken. Both skaters were later treated for post-traumatic stress disorder, but by March 2007 they had returned to competition together. In April 2009, at the gala exhibition of the 2009 World Team Trophy in Tokyo, Dubé accidentally struck Davison on the head during a triple twist; he was unable to catch her and she crashed to the ice, hitting her head. Dubé and Davison were hospitalized as a precautionary measure, but neither was seriously injured. Partnership with Wolfe On April 17, 2011, Dubé announced that she had teamed up with Sébastien Wolfe. The pair made their competitive debut at the Liberty Summer competition in July, winning the free skate. They were coached by Annie Barabe and also worked with John Zimmerman on pair elements. Dubé and Wolfe made their international debut together at the 2011 Nebelhorn Trophy, where they finished 6th. They competed at two Grand Prix events, 2011 Skate Canada International, where they finished 5th, and 2011 Trophee Eric Bompard, where they were 6th. Dubé and Wolfe won the silver medal at the 2012 Canadian Championships and were assigned to Four Continents and Worlds. At the 2012 Four Continents, they finished 8th. In the 2012–2013 season, Dube and Wolfe were assigned two Grand Prix events, the 2012 Skate America and 2012 Rostelecom Cup, but withdrew from both. Dubé had an injury to her right foot which affected their training. After several months of consideration, Dubé and Wolfe announced on January 9, 2013 that they had both decided to retire from competition. Dubé has completed her initial National Coaching Certification Program (NCCP) and begun coaching alongside Yvan Desjardins and Michelle Godbout. Personal life Dubé has an older sister, Veronique, who competed at the national level. Dubé lost part of a finger in a lawnmower accident at the age of four. Following her competitive retirement, Dubé moved to Montreal where she is a student at Concordia University. Programs With Wolfe With Davison Singles career Competitive highlights With Wolfe With Davison With Tetrault Singles References External links 1987 births Battle of the Blades participants Canadian female pair skaters Canadian female single skaters Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics French Quebecers Living people Olympic figure skaters of Canada People from Varennes, Quebec Sportspeople from Drummondville Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics World Figure Skating Championships medalists Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists Sportspeople from Quebec

4044299

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93charge%20separation

Spin–charge separation

In condensed matter physics, spin–charge separation is an unusual behavior of electrons in some materials in which they 'split' into three independent particles, the spinon, the orbiton and the holon (or chargon). The electron can always be theoretically considered as a bound state of the three, with the spinon carrying the spin of the electron, the orbiton carrying the orbital degree of freedom and the chargon carrying the charge, but in certain conditions they can behave as independent quasiparticles. The theory of spin–charge separation originates with the work of Sin-Itiro Tomonaga who developed an approximate method for treating one-dimensional interacting quantum systems in 1950. This was then developed by Joaquin Mazdak Luttinger in 1963 with an exactly solvable model which demonstrated spin–charge separation. In 1981 F. Duncan M. Haldane generalized Luttinger's model to the Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid concept whereby the physics of Luttinger's model was shown theoretically to be a general feature of all one-dimensional metallic systems. Although Haldane treated spinless fermions, the extension to spin-½ fermions and associated spin–charge separation was so clear that the promised follow-up paper did not appear. Spin–charge separation is one of the most unusual manifestations of the concept of quasiparticles. This property is counterintuitive, because neither the spinon, with zero charge and spin half, nor the chargon, with charge minus one and zero spin, can be constructed as combinations of the electrons, holes, phonons and photons that are the constituents of the system. It is an example of fractionalization, the phenomenon in which the quantum numbers of the quasiparticles are not multiples of those of the elementary particles, but fractions. The same theoretical ideas have been applied in the framework of ultracold atoms. In a two-component Bose gas in 1D, strong interactions can produce a maximal form of spin–charge separation. Observation Building on physicist F. Duncan M. Haldane's 1981 theory, experts from the Universities of Cambridge and Birmingham proved experimentally in 2009 that a mass of electrons artificially confined in a small space together will split into spinons and holons due to the intensity of their mutual repulsion (from having the same charge). A team of researchers working at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory observed the peak spectral structures of spin–charge separation three years prior. References External links Observation of Spin-Charge Separation in One-Dimensional SrCuO2 Distinct spinon and holon dispersions in photoemission spectral functions from one-dimensional SrCuO2 : Abstract Quasiparticles Condensed matter physics Quantum field theory

4044301

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trnopolje%20camp

Trnopolje camp

The Trnopolje camp was an internment camp established by Bosnian Serb military and police authorities in the village of Trnopolje near Prijedor in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina, during the first months of the Bosnian War. Also variously termed a concentration camp, detainment camp, detention camp, prison, and ghetto, Trnopolje held between 4,000 and 7,000 Bosniak and Bosnian Croat inmates at any one time and served as a staging area for mass deportations, mainly of women, children, and elderly men. Between May and November 1992, an estimated 30,000 inmates passed through. Mistreatment was widespread and there were numerous instances of torture, rape, and killing; ninety inmates died. In August 1992, the existence of the Prijedor camps was discovered by the Western media, leading to their closure. Trnopolje was transferred into the hands of the International Red Cross (IRC) in mid-August, and closed in November 1992. After the war, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) convicted several Bosnian Serb officials of war crimes and crimes against humanity for their roles in the camp, but ruled that the abuses perpetrated in Prijedor did not constitute genocide. Crimes in Trnopolje were also listed in the ICTY's indictment of former Serbian President Slobodan Milošević, who died mid-trial in March 2006. Background The administrative district ( or općina) of Prijedor is made up of 71 smaller towns and villages. According to the 1991 Yugoslav census, Prijedor had a total population of 112,470, of which 44 percent identified as Bosnian Muslims (Bosniaks), 42.5 percent as Serbs, 5.6 percent as Croats, 5.7 percent as Yugoslavs and 2.2 percent as "others" (Ukrainians, Russians, and Italians). Prijedor was of strategic significance to the Bosnian Serbs as it connected north-western Bosnia with the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) in Croatia, a breakaway state that had been established by Croatian Serbs in 1991. It was also in 1991 that the Serbs of Prijedor organized and enforced a Serb-only administration in the town and placed it under the control of the Bosnian Serb capital Banja Luka. Milomir Stakić, a physician who had been the deputy to the elected Bosniak mayor Muhamed Čehajić, was declared the Serb mayor of Prijedor. On 30 April 1992, Bosnian Serb forces seized control of Prijedor. Four-hundred Bosnian Serb police participated in the takeover, whose objective was to usurp the functions of the municipality's president and vice-president, the director of the post office, and the chief of police. Serb employees of the public security station and reserve police gathered in the suburb of Čirkin Polje, where they were broadly divided into five groups of about 20 members each, and ordered to gain control of five buildings, one assigned to each group: the assembly building, police headquarters, courts, bank, and post office. Serbian Democratic Party (SDS) politicians prepared a declaration of the takeover, which was broadcast repeatedly on Radio Prijedor the following day. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) would conclude that the takeover was an illegal coup d'état, planned and coordinated long in advance with the aim of creating an ethnically pure municipality. The conspirators made no secret of the takeover plan, and it was implemented by the coordinated actions of Serb politicians, police, and army. Milomir Stakić, a leading figure in the coup, was to play a dominant role in the political life of the municipality during the war. Following the seizure of power, Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats were removed from positions of responsibility. On 30 May 1992, Prijedor police chief Simo Drljača officially opened four camps (Trnopolje, Omarska, Keraterm and Manjača) where non-Serbs who failed to leave Prijedor were then confined. To avert resistance, Bosnian Serb forces interrogated all non-Serbs that were deemed a threat and arrested every Bosniak and Croat who had authority or power. Non-Serb men of fighting age were particularly targeted for interrogation and separated from women, children and the elderly. Operation Trnopolje was a predominantly Muslim village within the Prijedor municipality prior to the outbreak of the Bosnian War. The camp formed inside it was established on the grounds of a local primary school, which was named after the concept of Brotherhood and Unity (Osnovna škola Bratstvo–Jedinstvo). Trnopolje held both male and female prisoners. Most of the non-Serb women of Prijedor passed through it at some point, and many were raped. A total of 30,000 people were detained in the camp from May to November 1992. It held 4,000–7,000 prisoners at any given time. Trnopolje was described variously as a ghetto, a prison and a detention camp. A United Nations (UN) report from 1994 reported that Trnopolje was a concentration camp which functioned as a staging area for mass deportations mainly of women, children, and elderly men. The reported found that: Refugees reported that Trnopolje was a "decent" camp in comparison to Omarska and Keraterm as there were no systematic killings, only arbitrary ones. Indeed, many non-Serbs entered the camp voluntarily, "simply to avoid the rampaging militias plundering their streets and villages". This phenomenon led British journalist Ed Vulliamy to describe Trnopolje as "a perverse haven" for the Bosniaks and Croats of Prijedor. Author Hariz Halilovich writes: Many inmates were starved and physically or verbally abused during their imprisonment. By August 1992, Trnopolje held about 3,500 people. On 7 August 1992, reporters from Independent Television News (ITN), a British television station, took footage of the prisoners at Omarska and Trnopolje, and recorded their living conditions. The images were shown around the world and caused public outrage. This prompted the Bosnian Serb authorities to allow journalists and the International Red Cross (IRC) access to some of the Prijedor camps, but not before the most emaciated of the prisoners were killed or shipped off to camps far from the public eye. Some 200 former male inmates were separated and killed in the Korićani Cliffs massacre on 21 August 1992. The publicity generated by the discovery of the Prijedor camps led to their closure by the end of August. In mid-August, Trnopolje was placed into the hands of the IRC. The camp was officially shut down that November. Aftermath The camp's main building resumed its function as a local primary school following the Bosnian War. A monument to the Bosnian Serb soldiers killed in the war has also been erected in the school's vicinity. In 1997, the British magazine Living Marxism (LM) claimed that footage filmed at Trnopolje deliberately misrepresented the situation in the camp. This caused ITN to sue LM for libel in 2000. Following ITN's victory in a court case in which the evidence given by the camp doctor led LM to abandon its defence, the magazine declared itself bankrupt, avoiding payment of the large damages awarded. "Prijedor 92", an association representing the survivors of Prijedor area camps, estimates that 90 inmates perished in the camp during its operation. During Milomir Stakić's trial, ICTY prosecutors claimed that several hundred non-Serbs were killed at Trnopolje between May and November 1992. The ICTY puts the number of inmates killed in all Bosnian Serb-run camps in Prijedor at 1,500. The number of women raped in Trnopolje remains unknown. Indictments and trials Milomir Stakić was convicted for his role in setting up the camps at Trnopolje, Keraterm and Omarska in July 2003 and sentenced to life imprisonment. He was acquitted of the charge of genocide. In March 2006, Stakić's sentence was reduced to 40 years on appeal. The court upheld his conviction for extermination and persecution of Prijedor's non-Serb population, but also upheld his acquittal for the charge of genocide. Zoran Žigić, a taxi-driver from Prijedor, was sentenced to 25 years' imprisonment in November 2001 for abusing, beating, torturing, raping and killing detainees at Trnopolje, as well as at Keraterm and Omarska. His conviction was upheld in February 2005, and his 25-year sentence was affirmed. Crimes committed in Trnopolje, Keraterm and Omarska were listed in the ICTY's indictment of Serbian President Slobodan Milošević following the war. Milošević died in his cell on 11 March 2006, before his trial could be completed. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) presented its judgment in the Bosnian Genocide Case on 26 February 2007, in which it examined atrocities committed in detention camps, including Trnopolje, in relation to Article II (b) of the Genocide Convention. The Court stated in its judgment: Citations Notes Footnotes References 1992 establishments in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992 disestablishments in Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian genocide Serbian concentration camps in the Yugoslav Wars Serbian war crimes in the Bosnian War Internment camps in Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian War internment camps

4044326

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord%20Academy

Concord Academy

Concord Academy, established in 1922, is a coeducational, independent college preparatory school for grades nine through twelve in Concord, Massachusetts. The school enrolls 378 boarding and day students as of 2013–14. In 1971, Concord Academy became the first all-girls' boarding school in New England to shift to a coeducational model. Academics Concord Academy ranks in the top fifteen U.S. boarding schools for student SAT scores and SSAT scores. To foster love of learning and a noncompetitive environment, the school does not compute class rank and awards no academic, arts, athletic, or community awards during the school year or at graduation. The school eliminated all AP courses several years ago due to the lack of depth in their curricula. They were replaced by advanced courses designed by teachers, though the school still offers AP exams. Eighty percent of the students taking an AP exam score a 4 or 5. Concord Academy – according to Niche 2022 rankings – is ranked the 10th best boarding school in the United States as well as the most diverse in its area. For the 2021-2022 admissions cycle, Concord Academy had an acceptance rate of 16%, with over a thousand applicants. Demographics The demographic breakdown of the 378 students registered for the 2013–14 school year was: Asian – 23.3% Black – 2.6% Hispanic – 5.0% White – 61.7% Multiracial – 7.4% Athletics Concord Academy students play on 28 teams in 23 sports; about 75 percent of students play on at least one team each year. Teams compete in the Eastern Independent League (EIL). Student life The dress code at Concord Academy is casual. Boarding students live in three girls' houses and three boys' houses, each holding an average of 25 students. A little more than a third of the day students commute to school on the MBTA Commuter Rail. Day (commuting) students comprise 60% of student population and boarding students 40%. Students participate in a variety of clubs, performing arts groups, and other activities. The campus is a short walk from restaurants and shops in Concord and students have easy access to Cambridge and Boston via the MBTA Commuter Rail. Campus Concord Academy's primary campus is on between Main Street and the Sudbury River in the center of Concord, Massachusetts. The campus includes eleven historic houses on Main Street, all built as family homes between 1780 and 1830. It is a three-minute walk from the center of Concord and a five-minute walk from the MBTA Commuter Rail stop in Concord. Among the campus buildings are the PAC (Performing Arts Center), the SHAC (Student Health and Athletic Center), the main school, the newly built CA Labs, and the MAC (Math and Arts Center). The Elizabeth B. Hall Chapel is a 19th-century meetinghouse that was transported to Concord from Barnstead, New Hampshire in 1956. It serves as a meeting place three times per week for the entire Concord Academy community. The new 13-acre Moriarty Athletic campus, a mile from the main campus, includes six tennis courts, a baseball field, a field hockey field, and two soccer/lacrosse fields. A field house contains changing rooms, a training room, and a common room with fireplace. These new facilities freed up space on the main campus for expansion of academic and arts facilities. History Concord Academy was established as a school for girls in September 1922. Enrollment grew gradually from three in 1924 to 20 in 1948. The school's headmistress for the first 15 years was Elsie Garland Hobson, followed by Valerie Knapp (1937–40) and Josephine Tucker (1940–49). Tucker imposed the advisor system and ended the giving of prizes at commencement. Under Elizabeth Hall (1949–63), student population increased. 1963 – David Aloian named headmaster 1981 – Thomas E. Wilcox named headmaster 1984 – Elizabeth B. Hall Chapel dedicated 1987 – J. Josephine Tucker Library dedicated 2000 – Jacob A. Dresden named head of school 2004–05 – Renovation and expansion of Elizabeth B. Hall Chapel 2007 – Purchase of additional property near main campus 2009 – Richard Hardy named head of school; began July 1, 2009 2012 – Completion of the Moriarty Athletic Campus, located 1 mile from main campus 2017 – Renovation of the science center now known as CA Labs Notable alumni Drew Gilpin Faust – 28th president of Harvard University Caroline Kennedy – Ambassador to Japan, author, attorney, daughter of U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Queen Noor of Jordan – Widow of King Hussein of Jordan Julia Glass – 2002 National Book Award-winning author of Three Junes and The Whole World Over. Charlie Grandy – Television writer, producer, winner of two Emmy Awards and two Writers' Guild Awards for Saturday Night Live; nominated for his work on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart and The Office. Larry Goldings – Jazz pianist, organist, composer, and 2006 Grammy nominee for Best Jazz Instrumental Album Individual or Group for Trio Beyond - Saudades Caitlin FitzGerald – actress Rachel Morrison – cinematographer Le1f – Rapper and producer, known for work with Das Racist. Richard Read – Two-time Pulitzer Prize winning journalist, Los Angeles Times national reporter. Sarah Koenig – Journalist, radio personality, producer of This American Life and host of the acclaimed podcast Serial David Michaelis – Biographer, author, "Schulz and Peanuts," "N.C. Wyeth," "Eleanor." Claudia Gonson – Founding member of the band Magnetic Fields Sam Davol – Founding member and cellist for the band Magnetic Fields Huntley Fitzpatrick – Author of My Life Next Door, What I Thought Was True, and The Boy Most Likely To. Sebastian Junger – Author of The Perfect Storm: A True Story of Men Against the Sea; director of the documentaries Restrepo and Korengal. Lisa Dreier – Harvard Advanced Leadership Initiative managing director. Ed Droste – Founding member of the band Grizzly Bear Anita Lo – Award-winning chef. Susan Minot – Author of Monkeys, Evening, and Folly Matt Taibbi – Blogger and former columnist for Rolling Stone Theo Stockman – Broadway actor Julia Preston – Pulitzer Prize winner Stephen Heymann – Former assistant U.S. attorney for the District of Massachusetts. Jody Heymann – AIDS research pioneer, global health and social policy advocate. Peter R. Fisher – U.S. Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance, 2001–2004 Sarah Pillsbury – Emmy and Academy Award-winning producer Edith Wilkie Edwards – Congressional staff member, Arms Control and Foreign Policy Caucus executive director. Laura Powers-Swiggett – Artist. Imani Perry – Hughes-Rogers Professor of African American Studies at Princeton University. Hilary B. Price – Cartoonist. Alexandra Berzon – Pulitzer Prize winning journalist. Notable teachers Kevin Jennings taught at Concord Academy from 1987 to 1995. He was chair of the history department and founded the nation's first Gender-Sexuality Alliance. References External links Concord Academy's Web site Private high schools in Massachusetts Buildings and structures in Concord, Massachusetts Educational institutions established in 1922 Schools in Middlesex County, Massachusetts Boarding schools in Massachusetts 1922 establishments in Massachusetts

4044337

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian%20People%27s%20Revolutionary%20Movement

Chadian People's Revolutionary Movement

Chadian People's Revolutionary Movement (Mouvement Revolutionnaire du Peuple Tchadien or MPR) was a Chadian rebel group that operated in southern Chad in the 1980s. The MPR, headed by Wadel Abdelkader Kamougué, vice-president of the GUNT, wanted to overthrow the government of Hissène Habré and replace it with a decentralized, federalist government. Backed by Libya, while the MPR had hardly any troops on the ground, it was considered all the same through the codos it politically represented a serious threat to Habré's rule. However, after the crushing blows inflicted to the codos in 1984 and 1985, it came to terms with the President and joined his National Union for Independence and Revolution (UNIR). External links Chadian People's Revolutionary Movement at Terrorism Knowledge Base History of Chad Rebel groups in Chad

4044339

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Mary%27s%20Church%2C%20Fuhlsb%C3%BCttel%2C%20Hamburg

St. Mary's Church, Fuhlsbüttel, Hamburg

St. Mary's Church (Kirchengemeinde St. Marien) is a Lutheran church in the Fuhlsbüttel quarter of Hamburg. It was designed by local architects Bernhard Hopp and Rudolf Jäger. The church was dedicated on February 14, 1960. The twelve small stained-glass windows in the choir loft were made by Charles Crodel, who also created the windows for the main church of St. James's and the parish church of St. Matthew's in the quarter of Winterhude. References The information in this article is based on that in its German equivalent. Mary's Church Fuhlsbuttel Mary's Church Fuhlsbuttel

4044369

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan%20Grace

Morgan Grace

Morgan Grace is a songwriter from Portland, Oregon. Mostly a solo acoustic performer, she released her first album, The Rules of Dating in 2003 on Lady Lush Records. In 2004, she joined up with former Wipers and Napalm Beach drummer Sam Henry. The two recorded and co-produced the multi-genre spanning album The Sound of Something Breaking in 2005. She gained greater notoriety in August 2006 when her song "The Rules of Dating" won first prize in a songwriting contest at American Idol Underground, an online version of American Idol which caters to independent bands and songwriters and offers no promise of major label affiliation like the TV version does. External links Official homepage Morgan's MySpace Year of birth missing (living people) Living people

4044374

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise%20Goodman

Louise Goodman

Louise Goodman is a British reporter and presenter who worked on ITV's Formula One coverage until it ceased at the 2008 Brazilian Grand Prix. She now co-presents ITV's coverage of the British Touring Car Championship. Her late partner was John Walton, a former Minardi team manager who died of a heart attack in 2004. Biography After growing up in Alresford, Hampshire, Goodman worked in marketing for the Jordan team before becoming one of the two pitlane reporters for ITV's Formula One coverage, initially alongside James Allen and later Ted Kravitz. Other than occasional pre-race segments by Beverley Turner, she was the only woman in the team. She was part of ITV's F1 team across the 12 years of the company's coverage. She missed the 2004 British Grand Prix due to her partner's death and was replaced for that race by Allan McNish. In 2007 she became the presenter of ITV's coverage of the British Touring Car Championship alongside Ted Kravitz. In 2008 she joined HondaRacingF1.com as guest presenter for Formula One's first online TV channel. In 2009, she rejoined ITV's coverage of the British Touring Car Championship alongside Steve Rider as reporter. Goodman provided cover for Channel 4's coverage of the 2017 British Grand Prix, for Lee McKenzie who was presenting coverage of the World Para Athletics championship. For the 2018 F1 season, Goodman stood in for McKenzie as reporter for certain races. References External links Official website Louise Goodman at itv.com Fan club Living people English motorsport people Formula One journalists and reporters Motorsport announcers People from Alresford Year of birth missing (living people)

4044375

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Ridgely%20State%20Park

Fort Ridgely State Park

Fort Ridgely State Park is a state park of Minnesota, USA, on the Minnesota River south of Fairfax. It preserves Fort Ridgely, site of the Battle of Fort Ridgely during the Dakota War of 1862. It was the only Minnesota state park with a 9-hole golf course, which overlooks the Minnesota River and goes along Fort Ridgely Creek. The park was established in 1911. The Civilian Conservation Corps Rustic Style buildings within the state park, built between 1934 and 1936, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In September 2016, the golf course was closed due to declining revenue. A group of local residents launched a campaign hoping to raise enough money to lease the course from the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) and re-open it. However the group failed to win the support of the Fairfax City Council. The DNR plans to plow the course under and restore it to native prairie. References External links Fort Ridgely State Park 1911 establishments in Minnesota Battlefields of the wars between the United States and Native Americans Buildings and structures completed in 1936 Civilian Conservation Corps in Minnesota Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota Protected areas established in 1911 Protected areas of Nicollet County, Minnesota Protected areas of Renville County, Minnesota Rustic architecture in Minnesota State parks of Minnesota Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota National Register of Historic Places in Renville County, Minnesota

4044378

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20South%20Wales%20Rugby%20Union

New South Wales Rugby Union

The New South Wales Rugby Union, or NSWRU, is the governing body for the sport of rugby union within most of the state of New South Wales in Australia. It is a member and founding union of Rugby Australia. Within Australia it is considered the strongest Union. It has the largest player base, biggest population, most suburban clubs, and the oldest running club rugby competition in the country. The southern areas of New South Wales encompassing the Monaro, Far South Coast, and Southern Inland unions are not affiliated with the NSWRU. They are now within the ACT and Southern NSW Rugby Union. The New South Wales Rugby Union was founded in 1874 as the Southern Rugby Union, before changing to the present name in 1893. Structure Clubs Jurisdiction Due to the merging of Union's by the ACT and Southern NSW Rugby Union, the New South Wales Rugby Union does not encompass all of New South Wales. However, it does include major cities and towns, making up roughly two-thirds (and/or more) of the state. Such cities and towns include: Newcastle, the Central Coast, Wollongong, Coffs Harbour, Port Macquarie, Tamworth, Orange, Dubbo, Bathurst, Lismore, Tweed Heads, Byron Bay, and Sydney. See also Rugby union in New South Wales New South Wales Waratahs References External links NSW Rugby Union Rugby union governing bodies in New South Wales Rugby Union 1874 establishments in Australia Sports organizations established in 1874

4044380

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilma%20Scott%20Heide

Wilma Scott Heide

Wilma Louise Scott Heide (February 26, 1921 – May 8, 1985) was an American author, nurse, and social activist. Born in Ferndale, Pennsylvania, Heide trained as a registered nurse in psychiatry at Brooklyn State Hospital. She began her career at a mental hospital in Torrance, Pennsylvania, where she imposed changes to rectify the persistent mistreatment of staff and patients. She received her bachelor's and masters' degrees in sociology from the University of Pittsburgh and was involved in a number of activist groups in the city. She became more heavily involved in the feminist movement in 1967, when she joined the National Organization for Women (NOW) and became a founding member of the Pittsburgh chapter. Heide was involved in The Pittsburgh Press case that ended the practice of listing separate help wanted ads for men and women, decided in 1973 by the Supreme Court of the United States in Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations. She also led a demonstration during a United States Senate subcommittee meeting that was credited with restarting hearings on the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). Heide was the third president of NOW from 1971 to 1974, during which time she grew the organization to over 50,000 members, led a campaign against AT&T for sex discrimination, and convinced a number of other organizations to publicly support the ratification of the ERA by state legislatures. She also helped found a number of other women's groups, including the National Women's Political Caucus and the Women's Coalition for the Third Century, and was the author of the book Feminism for the Health of It. She received her doctorate from the Union of Experimenting Colleges and Universities in 1976 and worked as a women's studies professor at colleges across the country throughout the final decade of her life. She died in Norristown, Pennsylvania, in 1985 at the age of 64. Early life Heide was born Wilma Louise Scott on February 26, 1921, in Ferndale, Pennsylvania. Her father was William Robert Scott, a rail brakeman and labor unionist with the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, and her mother was Ada Catherine Scott ( Long), a teacher and shop assistant. She was the third of four children and her two brothers, Ray Eugene and Harold Dwight, would later become nationally recognized sportscasters. The family moved to Connellsville, Pennsylvania, in 1932. She grew up in a traditional household where her mother was the homemaker and her father worked to provide for the family. Heide was raised Lutheran and regularly attended youth group, but she left the church as a teenager after learning that women could not be ordained. She was a good student in high school, and was a member of the National Honor Society and a high school journalism honor society, Quill and Scroll. She was also actively involved in sports, including basketball, tennis, football, and softball, and was captain of the girls' basketball team in her senior year. She joined a semi-professional basketball team for two and a half years, the Fayette Shamrocks, where she received enough money to cover her expenses and was expected to play up to two or three games an evening against visiting teams from Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. She graduated from Connellsville High School in June 1938, and received a scholarship to Seton Hill University, but her parents refused to allow her to attend as they were unable to afford to pay for college for all the children. Instead, she continued to play with the Fayette Shamrocks and lived at home, picking up odd jobs at a department store or selling products door-to-door. Nursing career In 1940, Heide started working as a hospital attendant for a state mental hospital in Torrance, Pennsylvania, where she was frustrated by the conditions for both patients and staff. She joined the trade union which was being organized by two of her colleagues and worked with them for two years to improve pay and working conditions at the hospital. Heide struggled with the job, which had taken a toll on her mental health. She spoke to one of her fellow attendants about being stalked by a woman who intended to kill her, which her colleague recognised as a symptom of her increasing stress and frustration. As a result, she was encouraged to leave the job and instead to attend nursing school. In 1942, she began training as a registered nurse at Brooklyn State Hospital in Brooklyn, New York, and received a degree in psychiatric nursing. During her studies, she was given the opportunity to meet the First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt, and they spoke for an hour about social activism. After graduation, Heide returned to the mental hospital where she had previously worked. The conditions had not improved and she began to work to reduce the staff's shifts to forty hours a week and made other changes to fix the consistent mistreatment of staff and patients. She refused to sign untruthful reports given to the Department of Welfare about the treatment of patients and reported the hospital to the department for non-compliance with regulations. Heide was considered by supervisors to be insubordinate and she eventually resigned in frustration, after being falsely accused in a check cashing scandal. She enrolled at the University of Pittsburgh in 1948, alongside a job as a nurse at the Pennsylvania College for Women. Heide received a bachelor of arts degree in sociology in 1950 and was awarded a master's degree in sociology and nursing in 1955. She met Eugene Heide while studying there, and they married in May 1951. The same year, she moved to Oswego, New York, to teach health education and work as a school nurse. While there, she became the first woman to serve as a board member at the local Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) as there was no equivalent Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) in the city. During summers, she was a camp nurse at a Girl Scout camp in southern Pennsylvania and a consultant at the Edith Macy Training School for Girl Scout Leaders. She and her husband moved to South Carolina in 1953, and she took a position as education director in the School of Nursing at Orangeburg. When Eugene was sent to Fort Benning, Georgia, Heide worked as a night supervisor and sociology researcher at the Phoenix City Hospital. She joined the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the League of Women Voters (LWV). She received hate mail and threats after registered black voters, which went against the rules of the LWV. She also ran a radio show called 'Time for Living'. In 1955, the couple moved back to New Kensington, Pennsylvania, where Eugene established a new campus for Pennsylvania State University. Heide worked for the new branch of the university as a nurse, sociology instructor, and administrator. She was involved in the civil rights movement, the parent–teacher association (PTA), and chaired the Home Health Care Advisory Committee of the Miners Clinic. She had her first child, Terry Lynne, the year after the couple returned to Pennsylvania. Her second daughter, Tamara Lee, was born in 1959 and Heide struggled during her pregnancy with severe depression and suicidal thoughts. She was told by a doctor that her depression was caused by a desire to be a man, a comment that infuriated her but "force[d] her to confront her own growing feminism". Social activism During the early 1960s, Heide expanded her work in social activism through several channels. She was still teaching students, but also spent her time developing a first model of the Head Start program. She applied for a position as executive director of the Pennsylvania Mental Health Association but was informed that she had not been hired because of her gender. In 1965, she wrote a series of award-winning articles on the impact of civil rights on local Black people for the Valley Daily News and Daily Dispatch. She served as vice chair of the Allegheny County Civil Rights Council and the Westmoreland County Economic Opportunities Program in 1965. She also became the only female member of the Pennsylvania State Human Relations Commission, a position she was appointed to in 1969. Heide remained active in the New Kensington chapter of the NAACP, alongside her work with the American Institutes for Research and beginning to study for her doctorate at the University of Pittsburgh, although she interrupted her degree to focus on her activist causes. Pittsburgh chapter of NOW Heide learned of the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1967, shortly after the organization was founded. That same year, she founded the Pittsburgh chapter and was elected as president. She also held a number of positions within the national branch of the organization in short succession, becoming Pennsylvania coordinator in September 1967, a member of the national board in November 1967, chair of membership at the 1967 annual conference, and National Membership Coordinator in February 1968. Heide was then elected chairwoman of the organization's national board in March 1970. Meanwhile, the Pittsburgh chapter quickly grew to forty members within the first few months, and took on a number of cases of local discrimination, including fighting against discrimination in restaurants. The organization chose Stouffer's Restaurant in Oakland, where men were able to sit in a private dining room while women had to eat in the public area. Chapter members staged a sit-in which caught the attention of The Pittsburgh Press. The sit-in was organized by Heide to coincide with the campaign to make gender a protected characteristic in the anti-discrimination ordinance covering employment, housing, and public accommodations. The chapter members, led by Heide, recruited the YWCA, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and the Allegheny County Council for Civil Rights to join the petition. The Pittsburgh Commission on Human Rights submitted an amendment to the Pittsburgh City Council after hearing testimony from the organizations, including a statement by Heide on October 23, 1968. This ordinance was ultimately signed into law on July 3, 1969. In 1967, the board of directors of NOW called for each chapter to protest sex-segregated classified advertisements. The Pittsburgh chapter filed a complaint with the Commission on Human Rights against The Pittsburgh Press under the ordinance banning sex discrimination that the City Council had passed. This complaint challenged the practice of the newspaper of separating help wanted advertisements by those employers seeking women or men in columns with different headings. The Commission upheld the complaint under the ordinance and the newspaper filed suit, claiming that the restriction violated its rights under the First Amendment to freedom of the press. The Supreme Court upheld the ban in its 1973 decision in the case Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations, ruling by a 5–4 margin that the practice was discriminatory. They also led the boycott of Colgate-Palmolive to protest the company's discriminatory practices. The company had a policy that de facto prohibited women from certain positions by imposing a restriction that required employees to lift packages over . A court ruling had ordered the company to change its practices but the response was slow. The national board of NOW chose a day for its various chapters to protest the company. Heide carried a sign on the day which proclaimed: 'Colgate-Palmolive is a sex offender'. On February 17, 1970, Heide and Jean Witter led a group of twenty chapter members to disrupt a hearing on allowing eighteen-year-olds to vote, which was being held by a subcommittee of the United States Senate on constitutional amendments. The women held up signs and Heide gave a speech demanding that the Senate take action to pass the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). After the disruption, the women met privately with Senator Birch Bayh who agreed to hold hearings on the ERA later in the year, and later credited their demonstration with convincing him to act on the issue. The hearings which resulted from this demonstration were the first ones to be held on the ERA since 1956. The supporters of the amendment were able to give testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee on September 15, 1970, and Heide was given the opportunity to speak. The ERA finally passed Congress on March 22, 1972. Presidency of NOW Heide was elected president of NOW, succeeding Aileen Hernandez, in September 1971. During her term as president, Heide grew the organization to 700 chapters with 50,000 members worldwide and an annual budget of three-quarters of a million dollars by the time she left office, having started with 3,000 members and a $28,000 budget in 1971. While serving as president, Heide and Eugene divorced in 1972, which made international news. On February 18, 1973, she was re-elected as the president of NOW for her second term. While president, Heide led the campaign against AT&T for sex discrimination. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), at NOW's urging, conducted an investigation that found that women employees were not working in all available jobs, which caused them to lose $422 million (equivalent to $ in ). In 1972, Heide and other members of NOW met with Robert Lilley, the president of AT&T, to discuss the EEOC report and to challenge the inadequacy of the proposed affirmative action plan. However, AT&T refused to cooperate further with NOW and ultimately settled a case with the EEOC for $53 million (equivalent to $ in ), the largest settlement for employment discrimination at the time. Heide was also actively recruiting other organizations to support the ERA. The ACLU was opposed to the ERA at the time, as it believed women were covered by the Fourteenth Amendment, but Heide worked with Louise Noun and Pauli Murray to convince the ACLU board to change its position. She also urged NOW members to refuse to join Common Cause, a lobbying organization, until it expressed its support for the ERA; this finally happened after a meeting between John Gardner and Heide, Aileen Hernandez, Ann Scott and Carol Burris. Heide also convinced the LWV, the American Nurses Association (ANA), the AFL–CIO, and the Leadership Conference on Human Rights to support the ERA. NOW also focused during this time on creating an international women's movement. Heide, Jo Ann Evansgardner, Patricia Hill Burnett and Rona Fields collaborated on an international conference on June 1, 1973, which brought together more than 300 women from 27 countries. Following the conference, Heide became aware of the arrest of three Portuguese women, Maria Isabel Barreno, Maria Teresa Horta and Maria Velho da Costa, for writing the New Portuguese Letters. Heide called a press conference to protest their arrest and a week later, demonstrations were held across the US and Europe to support the women. They were eventually released and Heide was invited to Sweden. She flew over with Sandy Byrd, Judy Pickering and Betty Spaulding and the four women toured the country for ten days, which concluded with Heide being presented with the key to the city of Stockholm. NOW designated 1973 as its action year against poverty. That summer, Heide testified before the Joint Economic Committee on women's economic problems, arguing that the problems were caused by sexism in government agencies. Despite this focus, some women within the organization did not believe that enough was being done to solve this issue. This was one of several areas of friction within NOW. In the same year, a questionnaire was conducted among the chapters which determined that women of color had little involvement in the organization, even where they were members. Heide encouraged the board to take action on racism, such as issuing a statement that Angela Davis deserved a fair trial, but they refused to take on school desegregation as a feminist issue. There was also a conversation at the time about the role of lesbians in feminist organizations. Heide strongly believed that heterosexism was a feminist issue and she petitioned the board to include it on the agenda. Later life Heide chose not to run for a third term as president of NOW in May 1974. Instead she served as chairwoman of the organization's national advisory board in 1974 and 1975, before leaving the organization to focus on her doctorate. After leaving the presidency, Heide focused her attention on other organizations. In 1974, she met with the ANA and challenged them to take on a more political role, a meeting that was later credited with the foundation of the Nurses Coalition for Action and Politics. Heide had also previously assisted with the founding of the National Women's Political Caucus in 1971 and she served on the Policy Council until 1974 and on the Advisory Board until 1977. She was also involved with the ACLU, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the National Board of Partners in Housing, the National Coalition for Human Needs and Budget Priorities and at Social Policy magazine. She was a co-founder of the Women's Coalition for the Third Century in 1972, in response to a request to consult on the Federal American Revolution Bicentennial Commission. The Coalition urged the organizers to focus on the future instead of the past and to center women and racial minorities, and it later split from the Commission to form a new organization that drafted a Declaration of Imperatives and a Declaration of Interdependence. The Declaration of Interdependence was signed on July 4, 1976, and it was formally presented in a ceremony at the Smithsonian Institution on October 3, 1977. Heide earned her Ph.D. in feminist theory and public policy in 1978 from the Union of Experimenting Colleges and Universities. Her doctoral thesis was titled Feminism for the Health of It, which was published as a book shortly before her death. She worked as a visiting professor for half a decade, beginning her teaching career at Wellesley College and the University of Massachusetts in 1974 and leaving the institutions in 1975 and 1976 respectively. She then moved to Goddard College from 1978 to 1980, before serving as the director of the women’s studies program at Sangamon State University in Springfield, Illinois, from 1978 to 1982. She moved to Norristown, Pennsylvania, the same year. She died there at Sacred Heart Hospital at age 64 from a heart attack on May 8, 1985. References Works cited External links Wilma Scott Heide Papers.Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University A conversation with Wilma Scott Heide on WNED's series "Woman" WNED Public Television, 1973 Images of Wilma Scott Heide in the Smithsonian Institution Collection 1921 births 1985 deaths People from Johnstown, Pennsylvania American nurses American women nurses American feminist writers People from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania Presidents of the National Organization for Women University of Pittsburgh alumni Postmodern feminists 20th-century American women

4044384

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OuterSpace

OuterSpace

OuterSpace is an underground hip hop duo from North Philadelphia. Originally a trio consisting of three Puerto Rican friends that then took the artist names Planetary, Jedeye and Crypt the Warchild. The founding member Mario Collazo (Planetary) was then attending 10th grade, while the other two, Richard Cruz (Jedeye) and Marcus Albaladejo (Crypt the Warchild), were in 8th grade. Today the group consists only of two members, now known as Planetary and Crypt The Warchild, who are also part of the hip hop collective Army of the Pharaohs. Recording history Early career (1995-1999) The group originally started with three high school friends; Marcus Albaladejo, Mario Collazo and Richard Cruz. The trio later went on to form the group OuterSpace. The group originally started to form in the early 1990s and eventually led to an alliance with fellow Philadelphians Jedi Mind Tricks and their label Superegular Recordings. In 1998, Superegular released their debut single "We Lyve". OuterSpace appeareded on several Jedi Mind Trick tracks and in 1999 the Illegaliens EP was released in on the Wordsound label. Soon thereafter, OuterSpace hooked up with DJ SAT ONE and began recording with Jazzy Jeff's production company A Touch of Jazz. This collaboration proved useful with the release of the SAT ONE produced Danger Zone 12" on Soulspazm Records. OuterSpace and Blood and Ashes (2000-2004) OuterSpace appeared on Jedi Mind Tricks' albums through the early 2000s and became a part of Paz's supergroup Army of the Pharaohs. In May 2004, OuterSpace released Jedi Mind Tricks Presents OuterSpace A collection of OuterSpace's 12" and previously unreleased tracks from the Superegular label era, loyalists were treated to unreleased music, while new fans were given the chance to experience the tracks that established OuterSpace's underground presence. After OuterSpace moved with Jedi Mind Tricks over to Babygrande Records, they went on to release their debut studio album Blood and Ashes, in July 2004. The Album features collaborations by Jedi Mind Tricks member Vinnie Paz, Immortal Technique, Sadat X from Brand Nubian and fellow A.O.T.P. members 7L & Esoteric, Celph Titled, Des Devious & King Syze. Blood Brothers and work with Army of the Pharaohs (2005-2007) In 2005, it was announced that Army of the Pharaohs were working on their debut studio album. OuterSpace members were due to be on the album. On March 21, 2006 The Torture Papers was released on Babygrande Records. Artists including Crypt the Warchilds brother; King Syze, Jedi Mind Tricks frontman; Vinnie Paz, JuJu Mob members; Chief Kamachi & Reef the Lost Cauze, The Demigodz members; Apathy and Celph Titled and other artists including 7L & Esoteric, Des Devious & Faez One were also on the album. An Army of the Pharaohs collaboration album was rumoured to be in the works for years, but was often delayed due to separate projects and internal problems, however a mixtape titled The Bonus Papers was released shortly after the release of the album because it was thought some songs didn't fit the artistic design of the album while others were known to have been extremely political and were possibly held back to reduce controversy. Another mixtape titled After Torture There's Pain was released early in 2007. In 2006, OuterSpace released their second studio album Blood Brothers, it was released on September 5, 2006, by Babygrande Records. The album features guest appearances from Vinnie Paz of Jedi Mind Tricks, Sheek Louch and Royce da 5'9". The album's lead single is "Street Massacre" b/w "U Don't Like Me". OuterSpace were seen on Army of the Pharaohs second studio album Ritual of Battle, it was officially released on September 21, 2007, . The album also features group members Vinnie Paz, Jus Allah, Chief Kamachi, Reef the Lost Cauze, Esoteric, Celph Titled, King Syze, Des Devious, Doap Nixon, Demoz, and King Magnetic. Although he was prominently featured on the group's debut album The Torture Papers, Apathy does not appear on Ritual of Battle. God's Fury and The Unholy Terror (2008-2010) On September 30, 2008 OuterSpace released their third studio album titled; God's Fury. It was released via Babygrande Records. The album features collaborations by Jedi Mind Tricks member Vinnie Paz, Sick Jacken & Cynic of Psycho Realm, and fellow A.O.T.P. members Doap Nixon, Reef The Lost Cauze, Des Devious, King Syze, Celph Titled, and Chief Kamachi. OuterSpace were also seen collaborating with Doap Nixon on his debut LP Sour Diesel on the song Warning Shot alongside brother King Syze. OuterSpace returned to work on the third studio album with Army of the Pharaohs titled The Unholy Terror. The official street release date was March 30, 2010, but the album was released early on March 19, 2010 on UGHH.com. My Brothers Keeper, In Death Reborn and Lost in Space (2011-2015) On August 23, 2011, OuterSpace released their fourth studio album titled My Brother's Keeper. It was released by Enemy Soil. The Album features collaborations by Jedi Mind Tricks member Vinnie Paz, Ill Bill, Doap Nixon, Apathy, Blacastan, Esoteric, Sick Jacken, King Syze and V-Zilla. On November 30, 2013, Vinnie Paz revealed that two new Army Of The Pharaohs albums would be released in 2014. In Death Reborn is slated for a release on 22 April and the second LP is expected to drop in November. OuterSpace duo Crypt the Warchild and Planetary are both confirmed to be on the upcoming albums. New members including Blacastan of The Demigodz and Zilla from Houston, Texas are said to be joining the group. In 2012, they announced they were working on their fifth studio album titled Lost in Space. The album was originally set to be released in August, 2012 but has been pushed back and it is said to be released somewhere in 2016. They released two promo singles of the album, one called Manolo produced by Stu Bangas and one called Never Enough produced by Snowgoons. A new single called Murder Makes Art (MMA) produced by Scott Stallone, came out in 2015. Untitled New album (2016-present) Discography Albums Blood and Ashes (2004) Blood Brothers (2006) God's Fury (2008) My Brother's Keeper (2011) Lost in Space (2020) Compilations Outerspace (2004) Mixtapes A Tribute To Gang Starr (2009) Army of the Pharaohs The Torture Papers (2006) Ritual of Battle (2007) The Unholy Terror (2010) In Death Reborn (2014) Heavy Lies The Crown (2014) References External links Official Outerspace website Official Babygrande website Hip hop groups from Philadelphia Underground hip hop groups

4044394

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Queen

The Queen

In the United Kingdom and fourteen other Commonwealth Realms, The Queen refers to: Elizabeth II (born 1926), Queen since 1952 The Queen may also refer to any queen of any monarchy, as well as to: Arts, entertainment, and media The Queen: The Ladies Newspaper and Court Chronicle launched in London in 1864 The Queen (1968 film), a 1968 film documentary about Flawless Sabrina and the early NYC underground drag community The Queen (2006 film), a 2006 British drama film starring Helen Mirren about Queen Elizabeth II The Queen (2012 film), a 2012 Iranian film The Queen (play), a 1653 play published anonymously Evil Queen (Snow White), the antagonist in Snow White and the Seven Dwarves The Queen (Dalida album), 2004 album by Dalida The Queen (Velvet album), 2009 album by Velvet The Queen Album, 1988 album by Elaine Paige "The Queen" (Velvet song), 2009 The Queen (British TV serial), a 2009 Channel 4 drama-documentary about Queen Elizabeth II The Queen (Singaporean TV series), a 2016 Singaporean Channel 8 drama The Queen (South African TV series), a South African TV series, since 2016 The Queen TV-Game 2, a Nintendo 3DS video game developed by Butterfly Other The Queen, one of the GWR 3031 Class locomotives TSS The Queen, a South Eastern and Chatham Railway steamship Charlotte Flair, an American professional wrestler referred to as "The Queen". Yuna Kim, Figure Skater sometimes known as "The Queen". See also Queen (disambiguation) Rani (disambiguation)

4044410

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plu%C5%BEine

Plužine

Plužine (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Плужине, ) is a town in northwestern Montenegro. In 2011 it has a population of 1,341. Location Town is located near the Piva lake (Pivsko) in the northwestern mountainous region of Montenegro, close to the Durmitor National Park area. Plužine is the administrative centre of Plužine Municipality and also unofficial centre of Piva region, named after the Piva River and historical tribe of Piva (Pivljani). Population Plužine is administrative centre of Plužine municipality, which in 2011 had a population of 3,235. The town of Plužine itself has 1,341 citizens. Historical population Population of Town of Plužine: 1981 - 730 1991 - 1,453 2003 - 1,494 2011 - 1,341 Ethnic composition Ethnic groups (1991 census): Montenegrins (91.61%) Serbs (6.63%) Ethnic groups (2003 census): Serbs (63.92%) Montenegrins (29.79%) Ethnic groups (2011 census): Serbs (65.65%) Montenegrins (27.79) Transport The town is close to the border crossing with Bosnia and Herzegovina (Herzegovina region) for the town of Gacko and Foča. Plužine is located on a road connecting central Montenegrin cities Podgorica and Nikšić with central Bosnia and Herzegovina. Gallery References Populated places in Plužine Municipality

4044424

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom

History of the Jews in the United Kingdom

For the history of the Jews in the United Kingdom, including the time before the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, see: History of the Jews in England History of the Jews in Scotland History of the Jews in Northern Ireland History of the Jews in Wales See also Many of the following articles relate to Jewish history in the British Empire: Baghdadi Jews British Jews British Mandate of Palestine History of the Jews in Australia History of the Jews in Canada History of the Jews in Colonial America History of the Jews in Gibraltar History of the Jews in Ireland History of the Jews in New Zealand History of the Jews in South Africa History Religion in the British Empire History of the United Kingdom by topic United Kingdom

4044444

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Ukraine

History of the Jews in Ukraine

The history of the Jews in Ukraine dates back over a thousand years; Jewish communities have existed in the territory of Ukraine from the time of the Kievan Rus' (late 9th to mid-13th century). Some of the most important Jewish religious and cultural movements, from Hasidism to Zionism, rose either fully or to an extensive degree in the territory of modern Ukraine. According to the World Jewish Congress, the Jewish community in Ukraine constitutes the third-largest in Europe and the fifth-largest in the world. Whilst at times it flourished, at other times the Jewish community faced periods of persecution and antisemitic discrimination. In the Ukrainian People's Republic (1917-1920), Yiddish was declared a state language, along with Ukrainian and Russian. At that time, the Jewish National Union was created and the community was granted an autonomous status. Yiddish was used on Ukrainian currency in this same period, between 1917 and 1920. Before World War II, slightly less than one-third of Ukraine's urban population consisted of Jews; they were the largest national minority in Ukraine. Ukrainian Jews consist of a number of sub-groups with distinct characteristics, including Ashkenazi Jews, Mountain Jews, Bukharan Jews, Crimean Karaites, Krymchak Jews, and Georgian Jews. In the westernmost area of Ukraine, Jews were mentioned for the first time in records in 1030. During the Khmelnytsky Uprising between 1648 and 1657, an army of Cossacks and Crimean Tatars massacred and took into captivity large numbers of Jews, Roman Catholics and Uniate Christians. Recent estimates are that 15,000-30,000 Jews were killed or taken captive, and that 300 Jewish communities were completely destroyed. During the 1821 anti-Jewish riots in Odessa following the death of the Greek Orthodox patriarch in Constantinople, 14 Jews were killed. Some sources claim this episode as the first pogrom. At the start of 20th century, anti-Jewish pogroms continued to occur, leading to large-scale emigration. When Ukraine was part of the Russian Empire, antisemitic attitudes were expressed in numerous blood libel cases between 1911 and 1913. In 1915, the Russian imperial government expelled thousands of Jews from the Empire's border areas. During the conflicts of the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War, an estimated 31,071 Jews were killed between 1918 and 1920. During the establishment of the Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–21), pogroms continued to be perpetrated on Ukrainian territory. In Ukraine, the number of civilian Jews killed during the period was estimated at between 35,000 and 50,000. Pogroms erupted in January 1919 in the northwest province of Volhynia and spread to many other regions of Ukraine. Massive pogroms continued until 1921. The actions of the Soviet government by 1927 led to a growing antisemitism in the area. Total civilian losses during World War II and the German occupation of Ukraine are estimated at seven million. More than one million Jews were shot and killed by the Einsatzgruppen and by their many local Ukrainian supporters in the western part of Ukraine. In 1959 Ukraine had 840,000 Jews, a decrease of almost 70% from 1941 totals (within Ukraine's current borders). Ukraine's Jewish population continued to decline significantly during the Cold War. In 1989, Ukraine's Jewish population was only slightly more than half of what it was thirty years earlier (in 1959). During and after the collapse of Communism in the 1990s, the majority of the Jews who remained in Ukraine in 1989 left the country and moved abroad (mostly to Israel). Antisemitic graffiti and violence against Jews are still problems in Ukraine. Kievan Rus' By the 11th century, Byzantine Jews of Constantinople had familial, cultural, and theological ties with the Jews of Kyiv. For instance, some 11th-century Jews from Kievan Rus participated in an anti-Karaite assembly held in either Thessaloniki or Constantinople. One of the three Kyivan city gates in the times of Yaroslav the Wise was called Zhydovski (Judaic). Galicia-Volhynia In Halychyna (Galicia), the westernmost area of Ukraine, Jews were mentioned for the first time in 1030. From the second part of the 14th century, they were subjects of the Polish kings and magnates. The Jewish population of Halychyna and Bukovyna, part of Austria-Hungary, was extremely large; it made up 5% of the global Jewish population. Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth From the founding of the Kingdom of Poland in the 10th century through the creation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569, Poland was considered one of the most diverse countries in Europe. It became home to one of the world's largest and most vibrant Jewish communities. The Jewish community in the territory of Ukraine-proper during the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth became one of the largest and most important ethnic minority groups in Ukraine. Cossack Uprising and the Deluge The Ukrainian Cossack Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky led a Cossack uprising, known as Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648–1657), under the premise that the Poles had sold them as slaves "into the hands of the accursed Jews." At that time it is estimated that the Jewish population in Ukraine numbered 51,325. An army of Cossacks and Crimean Tatars massacred and took into captivity numerous Jews, Roman Catholics and Uniates in 1648–49. Recent estimates range from fifteen thousand to thirty thousand Jews killed or taken captive, and 300 Jewish communities totally destroyed. Rise of Hasidism and internal struggles The Cossack Uprising and the Deluge left a deep and lasting impression on the Jewish social and spiritual life. In this time of mysticism and overly formal rabbinism came the teachings of Israel ben Eliezer, known as the Baal Shem Tov, or BeShT, (1698–1760), which had a profound effect on the Jews of Eastern Europe. His disciples taught and encouraged a new fervent brand of Judaism, related to Kabbalah, known as Hasidism. The rise of Hasidism had a great influence on the rise of Haredi Judaism, with a continuous influence through its many Hasidic dynasties. A radically different movement was started by Jacob Frank in the middle of the 18th century. Frank's teachings were extremely unorthodox (such as purification through transgression, as well as adoption of elements of Christianity), and he was excommunicated along with his numerous followers. They eventually converted to Catholicism. Russian Empire and Austrian rule The traditional measures of keeping the Russian Empire free of Jews were hindered when the main territory of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was annexed during the partitions of Poland. During the second (1793) and the third (1795) partitions, large populations of Jews were taken over by the Russian Empire, and Catherine the Great established the Pale of Settlement that included Congress Poland and Crimea. During the 1821 anti-Jewish riots in Odessa after the death of the Greek Orthodox patriarch in Constantinople, 14 Jews were killed. Some sources claim this episode as the first pogrom, while according to others (such as the Jewish Encyclopedia, 1911 ed.) say the first pogrom was the 1859 riot in Odessa. The term became common after a wave of large-scale anti-Jewish violence swept southern Russian Empire, including Ukraine, between 1881 and 1884, after Jews were blamed for the assassination of Alexander II. In May 1882, Alexander III of Russia introduced temporary regulations called May Laws that stayed in effect for more than thirty years, until 1917. Systematic policies of discrimination, strict quotas on the number of Jews allowed to obtain education and professions caused widespread poverty and mass emigration. In 1886, an edict of Expulsion was applied to the Jews of Kyiv. In 1893–1894, some areas of Crimea were cut out of the Pale. When Alexander III died in Crimea on 20 October 1894, according to Simon Dubnow: "as the body of the deceased was carried by railway to St. Petersburg, the same rails were carrying the Jewish exiles from Yalta to the Pale. The reign of Alexander III ended symbolically. It began with pogroms and concluded with expulsions." Odessa became the home of a large Jewish community during the 19th century, and by 1897 Jews were estimated to account for some 37% of the population. Political activism and emigration Persons of Jewish origin were over-represented in the Russian revolutionaries leadership. However, most of them were hostile to traditional Jewish culture and Jewish political parties, and were loyal to the Communist Party's atheism and proletarian internationalism, and committed to stamping out any sign of "Jewish cultural particularism". Counter-revolutionary groups, including the Black Hundreds, opposed the Revolution with violent attacks on socialists and pogroms against Jews. There was also a backlash from the conservative elements of society, notably in spasmodic anti-Jewish attacks – around five hundred were killed in a single day in Odessa. Nicholas II of Russia himself claimed that 90% of revolutionaries were Jews. Early 20th century At the start of 20th century, anti-Jewish pogroms continued to occur in cities and towns across the Russian Empire such as Kishinev, Kyiv, Odessa, and many others. Numerous Jewish self-defense groups were organized to prevent the outbreak of pogroms among which the most notorious one was under the leadership of Mishka Yaponchik in Odessa. In 1905, a series of pogroms erupted at the same time as the Revolution against the government of Nicholas II. The chief organizers of the pogroms were the members of the Union of the Russian People (commonly known as the "Black Hundreds"). From 1911 to 1913, the antisemitic tenor of the period was characterized by a number of blood libel cases (accusations of Jews murdering Christians for ritual purposes). One of the most famous was the two-year trial of Menahem Mendel Beilis, who was charged with the murder of a Christian boy (Lowe 1993, 284–90). The trial was showcased by the authorities to illustrate the perfidy of the Jewish population. From March to May 1915, in the face of the German army, the government expelled thousands of Jews from the Empire's border areas, which coincide with the Pale of Settlement. World War I aftermath During the 1917 Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War, an estimated 70,000 to 250,000 Jewish civilians were killed in the atrocities throughout the former Russian Empire in this period. In the territories of modern Ukraine an estimated 31,071 died in 1918–1920. Ukrainian People's Republic During the establishment of the Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1921), pogroms continued to be perpetrated on Ukrainian territory. In the Ukrainian People's Republic, Yiddish was an official language, while all government posts and institutions had Jewish members. A Ministry for Jewish Affairs was established (it was the first modern state to do so). All rights of Jewish culture were guaranteed. All Jewish parties abstained or voted against the Tsentralna Rada's Fourth Universal of 25 January 1918 which was aimed at breaking ties with Bolshevik Russia and proclaiming a sovereign Ukrainian state, since all Jewish parties were strongly against Ukrainian independence. In Ukraine alone, the number of civilian Jews killed during the period was estimated to be between 35,000 and 50,000. Archives declassified after 1991 provide evidence of a higher number; in the period from 1918 to 1921, "according to incomplete data, at least 100,000 Jews were killed in Ukraine in the pogroms." The Ukrainian People's Republic did issue orders condemning pogroms and attempted to investigate them. But it lacked authority to stop violence. In the last months of its existence it lacked any power to create social stability. Among the prominent Ukrainian statesmen of this period were Moisei Rafes, Pinkhas Krasny, Abram Revutsky, Moishe Zilberfarb, and many others. (see General Secretariat of Ukraine) The autonomy of Ukraine was openly greeted by the Ukrainian Jewish Volodymyr Zhabotinsky. Between April and December 1918 the Ukrainian People's Republic was non-existent and overthrown by the Ukrainian State of Pavlo Skoropadsky who ended the experiment in Jewish autonomy. Provisional Government of Russia and Soviets The February 1917 revolution brought a liberal Provisional Government to power in the Russian Empire. On 21 March/3 April, the government removed all "discrimination based upon ethnic religious or social grounds". The Pale was officially abolished. The removal of the restrictions on Jews' geographical mobility and educational opportunities led to a migration to the country's major cities. One week after the 25 October / 7 November 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, the new government proclaimed the "Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples [Nations] of Russia," promising all nationalities the rights of equality, self-determination and secession. Jews were not specifically mentioned in the declaration, reflecting Lenin's view that Jews did not constitute a nation. In 1918, the RSFSR Council of Ministers issued a decree entitled "On the Separation of Church from State and School from Church", depriving religious communities of the status of juridical persons, the right to own property and the right to enter into contracts. The decree nationalized the property of religious communities and banned their assessment of religious tuition. As a result, religion could be taught or studied only in private. On 1 February 1918 the Commissariat for Jewish National Affairs was established as a subsection of the Commissariat for Nationality Affairs. It was mandated to establish the "dictatorship of the proletariat in the Jewish streets" and attract the Jewish masses to the regime while advising local and central institutions on Jewish issues. The Commissariat was also expected to fight the influence of Zionist and Jewish-Socialist Parties. On 27 July 1918 the Council of People's Commissars issued a decree stating that antisemitism is "fatal to the cause of the ... revolution". Pogroms were officially outlawed. On 20 October 1918 the Jewish section of the CPSU (Yevsektsia) was established for the Party's Jewish members; its goals were similar to those of the Jewish Commissariat. Pogroms in western Ukraine The pogroms which erupted in January 1919 in the northwest province of Volhynia spread during February and March to the cities, towns, and villages of many other regions of Ukraine. After Sarny it was the turn of Ovruch, northwest of Kyiv. In Tetiev on 25 March, approximately 4,000 Jews were murdered, half in a synagogue set ablaze by Cossack troops under Colonels Kurovsky, Cherkowsy, and Shliatoshenko. Then Vashilkov (6 and 7 April). In Dubovo (17 June) 800 Jews were decapitated in assembly-line fashion. According to David A. Chapin, the town of Proskurov (now Khmelnitsky), near the city of Sudilkov, "was the site of the worst atrocity committed against Jews this century before the Nazis." Massive pogroms continued until 1921. Pogroms across Podolia On 15 February 1919, during the Ukrainian-Soviet war, Otaman Ivan Semesenko initiated a pogrom Proskurov in which many Jews were massacred on Shabbat (parashah Tesaveh) from three p.m. until next Sunday (?Saturday). Semesenko claimed that the pogrom was in retaliation for a previous Bolshevik uprising, which he believed was led by Jews. According to the pinqasim record books those murdered in the pogrom included 390 men, 309 women and 76 children. The number of wounded exceeded 500. Two weeks later Order 131 was published in the central newspaper by the head of Directorate of Ukraine. In it Symon Petliura denounced such actions and eventually executed Otaman Semesenko by firing-squad in November 1919. Semesenko's brigade was disarmed and dissolved. This event is especially remarkable for being used to justify Sholem Schwarzbard's assassination of the Ukrainian leader in 1926. Although Petliura's direct involvement was never proven, Schwartzbard was acquitted in light of revenge. The series of Jewish pogroms in various places around Ukraine culminated in the Kyiv pogroms of 1919 between June and October of that year. Bolsheviks/USSR consolidation of power In July 1919, the Central Jewish Commissariat dissolved the kehillot (Jewish Communal Councils). The kehillot had provided a number of social services to the Jewish community. From 1919 to 1920, Jewish parties and Zionist organizations were driven underground as the Communist government sought to abolish all potential opposition. The Yevsektsiya Jewish section of the Soviet Communist party was at the forefront of the anti-religious campaigns of the 1920s that led to the closing of religious institutions, the break-up of religious communities and the further restriction of access to religious education. To that end a series of "community trials" against the Jewish religion were held. The last known such trial, on the subject of circumcision, was held in 1928 in Kharkiv. At the same time, the body also worked to establish a secular identity for the Jewish community. In 1921 many Jews in the newly formed USSR emigrated to Poland, as they were entitled by a peace treaty in Riga to choose the country they preferred. Several hundred thousand joined the already numerous Jewish minority of the Polish Second Republic. On 31 January 1924 the Commissariat for Nationalities' Affairs was disbanded. On 29 August 1924 an official agency for Jewish resettlement, the Commission for the Settlement of Jewish Toilers on the Land (KOMZET), was established. KOMZET studied, managed and funded projects for Jewish resettlement in rural areas. A public organization, the Society for the Agricultural Organization of Working Class Jews in the USSR (OZET), was created in January 1925 to help recruit colonists and support the colonization work of KOMZET. For the first few years the government encouraged Jewish settlements, particularly in Ukraine. Support for the project dwindled throughout the next decade. In 1938 OZET was disbanded, following years of declining activity. The Soviets set up three Jewish national raions in Ukraine as well as two in the Crimea – national raions occupied the 3rd level of the soviet system, but were all disbanded by the end of World War II. The cities with the largest populations of Jews in 1926 were Odessa, 154,000 or 36.5% of the total population; Kyiv, 140,500 or 27.3%; Kharkiv, 81,500 or 19.5%; and Dnipropetrovsk, 62,000 or 26.7%. In 1931 Lviv's Jewish population numbered 98,000 or 31.9%, and in Chernivtsi, 42,600 or 37.9%. On 8 April 1929 the new Law on Religious Associations codified all previous religious legislation. All meetings of religious associations were to have their agenda approved in advance; lists of members of religious associations had to be provided to the authorities. In 1930 the Yevsektsia was dissolved, and there was now no central Soviet-Jewish organization. Although the body had served to undermine Jewish religious life, its dissolution led to the disintegration of Jewish secular life as well; Jewish cultural and educational organizations gradually disappeared. When the Soviet government reintroduced the use of internal passports in 1933, "Jewish" was considered an ethnicity for these purposes. The Soviet famine of 1932–1933 affected the Jewish population, and led to a migration from the shtetls to the overcrowded cities. As the Soviet government annexed territory from Poland, Romania (both would be incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR after World War II) and the Baltic states, roughly two million Jews became Soviet citizens. Restrictions on Jews that had existed in the formerly independent countries were now lifted. At the same time, Jewish organizations in the newly acquired territories were shut down and their leaders were arrested and exiled. Approximately 250,000 Jews escaped or were evacuated from the annexed territories to the Soviet interior prior to the Nazi invasion. Jewish settlement in Crimea In 1921, Crimea became an autonomous republic. In 1923, the All-Union Central Committee passed a motion to resettle a large number of the Jewish population from Ukrainian and Belarusian cities to Crimea, 570,400 families. The plan to further resettle Jewish families was again confirmed by the Central Committee of the USSR on 15 July 1926, assigning 124 million roubles to the task and also receiving 67 million from foreign sources. The Soviet initiative of Jewish settlement in Crimea was opposed by Symon Petliura, who regarded it as a provocation. This train of thought was supported by Arnold Margolin who stated that it would be dangerous to set up Jewish colonies there. The Soviets twice sought to establish Jewish autonomy in Crimea; once, in the 1920s, with the support of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, and secondly, in 1944, by the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee. World War II Total civilian losses during the war and German occupation in Ukraine are estimated at seven million, including over a million Jews shot and killed by the Einsatzgruppen and by local Ukrainian supporters in various regions of Ukraine. Post-war situation Ukraine had 840,000 Jews in 1959, a decrease of almost 70% from 1941 (within Ukraine's current borders). Ukraine's Jewish population declined significantly during the Cold War. In 1989, Ukraine's Jewish population was only slightly more than half of what it was thirty years earlier (in 1959). The overwhelming majority of the Jews who remained in Ukraine in 1989 left Ukraine and moved to other countries (mostly to Israel) in the 1990s during and after the collapse of Communism. Such new immigrants to Israel included artists, such as Marina Maximilian Blumin and street artist Klone, as well as activists, such as Gennady Riger and Lia Shemtov. Independent Ukraine In 1989, a Soviet census counted 487,000 Jews living in Ukraine. Although discrimination by the state all but halted very soon after Ukrainian independence in 1991, Jews were still discriminated against in Ukraine during the 1990s. For instance, Jews were not allowed to attend some educational institutions. Antisemitism has since declined. According to the European Jewish Congress, as of 2014, there are 360,000–400,000 Jews in Ukraine. During the 1990s, some 266,300 Ukrainian Jews emigrated to Israel as part of a wave of mass emigration of Jews from the former Soviet Union to Israel in the 1990s. The 2001 Ukrainian Census counted 106,600 Jews living in Ukraine (the number of Jews also dropped due to a negative birthrate). According to the Public Diplomacy and Diaspora Affairs Minister of Israel, early 2012 there were 250,000 Jews in Ukraine, half of them living in Kyiv. By 1999 there were various Ukrainian Jewish organizations who disputed each other's legitimacy. In November 2007, an estimated 700 Torah scrolls previously confiscated from Jewish communities during the Soviet Union's Communist rule were returned to Jewish communes in Ukraine by the state authorities. The Ukrainian Jewish Committee was established in 2008 in Kyiv with the aim of concentrating the efforts of Jewish leaders in Ukraine on resolving the community's strategic problems and addressing socially significant issues. The Committee declared its intention to become one of the world's most influential organizations protecting the rights of Jews and "the most important and powerful structure protecting human rights in Ukraine". In the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary elections, All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda" won its first seats in the Ukrainian Parliament, garnering 10.44% of the popular vote and the fourth most seats among national political parties; This led to concern among Jewish organizations both inside and outside Ukraine who accused "Svoboda" of openly Nazi sympathies and being antisemitic. In May 2013, the World Jewish Congress listed the party as neo-Nazi. "Svoboda" itself has denied being antisemitic. Antisemitic graffiti and violence against Jews are still a problem in Ukraine. Since the February 2014 ending of the Euromaidan protests unrest has gripped southern and eastern Ukraine, and this escalated in April 2014 into the ongoing War in Donbas. In April 2014, leaflets were distributed by three masked man as people left a synagogue in Donetsk (the biggest city in Donbas) ordering Jews to register to avoid losing their property and citizenship "given that the leaders of the Jewish community of Ukraine support the Banderite junta in Kyiv and are hostile to the Orthodox Donetsk Republic and its citizens". While many speak of a hoax (concerning the authorship of the tracts) which took on international proportions, the fact that these flyers were distributed remains undisputed. Due to the growing 2014 Ukrainian unrest, Ukrainian Jews making aliyah from Ukraine reached 142% higher during the first four months of 2014 compared to the previous year. 800 people arrived in Israel over January–April, and over 200 signed up for May 2014. On the other hand, chief rabbi and Chabad emissary of Kyiv Rabbi Jonathan Markovitch claimed late April 2014 "Today, you can come to Kyiv, Dnipro or Odessa and walk through the streets openly dressed as a Jew, with nothing to be afraid of". In August 2014, the Jewish Telegraphic Agency reported that the International Fellowship of Christians and Jews is organizing chartered flights to allow at least 150 Ukrainian Jews, to immigrate to Israel in September. Jewish organizations within Ukraine, as well as the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, the Jewish Agency for Israel and the Jewish community of Dnipropetrovsk, have arranged temporary homes and shelters for hundreds of Jews who fled the War in Donbas in eastern Ukraine. Hundreds of Jews have reportedly fled the cities of Luhansk and Donetsk, and Rabbi Yechiel Eckstein stated (in August 2014) that more Jews may leave for Israel if the situation in eastern Ukraine continues to deteriorate. In 2014 the Jews Ihor Kolomoyskyi and Volodymyr Groysman were appointed Governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast and Speaker of the Parliament respectively. Groysman became Prime Minister of Ukraine in April 2016. Ukraine elected its first Jewish president in the 2019 presidential election where former comedian and actor of the TV series Servant of the People, Volodymyr Zelensky won over incumbent Petro Poroshenko. 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine In February 2022, when Russia invaded Ukraine, the Israeli Embassy stayed open on the Sabbath to facilitate the evacuation of an estimated 200,000 Jews from Ukraine. A total of 97 Jews chose to flee Ukraine for Israel. In addition, 140 Jewish orphans have fled from Ukraine to Romania and Moldova. 100 Jews fled from Ukraine to Belarus for eventual leaving for Israel On 2 March 2022, the Jewish Agency for Israel reported that hundreds of Ukrainian Jewish war refugees sheltering in Poland, Romania and Moldova were scheduled to leave for Israel by the following week. On March 13, 2022, 600 Jews fleeing from Ukraine went to Israel, and by March 21, 2022, the number was 12,000. As of 23 March, more than 15,200 Ukrainian refugees arrived in Israel, of whom only 4,200 would have otherwise been eligible for citizenship As of 7 April 2022 the number of Jews from Ukraine who have gone up to Israel is reported to be 10,000. As of 4 May 2022 12,500 Jews have been evacuated from Ukraine. Jewish communities As of 2012, Ukraine had the fifth-largest Jewish community in Europe and the twelfth-largest Jewish community in the world, behind South Africa and ahead of Mexico. The majority of Ukrainian Jews live in four large cities: Kyiv (about half of all Jews living in Ukraine), Dnipro, Kharkiv and Odessa. Rabbis Jonathan Markovitch of Kyiv and Shmuel Kaminetsky of Dnipro are considered to be among the most influential foreigners in the country. Opened in October 2012 in Dnipro, the multifunctional Menorah center is probably one of the biggest Jewish community centers in the world. There is a growing trend among some Israelis to visit Ukraine on a "roots trip" to follow the footsteps of Jewish life there. Among the places of interest Kyiv is usually mentioned, where it is possible to trace the paths of Sholem Aleichem and Golda Meir; Zhytomyr and Korostyshiv, where one can follow the steps of Haim Nahman Bialik; Berdychiv, where one can trace the life of Mendele Mocher Sforim; Rivne, where one can follow the course of Amos Oz; Buchach – the path of S.Y. Agnon; Drohobych – the place of Maurycy Gottlieb and Bruno Schulz. Notable Ukrainian Jews See also Antisemitism in Ukraine Galician Jews History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia History of the Jews in Kyiv History of the Jews in the Soviet Union Israel–Ukraine relations Janowska concentration camp Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee Jewish gauchos Jewish–Ukrainian relations in Eastern Galicia List of Galician Jews Lwów Ghetto Lwów Uprising Three hares Wooden synagogue Yerusalimka Notes References Further reading Velychenko, Stephen (2021) Ukraine's Revolutions and anti-Jewish Pogroms * (historians.in.ua). External links Chabad-Lubavitch Centers in Ukraine Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS Jewish Agricultural Colonies, adjacent towns and villages in Southern Ukraine Jewish Agricultural Colonies of South Ukraine and Crimea webpage with names and maps of Jewish settlements Jewish Renaissance in Odessa Video of Lecture on Jews of 17th-century Ukraine by Dr. Henry Abramson Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova at Routes to Roots Foundation Routes to Roots Foundation's Archive Database – search includes Ukraine and Moldova Routes to Roots Foundation's Image Database – search includes Ukraine and Moldova Ethnic groups in Ukraine History of religion in Ukraine

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Belarus

History of the Jews in Belarus

The history of the Jews in Belarus begins as early as the 8th century. Jews lived in all parts of the lands of modern Belarus. Jews were the third largest ethnic group in the country in the first half of the 20th century. In 1897, the Jewish population of Belarus reached 910,900, or 14.2% of the total population. Following the Polish-Soviet War (1919-1920), under the terms of the Treaty of Riga, Belarus was split into Eastern Belorussia (under Soviet occupation) and Western Belorussia (under Polish occupation), and causing 350,000-450,000 of the Jews to be governed by Poland. Prior to World War II, Jews remained the third largest ethnic groups in Belarus and comprised more than 40% of the population in cities and towns. The population of cities such as Minsk, Pinsk, Mahiliou, Babrujsk, Viciebsk, and Homiel was more than 50% Jewish. In 1926 and 1939 there were between 375,000 and 407,000 Jews in Belarus (Eastern Belorussia) or 6.7-8.2% of the total population. Following the Soviet annexation of Eastern Poland in 1939, including Western Belorussia, Belarus would again have 1,175,000 Jews within its borders, including 275,000 Jews from Poland, Ukraine, and elsewhere. It is estimated 800,000 of 900,000 — 90% of the Jews of Belarus —were killed during the Holocaust. According to the 2019 national census, there were 13,705 self-identifying Jews in Belarus. The Jewish Agency estimates the community of Jews in Belarus at 20,000. However, the number of Belarusians with Jewish descent is assumed to be higher. Early history Throughout several centuries the lands of modern Belarus and the Republic of Lithuania were both parts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Therefore, the history of Belarusian Jews is closely related to the history of Jews in Lithuania and historically they could be seen as a subset of Lithuanian Jews. As early as the 8th century Jews lived in parts of the lands of modern Belarus. Beginning with that period they conducted the trade between Ruthenia, Lithuania, and the Baltic, especially with Danzig, Julin (Vineta or Wollin, in Pomerania), and other cities on the Vistula, Oder, and Elbe. The origin of Belarusian Jews has been the subject of much speculation. It is believed that they were made up of two distinct streams of Jewish immigration. The older and significantly smaller of the two entered the territory that would later become the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the east. These early immigrants spoke Judeo-Slavic dialects which distinguished them from the later Jewish immigrants who entered the region from the Germanic lands. While the origin of these eastern Jews is not certain, historical evidence places Jewish refugees from Babylonia, Palestine, the Byzantine Empire and other Jewish refugees and settlers in the lands between the Baltic and Black Seas that would become part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The later and much larger stream of immigration originated in the 12th century and received an impetus from the persecution of the German Jews by the Crusaders. The traditional language of the vast majority of Lithuanian Jews, Yiddish, is based largely upon the Medieval German and Hebrew spoken by the western Germanic Jewish immigrants. The peculiar conditions that prevailed in Belarus compelled the first Jewish settlers to adopt a different mode of life from that followed by their western ethnic brethren. At that time there were no cities in the western sense of the word in Belarus, no Magdeburg Rights or close guilds at that time. Some of the cities which later became the important centers of Jewish life in Belarus were at first mere villages. Hrodna, one of the oldest, was first mentioned in the chronicles of 1128. Navahrudak was founded somewhat later by Yaroslav I the Wise; Kerlov in 1250; Voruta and Twiremet in 1252; Eiragola in 1262; Halshany and Kowno in 1280; Lida, Telšiai, Vilna and Troki in 1320. Increasing prosperity and the great charter (1320–1432) With the campaign of Hiedzimin and his subjection of Kiev and Volhynia (1320–1321) the Jewish inhabitants of these territories were induced to spread throughout the northern provinces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The probable importance of the southern Jews in the development of Belarus and Lithuania is indicated by their numerical prominence in Volhynia in the 13th century. According to an annalist who describes the funeral of the grand duke Vladimir Vasilkovich in the city of Vladimir (Volhynia), "the Jews wept at his funeral as at the fall of Jerusalem, or when being led into the Babylonian captivity." This sympathy and the record thereof would seem to indicate that long before the event in question the Jews had enjoyed considerable prosperity and influence, and this gave them a certain standing under the new régime. They took an active part in the development of the new cities under the tolerant rule of duke Hiedzimin. Little is known of the fortunes of the Belarusian Jews during the troublous times that followed the death of Hiedzimin and the accession of his grandson Vitaut (1341). To the latter, the Jews owed a charter of privileges which was momentous in the subsequent history of the Jews of Belarus and Lithuania. The documents granting privileges first to the Jews of Brest (July 1, 1388) and later to those of Hrodna, Troki (1389), Lutsk, Vladimir, and other large towns are the earliest documents to recognize the Jews of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as possessing a distinct organization. The gathering together of the scattered Jewish settlers in sufficient numbers and with enough power to form such an organization and to obtain privileges from their Lithuanian rulers implies the lapse of considerable time. The Jews who dwelt in smaller towns and villages were not in need of such privileges at this time, and the mode of life, as Abraham Harkavy suggests, "the comparative poverty, and the ignorance of Jewish learning among the Lithuanian Jews retarded their intercommunal organization." But powerful forces hastened this organization toward the close of the 14th century. The chief of these was probably the cooperation of the Jews of Poland with their brethren in the GDL. After the death of Casimir III (1370), the condition of the Polish Jews changed for the worse. The influence of the Roman Catholic clergy at the Polish court grew; Louis of Anjou was indifferent to the welfare of his subjects, and his eagerness to convert the Jews to Christianity, together with the increased Jewish immigration from Germany, caused the Polish Jews to become apprehensive for their future. The Charter of 1388 On this account it seems more than likely that influential Polish Jews cooperated with the leading Belarusian and Lithuanian communities in securing a special charter from Vitaut (Witold). The preamble of the charter reads as follows: In the name of God, Amen. All deeds of men, when they are not made known by the testimony of witnesses or in writing, pass away and vanish and are forgotten. Therefore, we, Alexander, also called Vitovt, by the grace of God Grand Duke of Lithuania and ruler of Brest, Dorogicz, Lutsk, Vladimir, and other places, make known by this charter to the present and future generations, or to whomever it may concern to know or hear of it, that, after due deliberation with our nobles we have decided to grant to all the Jews living in our domains the rights and liberties mentioned in the following charter. The charter itself was modeled upon similar documents granted by Casimir the Great, and earlier by Boleslaw of Kalisz, to the Jews in Poland in 1084. Under the charter, the Jews of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania formed a class of freemen subject in all criminal cases directly to the jurisdiction of the grand duke and his official representatives, and in petty suits to the jurisdiction of local officials on an equal footing with the lesser nobles (szlachta), boyars, and other free citizens. The official representatives of the grand duke were the elder (starosta), known as the "Jewish judge" (judex Judæorum), and his deputy. The Jewish judge decided all cases between Christians and Jews and all criminal suits in which Jews were concerned; in civil suits, however, he acted only on the application of the interested parties. Either party who failed to obey the judge's summons had to pay him a fine. To him also belonged all fines collected from Jews for minor offenses. His duties included the guardianship of the persons, property, and freedom of worship of the Jews. He had no right to summon any one to his court except upon the complaint of an interested party. In matters of religion the Jews were given extensive autonomy. Under these equitable laws the Jews of Belarus and Lithuania reached a degree of prosperity unknown to their Polish and German co-religionists at that time. The communities of Brest, Hrodna, Minsk, Troki and Lutsk rapidly grew in wealth and influence. Every community had at its head a Jewish elder. These elders represented the communities in all external relations, in securing new privileges, and in the regulation of taxes. Such officials are not, however, referred to by the title "elder" before the end of the 16th century. Up to that time the documents merely state, for instance, that the "Jews of Brest humbly apply," etc. On assuming office the elders declared under oath that they would discharge the duties of the position faithfully, and would relinquish the office at the expiration of the appointed term. The elder acted in conjunction with the rabbi, whose jurisdiction included all Jewish affairs with the exception of judicial cases assigned to the court of the deputy, and by the latter to the king. In religious affairs, however, an appeal from the decision of the rabbi and the elder was permitted only to a council consisting of the chief rabbis of the king's cities. The cantor, sexton, and shochet were subject to the orders of the rabbi and elder. The goodwill and tolerance of Vitaut endeared him to his Jewish subjects, and for a long time traditions concerning his generosity and nobility of character were current among them. His cousin, the king of Poland Jagiello, did not interfere with his administration during Vitaut's lifetime. Jagiellon rule In 1569 Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were united. It was generally a time of prosperity and relative safety for the Jews of both countries (with the exception of the Chmielnicki Uprising in the 17th century). However, a few events, such as the expulsion of the Jews from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania between 1495 and 1503 occurred just within the Grand Duchy. Expulsion of the Jews in 1495 and return in 1503 Casimir was succeeded as king of Poland by his son John Albert, and on the Lithuanian throne by his younger son, Alexander Jagellon. The latter confirmed the charter of privileges granted to the Jews by his predecessors, and even gave them additional rights. His father's Jewish creditors received part of the sums due to them, the rest being withheld under various pretexts. The attitude toward the Jews which had characterized the Lithuanian rulers for generations was unexpectedly and radically changed by a decree promulgated by Alexander in April, 1495. By this decree all Jews living in Lithuania proper and the adjacent territories were summarily ordered to leave the country. The expulsion was evidently not accompanied by the usual cruelties; for there was no popular animosity toward the Jews, and the decree was regarded as an act of mere willfulness on the part of an absolute ruler. Some of the nobility, however, approved Alexander's decree, expecting to profit by the departure of their Jewish creditors, as is indicated by numerous lawsuits on the return of the exiles to Lithuania in 1503. It is known from the Hebrew sources that some of the exiles migrated to the Crimea, and that by far the greater number settled in Poland, where, by permission of King John Albert, they established themselves in the towns situated near the boundary of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This permission, given at first for a period of two years, was extended "because of the extreme poverty of the Jews on account of the great losses sustained by them." The extension, which applied to all the towns of the kingdom, accorded the enjoyment of all the liberties that had been granted to their Polish brethren (Kraków, June 29, 1498). The expelled Karaites settled in the Polish town of Ratno. The causes of the unexpected expulsion were probably many, including religious reasons, the need to fill a depleted treasury by confiscating the Jews' money, personal animosity, and other causes. Soon after Alexander's accession to the throne of Poland he permitted the Jewish exiles to return to Lithuania. Beginning in March, 1503, as is shown by documents still extant, their houses, lands, synagogues, and cemeteries were returned to them, and permission was granted them to collect their old debts. The new charter of privileges permitted them to live throughout Lithuania as before. The return of the Jews and their attempt to regain their old possessions led to many difficulties and lawsuits. Alexander found it necessary to issue an additional decree (April, 1503), directing his vice-regent to enforce the law. In spite of this some of the property was not recovered by the Jews for years. The Act of 1566 The middle of the 16th century witnessed a growing antagonism between the lesser nobility and the Jews. Their relations became strained, and the enmity of the Christians began to disturb the life of the Litvak Jews. The anti-Jewish feeling, due at first to economic causes engendered by competition, was fostered by the clergy, who were then engaged in a crusade against "heretics," notably the Lutherans, Calvinists, and Jews. The Reformation, which had spread from Germany, tended to weaken the allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church. Frequent instances occurred of the marriage of Catholic women to Jews, Turks, or Tatars. The Bishop of Wilno (Vilnius) complained to Sigismund August (Dec., 1548) of the frequency of such mixed marriages and of the education of the offspring in their fathers' faiths. The szlachta also saw in the Jews dangerous competitors in commercial and financial undertakings. In their dealings with the agricultural classes the lords preferred the Jews as middlemen, thus creating a feeling of injury on the part of the szlachta. The exemption of the Jews from military service and the power and wealth of the Jewish tax-farmers intensified the resentment of the szlachta. Members of the nobility, like Bardzo bogaty, Ród Zagórowskich, (Strzemie coat of arms) and others, attempted to compete with the Jews as leaseholders of customs revenues, but were never successful. Since the Jews lived in the towns and on the lands of the king, the nobility could not wield any authority over them nor derive profit from them. They had not even the right to settle Jews on their estates without the permission of the king; but, on the other hand, they were often annoyed by the erection on their estates of the tollhouses of the Jewish tax-collectors. Hence when the strategic moment arrived, the Lithuanian nobility endeavored to secure greater power over the Jews. At the Diet of Vilna in 1551 the nobility urged the imposition of a special polltax of one ducat per head, and the Volhynian nobles demanded that the Jewish tax-collectors be forbidden to erect tollhouses or place guards at the taverns on their estates. The opposition to the Jews was finally crystallized and found definite expression in the repressive Lithuanian statute of 1566, when the nobles of Belarus and Lithuania were first allowed to take part in the national legislation. Paragraph Twelve of this statute contains the following articles: "The Jews shall not wear costly clothing, nor gold chains, nor shall their wives wear gold or silver ornaments. The Jews shall not have silver mountings on their sabers and daggers; they shall be distinguished by characteristic clothes; they shall wear yellow caps, and their wives kerchiefs of yellow linen, in order that all may be enabled to distinguish Jews from Christians." Other restrictions of a similar nature are contained in the same paragraph. However, the king checked the desire of the nobility to modify essentially the old charters of the Jews. Effect of the Cossacks' Uprising in Belarus The fury of the 1648–1657 Cossack rebellion in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth destroyed the organization of the Jewish communities in Belarus. The survivors who returned to their old homes in the latter half of the 17th century were practically destitute. The wars which raged constantly in the Lithuanian territory brought ruin to the entire country and deprived the Jews of the opportunity to earn more than a bare livelihood. The intensity of their struggle for existence left them no time to reestablish the conditions which had existed up to 1648. John Casimir (1648–1668) sought to ameliorate their condition by granting various concessions to the Jewish communities of Lithuania. Attempts to return to the old order in the communal organization were not wanting, as is evident from contemporary documents. Thus in 1672, Jewish elders from various towns and villages in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania secured a charter from King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki (1669–1673), decreeing "that on account of the increasing number of Jews guilty of offenses against the Szlachta and other Christians, which result in the enmity of the Christians toward the Jews, and because of the inability of the Jewish elders to punish such offenders, who are protected by the lords, the king permits the kahals to summon the criminals before the Jewish courts for punishment and exclusion from the community when necessary." The efforts to resurrect the old power of the kahals were not successful. The impoverished Jewish merchants, having no capital of their own, were compelled to borrow money from the nobility, from churches, congregations, monasteries, and various religious orders. Loans from the latter were usually for an unlimited period and were secured by mortgages on the real estate of the kahal. The kahals thus became hopelessly indebted to the clergy and the nobility. In 1792 the Jewish population of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was estimated at 250,000 (as compared with 120,000 in 1569). The whole of the commerce and industries of the country, now rapidly declining, was in the hands of the Jews. The nobility lived for the most part on their estates and farms, some of which were managed by Jewish leaseholders. The city properties were concentrated in the possession of monasteries, churches, and the lesser nobility. The Christian merchants were poor. Such was the condition of affairs in Belarus at the time of the second partition of Poland (1793), when the Jews became subjects of Russia. Jewish culture in Belarus The founding of the yeshivas in Belarus was due to the Lithuanian-Polish Jews who studied in the west, and to the German Jews who migrated about that time to Belarus, Lithuania and Poland. Very little is known of these early yeshivas. No mention is made of them or of prominent Lithuanian rabbis in Jewish writings until the 16th century. The first known rabbinical authority and head of a yeshiva was Isaac Bezaleel of Vladimir, Volhynia, who was already an old man when Solomon Luria went to Ostrog in the fourth decade of the 16th century. Another rabbinical authority, Kalman Haberkaster, rabbi of Ostrog and predecessor of Luria, died in 1559. Occasional references to the yeshiva of Brest are found in the writings of the contemporary rabbis Solomon Luria (d. 1585), Moses Isserles (d. 1572), and David Gans (d. 1589), who speak of its activity. Of the yeshiva of Ostrog and Vladimir in Volhynia it is known that they were in a flourishing condition at the middle of the 16th century, and that their heads vied with one another in Talmudic scholarship. Mention is also made by Gans of the head of the Kremenetz yeshiva, Isaac Cohen (d. 1573), of whom but little is known otherwise. At the time of the Lublin Union, Solomon Luria was rabbi of Ostrog, and was regarded as one of the greatest Talmudic authorities in Poland and the GDL. In 1568 King Sigismund ordered that the suits between Isaac Borodavka and Mendel Isakovich, who were partners in the farming of certain customs taxes in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, be carried for decision to Rabbi Solomon Luria and two auxiliary rabbis from Pinsk and Tiktin. The far-reaching authority of the leading rabbis of Poland and Lithuania, and their wide knowledge of practical life, are apparent from numerous decisions cited in the responsa. They were always the champions of justice and morality. In the Eitan ha-Ezrachi (Ostrog, 1796) of Abraham Rapoport (known also as Abraham Schrenzel; d. 1650), Rabbi Meïr Sack is cited as follows: "I emphatically protest against the custom of our communal leaders of purchasing the freedom of Jewish criminals. Such a policy encourages crime among our people. I am especially troubled by the fact that, thanks to the clergy, such criminals may escape punishment by adopting Christianity. Mistaken piety impels our leaders to bribe the officials, in order to prevent such conversions. We should endeavor to deprive criminals of opportunities to escape justice." The same sentiment was expressed in the 16th century by Maharam Lublin (Responsa, § 138). Another instance, cited by Katz from the same responsa, likewise shows that Jewish criminals invoked the aid of priests against the authority of Jewish courts by promising to become converts to Christianity. The decisions of the Polish-Lithuanian rabbis are frequently marked by breadth of view also, as is instanced by a decision of Joel Sirkes (Bayis Hadash, § 127) to the effect that Jews may employ in their religious services the melodies used in Christian churches, "since music is neither Jewish nor Christian, and is governed by universal laws." Decisions by Luria, Meïr Katz, and Mordecai Jaffe show that the rabbis were acquainted with the Russian language and its philology. Jaffe, for instance, in a divorce case where the spelling of the woman's name as Lupka or Lubka was in question, decided that the word is correctly spelled with a "b," and not with a "p," since the origin of the name was the Russian verb = "to love," and not = "to beat" (Levush ha-Butz we-Argaman, § 129). Meïr Katz (Geburat Anashim, § 1) explains that the name of Brest-Litovsk is written in divorce cases "Brest" and not "Brisk," "because the majority of the Lithuanian Jews use the Russian language." It is not so with Brisk, in the district of Kujawa, the name of that town being always spelled "Brisk." Katz (a German) at the conclusion of his responsum expresses the hope that when Lithuania shall have become more enlightened, the people will speak one language only—German—and that also Brest-Litovsk will be written "Brisk." Items from the Responsa The responsa shed an interesting light also on the life of the Lithuanian Jews and on their relations to their Christian neighbors. Benjamin Aaron Solnik states in his Mas'at Binyamin (end of sixteenth and beginning of 17th century) that "the Christians borrow clothes and jewelry from the Jews when they go to church." Sirkes (l.c. § 79) relates that a Christian woman came to the rabbi and expressed her regret at having been unable to save the Jew Shlioma from drowning. A number of Christians had looked on indifferently while the drowning Jew was struggling in the water. They were upbraided and beaten severely by the priest, who appeared a few minutes later, for having failed to rescue the Jew. Luria gives an account (Responsa, § 20) of a quarrel that occurred in a Lithuanian community concerning a cantor whom some of the members wished to dismiss. The synagogue was closed in order to prevent him from exercising his functions, and religious services were thus discontinued for several days. The matter was thereupon carried to the local lord, who ordered the reopening of the building, saying that the house of God might not be closed, and that the cantor's claims should be decided by the learned rabbis of Lithuania. Joseph Katz mentions (She'erit Yosef, § 70) a Jewish community which was forbidden by the local authorities to kill cattle and to sell meat—an occupation which provided a livelihood for a large portion of the Lithuanian Jews. For the period of a year following this prohibition the Jewish community was on several occasions assessed at the rate of three gulden per head of cattle in order to furnish funds with which to induce the officials to grant a hearing of the case. The Jews finally reached an agreement with the town magistrates under which they were to pay forty gulden annually for the right to slaughter cattle. According to Hillel ben Herz (Bet Hillel, Yoreh De'ah, § 157), Naphtali says the Jews of Vilna had been compelled to uncover when taking an oath in court, but later purchased from the tribunal the privilege to swear with covered head, a practise subsequently made unnecessary by a decision of one of their rabbis to the effect that an oath might be taken with uncovered head. The responsa of Meïr Lublin show (§ 40) that the Lithuanian communities frequently aided the German and the Austrian Jews. On the expulsion of the Jews from Silesia, when the Jewish inhabitants of Silz had the privilege of remaining on condition that they would pay the sum of 2,000 gulden, the Lithuanian communities contributed one-fifth of the amount. Belarusian Jews under the Russian Empire Upon annexation of Belarusian lands, Russian czars included the territory into the so-called Pale of Settlement, a western border region of Imperial Russia in which the permanent residence of Jews was allowed. Though comprising only 20% of the territory of European Russia, the Pale corresponded to the historical borders of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and included much of present-day Belarus, Republic of Lithuania, Poland, Moldova, Ukraine, and parts of western Russia. By the end of the 19th century, many Belarusian Jews were part of the general flight of Jews from Eastern Europe to the New World due to conflicts and pogroms engulfing the Russian Empire and the anti-Semitism of the Russian czars. Millions of Jews, including tens of thousands of Jews from Belarus, emigrated to the United States of America and South Africa. A small number also emigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine. After the October Revolution Jewish political organizations, including the General Jewish Labour Bund, participated in the creation of the Belarusian People's Republic in 1918. During the first years of Soviet occupation of Belarus, Jews were able to get managing positions in the country. For some time in the 1920s, Yiddish was an official language in East Belarus along with Belarusian, Polish and Russian. Yakov Gamarnik, a Ukrainian Jew, was First Secretary of the Communist Party of Belorussia (i.e. the de facto head of state) from December 1928 to October 1929. However, the Soviet policy later turned against the Jews (see Stalin's antisemitism). World War II Atrocities against the Jewish population in the German-conquered areas began almost immediately, with the dispatch of Einsatzgruppen (task groups) to round up Jews and shoot them. Local anti-semites were encouraged to carry out their own pogroms. By the end of 1941, there were more than 5,000 troops devoted to rounding up and killing Jews. The gradual industrialization of killing led to adoption of the Final Solution and the establishment of the Operation Reinhard extermination camps: the machinery of the Holocaust. Of the Soviet Jews who were killed in the Holocaust, 246,000 Jews were Belarusian: some 66% of the total number of Belarusian Jews. Late 20th century to modern days In 1968, several thousand Jewish youths were arrested for Zionist activity. In the second half of the 20th century, there was a large wave of Belarusian Jews immigrating to Israel (see Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1970s), as well as to the United States. In 1979, there were 135,400 Jews in Belarus; a decade later, 112,000 were left. The collapse of the Soviet Union and Belarusian independence saw most of the community, along with the majority of the former Soviet Union's Jewish population, leave for Israel (see Russian immigration to Israel in the 1990s). The 1999 census estimated that there were only 27,798 Jews left in the country, which further declined to 12,926 in 2009 and marginally rose to 13,705 in 2019. However, local Jewish organizations put the number at 50,000 in 2006. About half of the country's Jews live in Minsk. National Jewish organizations, local cultural groups, religious schools, charitable organizations, and organizations for war veterans and Holocaust survivors have been formed. Since the mass immigration of the 1990s, there has been some continuous immigration to Israel. In 2002, 974 Belarusians moved to Israel, and between 2003 and 2005, 4,854 followed suit. See also List of Belarusian Jews Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania and Belarus History of the Jews in Poland Lithuanian Jews History of the Jews during World War II Gavriil of Belostok Hasidic Judaism Mir yeshiva (Belarus) Belarus–Israel relations References Further reading External links Андрэй Шуман. Ашкеназскія габрэі як адзін з карэнных народаў Беларусі (Andrew Schumann. Ashkenazi Jews as one of the indigenous people of Belarus) Иудейская Беларусь: из прошлого в настоящее, Interview with Jakau Hutman (Yakov Gutman) chairman of the World Association of Belarusian Jewry; English Translation Union of Belarusian expatriates to Israel Antisemitism in Twenty-First Century Europe Belarusian Cemetery Index Holocaust of the Soviet Jewry A Demographic Profile of the Jews in Belorussia, 1939–1959 Shtetlinks Brit Hadasha - Messianic Jewish Congregation in Minsk. Jewish Outreach in Belarus. Travel Services and Record Searches Chabad-Lubavitch Centers in Belarus Recollections of Those Rescued by the Bielski Partisans and Survived the Holocaust from Lida, Belarus Lida Memorial Society Homepage Stories and Pictures Jewish Belarus Belarus SIG at JewishGen

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20ABCs%20of%20Rock

The ABCs of Rock

The ABCs of Rock is a half-hour-long music program on the Canadian Music Video Channel MuchMoreMusic. The show picks a letter each episode and lists artists, albums, trivia questions and events in pop-culture, then lists them during the episode. Episodes Production crew Producers: Jessica Capobianco, Greg Miller, Bob Pagrach Editor: Michael Burshtyn MuchMoreMusic original programming Television series by Bell Media