id
int64 5
124k
| title
stringlengths 1
59
| text
stringlengths 501
233k
| paragraphs
listlengths 1
1.17k
| abstract
stringlengths 3
2.91k
â | wikitext
stringlengths 186
434k
| date_created
stringlengths 20
20
â | date_modified
stringlengths 20
20
| is_disambiguation_page
bool 2
classes | is_sexual_page
bool 2
classes | is_violent_page
bool 2
classes | templates
sequencelengths 0
349
| url
stringlengths 31
561
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | ã¢ã³ããµã³ã | ã¢ã³ããµã³ã(&, è±èª: ampersand)ã¯ã䞊ç«å©è©ã...ãš...ããæå³ããèšå·ã§ãããã©ãã³èªã§ã...ãš...ããè¡šãæ¥ç¶è© "et" ã®ååãèµ·æºãšãããçŸä»£ã®ãã©ã³ãã§ããTrebuchet MS ãªã©äžéšã®ãã©ã³ãã§ã¯ã"et" ã®ååã§ããããšã容æã«ãããå圢ã䜿çšããŠããã
è±èªã§æè²ãè¡ãåŠæ ¡ã§ã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã埩å±ããå Žåããã®æåèªäœãåèªãšãªãæå("A", "I", ãã€ãŠã¯ "O" ã)ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãäŒçµ±çã«ã©ãã³èªã® per se(ããèªäœ)ãçšã㊠"A per se A" ã®ããã«å±ããããŠããããŸããã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã®æåŸã«ã27çªç®ã®æåã®ããã« "&" ãå ããããšãåºãè¡ãããŠããã"&" ã¯ã©ãã³èªã§ et ãšèªãŸããŠããããã®ã¡ã«è±èªã§ and ãšèªãŸããããã«ãªã£ããçµæãšããŠãã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã®åŸ©å±ã®æåŸã¯ "X, Y, Z, and per se and" ãšãã圢ã«ãªã£ãããã®æåŸã®ãã¬ãŒãºãç¹°ãè¿ããããã¡ã« "ampersand" ãšãªãŸã£ãŠããããã®èšèã¯1837幎ãŸã§ã«ã¯è±èªã®äžè¬çãªèªæ³ãšãªã£ãã
ã¢ã³ãã¬=ããªã»ã¢ã³ããŒã«ããã®èšå·ãèªèº«ã®èäœã§äœ¿ãããããåºãèªãŸããããããã®èšå·ã "AmpÚre's and" ãšåŒã°ããããã«ãªã£ããšãã誀ã£ãèªæºä¿èª¬ãããã
ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã®èµ·æºã¯1äžçŽã®å€ããŒãçèšäœã«ãŸã§ããã®ãŒãããšãã§ãããå€ããŒãçèšäœã§ã¯ãE ãš T ã¯ãã°ãã°ååãšããŠç¹ããŠæžãããŠãã(å·Šå³ãã¢ã³ããµã³ãã®å€é·ãã®å圢1)ãããã«ç¶ããæµéºããå¢ããæ°ããŒãçèšäœã§ã¯ãããŸããŸãªååã極ããŠé »ç¹ã«äœ¿ãããããã«ãªã£ããå圢2ãš3ã¯4äžçŽäžé ã«ããã et ã®ååã®äŸã§ããããã®åŸã9äžçŽã®ã«ããªã³ã°å°æåäœã«è³ãã©ãã³æåã®å€é·ã®éçšã§ãååã®äœ¿çšã¯äžè¬ã«ã¯å»ããŠãã£ããããããet ã®ååã¯äœ¿ããç¶ãã次第ã«å
ã®æåããããã«ããå圢ã«å€åããŠãã£ã(å圢4ãã6)ã
çŸä»£ã®ã€ã¿ãªãã¯äœã®ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã¯ãã«ããµã³ã¹æã«çºå±ããçèšäœã§ã® et ã®ååã«ããã®ãŒãã1455幎ã®ãšãŒãããã«ãããå°å·æè¡ã®çºæ以éãå°å·æ¥è
ã¯ã€ã¿ãªãã¯äœãšããŒãçèšäœã®ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã®äž¡æ¹ãå€çšããããã«ãªã£ããã¢ã³ããµã³ãã®ã«ãŒãã¯ããŒãæ代ã«ããã®ãŒããããã©ãã³ã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã䜿çšããå€ãã®èšèªã§ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã䜿çšãããããã«ãªã£ãã
ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã¯ãã°ãã°ã©ãã³ã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã®æåŸã®æåãšãããããšããã£ããããšãã°1011幎ã®Byrhtferthã®æåè¡šããã®äŸã§ãããåæ§ã«ã"&" ã¯è±èªã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã®27çªç®ã®æåãšãããã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœããã®ä»ã®å°åã§ããåäŸéã¯ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã¯ã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã®æåŸã®æåã ãšæããããŠããã1863幎㮠M. B. Moore ã®èæž The Dixie Primer, for the Little Folks ã«ãã®äžäŸãèŠãããšãã§ããããžã§ãŒãžã»ãšãªãªããã¯ã1859幎ã«çºè¡šããå°èª¬ãã¢ãã ã»ããŒã(è±èªç)ãã®äžã§ãJacob Storey ã«æ¬¡ã®ã»ãªããèªãããŠããã"He thought it [Z] had only been put to finish off th' alphabet like; though ampusand would ha' done as well, for what he could see." ããç¥ããã童謡㮠Apple Pie ABC 㯠"X, Y, Z, and ampersand, All wished for a piece in hand" ãšããæè©ã§ç· ããããããã
ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã¯ããã£ãåŒèšå·ã® et ("â", Unicode U+204A) ãšã¯å¥ã®ãã®ã§ããããã£ãåŒèšå·ã® et ã¯ãã¢ã³ããµã³ããšæå³ã¯åãã ãæ°åã®ã7ãã«äŒŒã圢ã®èšå·ã§ãããäž¡è
ã¯ãšãã«å€ä»£ãã䜿çšãããäžäžãéããŠã©ãã³èªã® et ãè¡šãããã«äœ¿çšããããããããã¢ã³ããµã³ããšãã£ãåŒèšå·ã® et ã¯ããããç¬ç«ã«çºæããããã®ã§ãããã©ãã³æåããçºå±ããå€ã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãèªã®æåã§ã¯ãã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãèªã® agus(ã...ãš...ã)ãè¡šãããã«ãã£ãåŒèšå·ã® et ã䜿çšãããŠãããä»æ¥ã¯ã²ãŒã«æåã®äžéšãšããŠäž»ã«è£
食çãªç®çã§äœ¿çšãããŠããããã®æåã¯ã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãã«ãããããªã¹ãææ代åæã«ä¿®éé¢ã®åœ±é¿ã«ãã£ãŠæžãæåã«å ãã£ãå¯èœæ§ãããã
æ¥åžžçãªææžãã®å Žåã欧米ã§ã¯å°æå㮠ε(ãšãã·ãã³)ã倧ãããããã®(ãããã¯æ°åã® "3" ã®é¡æå)ã«çžŠç·ãå ãã圢ã®åçŽåãããã¢ã³ããµã³ãããã°ãã°äœ¿ãããããŸãããšãã·ãã³ã®äžäžã«çžŠç·ãŸãã¯ç¹ãä»ãããã®ããã°ãã°äœ¿ãããã
ãã ããçšæ³ãšããŠããã©ã¹èšå·("+", ãã®èšå·ããŸã et ã®ååã§ãã)ãã¢ã³ããµã³ãã®ä»£ããã«äœ¿ãããããšãããããŸãããã©ã¹èšå·ã«èŒªãéãããããªãç¡å£°æ¯èåŽé¢æ©æŠé³ã瀺ãçºé³èšå·ã[ɬ]ãã®ãããªãã®ã䜿ãããããšãããã
ãã£ãã®éèšã«ã¯ãetããè¡šãããã®ãâã(U+204A Tironian sign et)ãããããã®æåã¯ãã€ãã®ãã©ã¯ãã¥ãŒã«ã§äœ¿ãããã»ããã²ãŒã«æåã§ã䜿çšãããã
ã®ãªã·ã¢æåã§ã¯ã......ãšããæå³ããκαιãè¡šãããã®ååãšããŠãÏã(U+03D7 Greek kai symbol)ã䜿ãããããšãããã
ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã§ã¯ãC ãªã©å€æ°ã®èšèªã§ AND æŒç®åãšããŠçšããããã以äžã¯ C ã®äŸã
PHPã§ã¯ãå€æ°å®£èšèšå·($)ã®çŽåã«èšè¿°ããããšã§ãåç
§æž¡ããè¡ãããšãã§ããã
BASIC ç³»åã®èšèªã§ã¯æååã®é£çµæŒç®åãšããŠäœ¿çšãããã"foo" & "bar" 㯠"foobar" ãè¿ãããŸããäž»ã«ãã€ã¯ããœããç³»ã§ã¯æŽæ°ã®åå
é²è¡šèšã« &h ãçšãã&h0F (åé²ã§15)ã®ããã«è¡šçŸããã
SGMLãXMLãHTMLã§ã¯ãã¢ã³ããµã³ãã䜿ã£ãŠSGMLå®äœãåç
§ããã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¢ã³ããµã³ã(&, è±èª: ampersand)ã¯ã䞊ç«å©è©ã...ãš...ããæå³ããèšå·ã§ãããã©ãã³èªã§ã...ãš...ããè¡šãæ¥ç¶è© \"et\" ã®ååãèµ·æºãšãããçŸä»£ã®ãã©ã³ãã§ããTrebuchet MS ãªã©äžéšã®ãã©ã³ãã§ã¯ã\"et\" ã®ååã§ããããšã容æã«ãããå圢ã䜿çšããŠããã",
"title": null
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è±èªã§æè²ãè¡ãåŠæ ¡ã§ã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã埩å±ããå Žåããã®æåèªäœãåèªãšãªãæå(\"A\", \"I\", ãã€ãŠã¯ \"O\" ã)ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãäŒçµ±çã«ã©ãã³èªã® per se(ããèªäœ)ãçšã㊠\"A per se A\" ã®ããã«å±ããããŠããããŸããã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã®æåŸã«ã27çªç®ã®æåã®ããã« \"&\" ãå ããããšãåºãè¡ãããŠããã\"&\" ã¯ã©ãã³èªã§ et ãšèªãŸããŠããããã®ã¡ã«è±èªã§ and ãšèªãŸããããã«ãªã£ããçµæãšããŠãã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã®åŸ©å±ã®æåŸã¯ \"X, Y, Z, and per se and\" ãšãã圢ã«ãªã£ãããã®æåŸã®ãã¬ãŒãºãç¹°ãè¿ããããã¡ã« \"ampersand\" ãšãªãŸã£ãŠããããã®èšèã¯1837幎ãŸã§ã«ã¯è±èªã®äžè¬çãªèªæ³ãšãªã£ãã",
"title": "èªæº"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¢ã³ãã¬=ããªã»ã¢ã³ããŒã«ããã®èšå·ãèªèº«ã®èäœã§äœ¿ãããããåºãèªãŸããããããã®èšå·ã \"AmpÚre's and\" ãšåŒã°ããããã«ãªã£ããšãã誀ã£ãèªæºä¿èª¬ãããã",
"title": "èªæº"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã®èµ·æºã¯1äžçŽã®å€ããŒãçèšäœã«ãŸã§ããã®ãŒãããšãã§ãããå€ããŒãçèšäœã§ã¯ãE ãš T ã¯ãã°ãã°ååãšããŠç¹ããŠæžãããŠãã(å·Šå³ãã¢ã³ããµã³ãã®å€é·ãã®å圢1)ãããã«ç¶ããæµéºããå¢ããæ°ããŒãçèšäœã§ã¯ãããŸããŸãªååã極ããŠé »ç¹ã«äœ¿ãããããã«ãªã£ããå圢2ãš3ã¯4äžçŽäžé ã«ããã et ã®ååã®äŸã§ããããã®åŸã9äžçŽã®ã«ããªã³ã°å°æåäœã«è³ãã©ãã³æåã®å€é·ã®éçšã§ãååã®äœ¿çšã¯äžè¬ã«ã¯å»ããŠãã£ããããããet ã®ååã¯äœ¿ããç¶ãã次第ã«å
ã®æåããããã«ããå圢ã«å€åããŠãã£ã(å圢4ãã6)ã",
"title": "æŽå²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çŸä»£ã®ã€ã¿ãªãã¯äœã®ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã¯ãã«ããµã³ã¹æã«çºå±ããçèšäœã§ã® et ã®ååã«ããã®ãŒãã1455幎ã®ãšãŒãããã«ãããå°å·æè¡ã®çºæ以éãå°å·æ¥è
ã¯ã€ã¿ãªãã¯äœãšããŒãçèšäœã®ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã®äž¡æ¹ãå€çšããããã«ãªã£ããã¢ã³ããµã³ãã®ã«ãŒãã¯ããŒãæ代ã«ããã®ãŒããããã©ãã³ã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã䜿çšããå€ãã®èšèªã§ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã䜿çšãããããã«ãªã£ãã",
"title": "æŽå²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã¯ãã°ãã°ã©ãã³ã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã®æåŸã®æåãšãããããšããã£ããããšãã°1011幎ã®Byrhtferthã®æåè¡šããã®äŸã§ãããåæ§ã«ã\"&\" ã¯è±èªã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã®27çªç®ã®æåãšãããã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœããã®ä»ã®å°åã§ããåäŸéã¯ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã¯ã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã®æåŸã®æåã ãšæããããŠããã1863幎㮠M. B. Moore ã®èæž The Dixie Primer, for the Little Folks ã«ãã®äžäŸãèŠãããšãã§ããããžã§ãŒãžã»ãšãªãªããã¯ã1859幎ã«çºè¡šããå°èª¬ãã¢ãã ã»ããŒã(è±èªç)ãã®äžã§ãJacob Storey ã«æ¬¡ã®ã»ãªããèªãããŠããã\"He thought it [Z] had only been put to finish off th' alphabet like; though ampusand would ha' done as well, for what he could see.\" ããç¥ããã童謡㮠Apple Pie ABC 㯠\"X, Y, Z, and ampersand, All wished for a piece in hand\" ãšããæè©ã§ç· ããããããã",
"title": "æŽå²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã¯ããã£ãåŒèšå·ã® et (\"â\", Unicode U+204A) ãšã¯å¥ã®ãã®ã§ããããã£ãåŒèšå·ã® et ã¯ãã¢ã³ããµã³ããšæå³ã¯åãã ãæ°åã®ã7ãã«äŒŒã圢ã®èšå·ã§ãããäž¡è
ã¯ãšãã«å€ä»£ãã䜿çšãããäžäžãéããŠã©ãã³èªã® et ãè¡šãããã«äœ¿çšããããããããã¢ã³ããµã³ããšãã£ãåŒèšå·ã® et ã¯ããããç¬ç«ã«çºæããããã®ã§ãããã©ãã³æåããçºå±ããå€ã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãèªã®æåã§ã¯ãã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãèªã® agus(ã...ãš...ã)ãè¡šãããã«ãã£ãåŒèšå·ã® et ã䜿çšãããŠãããä»æ¥ã¯ã²ãŒã«æåã®äžéšãšããŠäž»ã«è£
食çãªç®çã§äœ¿çšãããŠããããã®æåã¯ã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãã«ãããããªã¹ãææ代åæã«ä¿®éé¢ã®åœ±é¿ã«ãã£ãŠæžãæåã«å ãã£ãå¯èœæ§ãããã",
"title": "æŽå²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥åžžçãªææžãã®å Žåã欧米ã§ã¯å°æå㮠ε(ãšãã·ãã³)ã倧ãããããã®(ãããã¯æ°åã® \"3\" ã®é¡æå)ã«çžŠç·ãå ãã圢ã®åçŽåãããã¢ã³ããµã³ãããã°ãã°äœ¿ãããããŸãããšãã·ãã³ã®äžäžã«çžŠç·ãŸãã¯ç¹ãä»ãããã®ããã°ãã°äœ¿ãããã",
"title": "ææžã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã ããçšæ³ãšããŠããã©ã¹èšå·(\"+\", ãã®èšå·ããŸã et ã®ååã§ãã)ãã¢ã³ããµã³ãã®ä»£ããã«äœ¿ãããããšãããããŸãããã©ã¹èšå·ã«èŒªãéãããããªãç¡å£°æ¯èåŽé¢æ©æŠé³ã瀺ãçºé³èšå·ã[ɬ]ãã®ãããªãã®ã䜿ãããããšãããã",
"title": "ææžã"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãã£ãã®éèšã«ã¯ãetããè¡šãããã®ãâã(U+204A Tironian sign et)ãããããã®æåã¯ãã€ãã®ãã©ã¯ãã¥ãŒã«ã§äœ¿ãããã»ããã²ãŒã«æåã§ã䜿çšãããã",
"title": "åæ§ã®èšå·"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã®ãªã·ã¢æåã§ã¯ã......ãšããæå³ããκαιãè¡šãããã®ååãšããŠãÏã(U+03D7 Greek kai symbol)ã䜿ãããããšãããã",
"title": "åæ§ã®èšå·"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã§ã¯ãC ãªã©å€æ°ã®èšèªã§ AND æŒç®åãšããŠçšããããã以äžã¯ C ã®äŸã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "PHPã§ã¯ãå€æ°å®£èšèšå·($)ã®çŽåã«èšè¿°ããããšã§ãåç
§æž¡ããè¡ãããšãã§ããã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "BASIC ç³»åã®èšèªã§ã¯æååã®é£çµæŒç®åãšããŠäœ¿çšãããã\"foo\" & \"bar\" 㯠\"foobar\" ãè¿ãããŸããäž»ã«ãã€ã¯ããœããç³»ã§ã¯æŽæ°ã®åå
é²è¡šèšã« &h ãçšãã&h0F (åé²ã§15)ã®ããã«è¡šçŸããã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "SGMLãXMLãHTMLã§ã¯ãã¢ã³ããµã³ãã䜿ã£ãŠSGMLå®äœãåç
§ããã",
"title": "ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª"
}
] | ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã¯ã䞊ç«å©è©ãâŠãšâŠããæå³ããèšå·ã§ãããã©ãã³èªã§ãâŠãšâŠããè¡šãæ¥ç¶è© "et" ã®ååãèµ·æºãšãããçŸä»£ã®ãã©ã³ãã§ããTrebuchet MS ãªã©äžéšã®ãã©ã³ãã§ã¯ã"et" ã®ååã§ããããšã容æã«ãããå圢ã䜿çšããŠããã | {{Redirect|&}}
{{Otheruses|èšå·|競走銬|ã¢ã³ããµã³ã (競走銬)}}
{{WikipediaPage|ãã¢ã³ããµã³ã (ïŒ)ãã®äœ¿çš|WP:JPE#å
·äœäŸã«ãã説æ}}
{{è€æ°ã®åé¡|åºå
žã®æèš=2018幎10æ8æ¥ (æ) 14:50 (UTC)|ç¬èªç 究=2018幎10æ8æ¥ (æ) 14:50 (UTC)}}
{{èšå·æå|&}}
[[File:Trebuchet MS ampersand.svg|thumb|100px|[[Trebuchet MS]] ãã©ã³ã]]
'''ã¢ã³ããµã³ã'''ïŒ'''&''', {{Lang-en|ampersand}}ïŒã¯ã䞊ç«å©è©ãâŠãšâŠããæå³ãã[[èšå·]]ã§ããã[[ã©ãã³èª]]ã§ãâŠãšâŠããè¡šãæ¥ç¶è© "et" ã®[[åå]]ãèµ·æºãšãããçŸä»£ã®ãã©ã³ãã§ãã[[Trebuchet MS]] ãªã©äžéšã®ãã©ã³ãã§ã¯ã"et" ã®ååã§ããããšã容æã«ãããå圢ã䜿çšããŠããã
== èªæº ==
{{quote|The term ampersand is a corruption of and (&) per se and, which literally means "(the character) & by itself (is the word) and." The symbol & is derived from the ligature of ET or et, which is the Latin word for "and."<br>
èš³: ã¢ã³ããµã³ããšããèšèã¯ã''and (&) per se and''ïŒ"&" ãšããæåããèªäœã "and" ãšããèšèãæå³ããïŒã[[èšèªå€å|転èš]]ãããã®ã§ããã& ã®èšå·ã¯ãã©ãã³èªã§ "and" ãæå³ãã "[[:wikt:et|ET]]" ãŸã㯠et ã®[[åå]]ãå
ã«ãªã£ãŠããã|source = Geoffrey Glaister, ''Glossary of the Book''<ref name="adobe">{{cite book |last=[[:en:Geoffrey Glaister|Glaister]]|first=[[:en:Geoffrey Glaister|Geoffrey Ashall]]|title=Glossary of the Book|url=https://archive.org/details/glosaryofbook0000unse|url-access=registration|year=1960|publisher=[[:en:Allen & Unwin|George Allen & Unwin]]|location=London}}. åŒçšå
: {{cite web |last=Caflisch |first=Max |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113202304/https://www.adobe.com/type/topics/theampersand.html |archivedate=13 January 2013 |url=https://www.adobe.com/type/topics/theampersand.html|title=The ampersand|work=Adobe Fonts|publisher=[[ã¢ãã|Adobe Systems]] |accessdate=2021-04-17|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
è±èªã§æè²ãè¡ãåŠæ ¡ã§[[è±èªã¢ã«ãã¡ããã|ã¢ã«ãã¡ããã]]ã埩å±ããå Žåããã®æåèªäœãåèªãšãªãæåïŒ"A", "I", ãã€ãŠã¯ "[[:en:Vocative case#English|O]]" ãïŒã«ã€ããŠã¯ãäŒçµ±çã«ã©ãã³èªã® ''[[:en:wikt:per se|per se]]''ïŒããèªäœïŒãçšã㊠"A per se A" ã®ããã«å±ããããŠãã<ref name=aglossary>{{cite book |last=Nares |first=Robert |author-link=:en:Robert Nares |title=A Glossary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n9bfivi9ti4C&pg=PA1 |accessdate=2021-04-17 |year=2011 |origyear=first published 1822 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781108035996 |page=1}}</ref><ref name=worddetective>{{cite web|url=http://www.word-detective.com/052003.html#ampersand |title=The ampersand |work=word-detective |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508140613/http://www.word-detective.com/052003.html |archivedate=8 May 2008 |accessdate=2021-04-17}}</ref>ããŸããã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã®æåŸã«ã27çªç®ã®æåã®ããã« "&" ãå ããããšãåºãè¡ãããŠããã"&" ã¯ã©ãã³èªã§ ''et'' ãšèªãŸããŠããããã®ã¡ã«è±èªã§ ''and'' ãšèªãŸããããã«ãªã£ããçµæãšããŠãã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã®åŸ©å±ã®æåŸã¯ "X, Y, Z, ''and per se and''" ãšãã圢ã«ãªã£ãããã®æåŸã®ãã¬ãŒãºãç¹°ãè¿ããããã¡ã« "ampersand" ãšãªãŸã£ãŠããããã®èšèã¯1837幎ãŸã§ã«ã¯è±èªã®äžè¬çãªèªæ³ãšãªã£ã<ref name=worddetective/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hotword.dictionary.com/ampersand/|title=What character was removed from the alphabet but is still used every day?|date=2 September 2011|work=The Hot Word|publisher=Dictionary.com |accessdate=2021-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{OED|ampersand}} {{subscription}}</ref>ã
[[ã¢ã³ãã¬ïŒããªã»ã¢ã³ããŒã«]]ããã®èšå·ãèªèº«ã®èäœã§äœ¿ãããããåºãèªãŸããããããã®èšå·ã "AmpÚre's and" ãšåŒã°ããããã«ãªã£ããšãã誀ã£ãèªæºä¿èª¬ããã<ref>ãã®ä¿èª¬ã®äŸã¯ã Jessie Bedford, Elizabeth Godfrey: [https://books.google.com/books?id=AL0KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22 English Children in the Olden Time, page 22]. Methuen & co, 1907, p. 22; Harry Alfred Long: [https://books.google.com/books?id=AWgSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA98 Personal and Family Names, page 98]. Hamilton, Adams & co, 1883. ãªã©ã§èŠãããã</ref>ã
== æŽå² ==
[[File:Historical ampersand evolution.svg|thumb|left|390px|ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã®å€é· å圢1ãã6]]
[[File:Ampersand.svg|thumb|left|çŸä»£ã®ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã¯ã«ããªã³ã°å°æåäœã®ãã®ãšã»ãŒåããå³ã®ã€ã¿ãªãã¯äœã¢ã³ããµã³ãã¯ããæ°ãã et ã®ååãå
ã«ãªã£ãŠããã]]
[[File:etlig.svg|left|frame|[[ã€ã³ã·ã¥ã©ãŒäœ]]ã® et ã®ååã]]
ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã®èµ·æºã¯1äžçŽã®[[ããŒãçèšäœ#å€ããŒãçèšäœ|å€ããŒãçèšäœ]]ã«ãŸã§ããã®ãŒãããšãã§ãããå€ããŒãçèšäœã§ã¯ãE ãš T ã¯ãã°ãã°ååãšããŠç¹ããŠæžãããŠããïŒå·Šå³ãã¢ã³ããµã³ãã®å€é·ãã®å圢1ïŒãããã«ç¶ããæµéºããå¢ãã[[ããŒãçèšäœ#æ°ããŒãçèšäœ|æ°ããŒãçèšäœ]]ã§ã¯ãããŸããŸãªååã極ããŠé »ç¹ã«äœ¿ãããããã«ãªã£ããå圢2ãš3ã¯4äžçŽäžé ã«ããã et ã®ååã®äŸã§ããããã®åŸã9äžçŽã®[[ã«ããªã³ã°å°æåäœ]]ã«è³ãã©ãã³æåã®å€é·ã®éçšã§ãååã®äœ¿çšã¯äžè¬ã«ã¯å»ããŠãã£ããããããet ã®ååã¯äœ¿ããç¶ãã次第ã«å
ã®æåããããã«ããå圢ã«å€åããŠãã£ãïŒå圢4ãã6ïŒ<ref>Jan Tschichold: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140701/http://www.typeforum.de/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=41&mode=&order=0 "Formenwandlung der et-Zeichen."]</ref>ã
çŸä»£ã®[[ã€ã¿ãªãã¯äœ]]ã®ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã¯ã[[ã«ããµã³ã¹|ã«ããµã³ã¹æ]]ã«çºå±ããçèšäœã§ã® et ã®ååã«ããã®ãŒãã1455幎ã®ãšãŒãããã«ããã[[å°å·|å°å·æè¡]]ã®çºæ以éãå°å·æ¥è
ã¯ã€ã¿ãªãã¯äœãšããŒãçèšäœã®ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã®äž¡æ¹ãå€çšããããã«ãªã£ããã¢ã³ããµã³ãã®ã«ãŒãã¯ããŒãæ代ã«ããã®ãŒãããã[[ã©ãã³æå|ã©ãã³ã¢ã«ãã¡ããã]]ã䜿çšããå€ãã®èšèªã§ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã䜿çšãããããã«ãªã£ãã
ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã¯ãã°ãã°ã©ãã³ã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã®æåŸã®æåãšãããããšããã£ããããšãã°1011幎ã®[[:en:Byrhtferth|Byrhtferth]]ã®æåè¡šããã®äŸã§ãã<ref>{{cite web|last=Everson|first=Michael|author2=Sigurðsson, Baldur|author3=Málstöð, Ãslensk|date=7 June 1994|title=On the status of the Latin letter ßorn and of its sorting order|url=http://www.evertype.com/standards/wynnyogh/thorn.html|url-status=live|work=Evertype|accessdate=2021-04-18}}</ref>ãåæ§ã«ã"&" ã¯è±èªã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã®27çªç®ã®æåãšãããã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœããã®ä»ã®å°åã§ããåäŸéã¯ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã¯ã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã®æåŸã®æåã ãšæããããŠããã1863幎㮠M. B. Moore ã®èæž ''The Dixie Primer, for the Little Folks'' ã«ãã®äžäŸãèŠãããšãã§ãã<ref>{{cite web|url=http://docsouth.unc.edu/imls/moore/moore.html#moore5|work=Branson, Farrar & Co., Raleigh NC|title=The Dixie Primer, for the Little Folks|accessdate=2021-04-18}}</ref>ã[[ãžã§ãŒãžã»ãšãªãªãã]]ã¯ã1859幎ã«çºè¡šããå°èª¬ã{{ä»®ãªã³ã¯|ã¢ãã ã»ããŒã|en|Adam Bede}}ãã®äžã§ãJacob Storey ã«æ¬¡ã®ã»ãªããèªãããŠããã"He thought it <nowiki>[Z]</nowiki> had only been put to finish off th' alphabet like; though ampusand would ha' done as well, for what he could see."<ref>{{cite book |first=George |last=Eliot |title=Adam Bede |chapter=Chapter XXI |chapter-url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/507/507-h/507-h.htm#link2HCH0021 |accessdate=2021-04-18 |publisher=[[ãããžã§ã¯ãã»ã°ãŒãã³ãã«ã¯|Project Gutenberg]]}}</ref> ããç¥ããã童謡㮠[[:en:Apple Pie ABC|Apple Pie ABC]] 㯠"X, Y, Z, and ampersand, All wished for a piece in hand" ãšããæè©ã§ç· ããããããã
ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã¯ã[[ãã£ãã®éèš|ãã£ãåŒèšå·]]ã® et ("â", Unicode U+204A) ãšã¯å¥ã®ãã®ã§ããããã£ãåŒèšå·ã® et ã¯ãã¢ã³ããµã³ããšæå³ã¯åãã ãæ°åã®ã7ãã«äŒŒã圢ã®èšå·ã§ãããäž¡è
ã¯ãšãã«å€ä»£ãã䜿çšãããäžäžãéããŠã©ãã³èªã® ''et'' ãè¡šãããã«äœ¿çšããããããããã¢ã³ããµã³ããšãã£ãåŒèšå·ã® et ã¯ããããç¬ç«ã«çºæããããã®ã§ãã<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=ampersand |title=Ampersand|work=The Online Etymological Dictionary|accessdate=2021-04-18}}</ref>ãã©ãã³æåããçºå±ãã[[å€ã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãèª]]ã®æåã§ã¯ãã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãèªã® ''agus''ïŒãâŠãšâŠãïŒãè¡šãããã«ãã£ãåŒèšå·ã® et ã䜿çšãããŠãããä»æ¥ã¯[[ã²ãŒã«æå]]ã®äžéšãšããŠäž»ã«è£
食çãªç®çã§äœ¿çšãããŠããããã®æåã¯ã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãã«ãããããªã¹ãææ代åæã«ä¿®éé¢ã®åœ±é¿ã«ãã£ãŠæžãæåã«å ãã£ãå¯èœæ§ãããã
{{clear}}
==ææžã==
æ¥åžžçãªææžãã®å Žåã[[欧米]]ã§ã¯å°æåã® {{el|[[ε]]}}ïŒãšãã·ãã³ïŒã倧ãããããã®ïŒãããã¯æ°åã® "3" ã®é¡æåïŒã«çžŠç·ãå ãã圢ã®åçŽåãããã¢ã³ããµã³ãããã°ãã°äœ¿ããã<ref name="handwriting" />ããŸãããšãã·ãã³ã®äžäžã«çžŠç·ãŸãã¯ç¹ãä»ãããã®ããã°ãã°äœ¿ããã<ref name="handwriting" />ã
ãã ããçšæ³ãšããŠã[[ãã©ã¹èšå·ãšãã€ãã¹èšå·|ãã©ã¹èšå·]]ïŒ"+", ãã®èšå·ããŸã et ã®ååã§ãã<ref>{{cite book|last=Cajori|first=Florian|title=A History of Mathematical Notations, Vol. 1|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.200372|year=1928|publisher=The Open Court Company, Publishers|chapter=Origin and meanings of the signs + and â}}</ref>ïŒãã¢ã³ããµã³ãã®ä»£ããã«äœ¿ãããããšãããããŸãããã©ã¹èšå·ã«èŒªãéãããããªã[[ç¡å£°æ¯èåŽé¢æ©æŠé³]]ã瀺ã[[çºé³èšå·]]ã{{IPA|ɬ}}ãã®ãããªãã®ã䜿ãããããšãããã{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}
<gallery>
File:Ampersand Handwriting 1.jpg|ææžãã®ã¢ã³ããµã³ãïŒãšãã·ãã³ã«çžŠç·ãåŒããæžäœïŒ<ref name="handwriting">{{cite web|url=https://www.webpagefx.com/blog/web-design/visual-guide-ampersand/|work=Six Revisions|title=A Visual Guide to the Ampersand (Infographic)|accessdate=2021-04-18}}</ref>
File:Ampersand Handwriting 3.jpg|ãšãã·ãã³ã®äžäžç«¯ã«ãããã瞊ç·ãä»ããã¿ã€ã<ref name="handwriting" />
File:Epsilon Ampersand.png|ãšãã·ãã³ãšçžŠç·ã«ããææžããå
ã«ããã¢ã³ããµã³ãã®å圢ã®äžçš®<ref name="handwriting" />
File:Ampersand Handwriting 2.jpg|ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã®ä»£çšãšããŠææžãã®ãã©ã¹èšå·ã䜿çšããå Žåã®äŸ
</gallery>
== åæ§ã®èšå· ==
[[ãã£ãã®éèš]]ã«ã¯ãetããè¡šãããã®ã{{unicode|â}}ã(U+204A Tironian sign et)ãããããã®æåã¯[[ãã€ã]]ã®[[ãã©ã¯ãã¥ãŒã«]]ã§äœ¿ãããã»ãã[[ã²ãŒã«æå]]ã§ã䜿çšãããã
[[ã®ãªã·ã¢æå]]ã§ã¯ãâŠâŠãšããæå³ãã{{el|και}}ãè¡šãããã®[[åå]]ãšããŠã{{el|Ï}}ã(U+03D7 Greek kai symbol)ã䜿ãããããšãããã
{|class="wikitable"
|[[File:Fliegende BlÀtter Band 1 (MÌnchen 1845) Nr. 21 S. 168.png|400px|frameless]]
|ãã©ã¯ãã¥ãŒã«ã§ãetc.ããã{{unicode|âc.}}ããšæžããäŸïŒ1845幎ã®éèªèšäºããïŒã
|-
|[[File:Caslon Greek type sample.jpeg|350px|frameless]]
|2è¡ç®ã«ã{{el|Ï}}ãã䜿çšïŒ18äžçŽã®ã®ãªã·ã¢æåã®æŽ»åãµã³ãã«ã[[ã¯ã»ããã³]]ã[[ãœã¯ã©ãã¹ã®æãåº]]ã2.1.21ããïŒã
|}
== ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª ==
[[ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª]]ã§ã¯ã[[Cèšèª|C]] ãªã©å€æ°ã®èšèªã§ AND [[æŒç®å]]ãšããŠçšããããã以äžã¯ C ã®äŸã
* <code>X = A '''&&''' B</code> ã®ããã«2åéãããã®ã¯[[è«çç©|è«ç AND]] ãè¡šãããã®å Žå A, B ããšãã«çãªãã° X ãçããã以å€ã¯åœã§ããã
* <code>0x12345678 '''&''' 0x0f0f0f0f</code> ã®ããã«1åã§ããã°[[ãããæŒç®#AND|ããã AND]] ãè¡šãããã®å Žåã®çµæ㯠<code>0x02040608</code> ã§ããã
[[PHP (ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèª)|PHP]]ã§ã¯ãå€æ°å®£èšèšå·ïŒ$ïŒã®çŽåã«èšè¿°ããããšã§ã[[åç
§æž¡ã]]ãè¡ãããšãã§ããã
[[BASIC]] ç³»åã®èšèªã§ã¯[[æåå]]ã®é£çµæŒç®åãšããŠäœ¿çšãããã<code>"foo" '''&''' "bar"</code> 㯠<code>"foobar"</code> ãè¿ãããŸããäž»ã«[[ãã€ã¯ããœãã]]ç³»ã§ã¯æŽæ°ã®[[åå
é²æ³|åå
é²è¡šèš]]ã« '''<code>&h</code>''' ãçšãã<code>&h0F</code> ïŒåé²ã§15ïŒã®ããã«è¡šçŸããã
[[Standard Generalized Markup Language|SGML]]ã[[Extensible Markup Language|XML]]ã[[HyperText Markup Language|HTML]]ã§ã¯ãã¢ã³ããµã³ãã䜿ã£ãŠ[[SGMLå®äœ]]ãåç
§ããã
== 笊å·äœçœ® ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!èšå·!![[Unicode]]!![[JIS X 0213]]!![[æååç
§]]!!å称
{{CharCode|38|0026|1-1-85|Ampersand|amp}}
{{CharCode|1789|06fd|-|Arabic Sign Sindhi Ampersand}}
{{CharCode|8266|204a|-|Tironian Sign Et}}
{{CharCode|8523|214b|-|Turned Ampersand}}
{{CharCode|11858|2e52|-|Tironian Sign Capital Et}}
{{CharCode|65120|fe60|-|Small Ampersand}}
{{CharCode|65286|ff06|1-1-85|ã¢ã³ããµã³ãïŒå
šè§ïŒ}}
{{CharCode|128624|1f670|-|Script Ligature Et Ornament}}
{{CharCode|128625|1f671|-|Heavy Script Ligature Et Ornament}}
{{CharCode|128626|1f672|-|Ligature Open Et Ornament}}
{{CharCode|128627|1f673|-|Heavy Ligature Open Et Ornament}}
{{CharCode|128628|1f674|-|Heavy Ampersand Ornament}}
{{CharCode|128629|1f675|-|Swash Ampersand Ornament}}
|}
== è泚 ==
{{Reflist}}
== å€éšãªã³ã¯ ==
{{Commons|Ampersand}}
{{punctuation marks|&}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:ããã¯ãããš}}
[[Category:çŽç©]]
[[Category:ã©ãã³èªã®èªå¥]]
[[Category:è«çèšå·]] | null | 2023-07-22T23:46:20Z | false | false | false | [
"Template:OED",
"Template:Subscription",
"Template:Commons",
"Template:Otheruses",
"Template:Citation needed",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:El",
"Template:CharCode",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Lang-en",
"Template:Quote",
"Template:Clear",
"Template:è€æ°ã®åé¡",
"Template:ä»®ãªã³ã¯",
"Template:Punctuation marks",
"Template:IPA",
"Template:Unicode",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Redirect",
"Template:WikipediaPage",
"Template:èšå·æå"
] | https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89 |
10 | èšèª | èšèª(ããã)ã¯ãç矩ã«ã¯ã声ã«ããèšå·ã®äœç³»ããããã
åºèŸèã倧èŸæ³ã«ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«è§£èª¬ãããŠããã
ãæ¥æ¬å€§çŸç§å
šæžãã§ã¯ããèšèªããšããèªã¯å€çŸ©ã§ããããšè§£èª¬ããã倧è³ã®èšèªäžæ¢(è±èªç)ã«èãããããèªåœãšææ³èŠåã®äœç³»ããæãããšãããããã®äœç³»ãçšããèœåãšããŠãšãããããšãããããšè§£èª¬ãããäžæ¹ã§ã¯ãæœè±¡çã«ããã¹ãŠã®äººéãå
±æããèšèªèœåããæãããšãããããåã
ã®åå¥èšèªããæãããšãããããšè§£èª¬ãããŠããã
åºçŸ©ã®èšèªã«ã¯ãverbalãª(èšèã«è¡šã)ãã®ãšnon-verbalãª(èšèãšããŠè¡šãããªã)ãã®(åçš®èšå·ãã¢ã€ã³ã³ãå³åœ¢ãããã£ãŒã©ã³ã²ãŒãžç)ã®äž¡æ¹ãå«ã¿ãæ¥åžžã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã§ã¯ç矩ã®èšèªè¡šçŸã«èº«æ¯ããææ¯ããå³ç€ºãæ¬é³çãå ããŠè¡šçŸãããããšãããã
èšèªã¯ã人éãçšããæå¿äŒéæ段ã§ããã瀟äŒéå£å
ã§åœ¢æç¿åŸãããæå¿ãçžäºã«äŒéããããšããæœè±¡çãªæèãå¯èœã«ããçµæãšããŠäººéã®ç€ŸäŒç掻åãæåç掻åãæ¯ããŠãããèšèªã«ã¯ãæåã®ç¹åŸŽãç¹ã蟌ãŸããŠãããå
±åäœã§çšããããŠããèšèªã®ç¿åŸãããããšã«ãã£ãŠããã®å
±åäœã§ã®ç€ŸäŒçåŠç¿ãããã³äººæ Œã®åœ¢æãããŠããããšã«ãªãã
ãœã·ã¥ãŒã«ã®ç 究ããèšèªåŠã®çºå±ã®äžã§éåžžã«éèŠãªåœ¹å²ãæãããããã§ãããããœã·ã¥ãŒã«ä»¥éã¯ããå
±åäœã®çšããèšèªäœç³»ãã®ããšã¯ãlangue ã©ã³ã°ããšåŒã°ããããã«å¯ŸããŠãåã
ã®äººãè¡ãèšèªæŽ»åã¯ãparole ãããŒã«ããšããçšèªã§åŒã°ããããã«ãªã£ãŠããã
ãé³é»ã ãš ãæå³ãã®éã®çµã³ä»ãæ¹ããŸãããæåããšé³é»ã»åœ¢æ
çŽ ã»åèªãšã®éã®çµã³ä»ãæ¹ã¯ã瀟äŒçã«äœãããŠããç¿æ
£ã§ããã
èšèªãšéèšèªã®å¢çãåé¡ã«ãªãããæåã䜿ãæ¹æ³ãšæåãçšããªãæ¹æ³ã®åºå¥ã®ã¿ã§ãèšèªè¡šçŸãéèšèªè¡šçŸããåºå¥ããããšã¯ã§ããªããæœè±¡èšå·ã«ã¯æåè¡šçŸãšéæåè¡šçŸ(ç©åèšå·ããé³èšå·ãªã©)ããããæåè¡šçŸã¯èšèªè¡šçŸãšæåèšå·ã«åãããããèšèªè¡šçŸãšåºå¥ãããæåèšå·ãšã¯ãæåã䜿ã£ãŠãããèª(word)ã§ãªããã®ããããååŠåŒH2Oãªã©ããã®äŸã§ãããååŠåŒã¯èªç¶èšèªã®ææ³ãäœçšããŠããããååŠåŒç¬ç¹ã®ææ³ã§æ§æãããŠããã
èšèªã«ã¯ããŸããŸãªåé¡ããããå£èªãå£é èšèªãæžèšèšèªãæèªããšãã£ãåé¡ãããããéãªãéšåãããã¯ã£ããåé¡ã§ãããã®ã§ããªãããŸãå±æèªã»è çèªã»å€ç«èªãšãã£ããããªåé¡ãããã詳现ã¯èšèªé¡åè«ãåç
§ã
èšèªçè¡šçŸã¯èªã¿äžãã«ãã£ãŠé³å£°è¡šçŸãç¹ååã«ãã觊èŠè¡šçŸã«å€æãããããèšèªçè¡šçŸã®ç¹æ§ã¯ä¿åãããèŠèŠçã«è¡šçŸããããã®ãšåçã«åãæ±ãããšãã§ããã æ話ã«é¢ããŠã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªå¯Ÿå¿æ話ãã¯äžè¬ã®æ¥æ¬èªã®è©±ãèšèãæžãèšèãšåäžã®èšèªã®ãèŠèŠèšèªããŒãžã§ã³ãã§ãããããæ¥æ¬æ話ãã¯äžè¬ã®æ¥æ¬èªãšã¯ç°ãªãèšèªãšèããããŠããããã¡ãã¯é³å£°èšèªãæåèšèªãšã¯ç°ãªããèŠèŠèšèªããšããããšã«ãªããªã©ãåé¡ã¯åçŽã§ã¯ãªãã
以äžã®èªç¶çºççãªãèªç¶ãèšèªã®ä»ãè¿ä»£ä»¥éããšã¹ãã©ã³ããªã©ã®åœéè£å©èªãªã©ã人工èšèªãäœãããã
èªç¶èšèªä»¥å€ã«ã€ããŠã¯ã人工èšèªã»åœ¢åŒèšèªã»ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿èšèªãªã©ã®åèšäºãåç
§ã
ãžã£ãã¯ã»ããªããšãããäžè¬ã«ãã¹ãæ§é 䞻矩ã®ä»£è¡šçå²åŠè
ãšäœçœ®ã¥ããããŠãããã©ã³ã¹ã®å²åŠè
ã¯ãã声ããåºç€ãšãæåããã®ä»£æ¿ãšããçºæ³ãèšèªåŠã«ååšããããšäž»åŒµããããã«å¯Ÿããæ¹å€ãæããããç«å Žã䞻匵ããããã°ã©ããããžãŒã«ã€ããŠããšã差延ãã®èšäºãåç
§ã
åå¥èšèªã¯ãæ°æã®æ»
亡ãä»èšèªã«ããåžåã«ãã£ãŠäœ¿çšãããªããªãããšãããããã®ãããªèšèªã¯æ»èªãšåŒã°ããæ»èªãåã³æ¯èªãšããŠäœ¿çšãããããšã¯æŽå²äžã«ãã äžäŸãããã©ã€èªã®äŸãããªããããããããã©ã€èªã¯èªç¶ã«åŸ©æŽ»ããããã§ãå®å
šã«æ¶æ»
ããŠããããã§ããªããæç« èªãšããŠåç¶ããŠããèšèªãããã¬ã¹ããã«ç§»äœãããŠãã€äººãã¡ã20äžçŽã«å
¥ã£ãŠæ¥åžžèªãšããŠäººå·¥çã«åŸ©æŽ»ãããã€ã¹ã©ãšã«å»ºåœãšãšãã«å
¬çšèªã«æå®ããŠå®å
šã«åçããããã®ã§ããããã®ã»ãã«ããå€å
žã¢ã©ãã¢èªãã©ãã³èªãå€å
žã®ãªã·ã£èªã®ããã«ãæ¥åžžèªãšããŠã¯æ¶æ»
ããŠãããã®ã®æç« èªãšããŠã¯åç¶ããŠããèšèªãååšããããã®ã»ããæ¥åžžã§ã¯ãã¯ãçšãããããæå
žãå®æè¡çºã®ã¿ã«çšããããããã«ãªã£ãå
žç€Œèšèªãååšããã
è¿å¹Žã話è
æ°ãéåžžã«å°ãªãèšèªãä»èšèªã«é£²ã¿èŸŒãŸããŠæ¶æ»
ããæ°ãã«æ»èªãšåãããšãåé¡èŠãããããã«ãªããæ¶æ»
ã®å±æ©ã«ããèšèªãå±æ©èšèªãšåŒã¶ããã«ãªã£ããããã¯ãäžçã®äžäœåãé²ã¿ã亀é網ã®æŽåãæµéã®è¿
éåãã©ãžãªã»ãã¬ããšãã£ããã¹ã¡ãã£ã¢ã®çºéã«ãã£ãŠãããŸã§å€ç«ãä¿ã£ãŠããå°ããªèšèªããã®ã³ãã¥ããã£ãç¶æã§ããªããªãããã«èµ·ãããšèããããŠããããã倧ããªèŠç¹ã§ã¯è±èªã®åœéèªãšããŠã®å¢å䌞匵ã«ããä»äž»èŠèšèªã®å¢åçž®å°ãããããè±èªåžåœäž»çŸ©ãããã«å«ãŸãããšããããããããªããšã21äžçŽåé ã«ãããŠã¯è±èªãæ¯èªãšããæ°æãå€æ°æŽŸãå ããåœå®¶ãé€ããŠã¯è±èªã®ã°ããŒãã«åãèšèªã®å±æ©ã«çŽçµããŠããããã§ã¯ãªããèšèªæ¶æ»
ã¯ãé£æ¥ãããã倧ããªèšèªéå£ãšã®äº€æµãäžå¯æ¬ ãšãªãããã®èšèªåã«å°èšèªéå£ãåã蟌ãŸããããšã«ãã£ãŠèµ·ãããããããåãã¯äººç亀æµãæåç亀æµãçããªå
é²åœå
ã«ãããŠããé¡èã§ãããåã¢ã¡ãªã«ããªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢ãªã©ã§èšèªæ¶æ»
ãæ¥éã«é²ã¿ãçµæžæé·ãšèšèªæ¶æ»
ãšã®éã«ã¯ææãªçžé¢ããããšã®ç 究ãååšããããã®ä»ã®å°åã«ãããŠãèšèªæ¶æ»
ãé²ãã§ããã2010幎ã«ã¯ã€ã³ãé ã®ã¢ã³ããã³è«žå³¶ã«ãããŠèšèªãäžã€æ¶æ»
ããä»ã«ãåå°åã«ãããŠæ¶æ»
ã®å±æ©ã«ããèšèªãååšãããšã®èŠåãçºããããã
äžçã«ååšããèªç¶èšèªã®äžèŠ§ã¯èšèªã®äžèŠ§ãåç
§
èšèªããã€ã©ã®ããã«çãŸããã®ãåãã£ãŠããããè€æ°ã®ä»®èª¬ãååšãããäŸãã°ãã³ããŒã¯ã®èšèªåŠè
ãªãããŒã»ã€ã§ã¹ãã«ã»ã³ã¯ã以äžã®ãããªä»®èª¬ãåæããŠããã
ãªããèšèªãçãŸããã®ãå°çäžã®äžã¶æãªã®ããè€æ°ã¶æãªã®ããåãã£ãŠããªãã
çç©åŠçãªèŠ³ç¹ããèšèªã®èµ·æºãæ¢ãããšããè©Šã¿ããããæè¿ã®ååçç©åŠçç 究ã«ããã°ãFOXP2ãšåã¥ããããŠããéºäŒåã«çããããçš®ã®å€ç°ãèšèªèœåã®ç²åŸã«ã€ãªãã£ãå¯èœæ§ããããããã«ãã®å€ç°ã¯çŸç人é¡ãšãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ãŒã«äººãååãã以åã®30-40äžå¹Žåã«ã¯ãã§ã«çããŠãããšã®è§£æçµæãçºè¡šãããŠãããçŸç人é¡ãç»å Žãšãšãã«æ¢ã«èšèªã身ã«ã€ããŠããå¯èœæ§ãèããããããããFOXP2ã¯èšèªèœåãæããªãä»ã®åç©ã®å€ããæã£ãŠããããšãFOXP2ã®å€ç°ãèšèªèœåã®ç²åŸã®å¿
èŠæ¡ä»¶ã§ãããšã®çŽæ¥çãªèšŒæã¯ãŸã ãªãããŠããªãããšãªã©ã«çæããå¿
èŠãããã
çç©ã®å Žåã«ã¯ãé²åãæ¢ãŸã£ãçç©ãçŸåšãçãæ®ã£ãŠãããçããŠããåç³ããšåŒã°ãããã®ãããããŸããäžèŠäŒŒãŠãã2çš®é¡ãå
šç¶å¥ã®çš®é¡ããé²åããŠãããšããã±ãŒã¹ããããèšèªã«ãåããããªçŸè±¡ãèµ·ããŠããããã®å€åã®é床ã¯äžå®ã§ã¯ãªãã䟵ç¥ã»äº€æã»ç§»åçä»æ°æãšã®æ¥è§Šãå€ããã°ããã®æèšèªã倧ããå€åããã代衚äŸãšããŠè±èªããã©ã³ã¹èªãã«ãŒããã¢èªãã¢ã«ããã¢èªãã¢ã«ã¡ãã¢èªçããããéã«æ¥è§Šãå°ãªããšã»ãšãã©å€åããªããªãã代衚äŸãšããŠãã€ãèªãã¢ã€ã¹ã©ã³ãèªãã®ãªã·ã£èªãã¹ã©ãŽèªæŽŸããã«ãèªæŽŸããµã³ã¹ã¯ãªããèªçããããç¹ã«ã¢ã€ã¹ã©ã³ãèªã¯åºæ¬ææ³ã1000幎åãšã»ãšãã©å€ã£ãŠããªãã
èšèªã¯ããšããšããã€ãã®ç¥èªããååãããšèããããŠãããåäžã®ç¥èªããçºçããã°ã«ãŒããèªæãšåŒã¶ãèªæã¯ããã«èªæŽŸãèªçŸ€ããããŠèšèªãšçŽ°ååãããŠãããäžçã®å€§å€æ°ã®èšèªã¯ãªãããã®èªæã«å±ãããããªãã«ã¯çŸåããä»ã®èšèªãšç³»çµ±é¢ä¿ãç«èšŒãããŠããããèªæã«åé¡ã§ããªãå€ç«ããèšèªãååšããããŸããå°çã»æåçã«è¿æ¥ããç°ãªã£ã系統ã®èšèªãçžäºã«åœ±é¿ãããé¡èã«é¡äŒŒããäºäŸãèŠãããããã¯èšèªé£åãšåŒã°ããã
åäžèªæã«å±ããèšèªçŸ€ã®å Žåãå
±éèªåœããèšèªã®ååãã幎代ãå²ãåºãæ¹æ³ãèæ¡ãããŠããã
äžã€ã®èšèªã®èšèªå²ãäœãå Žåãåèªã»ç¶Žãã»çºé³ã»ææ³çããå€ä»£ã»äžäžã»è¿ä»£ãš3åå²ããäŸãã°ãäžäžãã©ã³ã¹èªãçãšåŒã¶ã
ããèšèªãšä»ã®èšèªãæ¥è§Šããå Žåãäž¡èšèªã®è©±è
ã®äº€æµãæ·±ãŸãã«ã€ããŠæ§ã
ãªå€åãçºçããããããèšèªæ¥è§Šãšãããèšèªæ¥è§Šã«ãã£ãŠãäž¡èšèªã«ã¯çžæã®èšèªããèªåœãåçšããåçšèªãçºçããã»ãã亀æµãæ·±ãŸãã«ã€ããŠåæ¥ãç掻äžã®å¿
èŠããæ··æèšèªãçºçããããšãããããã®æ··æèšèªã¯ãåæã«ã¯ããžã³èšèªãšåŒã°ããéåžžã«ç°¡ç¥åããã圢ããšããããããŠèªåœãå¢ãèšèªãšããŠæé·ããŠãããšããã¯ã¬ãªãŒã«èšèªãšãããæ°ããèšèªããšãªã£ãããšèŠãªããã¯ã¬ãªãŒã«èšèªã¯ããžã³èšèªãšæ¯ã¹èªåœãå€ããäœãããã¡ããšäœç³»ã ã£ãææ³ãååšããŠããããäžåã®ç¬ç«ããèšèªããšèŠãªããŠå
šãå·®ãæ¯ããªããã¯ã¬ãªãŒã«èšèªã¯ããžã³èšèªãšéããæ¯èªè©±è
ãååšãããã€ãŸã幌ãããããäž»ã«ãã®èšèªã話ããŠè²ã£ã人ã
ãããããšããããšãç¹åŸŽã§ããã
äžäžã®äžçã«ãããŠã¯ãã°ãã°ãæèªãšæ¥åžžäœ¿çšããèšèªãšã®éã«ã¯éãããã¿ããããªãã«ã¯äžäžãšãŒãããã«ãããã©ãã³èªã®ããã«ãã®åå°ã®èšèãšå
šãç°ãªãèšèªãæç« èªãšããŠæ¡çšããŠããäžçãååšãããã©ãã³èªã¯æ¬§å·ã«ãããŠç¥è人ã®éã®å
±éèªãšããŠçšããããã«ããµã³ã¹ãªã©ã§å€§ããªåœ¹å²ãæããããããããŠå°å·è¡ã®çºå±ãå®ææ¹é©ãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠååœã«ãããŠäœ¿çšãããæ¥åžžèšèªãæèªãšããŠçšããããããã«ãªã£ãããã®éããããŸã§æ¹èšã®é£ç¶äœããæããªãã£ãååœã«ãããŠããã®èšèªãçèšããæšæºçãªè¡šèšæ³ãå®ãŸã£ãŠãããååœã«ãããŠåœå
å
±éèªãšããŠã®æšæºèªãå¶å®ãããããã«ãªã£ããããã¯åºçç©ãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠåŸã
ã«å®ãŸã£ãŠãããã®ãããã°ãäžå€®ã«å
¬çãªèšèªçµ±å¶æ©é¢ã眮ããŠåœå®¶äž»å°ã§æšæºèªãå¶å®ãããã®ããã£ããããããã«ããããããèšèªã®æŽåãšåœå
å
±éèªã®æç«ã¯ãåœæ°åœå®¶ãæç«ãããããã§ã®éèŠãªããŒã¹ãšãªã£ãŠãã£ããäžæ¹ã§ãæšæºèªã®å¶å®ã¯æ¹èšé£ç¶äœã®ãã®ä»ã®èšèªãæ¹èšãšããããšã«ãªããèšèªå
ã§ã®åºåãã€ããããšã«ã€ãªãã£ãã
æãæ°ããèšèªã§ããããŸãèªçããç¬éããšãããããèšèªãšããŠã¯ããã«ã©ã°ã¢ã®åäŸéã®éã§1970幎代åŸåã«çºçããããã«ã©ã°ã¢æ話ãããããããã¯ãèšèªèœåã¯äººéã«çåŸã®ãã®ã§ãããšããèããè£ä»ãããã®ãšãªã£ãã
çŸåšäžçã«ååšããèšèªã®æ°ã¯åæ°çŸãšãæ°åãšãèšãããã1939幎ã«ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ã«ã€ã¹ã»ããŒããŒãã»ã°ã¬ã€(en:Louis Herbert Gray)ã¯èæž Foundations of Language ã«ãããŠã2796èšèªããšå±ãã1979幎ã«ãã€ãã®ãã€ã€ãŒã4200ãã5600èšèªãšå±ããŠãããäžçå ã®ãèšèªåŠå€§èŸå
žããäžçèšèªç·šãã§ã¯8000è¶
ã®èšèªãæ±ã£ãŠããã
ããããæ£ç¢ºã«æ°ããããšã¯ã»ãŒäžå¯èœã§ãããããã¯ãæªçºèŠã®èšèªããæ¶æ»
ãã€ã€ããèšèªãããããã ãã§ã¯ãªããåççãªå°é£ãããããã§ãããã䌌ãŠãããåãã§ã¯ãªããèšèªããé£ãåã£ãŠååšããŠãããšããããã¯äžã€ã®èšèªãªã®ãå¥ã®èšèªãªã®ãåºå¥ããããšã¯é£ãããããã¯ãã人ééå£ããèšèªã®è©±è
ããšããããæ¹èšã®è©±è
ããšãããã®åé¡ã§ããããããšãã°ãæ§ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢ã«å±ããŠããã»ã«ãã¢ãã¯ãã¢ãã¢ããã¹ãã¢ã»ãã«ãã§ãŽãããã¢ã³ããã°ãã®4å°åã®èšèªã¯éåžžã«äŒŒéã£ããã®ã§ãããåŠè¡çã«ã¯æ¹èšé£ç¶äœã§ããã»ã«ãã¢ã»ã¯ãã¢ãã¢èªãšããŠæ±ãããããŸãæ§ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢ã®æ¿æ²»äžã«ãããŠãåœå®¶çµ±äžã®èŠ³ç¹äžããããã®èšèªã¯åäžèšèªãšããŠæ±ãããŠãããããã1991幎ããã®ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢çŽäºã«ãã£ãŠãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢ã厩å£ãããšãç¬ç«ããååœã¯åå°æ¹ã®æ¹èšãããããç¬ç«èšèªãšããŠæ±ãããã«ãªããã»ã«ãã¢èªãã¯ãã¢ãã¢èªããã¹ãã¢èªã®äžèšèªã«æ¿æ²»çã«åããããããã«ãªã£ããããã«2006幎ã«ã¢ã³ããã°ããã»ã«ãã¢ã»ã¢ã³ããã°ãããç¬ç«ãããšãã¢ã³ããã°ãèªãã»ã«ãã¢èªããããã«åããããããã«ãªã£ãããããããæ確ãªæšæºèªãæããè€æ°ã®èšèªäžå¿ãæã€èšèªã®ããšãè€æ°äžå¿å°èšèªãšåŒã³ãè±èªãªã©ãããã«å«ãŸããã
éã«ãäžåœã«ãããŠã¯å京èªããããå
ã«æç«ããæ®é話ãšãäžæµ·èªãåºæ±èªãšãã£ãé éå°ã®èšèªãšã¯å·®ç°ã倧ããäŒè©±ãæç«ããªãã»ã©ã§ããããæžãèšèã¯å
±éã§ããããŸããããŸã§ãäžåœèªçŸ€ã«ã¯å±ããŠããŠå¯Ÿå¿é¢ä¿ãæ確ã§ããããããããèšèªã¯ãã¹ãŠäžåœèªå
ã®æ¹èšãšããŠæ±ãããŠããã
åãèšèªãã©ãããå€å®ããåºæºãšããŠãçžäºç解æ§ãæå±ããèããããã話è
ãçžæã®èšãããšãç解ã§ããå Žåã«ã¯ãåäžèšèªãç解ã§ããªãå Žåã«ã¯å¥èšèªãšãããçžäºç解æ§ã¯èšèªéã®è·é¢ãäŒããéèŠãªæ
å ±ã§ããããããã«ãã£ãŠäžã€ã®èšèªã®ç¯å²ã確å®ããããšãããšãæè¡çé£ããã«ãšã©ãŸããªãå°é£ã«çŽé¢ãããäžã€ã¯ãAã®èšãããšãBãèãåããŠããBã®èšãããšãAãèãåããªããããªèšèªå·®ãããããšã§ãããããäžã€ã¯ãåç³»åã®èšèªãå°ççãªåºããã®äžã§åŸã
ã«å€åããŠããå Žåã«ãã©ãã§ãããã€ã«åå²ãã¹ããªã®ãããããã¯ãŸã£ããåå²ãã¹ãã§ãªãã®ãã決ããããªãããšã§ããã
ããããå°é£ã«éããŠããåäžã®åºæºã決ããŠåé¡ããŠããããšã¯ãçå±ã®äžã§ã¯å¯èœã§ãããããããããŠåäžåºæºãæŒãéãèšèªåŠè
ã¯çŸå®ã«ã¯ããªããããéå£ããèšèªè©±è
ããšããããæ¹èšè©±è
ããšãããã«ã¯ãæ¿æ²»çã»æåçã¢ã€ãã³ãã£ãã£ã®åé¡ãæ·±ãé¢ä¿ããŠãããã©ã®ãããªåºæºãèšããããšãããå°åã§å€ãã®è³æãåŸãããåé¡åºæºã¯ãå¥ã®å°åã§åŒ·ãåçºãåããããšã«ãªããããããåçºã¯èª€ãã ãšèšãããã®è«æ ãèšèªåŠã¯ãã£ãŠããªãã®ã§ãçµå±ã¯æ
£ç¿ã«åŸã£ãŠãå°åããšã«ç°ãªãåºæºãçšããŠåé¡ããããšã«ãªãã
èšèªãšæ¹èšã®åºå¥ã«ã€ããŠãçŸåšãªããã説æã¯äºã€ã§ããã第äžã¯ãèšèªãšæ¹èšã®åºå¥ã«ã¯ãªããèšèªåŠçæå³ã¯ãªããšããã第äºã®ãã®ã¯ãŸããã©ã®æ¹èšãããããèšèªã ãšããããã®äžã§ãããæšæºèªã«å¯ŸããŠéæšæºèªã®é¢ä¿ã«ããåç³»èšèªããæ¹èšãšãããæšæºèªã®éžå®ã¯æ¿æ²»ã«ãããããããããŸããèšèªãšæ¹èšã®åºå¥ã«èšèªåŠçæå³ã¯ãªãããšããç¹ã§ã第äžãšåãã§ããããã®å®çŸ©ã§ã¯ãèšèªã秀ã«ãããŠå€å®ããŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã人ã
ããã®èšèªãã©ãæã£ãŠãããã秀ã«ãããŠããã®ã§ããã
ããèšèªå士ãç¬ç«ã®èšèªå士ãªã®ããåãèšèªã®æ¹èšå士ãªã®ãã®å€å®ã¯éåžžã«æ£æçã§ãããããã®äžæ¹ã§ãæ確ã«ç³»çµ±é¢ä¿ãç°ãªãèšèªå士ã¯ãããšãå
±éã®éå£ã§è©±ãããŠããŠããæ¹èšå士ãšã¯ã¿ãªãããªããšããäºå®ãæããããšãã°ãäžåœçç²çã«äœãå°æ°æ°æãŠãŒã°æã¯è¥¿éšã«äœããã®ã¯ãã¥ã«ã¯ç³»ã®èšèªãæ¯èªãšããæ±éšã«äœããã®ã¯ã¢ã³ãŽã«ç³»ã®èšèªãæ¯èªãšããŠãããäž¡è
ã¯åãæ°æã ãšããæèããããããã®èšèªã¯æ¹èšå士ã§ã¯ãªãã西éšãŠãŒã°èªãæ±éšãŠãŒã°èªãšå¥ã
ã®èšèªãšããŠæ±ãããããŸãæµ·å島ã«ããèšé«äººãæ°æç±äžã¯æŒ¢æ°æã§ãããããã®èšèªã¯æŒ¢èªã®æ¹èšãšããŠã¯æ±ãããã系統ã©ããã¿ã€ã»ã«ãã€èªæã®èšé«èªãšããŠæ±ãããã
䜿çšããæåã¯åèšèªãã©ããã®å€æåºæºãšããŠã¯ããŸãçšããããªããèšèªã¯åºæ¬çã«ã©ã®æåã§ãè¡šèšå¯èœãªãã®ã§ãããããèšèªã䜿çšããæåãå€æŽããããšãäºçš®ä»¥äžã®æåã䜵çšããããšã¯çããããšã§ã¯ãªãããŸãææ³ãªã©ã«æåã¯ãã»ã©åœ±é¿ãäžããªãããã§ãããããŒãŽã¡ããŒã¬ãªãŒæåãçšããã€ã³ãã®å
¬çšèªã§ãããã³ãã£ãŒèªãšãŠã«ãã¥ãŒæåãçšããããã¹ã¿ã³ã®å
¬çšèªã§ãããŠã«ãã¥ãŒèªã¯ããã³ãã¥ã¹ã¿ãŒããŒèªãšããŠåäžèšèªãŸãã¯æ¹èšé£ç¶äœãšããŠæ±ãããããšãããã
äžè¡šã®æ¯èªè©±è
æ°ããã³åé¡ã¯ãããšã¹ãããŒã°ç¬¬21çãã«æºæ ãããåè³æã¯2021幎æç¹ã®æšèšã§ãäžåœèªã¯13æ¹èšãã¢ã©ãã¢èªã¯20æ¹èšãã©ãã³ããŒèªã¯4æ¹èšã®åèšã§ããã
äžå³ã®éããæãæ¯èªè©±è
ã®å€ãèšèªã¯äžåœèªã§ããããå
¬çšèªãšããŠããåœå®¶ã¯äžè¯äººæ°å
±ååœãšäžè¯æ°åœãããã«ã·ã³ã¬ããŒã«ã®3ã€ã®åœå®¶ã«ããããäžçã«ãããŠåºã䜿çšãããŠããèšèªãšããããã§ã¯ãªãããŸããå
±éèªã§ããæ®é話ãå«ã, 13åã®æ¹èšãååšããã
äžèšã®è³æã§è©±è
æ°2äœã®èšèªã¯ã¹ãã€ã³èªã§ãããããã¯ãšãŒããã倧éžã®ã¹ãã€ã³ãçºç¥¥ãšããèšèªã§ãããã17äžçŽã®ã¹ãã€ã³ã«ããæ°å€§éžã®æ€æ°å°åãçµãŠãåã¢ã¡ãªã«ããã³åã¢ã¡ãªã«åéšã«ãããåºå€§ãªèšèªåãç²åŸããã2021幎床ã«ãããŠã¹ãã€ã³èªãå
¬çšèªãšããåœã
ã¯21ã«åœã«ã®ãŒããããã«ã»ãŒå系統ã®èšèªã§ãã5äœã®ãã«ãã¬ã«èªåãåãããæ°å€§éžã®é åã¯ã©ãã³ã¢ã¡ãªã«ãšåŒã°ããåºå€§ãªå
±éèšèªåã圢æããŠããã
äžèšã®è³æã§è±èªã®è©±è
人å£ã¯4äœã ããå
¬çšèªãšããŠã¯55ãåœãšæãå€ãã®åœã§è©±ãããŠãããããã«ãè±èªã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœãã€ã®ãªã¹ã®å
¬çšèªã§ããããäžçã§åºãéèŠèŠãããŠãããäžçã®äžäœåã«äŒŽãç 究ãããžãã¹ãªã©ãè±èªã§è¡ãããå Žé¢ãå¢ããéè±èªåã©ããã®äœæ°ã®äº€æžã«ãããŠãå
±éèªãšããŠè±èªã䜿çšããå Žåããããªã©ãè±èªã®äžçå
±éèªãšããŠã®åœ±é¿åã¯å¢å€§ããŠããåŸåã«ããã
è±èªã«æ¬¡ãåœéèªãšããŠã¯ã17äžçŽãã19äžçŽãŸã§è¥¿æŽã§æãæåãªåœéèªã§ãã£ããã©ã³ã¹èªãæããããããã©ã³ã¹èªã®è©±è
ã¯2å3000äžäººãšããã5ã«ãå
¥ããªããããã©ã³ã¹èªãå
¬çšèªãšããåœã
ã¯ã¢ããªã«ã®æ§ãã©ã³ã¹æ€æ°å°ãäžå¿ã«29ã«åœã«ã®ãŒãã
話è
æ°7äœã®ã¢ã©ãã¢èªãåºãå
±éèšèªåãæã€èšèªã§ãããã¢ã©ãã¢èªã¯ã¯ã«ã¢ãŒã³ã®èšèªãšããŠã€ã¹ã©ã åå
šåã«äœ¿çšè
ãããããšãã«åã¢ããªã«ããäžæ±ã«ãããŠæ¯èªè©±è
ãå€ãããå
¬çšèªãšããåœã
ã¯23ã«åœã«ã®ãŒã£ãŠããŠãã²ãšã€ã®ã¢ã©ãæååã圢æããŠããããã ããããæèªã§ãããã¹ããŒãšå£èªã§ããã¢ãŒã³ããŒã€ã«åãããŠãããã¢ãŒã³ããŒã€ã¯ããã«å€æ°ã®æ¹èšã«ããããŠããã
åœé£ã®å
¬çšèªã¯ãè±èªããã©ã³ã¹èªããã·ã¢èªãäžåœèªãã¹ãã€ã³èªãã¢ã©ãã¢èªã®6ã€ã§ããããããã¯å®å
šä¿éçäºäŒã®åžžä»»çäºåœã®èšèªã«ãåºå€§ãªå
±éèšèªåãæã€ã¹ãã€ã³èªãšã¢ã©ãã¢èªãå ãããã®ã§ããã
èšèªã¯åœå®¶ãæç«ãããããã§ã®éèŠãªèŠçŽ ã§ãããã«ããã«ãããè±èªãšãã©ã³ã¹èªãããã«ã®ãŒã«ããããªã©ã³ãèªãšãã©ã³ã¹èªã®ããã«ãç°ãªãèšèªéã®å¯Ÿç«ããã°ãã°èšèªæŠäºãšåŒã°ããã»ã©ã«æ¿åããŠç¬ç«åé¡ã«çºå±ããåœå®¶ã«å€§ããªåœ±é¿ãåãŒãããšãçãããªããæ±ããã¹ã¿ã³ã®ããã«ã西ããã¹ã¿ã³ã®èšèªã§ãããŠã«ãã¥ãŒèªã®å
¬çšèªåã«åçºããŠãã³ã¬ã«èªãåæ Œã®åœèªãšããããšãæ±ããããšããç¬ç«éåãèµ·ããæçµçã«ãã³ã°ã©ãã·ã¥ãšããŠç¬ç«ãããããªäŸãããã
ããããå Žåãèšèªåå¥ã«å€§ããªèªæ²»æš©ãäžããããåœå®¶ã®å
¬çšèªãè€æ°å¶å®ãããããããšãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠå°æ°æŽŸèšèªè©±è
ã®äžæºããªã ããæ¿çã¯ããçšãããããèšèªåã«åŒ·ãèªæ²»æš©ãäžããå
žåäŸã¯ãã«ã®ãŒã§ãååœã§ã¯1970幎ã«èšèªå
±åäœãèšç«ãããæ°åºŠã®å€æŽãçµãŠãã©ãã³èªå
±åäœããã©ã³ã¹èªå
±åäœããã€ãèªå
±åäœã®3ã€ã®èšèªå
±åäœã®äœµåããé£éŠåœå®¶ãšãªã£ããå
¬çšèªãè€æ°å¶å®ããäŸã§ã¯ã¹ã€ã¹ãå
žåçã§ããããããŸã§ãã€ãèªã®ã¿ã§ãã£ãå
¬çšèªã1848幎ã®æ²æ³ã«ãã£ãŠãã€ãèªã»ãã©ã³ã¹èªã»ã€ã¿ãªã¢èªã®äžå
¬çšèªå¶ãšãªããããã«1938幎ã«ã¯ããã³ã·ã¥èªãåœèªãšãããããã®åŸåãç¹ã«åŒ·ãã®ã¯ã€ã³ãã§ããã1956幎以éãããŸã§ã®å°ççãªåºåããå系統ã®èšèªãçšããå°åãžãšå·ãåç·šããããããããèšèªå·ãæ¿çãåã£ãŠããã
åœå®¶ã«ãããèšèªã®æ§é ã¯ãå
¬çšèª-å
±éèª-æ°æèª(éšæèªãæ¹èš)ã®äžå±€ã®æ§é ãããªã£ãŠããããã£ãšããå
¬çšèªãšå
±éèªããŸãäžå±€ãã¹ãŠãåãèšèªã§ããå Žåã¯ãã®åã ãå±€ã®æ°ã¯æžå°ããã
æ¥æ¬ãäŸã«ãšãã°ãåå°æ¹ã§ã¯ãã®å°æ¹ã®æ¹èšã䜿ã£ãŠãããã€ãŸããåãå°æ¹ã®ã³ãã¥ããã£å
ã§éçšããèšèªã䜿çšããŠããããããä»å°æ¹ããæ¥ã人ãçžæã«ããå Žåãšãªããšãããããæšæºèªã䜿çšããããšãšãªããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ä»ã«æåãªèšèªéå£ãååšããªããããæ¿åºé¢ä¿ã®ææžã«ãæ¥æ¬æšæºèªããã®ãŸãŸäœ¿çšããããã€ãŸããå
±éèªãšå
¬çšèªãåäžã§ãããããå
¬çšèª-æ¹èšã®äºå±€æ§é ãšãªã£ãŠããã
å
¬çšèªãšå
±éèªã¯åé¢ããŠããªãåœå®¶ãå€ãããã¢ããªã«å€§éžã®è«žåœå®¶ã«ãããŠã¯ãã®äžå±€æ§é ãæ確ã«ãããããŠããããããã®åœã«ãããŠã¯ãæ¿åºé¢ä¿ã®å
¬çšèªã¯æ§å®äž»åœã®èšèªã䜿çšãããŠãããåŠæ ¡æè²ããã®èšèªã§è¡ãããããæ°æèªãšããé¢ããååšã§ããããšãããåœæ°ã®äžã§äœ¿çšã§ããå±€ã¯ãã»ã©å€ããªãããã®ç©Žãåããããã«ãåå°åã«ãããŠã¯å
±éèªã話ãããŠãããéŠéœãããå°åã®å
±éèªã匷倧åããåœã®å€§éšåãèŠãããã«ãªãããšãçãããªãããããææ³ã®æŽåãªã©ã®é
ãããåœå
ä»èšèªè©±è
ã®å察ãå
¬çšèªã®äœ¿çšèœåããšãªãŒãå±€ã®æš©åã®æºæ³ãšãªã£ãŠãããªã©ã®äºæ
ã«ãã£ãŠãå
±éèªãå
¬çšèªåã¯ãããªãããšãã»ãšãã©ã§ããããã®äžã«åæ°æã®æ°æèªãååšããã
詳现ã¯å¿çèšèªåŠåã³ãç¥çµèšèªåŠãåç
§
èšèªæ©èœã¯åºæ¬çã«ããã«åºæã®ãã®ã§ãããããèšèªã®ç 究ã«ã¯å°æ°ã®äŸå€ãé€ãåç©ã¢ãã«ãäœãã«ããããã®ãããè³æ¢å¡ãªã©ã§è³ã®å±æãç Žå£ãããçäŸã§ã®ç 究ãã被éšè
ã«2ã€ã®åèªãå瀺ããã®å¹²æžå¹æãç 究ãããªã©ã®å¿çåŠçç 究ãäž»ã«ãªãããŠãããã1980幎代åŸåããè³æ©èœã€ã¡ãŒãžã³ã°ç 究ãææ³ã«å ããã被éšè
ãããŸããŸãªèšèªèª²é¡ãè¡ã£ãŠãããšãã®è³æŽ»åãèŠèŠåã§ããããã«ãªã£ãã
å€å
žçãªãããŒã«é åããŠã§ã«ããã±é åã®ã»ããã·ã«ãŽã£ãŠã¹è£ãå²ãåºãç¯å²(çžäžåãè§åãäžæ¬¡ã»äºæ¬¡èŽèŠéãäžæ¬¡éåéãäœæ§æèŠéãå·Šåé åéãå·ŠäžåŽé å)ã«ããã£ãŠãããè³æ¢å¡ãªã©ã§åéšãæå·ããããšãããããéã£ãã¿ã€ãã®å€±èªãåºçŸãããäŸãã°å·Šåé åéä»è¿ã®æå·ã§çãããããŒã«å€±èªã¯éå倱èªã§ãããèªçºèªã¯éæµæ¢æ§ãšãªã埩å±ãæžåãé害ããããå·ŠåŽé èä»è¿ã®é害ã§çãããŠã§ã«ããã±å€±èªã¯æèŠå€±èªã§ããèªçºèªã¯æµæ¢ã§ããããèšèªç解ã埩å±ãé害ãããæåã«ããèšèªç解ãäžè¯ã§ããã
ã»ãšãã©ã®å³å©ãã®äººã§ã¯ãåèªãææ³ãèªåœãªã©ã®äž»èŠãªèšèªæ©èœã¯å·Šåçåªäœã§ãããããã声ã®ææ(ãããœãã£)ã®ææ¡ãæ¯å©ã®ç解ã«ã€ããŠã¯å³åçåªäœã§ãããšèšãããŠããã
æåã®èªèã«ã¯å·ŠçŽ¡éç¶åãäžã»äžåŸé åãé¢äžãããã挢å(è¡šææå)ãšã²ãããª(è¡šé³æå)ã§æŽ»åããéšäœãç°ãªããšèšãããŠããã
ãããå€æ¹é¢ããç 究ãããŠãããå人ã®èšèªèœåã¯ãèªåé害ããŠã£ãªã¢ã ãºçå矀ãèªéçãªã©ã®ããã«å
šäœçãªç¥çèœåãšã¯ä¹é¢ããããšããããåäœçºçãããã®é²åã«ãããèšèªã®èµ·æºãªã©ã«ãã³ããäžããŠããããŸããããã¯ç°å¢ã®äžã§èŽåããé³å£°ããèªåã§ææ³ãªã©ã®èŠåãèŠåºãåŠç¿ããæ©èœãçåŸçã«åããŠãããããç¹ã«æãããªããŠãèšèªãåŠç¿ã§ãããšããçåŸè«ãšããèããååšããã
æè¿ã®è¿èµ€å€ç·åå
æ³ãçšããç 究ã«ãããŠãçåŸ2ãã5æ¥ã®æ°çå
ãéåçãããé åçã®å£°ãèããã»ããããããã¯å€åœèªããæ¯åœèªãèãããšãã®æ¹ãèŽèŠç®è³ªã®è¡æµå¢å ã倧ããã£ããšå ±åãããŠãããåºç£åããæ¯äœå
ã§èšèªãèŽããŠããããšã瀺åãããã | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èšèª(ããã)ã¯ãç矩ã«ã¯ã声ã«ããèšå·ã®äœç³»ããããã",
"title": null
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åºèŸèã倧èŸæ³ã«ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«è§£èª¬ãããŠããã",
"title": null
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãæ¥æ¬å€§çŸç§å
šæžãã§ã¯ããèšèªããšããèªã¯å€çŸ©ã§ããããšè§£èª¬ããã倧è³ã®èšèªäžæ¢(è±èªç)ã«èãããããèªåœãšææ³èŠåã®äœç³»ããæãããšãããããã®äœç³»ãçšããèœåãšããŠãšãããããšãããããšè§£èª¬ãããäžæ¹ã§ã¯ãæœè±¡çã«ããã¹ãŠã®äººéãå
±æããèšèªèœåããæãããšãããããåã
ã®åå¥èšèªããæãããšãããããšè§£èª¬ãããŠããã",
"title": null
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åºçŸ©ã®èšèªã«ã¯ãverbalãª(èšèã«è¡šã)ãã®ãšnon-verbalãª(èšèãšããŠè¡šãããªã)ãã®(åçš®èšå·ãã¢ã€ã³ã³ãå³åœ¢ãããã£ãŒã©ã³ã²ãŒãžç)ã®äž¡æ¹ãå«ã¿ãæ¥åžžã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã§ã¯ç矩ã®èšèªè¡šçŸã«èº«æ¯ããææ¯ããå³ç€ºãæ¬é³çãå ããŠè¡šçŸãããããšãããã",
"title": null
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èšèªã¯ã人éãçšããæå¿äŒéæ段ã§ããã瀟äŒéå£å
ã§åœ¢æç¿åŸãããæå¿ãçžäºã«äŒéããããšããæœè±¡çãªæèãå¯èœã«ããçµæãšããŠäººéã®ç€ŸäŒç掻åãæåç掻åãæ¯ããŠãããèšèªã«ã¯ãæåã®ç¹åŸŽãç¹ã蟌ãŸããŠãããå
±åäœã§çšããããŠããèšèªã®ç¿åŸãããããšã«ãã£ãŠããã®å
±åäœã§ã®ç€ŸäŒçåŠç¿ãããã³äººæ Œã®åœ¢æãããŠããããšã«ãªãã",
"title": "æŠèª¬"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãœã·ã¥ãŒã«ã®ç 究ããèšèªåŠã®çºå±ã®äžã§éåžžã«éèŠãªåœ¹å²ãæãããããã§ãããããœã·ã¥ãŒã«ä»¥éã¯ããå
±åäœã®çšããèšèªäœç³»ãã®ããšã¯ãlangue ã©ã³ã°ããšåŒã°ããããã«å¯ŸããŠãåã
ã®äººãè¡ãèšèªæŽ»åã¯ãparole ãããŒã«ããšããçšèªã§åŒã°ããããã«ãªã£ãŠããã",
"title": "æŠèª¬"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãé³é»ã ãš ãæå³ãã®éã®çµã³ä»ãæ¹ããŸãããæåããšé³é»ã»åœ¢æ
çŽ ã»åèªãšã®éã®çµã³ä»ãæ¹ã¯ã瀟äŒçã«äœãããŠããç¿æ
£ã§ããã",
"title": "æŠèª¬"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èšèªãšéèšèªã®å¢çãåé¡ã«ãªãããæåã䜿ãæ¹æ³ãšæåãçšããªãæ¹æ³ã®åºå¥ã®ã¿ã§ãèšèªè¡šçŸãéèšèªè¡šçŸããåºå¥ããããšã¯ã§ããªããæœè±¡èšå·ã«ã¯æåè¡šçŸãšéæåè¡šçŸ(ç©åèšå·ããé³èšå·ãªã©)ããããæåè¡šçŸã¯èšèªè¡šçŸãšæåèšå·ã«åãããããèšèªè¡šçŸãšåºå¥ãããæåèšå·ãšã¯ãæåã䜿ã£ãŠãããèª(word)ã§ãªããã®ããããååŠåŒH2Oãªã©ããã®äŸã§ãããååŠåŒã¯èªç¶èšèªã®ææ³ãäœçšããŠããããååŠåŒç¬ç¹ã®ææ³ã§æ§æãããŠããã",
"title": "æŠèª¬"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èšèªã«ã¯ããŸããŸãªåé¡ããããå£èªãå£é èšèªãæžèšèšèªãæèªããšãã£ãåé¡ãããããéãªãéšåãããã¯ã£ããåé¡ã§ãããã®ã§ããªãããŸãå±æèªã»è çèªã»å€ç«èªãšãã£ããããªåé¡ãããã詳现ã¯èšèªé¡åè«ãåç
§ã",
"title": "æŠèª¬"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èšèªçè¡šçŸã¯èªã¿äžãã«ãã£ãŠé³å£°è¡šçŸãç¹ååã«ãã觊èŠè¡šçŸã«å€æãããããèšèªçè¡šçŸã®ç¹æ§ã¯ä¿åãããèŠèŠçã«è¡šçŸããããã®ãšåçã«åãæ±ãããšãã§ããã æ話ã«é¢ããŠã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªå¯Ÿå¿æ話ãã¯äžè¬ã®æ¥æ¬èªã®è©±ãèšèãæžãèšèãšåäžã®èšèªã®ãèŠèŠèšèªããŒãžã§ã³ãã§ãããããæ¥æ¬æ話ãã¯äžè¬ã®æ¥æ¬èªãšã¯ç°ãªãèšèªãšèããããŠããããã¡ãã¯é³å£°èšèªãæåèšèªãšã¯ç°ãªããèŠèŠèšèªããšããããšã«ãªããªã©ãåé¡ã¯åçŽã§ã¯ãªãã",
"title": "æŠèª¬"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"tag": "p",
"text": "以äžã®èªç¶çºççãªãèªç¶ãèšèªã®ä»ãè¿ä»£ä»¥éããšã¹ãã©ã³ããªã©ã®åœéè£å©èªãªã©ã人工èšèªãäœãããã",
"title": "æŠèª¬"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èªç¶èšèªä»¥å€ã«ã€ããŠã¯ã人工èšèªã»åœ¢åŒèšèªã»ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿èšèªãªã©ã®åèšäºãåç
§ã",
"title": "æŠèª¬"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãžã£ãã¯ã»ããªããšãããäžè¬ã«ãã¹ãæ§é 䞻矩ã®ä»£è¡šçå²åŠè
ãšäœçœ®ã¥ããããŠãããã©ã³ã¹ã®å²åŠè
ã¯ãã声ããåºç€ãšãæåããã®ä»£æ¿ãšããçºæ³ãèšèªåŠã«ååšããããšäž»åŒµããããã«å¯Ÿããæ¹å€ãæããããç«å Žã䞻匵ããããã°ã©ããããžãŒã«ã€ããŠããšã差延ãã®èšäºãåç
§ã",
"title": "æŠèª¬"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åå¥èšèªã¯ãæ°æã®æ»
亡ãä»èšèªã«ããåžåã«ãã£ãŠäœ¿çšãããªããªãããšãããããã®ãããªèšèªã¯æ»èªãšåŒã°ããæ»èªãåã³æ¯èªãšããŠäœ¿çšãããããšã¯æŽå²äžã«ãã äžäŸãããã©ã€èªã®äŸãããªããããããããã©ã€èªã¯èªç¶ã«åŸ©æŽ»ããããã§ãå®å
šã«æ¶æ»
ããŠããããã§ããªããæç« èªãšããŠåç¶ããŠããèšèªãããã¬ã¹ããã«ç§»äœãããŠãã€äººãã¡ã20äžçŽã«å
¥ã£ãŠæ¥åžžèªãšããŠäººå·¥çã«åŸ©æŽ»ãããã€ã¹ã©ãšã«å»ºåœãšãšãã«å
¬çšèªã«æå®ããŠå®å
šã«åçããããã®ã§ããããã®ã»ãã«ããå€å
žã¢ã©ãã¢èªãã©ãã³èªãå€å
žã®ãªã·ã£èªã®ããã«ãæ¥åžžèªãšããŠã¯æ¶æ»
ããŠãããã®ã®æç« èªãšããŠã¯åç¶ããŠããèšèªãååšããããã®ã»ããæ¥åžžã§ã¯ãã¯ãçšãããããæå
žãå®æè¡çºã®ã¿ã«çšããããããã«ãªã£ãå
žç€Œèšèªãååšããã",
"title": "æŠèª¬"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è¿å¹Žã話è
æ°ãéåžžã«å°ãªãèšèªãä»èšèªã«é£²ã¿èŸŒãŸããŠæ¶æ»
ããæ°ãã«æ»èªãšåãããšãåé¡èŠãããããã«ãªããæ¶æ»
ã®å±æ©ã«ããèšèªãå±æ©èšèªãšåŒã¶ããã«ãªã£ããããã¯ãäžçã®äžäœåãé²ã¿ã亀é網ã®æŽåãæµéã®è¿
éåãã©ãžãªã»ãã¬ããšãã£ããã¹ã¡ãã£ã¢ã®çºéã«ãã£ãŠãããŸã§å€ç«ãä¿ã£ãŠããå°ããªèšèªããã®ã³ãã¥ããã£ãç¶æã§ããªããªãããã«èµ·ãããšèããããŠããããã倧ããªèŠç¹ã§ã¯è±èªã®åœéèªãšããŠã®å¢å䌞匵ã«ããä»äž»èŠèšèªã®å¢åçž®å°ãããããè±èªåžåœäž»çŸ©ãããã«å«ãŸãããšããããããããªããšã21äžçŽåé ã«ãããŠã¯è±èªãæ¯èªãšããæ°æãå€æ°æŽŸãå ããåœå®¶ãé€ããŠã¯è±èªã®ã°ããŒãã«åãèšèªã®å±æ©ã«çŽçµããŠããããã§ã¯ãªããèšèªæ¶æ»
ã¯ãé£æ¥ãããã倧ããªèšèªéå£ãšã®äº€æµãäžå¯æ¬ ãšãªãããã®èšèªåã«å°èšèªéå£ãåã蟌ãŸããããšã«ãã£ãŠèµ·ãããããããåãã¯äººç亀æµãæåç亀æµãçããªå
é²åœå
ã«ãããŠããé¡èã§ãããåã¢ã¡ãªã«ããªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢ãªã©ã§èšèªæ¶æ»
ãæ¥éã«é²ã¿ãçµæžæé·ãšèšèªæ¶æ»
ãšã®éã«ã¯ææãªçžé¢ããããšã®ç 究ãååšããããã®ä»ã®å°åã«ãããŠãèšèªæ¶æ»
ãé²ãã§ããã2010幎ã«ã¯ã€ã³ãé ã®ã¢ã³ããã³è«žå³¶ã«ãããŠèšèªãäžã€æ¶æ»
ããä»ã«ãåå°åã«ãããŠæ¶æ»
ã®å±æ©ã«ããèšèªãååšãããšã®èŠåãçºããããã",
"title": "æŠèª¬"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžçã«ååšããèªç¶èšèªã®äžèŠ§ã¯èšèªã®äžèŠ§ãåç
§",
"title": "æŠèª¬"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èšèªããã€ã©ã®ããã«çãŸããã®ãåãã£ãŠããããè€æ°ã®ä»®èª¬ãååšãããäŸãã°ãã³ããŒã¯ã®èšèªåŠè
ãªãããŒã»ã€ã§ã¹ãã«ã»ã³ã¯ã以äžã®ãããªä»®èª¬ãåæããŠããã",
"title": "æŽå²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãªããèšèªãçãŸããã®ãå°çäžã®äžã¶æãªã®ããè€æ°ã¶æãªã®ããåãã£ãŠããªãã",
"title": "æŽå²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çç©åŠçãªèŠ³ç¹ããèšèªã®èµ·æºãæ¢ãããšããè©Šã¿ããããæè¿ã®ååçç©åŠçç 究ã«ããã°ãFOXP2ãšåã¥ããããŠããéºäŒåã«çããããçš®ã®å€ç°ãèšèªèœåã®ç²åŸã«ã€ãªãã£ãå¯èœæ§ããããããã«ãã®å€ç°ã¯çŸç人é¡ãšãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ãŒã«äººãååãã以åã®30-40äžå¹Žåã«ã¯ãã§ã«çããŠãããšã®è§£æçµæãçºè¡šãããŠãããçŸç人é¡ãç»å Žãšãšãã«æ¢ã«èšèªã身ã«ã€ããŠããå¯èœæ§ãèããããããããFOXP2ã¯èšèªèœåãæããªãä»ã®åç©ã®å€ããæã£ãŠããããšãFOXP2ã®å€ç°ãèšèªèœåã®ç²åŸã®å¿
èŠæ¡ä»¶ã§ãããšã®çŽæ¥çãªèšŒæã¯ãŸã ãªãããŠããªãããšãªã©ã«çæããå¿
èŠãããã",
"title": "æŽå²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çç©ã®å Žåã«ã¯ãé²åãæ¢ãŸã£ãçç©ãçŸåšãçãæ®ã£ãŠãããçããŠããåç³ããšåŒã°ãããã®ãããããŸããäžèŠäŒŒãŠãã2çš®é¡ãå
šç¶å¥ã®çš®é¡ããé²åããŠãããšããã±ãŒã¹ããããèšèªã«ãåããããªçŸè±¡ãèµ·ããŠããããã®å€åã®é床ã¯äžå®ã§ã¯ãªãã䟵ç¥ã»äº€æã»ç§»åçä»æ°æãšã®æ¥è§Šãå€ããã°ããã®æèšèªã倧ããå€åããã代衚äŸãšããŠè±èªããã©ã³ã¹èªãã«ãŒããã¢èªãã¢ã«ããã¢èªãã¢ã«ã¡ãã¢èªçããããéã«æ¥è§Šãå°ãªããšã»ãšãã©å€åããªããªãã代衚äŸãšããŠãã€ãèªãã¢ã€ã¹ã©ã³ãèªãã®ãªã·ã£èªãã¹ã©ãŽèªæŽŸããã«ãèªæŽŸããµã³ã¹ã¯ãªããèªçããããç¹ã«ã¢ã€ã¹ã©ã³ãèªã¯åºæ¬ææ³ã1000幎åãšã»ãšãã©å€ã£ãŠããªãã",
"title": "æŽå²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èšèªã¯ããšããšããã€ãã®ç¥èªããååãããšèããããŠãããåäžã®ç¥èªããçºçããã°ã«ãŒããèªæãšåŒã¶ãèªæã¯ããã«èªæŽŸãèªçŸ€ããããŠèšèªãšçŽ°ååãããŠãããäžçã®å€§å€æ°ã®èšèªã¯ãªãããã®èªæã«å±ãããããªãã«ã¯çŸåããä»ã®èšèªãšç³»çµ±é¢ä¿ãç«èšŒãããŠããããèªæã«åé¡ã§ããªãå€ç«ããèšèªãååšããããŸããå°çã»æåçã«è¿æ¥ããç°ãªã£ã系統ã®èšèªãçžäºã«åœ±é¿ãããé¡èã«é¡äŒŒããäºäŸãèŠãããããã¯èšèªé£åãšåŒã°ããã",
"title": "æŽå²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åäžèªæã«å±ããèšèªçŸ€ã®å Žåãå
±éèªåœããèšèªã®ååãã幎代ãå²ãåºãæ¹æ³ãèæ¡ãããŠããã",
"title": "æŽå²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžã€ã®èšèªã®èšèªå²ãäœãå Žåãåèªã»ç¶Žãã»çºé³ã»ææ³çããå€ä»£ã»äžäžã»è¿ä»£ãš3åå²ããäŸãã°ãäžäžãã©ã³ã¹èªãçãšåŒã¶ã",
"title": "æŽå²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããèšèªãšä»ã®èšèªãæ¥è§Šããå Žåãäž¡èšèªã®è©±è
ã®äº€æµãæ·±ãŸãã«ã€ããŠæ§ã
ãªå€åãçºçããããããèšèªæ¥è§Šãšãããèšèªæ¥è§Šã«ãã£ãŠãäž¡èšèªã«ã¯çžæã®èšèªããèªåœãåçšããåçšèªãçºçããã»ãã亀æµãæ·±ãŸãã«ã€ããŠåæ¥ãç掻äžã®å¿
èŠããæ··æèšèªãçºçããããšãããããã®æ··æèšèªã¯ãåæã«ã¯ããžã³èšèªãšåŒã°ããéåžžã«ç°¡ç¥åããã圢ããšããããããŠèªåœãå¢ãèšèªãšããŠæé·ããŠãããšããã¯ã¬ãªãŒã«èšèªãšãããæ°ããèšèªããšãªã£ãããšèŠãªããã¯ã¬ãªãŒã«èšèªã¯ããžã³èšèªãšæ¯ã¹èªåœãå€ããäœãããã¡ããšäœç³»ã ã£ãææ³ãååšããŠããããäžåã®ç¬ç«ããèšèªããšèŠãªããŠå
šãå·®ãæ¯ããªããã¯ã¬ãªãŒã«èšèªã¯ããžã³èšèªãšéããæ¯èªè©±è
ãååšãããã€ãŸã幌ãããããäž»ã«ãã®èšèªã話ããŠè²ã£ã人ã
ãããããšããããšãç¹åŸŽã§ããã",
"title": "æŽå²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžäžã®äžçã«ãããŠã¯ãã°ãã°ãæèªãšæ¥åžžäœ¿çšããèšèªãšã®éã«ã¯éãããã¿ããããªãã«ã¯äžäžãšãŒãããã«ãããã©ãã³èªã®ããã«ãã®åå°ã®èšèãšå
šãç°ãªãèšèªãæç« èªãšããŠæ¡çšããŠããäžçãååšãããã©ãã³èªã¯æ¬§å·ã«ãããŠç¥è人ã®éã®å
±éèªãšããŠçšããããã«ããµã³ã¹ãªã©ã§å€§ããªåœ¹å²ãæããããããããŠå°å·è¡ã®çºå±ãå®ææ¹é©ãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠååœã«ãããŠäœ¿çšãããæ¥åžžèšèªãæèªãšããŠçšããããããã«ãªã£ãããã®éããããŸã§æ¹èšã®é£ç¶äœããæããªãã£ãååœã«ãããŠããã®èšèªãçèšããæšæºçãªè¡šèšæ³ãå®ãŸã£ãŠãããååœã«ãããŠåœå
å
±éèªãšããŠã®æšæºèªãå¶å®ãããããã«ãªã£ããããã¯åºçç©ãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠåŸã
ã«å®ãŸã£ãŠãããã®ãããã°ãäžå€®ã«å
¬çãªèšèªçµ±å¶æ©é¢ã眮ããŠåœå®¶äž»å°ã§æšæºèªãå¶å®ãããã®ããã£ããããããã«ããããããèšèªã®æŽåãšåœå
å
±éèªã®æç«ã¯ãåœæ°åœå®¶ãæç«ãããããã§ã®éèŠãªããŒã¹ãšãªã£ãŠãã£ããäžæ¹ã§ãæšæºèªã®å¶å®ã¯æ¹èšé£ç¶äœã®ãã®ä»ã®èšèªãæ¹èšãšããããšã«ãªããèšèªå
ã§ã®åºåãã€ããããšã«ã€ãªãã£ãã",
"title": "æŽå²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æãæ°ããèšèªã§ããããŸãèªçããç¬éããšãããããèšèªãšããŠã¯ããã«ã©ã°ã¢ã®åäŸéã®éã§1970幎代åŸåã«çºçããããã«ã©ã°ã¢æ話ãããããããã¯ãèšèªèœåã¯äººéã«çåŸã®ãã®ã§ãããšããèããè£ä»ãããã®ãšãªã£ãã",
"title": "æŽå²"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"tag": "p",
"text": "çŸåšäžçã«ååšããèšèªã®æ°ã¯åæ°çŸãšãæ°åãšãèšãããã1939幎ã«ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ã«ã€ã¹ã»ããŒããŒãã»ã°ã¬ã€(en:Louis Herbert Gray)ã¯èæž Foundations of Language ã«ãããŠã2796èšèªããšå±ãã1979幎ã«ãã€ãã®ãã€ã€ãŒã4200ãã5600èšèªãšå±ããŠãããäžçå ã®ãèšèªåŠå€§èŸå
žããäžçèšèªç·šãã§ã¯8000è¶
ã®èšèªãæ±ã£ãŠããã",
"title": "äžçã®èšèª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããæ£ç¢ºã«æ°ããããšã¯ã»ãŒäžå¯èœã§ãããããã¯ãæªçºèŠã®èšèªããæ¶æ»
ãã€ã€ããèšèªãããããã ãã§ã¯ãªããåççãªå°é£ãããããã§ãããã䌌ãŠãããåãã§ã¯ãªããèšèªããé£ãåã£ãŠååšããŠãããšããããã¯äžã€ã®èšèªãªã®ãå¥ã®èšèªãªã®ãåºå¥ããããšã¯é£ãããããã¯ãã人ééå£ããèšèªã®è©±è
ããšããããæ¹èšã®è©±è
ããšãããã®åé¡ã§ããããããšãã°ãæ§ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢ã«å±ããŠããã»ã«ãã¢ãã¯ãã¢ãã¢ããã¹ãã¢ã»ãã«ãã§ãŽãããã¢ã³ããã°ãã®4å°åã®èšèªã¯éåžžã«äŒŒéã£ããã®ã§ãããåŠè¡çã«ã¯æ¹èšé£ç¶äœã§ããã»ã«ãã¢ã»ã¯ãã¢ãã¢èªãšããŠæ±ãããããŸãæ§ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢ã®æ¿æ²»äžã«ãããŠãåœå®¶çµ±äžã®èŠ³ç¹äžããããã®èšèªã¯åäžèšèªãšããŠæ±ãããŠãããããã1991幎ããã®ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢çŽäºã«ãã£ãŠãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢ã厩å£ãããšãç¬ç«ããååœã¯åå°æ¹ã®æ¹èšãããããç¬ç«èšèªãšããŠæ±ãããã«ãªããã»ã«ãã¢èªãã¯ãã¢ãã¢èªããã¹ãã¢èªã®äžèšèªã«æ¿æ²»çã«åããããããã«ãªã£ããããã«2006幎ã«ã¢ã³ããã°ããã»ã«ãã¢ã»ã¢ã³ããã°ãããç¬ç«ãããšãã¢ã³ããã°ãèªãã»ã«ãã¢èªããããã«åããããããã«ãªã£ãããããããæ確ãªæšæºèªãæããè€æ°ã®èšèªäžå¿ãæã€èšèªã®ããšãè€æ°äžå¿å°èšèªãšåŒã³ãè±èªãªã©ãããã«å«ãŸããã",
"title": "äžçã®èšèª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"tag": "p",
"text": "éã«ãäžåœã«ãããŠã¯å京èªããããå
ã«æç«ããæ®é話ãšãäžæµ·èªãåºæ±èªãšãã£ãé éå°ã®èšèªãšã¯å·®ç°ã倧ããäŒè©±ãæç«ããªãã»ã©ã§ããããæžãèšèã¯å
±éã§ããããŸããããŸã§ãäžåœèªçŸ€ã«ã¯å±ããŠããŠå¯Ÿå¿é¢ä¿ãæ確ã§ããããããããèšèªã¯ãã¹ãŠäžåœèªå
ã®æ¹èšãšããŠæ±ãããŠããã",
"title": "äžçã®èšèª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åãèšèªãã©ãããå€å®ããåºæºãšããŠãçžäºç解æ§ãæå±ããèããããã話è
ãçžæã®èšãããšãç解ã§ããå Žåã«ã¯ãåäžèšèªãç解ã§ããªãå Žåã«ã¯å¥èšèªãšãããçžäºç解æ§ã¯èšèªéã®è·é¢ãäŒããéèŠãªæ
å ±ã§ããããããã«ãã£ãŠäžã€ã®èšèªã®ç¯å²ã確å®ããããšãããšãæè¡çé£ããã«ãšã©ãŸããªãå°é£ã«çŽé¢ãããäžã€ã¯ãAã®èšãããšãBãèãåããŠããBã®èšãããšãAãèãåããªããããªèšèªå·®ãããããšã§ãããããäžã€ã¯ãåç³»åã®èšèªãå°ççãªåºããã®äžã§åŸã
ã«å€åããŠããå Žåã«ãã©ãã§ãããã€ã«åå²ãã¹ããªã®ãããããã¯ãŸã£ããåå²ãã¹ãã§ãªãã®ãã決ããããªãããšã§ããã",
"title": "äžçã®èšèª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããå°é£ã«éããŠããåäžã®åºæºã決ããŠåé¡ããŠããããšã¯ãçå±ã®äžã§ã¯å¯èœã§ãããããããããŠåäžåºæºãæŒãéãèšèªåŠè
ã¯çŸå®ã«ã¯ããªããããéå£ããèšèªè©±è
ããšããããæ¹èšè©±è
ããšãããã«ã¯ãæ¿æ²»çã»æåçã¢ã€ãã³ãã£ãã£ã®åé¡ãæ·±ãé¢ä¿ããŠãããã©ã®ãããªåºæºãèšããããšãããå°åã§å€ãã®è³æãåŸãããåé¡åºæºã¯ãå¥ã®å°åã§åŒ·ãåçºãåããããšã«ãªããããããåçºã¯èª€ãã ãšèšãããã®è«æ ãèšèªåŠã¯ãã£ãŠããªãã®ã§ãçµå±ã¯æ
£ç¿ã«åŸã£ãŠãå°åããšã«ç°ãªãåºæºãçšããŠåé¡ããããšã«ãªãã",
"title": "äžçã®èšèª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èšèªãšæ¹èšã®åºå¥ã«ã€ããŠãçŸåšãªããã説æã¯äºã€ã§ããã第äžã¯ãèšèªãšæ¹èšã®åºå¥ã«ã¯ãªããèšèªåŠçæå³ã¯ãªããšããã第äºã®ãã®ã¯ãŸããã©ã®æ¹èšãããããèšèªã ãšããããã®äžã§ãããæšæºèªã«å¯ŸããŠéæšæºèªã®é¢ä¿ã«ããåç³»èšèªããæ¹èšãšãããæšæºèªã®éžå®ã¯æ¿æ²»ã«ãããããããããŸããèšèªãšæ¹èšã®åºå¥ã«èšèªåŠçæå³ã¯ãªãããšããç¹ã§ã第äžãšåãã§ããããã®å®çŸ©ã§ã¯ãèšèªã秀ã«ãããŠå€å®ããŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã人ã
ããã®èšèªãã©ãæã£ãŠãããã秀ã«ãããŠããã®ã§ããã",
"title": "äžçã®èšèª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããèšèªå士ãç¬ç«ã®èšèªå士ãªã®ããåãèšèªã®æ¹èšå士ãªã®ãã®å€å®ã¯éåžžã«æ£æçã§ãããããã®äžæ¹ã§ãæ確ã«ç³»çµ±é¢ä¿ãç°ãªãèšèªå士ã¯ãããšãå
±éã®éå£ã§è©±ãããŠããŠããæ¹èšå士ãšã¯ã¿ãªãããªããšããäºå®ãæããããšãã°ãäžåœçç²çã«äœãå°æ°æ°æãŠãŒã°æã¯è¥¿éšã«äœããã®ã¯ãã¥ã«ã¯ç³»ã®èšèªãæ¯èªãšããæ±éšã«äœããã®ã¯ã¢ã³ãŽã«ç³»ã®èšèªãæ¯èªãšããŠãããäž¡è
ã¯åãæ°æã ãšããæèããããããã®èšèªã¯æ¹èšå士ã§ã¯ãªãã西éšãŠãŒã°èªãæ±éšãŠãŒã°èªãšå¥ã
ã®èšèªãšããŠæ±ãããããŸãæµ·å島ã«ããèšé«äººãæ°æç±äžã¯æŒ¢æ°æã§ãããããã®èšèªã¯æŒ¢èªã®æ¹èšãšããŠã¯æ±ãããã系統ã©ããã¿ã€ã»ã«ãã€èªæã®èšé«èªãšããŠæ±ãããã",
"title": "äžçã®èšèª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"tag": "p",
"text": "䜿çšããæåã¯åèšèªãã©ããã®å€æåºæºãšããŠã¯ããŸãçšããããªããèšèªã¯åºæ¬çã«ã©ã®æåã§ãè¡šèšå¯èœãªãã®ã§ãããããèšèªã䜿çšããæåãå€æŽããããšãäºçš®ä»¥äžã®æåã䜵çšããããšã¯çããããšã§ã¯ãªãããŸãææ³ãªã©ã«æåã¯ãã»ã©åœ±é¿ãäžããªãããã§ãããããŒãŽã¡ããŒã¬ãªãŒæåãçšããã€ã³ãã®å
¬çšèªã§ãããã³ãã£ãŒèªãšãŠã«ãã¥ãŒæåãçšããããã¹ã¿ã³ã®å
¬çšèªã§ãããŠã«ãã¥ãŒèªã¯ããã³ãã¥ã¹ã¿ãŒããŒèªãšããŠåäžèšèªãŸãã¯æ¹èšé£ç¶äœãšããŠæ±ãããããšãããã",
"title": "äžçã®èšèª"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžè¡šã®æ¯èªè©±è
æ°ããã³åé¡ã¯ãããšã¹ãããŒã°ç¬¬21çãã«æºæ ãããåè³æã¯2021幎æç¹ã®æšèšã§ãäžåœèªã¯13æ¹èšãã¢ã©ãã¢èªã¯20æ¹èšãã©ãã³ããŒèªã¯4æ¹èšã®åèšã§ããã",
"title": "話è
æ°ã®çµ±èšé äœ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžå³ã®éããæãæ¯èªè©±è
ã®å€ãèšèªã¯äžåœèªã§ããããå
¬çšèªãšããŠããåœå®¶ã¯äžè¯äººæ°å
±ååœãšäžè¯æ°åœãããã«ã·ã³ã¬ããŒã«ã®3ã€ã®åœå®¶ã«ããããäžçã«ãããŠåºã䜿çšãããŠããèšèªãšããããã§ã¯ãªãããŸããå
±éèªã§ããæ®é話ãå«ã, 13åã®æ¹èšãååšããã",
"title": "話è
æ°ã®çµ±èšé äœ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžèšã®è³æã§è©±è
æ°2äœã®èšèªã¯ã¹ãã€ã³èªã§ãããããã¯ãšãŒããã倧éžã®ã¹ãã€ã³ãçºç¥¥ãšããèšèªã§ãããã17äžçŽã®ã¹ãã€ã³ã«ããæ°å€§éžã®æ€æ°å°åãçµãŠãåã¢ã¡ãªã«ããã³åã¢ã¡ãªã«åéšã«ãããåºå€§ãªèšèªåãç²åŸããã2021幎床ã«ãããŠã¹ãã€ã³èªãå
¬çšèªãšããåœã
ã¯21ã«åœã«ã®ãŒããããã«ã»ãŒå系統ã®èšèªã§ãã5äœã®ãã«ãã¬ã«èªåãåãããæ°å€§éžã®é åã¯ã©ãã³ã¢ã¡ãªã«ãšåŒã°ããåºå€§ãªå
±éèšèªåã圢æããŠããã",
"title": "話è
æ°ã®çµ±èšé äœ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"tag": "p",
"text": "äžèšã®è³æã§è±èªã®è©±è
人å£ã¯4äœã ããå
¬çšèªãšããŠã¯55ãåœãšæãå€ãã®åœã§è©±ãããŠãããããã«ãè±èªã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœãã€ã®ãªã¹ã®å
¬çšèªã§ããããäžçã§åºãéèŠèŠãããŠãããäžçã®äžäœåã«äŒŽãç 究ãããžãã¹ãªã©ãè±èªã§è¡ãããå Žé¢ãå¢ããéè±èªåã©ããã®äœæ°ã®äº€æžã«ãããŠãå
±éèªãšããŠè±èªã䜿çšããå Žåããããªã©ãè±èªã®äžçå
±éèªãšããŠã®åœ±é¿åã¯å¢å€§ããŠããåŸåã«ããã",
"title": "話è
æ°ã®çµ±èšé äœ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"tag": "p",
"text": "è±èªã«æ¬¡ãåœéèªãšããŠã¯ã17äžçŽãã19äžçŽãŸã§è¥¿æŽã§æãæåãªåœéèªã§ãã£ããã©ã³ã¹èªãæããããããã©ã³ã¹èªã®è©±è
ã¯2å3000äžäººãšããã5ã«ãå
¥ããªããããã©ã³ã¹èªãå
¬çšèªãšããåœã
ã¯ã¢ããªã«ã®æ§ãã©ã³ã¹æ€æ°å°ãäžå¿ã«29ã«åœã«ã®ãŒãã",
"title": "話è
æ°ã®çµ±èšé äœ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"tag": "p",
"text": "話è
æ°7äœã®ã¢ã©ãã¢èªãåºãå
±éèšèªåãæã€èšèªã§ãããã¢ã©ãã¢èªã¯ã¯ã«ã¢ãŒã³ã®èšèªãšããŠã€ã¹ã©ã åå
šåã«äœ¿çšè
ãããããšãã«åã¢ããªã«ããäžæ±ã«ãããŠæ¯èªè©±è
ãå€ãããå
¬çšèªãšããåœã
ã¯23ã«åœã«ã®ãŒã£ãŠããŠãã²ãšã€ã®ã¢ã©ãæååã圢æããŠããããã ããããæèªã§ãããã¹ããŒãšå£èªã§ããã¢ãŒã³ããŒã€ã«åãããŠãããã¢ãŒã³ããŒã€ã¯ããã«å€æ°ã®æ¹èšã«ããããŠããã",
"title": "話è
æ°ã®çµ±èšé äœ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åœé£ã®å
¬çšèªã¯ãè±èªããã©ã³ã¹èªããã·ã¢èªãäžåœèªãã¹ãã€ã³èªãã¢ã©ãã¢èªã®6ã€ã§ããããããã¯å®å
šä¿éçäºäŒã®åžžä»»çäºåœã®èšèªã«ãåºå€§ãªå
±éèšèªåãæã€ã¹ãã€ã³èªãšã¢ã©ãã¢èªãå ãããã®ã§ããã",
"title": "話è
æ°ã®çµ±èšé äœ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èšèªã¯åœå®¶ãæç«ãããããã§ã®éèŠãªèŠçŽ ã§ãããã«ããã«ãããè±èªãšãã©ã³ã¹èªãããã«ã®ãŒã«ããããªã©ã³ãèªãšãã©ã³ã¹èªã®ããã«ãç°ãªãèšèªéã®å¯Ÿç«ããã°ãã°èšèªæŠäºãšåŒã°ããã»ã©ã«æ¿åããŠç¬ç«åé¡ã«çºå±ããåœå®¶ã«å€§ããªåœ±é¿ãåãŒãããšãçãããªããæ±ããã¹ã¿ã³ã®ããã«ã西ããã¹ã¿ã³ã®èšèªã§ãããŠã«ãã¥ãŒèªã®å
¬çšèªåã«åçºããŠãã³ã¬ã«èªãåæ Œã®åœèªãšããããšãæ±ããããšããç¬ç«éåãèµ·ããæçµçã«ãã³ã°ã©ãã·ã¥ãšããŠç¬ç«ãããããªäŸãããã",
"title": "話è
æ°ã®çµ±èšé äœ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ããããå Žåãèšèªåå¥ã«å€§ããªèªæ²»æš©ãäžããããåœå®¶ã®å
¬çšèªãè€æ°å¶å®ãããããããšãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠå°æ°æŽŸèšèªè©±è
ã®äžæºããªã ããæ¿çã¯ããçšãããããèšèªåã«åŒ·ãèªæ²»æš©ãäžããå
žåäŸã¯ãã«ã®ãŒã§ãååœã§ã¯1970幎ã«èšèªå
±åäœãèšç«ãããæ°åºŠã®å€æŽãçµãŠãã©ãã³èªå
±åäœããã©ã³ã¹èªå
±åäœããã€ãèªå
±åäœã®3ã€ã®èšèªå
±åäœã®äœµåããé£éŠåœå®¶ãšãªã£ããå
¬çšèªãè€æ°å¶å®ããäŸã§ã¯ã¹ã€ã¹ãå
žåçã§ããããããŸã§ãã€ãèªã®ã¿ã§ãã£ãå
¬çšèªã1848幎ã®æ²æ³ã«ãã£ãŠãã€ãèªã»ãã©ã³ã¹èªã»ã€ã¿ãªã¢èªã®äžå
¬çšèªå¶ãšãªããããã«1938幎ã«ã¯ããã³ã·ã¥èªãåœèªãšãããããã®åŸåãç¹ã«åŒ·ãã®ã¯ã€ã³ãã§ããã1956幎以éãããŸã§ã®å°ççãªåºåããå系統ã®èšèªãçšããå°åãžãšå·ãåç·šããããããããèšèªå·ãæ¿çãåã£ãŠããã",
"title": "話è
æ°ã®çµ±èšé äœ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"tag": "p",
"text": "åœå®¶ã«ãããèšèªã®æ§é ã¯ãå
¬çšèª-å
±éèª-æ°æèª(éšæèªãæ¹èš)ã®äžå±€ã®æ§é ãããªã£ãŠããããã£ãšããå
¬çšèªãšå
±éèªããŸãäžå±€ãã¹ãŠãåãèšèªã§ããå Žåã¯ãã®åã ãå±€ã®æ°ã¯æžå°ããã",
"title": "話è
æ°ã®çµ±èšé äœ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æ¥æ¬ãäŸã«ãšãã°ãåå°æ¹ã§ã¯ãã®å°æ¹ã®æ¹èšã䜿ã£ãŠãããã€ãŸããåãå°æ¹ã®ã³ãã¥ããã£å
ã§éçšããèšèªã䜿çšããŠããããããä»å°æ¹ããæ¥ã人ãçžæã«ããå Žåãšãªããšãããããæšæºèªã䜿çšããããšãšãªããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ä»ã«æåãªèšèªéå£ãååšããªããããæ¿åºé¢ä¿ã®ææžã«ãæ¥æ¬æšæºèªããã®ãŸãŸäœ¿çšããããã€ãŸããå
±éèªãšå
¬çšèªãåäžã§ãããããå
¬çšèª-æ¹èšã®äºå±€æ§é ãšãªã£ãŠããã",
"title": "話è
æ°ã®çµ±èšé äœ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å
¬çšèªãšå
±éèªã¯åé¢ããŠããªãåœå®¶ãå€ãããã¢ããªã«å€§éžã®è«žåœå®¶ã«ãããŠã¯ãã®äžå±€æ§é ãæ確ã«ãããããŠããããããã®åœã«ãããŠã¯ãæ¿åºé¢ä¿ã®å
¬çšèªã¯æ§å®äž»åœã®èšèªã䜿çšãããŠãããåŠæ ¡æè²ããã®èšèªã§è¡ãããããæ°æèªãšããé¢ããååšã§ããããšãããåœæ°ã®äžã§äœ¿çšã§ããå±€ã¯ãã»ã©å€ããªãããã®ç©Žãåããããã«ãåå°åã«ãããŠã¯å
±éèªã話ãããŠãããéŠéœãããå°åã®å
±éèªã匷倧åããåœã®å€§éšåãèŠãããã«ãªãããšãçãããªãããããææ³ã®æŽåãªã©ã®é
ãããåœå
ä»èšèªè©±è
ã®å察ãå
¬çšèªã®äœ¿çšèœåããšãªãŒãå±€ã®æš©åã®æºæ³ãšãªã£ãŠãããªã©ã®äºæ
ã«ãã£ãŠãå
±éèªãå
¬çšèªåã¯ãããªãããšãã»ãšãã©ã§ããããã®äžã«åæ°æã®æ°æèªãååšããã",
"title": "話è
æ°ã®çµ±èšé äœ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"tag": "p",
"text": "詳现ã¯å¿çèšèªåŠåã³ãç¥çµèšèªåŠãåç
§",
"title": "èšèªã®çç©åŠ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"tag": "p",
"text": "èšèªæ©èœã¯åºæ¬çã«ããã«åºæã®ãã®ã§ãããããèšèªã®ç 究ã«ã¯å°æ°ã®äŸå€ãé€ãåç©ã¢ãã«ãäœãã«ããããã®ãããè³æ¢å¡ãªã©ã§è³ã®å±æãç Žå£ãããçäŸã§ã®ç 究ãã被éšè
ã«2ã€ã®åèªãå瀺ããã®å¹²æžå¹æãç 究ãããªã©ã®å¿çåŠçç 究ãäž»ã«ãªãããŠãããã1980幎代åŸåããè³æ©èœã€ã¡ãŒãžã³ã°ç 究ãææ³ã«å ããã被éšè
ãããŸããŸãªèšèªèª²é¡ãè¡ã£ãŠãããšãã®è³æŽ»åãèŠèŠåã§ããããã«ãªã£ãã",
"title": "èšèªã®çç©åŠ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"tag": "p",
"text": "å€å
žçãªãããŒã«é åããŠã§ã«ããã±é åã®ã»ããã·ã«ãŽã£ãŠã¹è£ãå²ãåºãç¯å²(çžäžåãè§åãäžæ¬¡ã»äºæ¬¡èŽèŠéãäžæ¬¡éåéãäœæ§æèŠéãå·Šåé åéãå·ŠäžåŽé å)ã«ããã£ãŠãããè³æ¢å¡ãªã©ã§åéšãæå·ããããšãããããéã£ãã¿ã€ãã®å€±èªãåºçŸãããäŸãã°å·Šåé åéä»è¿ã®æå·ã§çãããããŒã«å€±èªã¯éå倱èªã§ãããèªçºèªã¯éæµæ¢æ§ãšãªã埩å±ãæžåãé害ããããå·ŠåŽé èä»è¿ã®é害ã§çãããŠã§ã«ããã±å€±èªã¯æèŠå€±èªã§ããèªçºèªã¯æµæ¢ã§ããããèšèªç解ã埩å±ãé害ãããæåã«ããèšèªç解ãäžè¯ã§ããã",
"title": "èšèªã®çç©åŠ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ã»ãšãã©ã®å³å©ãã®äººã§ã¯ãåèªãææ³ãèªåœãªã©ã®äž»èŠãªèšèªæ©èœã¯å·Šåçåªäœã§ãããããã声ã®ææ(ãããœãã£)ã®ææ¡ãæ¯å©ã®ç解ã«ã€ããŠã¯å³åçåªäœã§ãããšèšãããŠããã",
"title": "èšèªã®çç©åŠ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æåã®èªèã«ã¯å·ŠçŽ¡éç¶åãäžã»äžåŸé åãé¢äžãããã挢å(è¡šææå)ãšã²ãããª(è¡šé³æå)ã§æŽ»åããéšäœãç°ãªããšèšãããŠããã",
"title": "èšèªã®çç©åŠ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"tag": "p",
"text": "ãããå€æ¹é¢ããç 究ãããŠãããå人ã®èšèªèœåã¯ãèªåé害ããŠã£ãªã¢ã ãºçå矀ãèªéçãªã©ã®ããã«å
šäœçãªç¥çèœåãšã¯ä¹é¢ããããšããããåäœçºçãããã®é²åã«ãããèšèªã®èµ·æºãªã©ã«ãã³ããäžããŠããããŸããããã¯ç°å¢ã®äžã§èŽåããé³å£°ããèªåã§ææ³ãªã©ã®èŠåãèŠåºãåŠç¿ããæ©èœãçåŸçã«åããŠãããããç¹ã«æãããªããŠãèšèªãåŠç¿ã§ãããšããçåŸè«ãšããèããååšããã",
"title": "èšèªã®çç©åŠ"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"tag": "p",
"text": "æè¿ã®è¿èµ€å€ç·åå
æ³ãçšããç 究ã«ãããŠãçåŸ2ãã5æ¥ã®æ°çå
ãéåçãããé åçã®å£°ãèããã»ããããããã¯å€åœèªããæ¯åœèªãèãããšãã®æ¹ãèŽèŠç®è³ªã®è¡æµå¢å ã倧ããã£ããšå ±åãããŠãããåºç£åããæ¯äœå
ã§èšèªãèŽããŠããããšã瀺åãããã",
"title": "èšèªã®çç©åŠ"
}
] | èšèªïŒãããïŒã¯ãç矩ã«ã¯ã声ã«ããèšå·ã®äœç³»ããããã åºèŸèã倧èŸæ³ã«ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«è§£èª¬ãããŠããã 人éãé³å£°ãæåãçšããŠææ³ã»ææ
ã»æå¿çã
ãäŒéããããã«çšããèšå·äœç³»ãããã³ãããçšããè¡çºïŒåºèŸèïŒãé³å£°ãæåã«ãã£ãŠã人ã®æå¿ã»ææ³ã»ææ
ãªã©ã®æ
å ±ãè¡šçŸãããäŒéããããããã¯ä»è
ã®ãããåãå
¥ããç解ããããã®çŽæã»èŠåãããã³ãããããèšå·ã®äœç³»ïŒå€§èŸæ³ïŒã
ããç¹å®ã®éå£ãçšãããé³ãæåã«ããäºæ
ã®äŒéæ段ïŒåå¥èšèªã®ããšã§ãè±èªã»ãã©ã³ã¹èªã»æ¥æ¬èªãªã©ã®ããšïŒã
ãœã·ã¥ãŒã«ã®çšèªãlangue ã©ã³ã°ãã®æ¥æ¬èªã§ã®èš³èªã ãæ¥æ¬å€§çŸç§å
šæžãã§ã¯ããèšèªããšããèªã¯å€çŸ©ã§ããããšè§£èª¬ããã倧è³ã®èšèªäžæ¢ã«èãããããèªåœãšææ³èŠåã®äœç³»ããæãããšãããããã®äœç³»ãçšããèœåãšããŠãšãããããšãããããšè§£èª¬ãããäžæ¹ã§ã¯ãæœè±¡çã«ããã¹ãŠã®äººéãå
±æããèšèªèœåããæãããšãããããåã
ã®åå¥èšèªããæãããšãããããšè§£èª¬ãããŠããã åºçŸ©ã®èšèªã«ã¯ãverbalãªïŒèšèã«è¡šãïŒãã®ãšnon-verbalãªïŒèšèãšããŠè¡šãããªãïŒãã®ïŒåçš®èšå·ãã¢ã€ã³ã³ãå³åœ¢ãããã£ãŒã©ã³ã²ãŒãžçïŒã®äž¡æ¹ãå«ã¿ãæ¥åžžã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã§ã¯ç矩ã®èšèªè¡šçŸã«èº«æ¯ããææ¯ããå³ç€ºãæ¬é³çãå ããŠè¡šçŸãããããšãããã |
'''èšèª'''ïŒãããïŒã¯ãç矩ã«ã¯ã声ã«ããèšå·ã®äœç³»ãããã<ref name="yamamoto" />ã
[[åºèŸè]]ã[[倧èŸæ³]]ã«ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«è§£èª¬ãããŠãã<ref name="koujien">åºèŸèã第å
çããããïŒèšèªïŒã</ref>ã
*[[人é]]ã[[é³å£°]]ã[[æå]]ãçšããŠ[[ææ³]]ã»[[ææ
]]ã»[[æå¿]]çã
ãäŒéããããã«çšããèšå·äœç³»<ref name="koujien" />ãããã³ãããçšãã[[è¡çº]]ïŒåºèŸè<ref name="koujien" />ïŒãé³å£°ãæåã«ãã£ãŠã人ã®æå¿ã»ææ³ã»ææ
ãªã©ã®æ
å ±ãè¡šçŸãããäŒéããããããã¯ä»è
ã®ãããåãå
¥ããç解ããããã®çŽæã»[[èŠå]]ãããã³ãããããèšå·ã®äœç³»ïŒå€§èŸæ³<ref name="daijisen">倧èŸæ³ããããïŒèšèªïŒã</ref>ïŒã
*ããç¹å®ã®[[éå£]]ãçšãããé³ãæåã«ããäºæ
ã®äŒéæ段<ref name="koujien" />ïŒ[[åå¥èšèª]]ã®ããšã§ã[[è±èª]]ã»[[ãã©ã³ã¹èª]]ã»[[æ¥æ¬èª]]ãªã©ã®ããš<ref name="koujien" />ïŒã
*[[ãã§ã«ãã£ãã³ã»ãã»ãœã·ã¥ãŒã«|ãœã·ã¥ãŒã«]]ã®çšèªãlangue [[ã©ã³ã°]]ãã®æ¥æ¬èªã§ã®èš³èªã
ã[[æ¥æ¬å€§çŸç§å
šæž]]ãã§ã¯ããèšèªããšããèªã¯<u>å€çŸ©ã§ãã</u>ããšè§£èª¬ããã[[倧è³]]ã®{{ä»®ãªã³ã¯|èšèªäžæ¢|en|Language center}}ã«èããããã[[èªåœ]]ãš[[ææ³]]èŠåã®äœç³»ããæãããšãããããã®äœç³»ãçšãã[[èœå]]ãšããŠãšãããããšãããããšè§£èª¬ãããäžæ¹ã§ã¯ã[[æœè±¡å|æœè±¡]]çã«ã[[人é¡|ãã¹ãŠã®äººé]]ãå
±æããèšèªèœåããæãããšãããããåã
ã®åå¥èšèªããæãããšãããããšè§£èª¬ãããŠãã<ref name="nipponnica">ãæ¥æ¬å€§çŸç§å
šæžãïŒããããã«ïŒãèšèª</ref>ã
åºçŸ©ã®èšèªã«ã¯ãverbalãªïŒèšèã«è¡šãïŒãã®ãšnon-verbalãªïŒèšèãšããŠè¡šãããªãïŒãã®ïŒåçš®èšå·ãã¢ã€ã³ã³ãå³åœ¢ã[[ããã£ãŒã©ã³ã²ãŒãž]]çïŒã®äž¡æ¹ãå«ã¿ãæ¥åžžã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã§ã¯ç矩ã®èšèªè¡šçŸã«èº«æ¯ããææ¯ããå³ç€ºãæ¬é³çãå ããŠè¡šçŸãããããšããã<ref name="yamamoto" />ã
== æŠèª¬ ==
{{èšèªåŠ}}
èšèªã¯ã[[人é]]ãçšããæå¿äŒéæ段ã§ããã瀟äŒ[[éå£]]å
ã§åœ¢æç¿åŸããã[[ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³|æå¿ãçžäºã«äŒéããããš]]ããæœè±¡çãª[[æè]]ãå¯èœã«ããçµæãšããŠäººéã®ç€ŸäŒç掻åã[[æå]]ç掻åãæ¯ããŠãã<ref name="britanica">ããªã¿ãã«çŸç§äºå
žãèšèªã</ref>ãèšèªã«ã¯ãæåã®ç¹åŸŽãç¹ã蟌ãŸããŠãããå
±åäœã§çšããããŠããèšèªã®ç¿åŸãããããšã«ãã£ãŠããã®å
±åäœã§ã®ç€ŸäŒçåŠç¿ãããã³[[äººæ Œ]]ã®åœ¢æãããŠããããšã«ãªã<ref name="britanica" />ã
[[ãã§ã«ãã£ãã³ã»ãã»ãœã·ã¥ãŒã«|ãœã·ã¥ãŒã«]]ã®ç 究ããèšèªåŠã®çºå±ã®äžã§éåžžã«éèŠãªåœ¹å²ãæãããããã§ãããããœã·ã¥ãŒã«ä»¥éã¯ããå
±åäœã®çšããèšèª'''äœç³»'''ãã®ããšã¯ãlangue [[ã©ã³ã°]]ããšåŒã°ããããã«å¯ŸããŠãåã
ã®äººãè¡ãèšèªæŽ»åã¯ãparole [[ãããŒã«]]ããšããçšèªã§åŒã°ããããã«ãªã£ãŠãã<ref name="britanica" />ã
ã[[é³é»]]ã ãš ã[[æå³]]ãã®éã®çµã³ä»ãæ¹ããŸãããæåããšé³é»ã»åœ¢æ
çŽ ã»åèªãšã®éã®çµã³ä»ãæ¹ã¯ã瀟äŒçã«äœãããŠããç¿æ
£ã§ãã<ref name="britanica" />ã
èšèªãšéèšèªã®å¢çãåé¡ã«ãªãããæåã䜿ãæ¹æ³ãšæåãçšããªãæ¹æ³ã®åºå¥ã®ã¿ã§ãèšèªè¡šçŸãéèšèªè¡šçŸããåºå¥ããããšã¯ã§ããªã<ref name="yamamoto">{{Cite web|åæž|url=http://www.jsik.jp/?plugin=attach&refer=TableofContents1&openfile=KJ00002113963.pdf|author=å±±æ¬ æ|title=æ
å ±ç¥èåŠäŒç¬¬6åç ç©¶å ±åäŒè¬æŒè«æé å°éã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã«ãããèšèªãšéèšèªã»ã¿ãŒããããžãŒã®èŠç¹ãã|publisher=æ
å ±ç¥èåŠäŒ|accessdate=2022-04-05}}</ref>ãæœè±¡èšå·ã«ã¯æåè¡šçŸãšéæåè¡šçŸïŒ[[ç©åèšå·]]ã[[ãé³èšå·]]ãªã©ïŒããããæåè¡šçŸã¯èšèªè¡šçŸãšæåèšå·ã«åãããã<ref name="yamamoto" />ãèšèªè¡šçŸãšåºå¥ãããæåèšå·ãšã¯ãæåã䜿ã£ãŠãããèªïŒwordïŒã§ãªããã®ããããååŠåŒH<sub>2</sub>Oãªã©ããã®äŸã§ãã<ref name="yamamoto" />ãååŠåŒã¯èªç¶èšèªã®ææ³ãäœçšããŠããããååŠåŒç¬ç¹ã®ææ³ã§æ§æãããŠãã<ref name="yamamoto" />ã
èšèªã«ã¯ããŸããŸãªåé¡ãããã[[å£èª]]ã[[å£é èšèª]]ã[[æžèšèšèª]]ã[[æèª]]ããšãã£ãåé¡ãããããéãªãéšåãããã¯ã£ããåé¡ã§ãããã®ã§ããªãããŸã[[å±æèª]]ã»[[è çèª]]ã»[[å€ç«èª]]ãšãã£ããããªåé¡ãããã詳现ã¯[[èšèªé¡åè«]]ãåç
§ã
èšèªçè¡šçŸã¯èªã¿äžãã«ãã£ãŠé³å£°è¡šçŸãç¹ååã«ãã觊èŠè¡šçŸã«å€æãããããèšèªçè¡šçŸã®ç¹æ§ã¯ä¿åãããèŠèŠçã«è¡šçŸããããã®ãšåçã«åãæ±ãããšãã§ãã<ref name="yamamoto" />ã
æ話ã«é¢ããŠã¯ã[[æ¥æ¬èªå¯Ÿå¿æ話]]ãã¯äžè¬ã®æ¥æ¬èªã®è©±ãèšèãæžãèšèãšåäžã®èšèªã®ã[[èŠèŠèšèª]]ããŒãžã§ã³ãã§ããããã[[æ¥æ¬æ話]]ãã¯äžè¬ã®æ¥æ¬èªãšã¯ç°ãªãèšèªãšèããããŠããããã¡ãã¯[[é³å£°èšèª]]ã[[æåèšèª]]ãšã¯ç°ãªãã[[èŠèŠèšèª]]ããšããããšã«ãªããªã©ãåé¡ã¯åçŽã§ã¯ãªãã
以äžã®èªç¶çºççãªãèªç¶ãèšèªã®ä»ãè¿ä»£ä»¥éã[[ãšã¹ãã©ã³ã]]ãªã©ã®[[åœéè£å©èª]]ãªã©ã[[人工èšèª]]ãäœãããã<ref group="泚é">èªç¶èšèªã®æã€ããã€ãã®æ§è³ªãå
šãåãã ã[[圢åŒèšèª]]ãšããŠèšèšãããŠãã人工èšèªãäžéšã«ã¯ããïŒ[[ãã°ã©ã³]]ãªã©ïŒã</ref><ref group="泚é">ïŒèšèªåŠã®çšèªã«æ²¿ã£ãŠïŒã[[åç©ã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³]]ã®äœç³»ãããèšèªããšåŒã¶ããšãããããšãã䞻匵ãããããããããã§ã ã¹ããŒçè«ã§ã¯ã[[æ®éææ³]]ããªã©ã®æŠå¿µã«ãããŠãèšèªã¯äººéã®ãã®ãšãã倧åæããããã©ãããæå³ã§ãèšèªåŠã®çšèªã«æ²¿ã£ãŠããªã®ãã¯äžæ確ã§ããã</ref>
èªç¶èšèªä»¥å€ã«ã€ããŠã¯ã[[人工èšèª]]ã»[[圢åŒèšèª]]ã»[[ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿èšèª]]ãªã©ã®åèšäºãåç
§ã
{{Seealso|人工èšèª|圢åŒèšèª|ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿èšèª}}
[[ãžã£ãã¯ã»ããªã]]ãšãããäžè¬ã«[[ãã¹ãæ§é 䞻矩]]ã®ä»£è¡šç[[å²åŠè
]]ãšäœçœ®ã¥ããããŠãã[[ãã©ã³ã¹]]ã®å²åŠè
ã¯ãã声ããåºç€ãšãæåããã®ä»£æ¿ãšããçºæ³ãèšèªåŠã«ååšããããšäž»åŒµããããã«å¯Ÿããæ¹å€ãæããããç«å Žã䞻匵ããã[[ã°ã©ããããžãŒã«ã€ããŠ|ãã°ã©ããããžãŒã«ã€ããŠã]]ãšã[[差延]]ãã®èšäºãåç
§ã
åå¥èšèªã¯ãæ°æã®æ»
亡ãä»èšèªã«ããåžåã«ãã£ãŠäœ¿çšãããªããªãããšãããããã®ãããªèšèªã¯[[æ»èª (èšèª)|æ»èª]]ãšåŒã°ããæ»èªãåã³æ¯èªãšããŠäœ¿çšãããããšã¯æŽå²äžã«ãã äžäŸã[[ããã©ã€èª]]ã®äŸãããªããããããããã©ã€èªã¯èªç¶ã«åŸ©æŽ»ããããã§ãå®å
šã«æ¶æ»
ããŠããããã§ããªãã[[æç« èª]]ãšããŠåç¶ããŠããèšèªãã[[ãã¬ã¹ãã]]ã«ç§»äœãã[[ãŠãã€äºº]]ãã¡ã20äžçŽã«å
¥ã£ãŠæ¥åžžèªãšããŠäººå·¥çã«åŸ©æŽ»ãã<ref>ãç©èªããšã«ãµã¬ã ã®æŽå²ãp166ãç¬å·åäžãäžå€®å
¬è«æ°ç€Ÿã2010幎7æ25æ¥çºè¡</ref>ã[[ã€ã¹ã©ãšã«]]建åœãšãšãã«å
¬çšèªã«æå®ããŠå®å
šã«åçããããã®ã§ããããã®ã»ãã«ãã[[å€å
žã¢ã©ãã¢èª]]ã[[ã©ãã³èª]]ã[[å€å
žã®ãªã·ã£èª]]ã®ããã«ãæ¥åžžèªãšããŠã¯æ¶æ»
ããŠãããã®ã®æç« èªãšããŠã¯åç¶ããŠããèšèªãååšããããã®ã»ããæ¥åžžã§ã¯ãã¯ãçšããããã[[æå
ž]]ã[[å®æ]]è¡çºã®ã¿ã«çšããããããã«ãªã£ã[[å
žç€Œèšèª]]ãååšããã
è¿å¹Žã話è
æ°ãéåžžã«å°ãªãèšèªãä»èšèªã«é£²ã¿èŸŒãŸããŠæ¶æ»
ããæ°ãã«æ»èªãšåãããšãåé¡èŠãããããã«ãªããæ¶æ»
ã®å±æ©ã«ããèšèªã[[å±æ©èšèª]]ãšåŒã¶ããã«ãªã£ããããã¯ã[[äžçã®äžäœå]]ãé²ã¿ã亀é網ã®æŽåãæµéã®è¿
éåã[[ã©ãžãª]]ã»[[ãã¬ã]]ãšãã£ã[[ãã¹ã¡ãã£ã¢]]ã®çºéã«ãã£ãŠãããŸã§å€ç«ãä¿ã£ãŠããå°ããªèšèªããã®ã³ãã¥ããã£ãç¶æã§ããªããªãããã«èµ·ãããšèããããŠãã<ref name="ååãªã-1">ãæ¶æ»
ããèšèªãp108-111ããã€ãŽã£ããã»ã¯ãªã¹ã¿ã«èãæè€å
å²ã»äžè°·è£çŸèš³ãäžå
¬æ°æžã2004幎11æ25æ¥çºè¡</ref>ããã倧ããªèŠç¹ã§ã¯[[è±èª]]ã®åœéèªãšããŠã®å¢å䌞匵ã«ããä»äž»èŠèšèªã®å¢åçž®å°ããããã[[è±èªåžåœäž»çŸ©]]ãããã«å«ãŸãããšããããããããªããšã21äžçŽåé ã«ãããŠã¯è±èªãæ¯èªãšããæ°æãå€æ°æŽŸãå ããåœå®¶ãé€ããŠã¯è±èªã®ã°ããŒãã«åãèšèªã®å±æ©ã«çŽçµããŠããããã§ã¯ãªãã[[èšèªæ¶æ»
]]ã¯ãé£æ¥ãããã倧ããªèšèªéå£ãšã®äº€æµãäžå¯æ¬ ãšãªãããã®èšèªåã«å°èšèªéå£ãåã蟌ãŸããããšã«ãã£ãŠèµ·ãã<ref name="ååãªã-1"/>ãããããåãã¯äººç亀æµãæåç亀æµãçããª[[å
é²åœ]]å
ã«ãããŠããé¡èã§ããã[[åã¢ã¡ãªã«]]ã[[ãªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢]]ãªã©ã§èšèªæ¶æ»
ãæ¥éã«é²ã¿ãçµæžæé·ãšèšèªæ¶æ»
ãšã®éã«ã¯ææãªçžé¢ããããšã®ç 究ãååšãã<ref>https://www.afpbb.com/articles/-/3024935ããçµæžæé·ã§å°æ°èšèªã倱ããããç 究ãAFPBBã2014幎09æ03æ¥ã2017幎2æ6æ¥é²èŠ§</ref>ããã®ä»ã®å°åã«ãããŠãèšèªæ¶æ»
ãé²ãã§ããã[[2010幎]]ã«ã¯ã€ã³ãé ã®[[ã¢ã³ããã³è«žå³¶]]ã«ãããŠèšèªãäžã€æ¶æ»
ã<ref>https://www.afpbb.com/articles/-/2691446?pid=5282181ããæåŸã®è©±è
ãæ»äº¡ãæ¶æ»
å±æ©èšèªã絶æ»
ã€ã³ãã»ã¢ã³ããã³è«žå³¶ã®ãèªãAFPBBã2010幎02æ06æ¥ã2017幎2æ6æ¥é²èŠ§</ref>ãä»ã«ãåå°åã«ãããŠæ¶æ»
ã®å±æ©ã«ããèšèªãååšãããšã®èŠåãçºãããã<ref>https://www.afpbb.com/articles/-/2783379ãããžã£ã©ã¯æãå亡ã®å±æ©ãã€ã³ãã»ã¢ã³ããã³è«žå³¶ãAFPBBã2011幎01æ26æ¥ã2017幎2æ6æ¥é²èŠ§</ref>ã
äžçã«ååšããèªç¶èšèªã®äžèŠ§ã¯[[èšèªã®äžèŠ§]]ãåç
§
== æŽå² ==
=== èµ·æº ===
{{main|èšèªã®èµ·æº}}
èšèªããã€ã©ã®ããã«çãŸããã®ãåãã£ãŠããããè€æ°ã®[[仮説]]ãååšãããäŸãã°[[ãã³ããŒã¯]]ã®èšèªåŠè
[[ãªãããŒã»ã€ã§ã¹ãã«ã»ã³]]ã¯ã以äžã®ãããªä»®èª¬ãåæããŠããã
; ããŒããŒèª¬("Pooh-pooh" theory)
: æããåºã声ããææ
ã«é¢ããèªãåºæ¥ããã®ã
: çç¬ãã"laugh"ããããããã·ã§ãŠïŒç¬ïŒããå«ã声ãã"hate"ããããããã±ã³ïŒå«ïŒããªã©ã
:
; ã¯ã³ã¯ã³èª¬("Bow Bow" theory)
: 鳎ã声ããåç©ã«é¢ããèªãåºæ¥ããã®ã
: ãã¢ãŠïœããã"cow"ãããããã®ã¥ãŠïŒçïŒãããã¯ãªïœã³ããã"wolf"ããããã¿ããã㊠ïŒçŒïŒããªã©ã
:
; ãã³ãã³èª¬("Ding-dong" theory)
: é³é¿ããèªç¶ç©ã«é¢ããèªãåºæ¥ããã®ã
: ããã«ãïŒãŽããŽãããã"thunder"ããã¿ãªãããã©ã€ïŒé·ïŒãããã¶ãŒãâŠããã"water"ãã¿ãããã¹ã€ïŒæ°ŽïŒããªã©ã
:
; ãšã€ã€ã³ãŒã©èª¬("Yo-he-ho" theory)
: ãã声ããè¡åã«é¢ããèªãåºæ¥ããã®ã
: åæ¢ãä¿ã声ãã"stop"ããšãŸããããã€ïŒåïŒããåãæã®å£°ãã"work"ãã¯ãããããããŠïŒåŽïŒããªã©ã
: ãã®èª¬ã¯ãéå£è¡åããšãæã®æå³ã®ç¡ãã¯ããæããäžçåå°ã«æ®ã£ãŠããäºãããè£ä»ããããã
ãªããèšèªãçãŸããã®ãå°çäžã®äžã¶æãªã®ããè€æ°ã¶æãªã®ããåãã£ãŠããªãã
[[çç©åŠ]]çãªèŠ³ç¹ããèšèªã®èµ·æºãæ¢ãããšããè©Šã¿ããããæè¿ã®[[ååçç©åŠ]]çç 究ã«ããã°ã[[FOXP2]]ãšåã¥ããããŠãã[[éºäŒå]]ã«çããããçš®ã®å€ç°ãèšèªèœåã®ç²åŸã«ã€ãªãã£ãå¯èœæ§ããã<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11586359?dopt=Abstract Nature. 413(6855):519-23.]</ref>ãããã«ãã®å€ç°ã¯[[人é¡ã®é²å#ãã¢ã»ãµããšã³ã¹|çŸç人é¡]]ãš[[ãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ãŒã«äºº]]ãååãã以åã®30-40äžå¹Žåã«ã¯ãã§ã«çããŠãããšã®è§£æçµæãçºè¡šãããŠãã<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRT-4PXN9TN-5&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=0483b7dff86f2405ff5f39185950aa9e Current Biology 17:1908â1912]</ref>ãçŸç人é¡ãç»å Žãšãšãã«æ¢ã«èšèªã身ã«ã€ããŠããå¯èœæ§ãèããããããããFOXP2ã¯èšèªèœåãæããªãä»ã®åç©ã®å€ããæã£ãŠããããšãFOXP2ã®å€ç°ãèšèªèœåã®ç²åŸã®å¿
èŠæ¡ä»¶ã§ãããšã®çŽæ¥çãªèšŒæã¯ãŸã ãªãããŠããªãããšãªã©ã«çæããå¿
èŠãããã
=== å€å ===
{{Main|èšèªå€å}}
çç©ã®å Žåã«ã¯ãé²åãæ¢ãŸã£ãçç©ãçŸåšãçãæ®ã£ãŠããã[[çããŠããåç³]]ããšåŒã°ãããã®ãããããŸããäžèŠäŒŒãŠãã2çš®é¡ãå
šç¶å¥ã®çš®é¡ããé²åããŠãããšããã±ãŒã¹ããããèšèªã«ãåããããªçŸè±¡ãèµ·ããŠããããã®å€åã®é床ã¯äžå®ã§ã¯ãªãã䟵ç¥ã»äº€æã»ç§»åçä»æ°æãšã®æ¥è§Šãå€ããã°ããã®æèšèªã倧ããå€åããã代衚äŸãšããŠ[[è±èª]]ã[[ãã©ã³ã¹èª]]ã[[ã«ãŒããã¢èª]]ã[[ã¢ã«ããã¢èª]]ã[[ã¢ã«ã¡ãã¢èª]]çããããéã«æ¥è§Šãå°ãªããšã»ãšãã©å€åããªããªãã代衚äŸãšããŠ[[ãã€ãèª]]ã[[ã¢ã€ã¹ã©ã³ãèª]]ã[[ã®ãªã·ã£èª]]ã[[ã¹ã©ãŽèªæŽŸ]]ã[[ãã«ãèªæŽŸ]]ã[[ãµã³ã¹ã¯ãªããèª]]çããããç¹ã«ã¢ã€ã¹ã©ã³ãèªã¯åºæ¬ææ³ã1000幎åãšã»ãšãã©å€ã£ãŠããªãã
èšèªã¯ããšããšããã€ãã®[[ç¥èª]]ããååãããšèããããŠãããåäžã®ç¥èªããçºçããã°ã«ãŒãã[[èªæ]]ãšåŒã¶ãèªæã¯ããã«[[èªæŽŸ]]ãèªçŸ€ããããŠèšèªãšçŽ°ååãããŠãããäžçã®å€§å€æ°ã®èšèªã¯ãªãããã®èªæã«å±ãããããªãã«ã¯çŸåããä»ã®èšèªãšç³»çµ±é¢ä¿ãç«èšŒãããŠããããèªæã«åé¡ã§ããªã[[å€ç«ããèšèª]]ãååšããããŸããå°çã»æåçã«è¿æ¥ããç°ãªã£ã系統ã®èšèªãçžäºã«åœ±é¿ãããé¡èã«é¡äŒŒããäºäŸãèŠãããããã¯[[èšèªé£å]]ãšåŒã°ããã
åäžèªæã«å±ããèšèªçŸ€ã®å Žåãå
±é[[èªåœ]]ããèšèªã®ååãã幎代ãå²ãåºãæ¹æ³ãèæ¡ãããŠããã
äžã€ã®èšèªã®èšèªå²ãäœãå Žåãåèªã»ç¶Žãã»çºé³ã»ææ³çããå€ä»£ã»äžäžã»è¿ä»£ãš3åå²ããäŸãã°ãäžäžãã©ã³ã¹èªãçãšåŒã¶ã
ããèšèªãšä»ã®èšèªãæ¥è§Šããå Žåãäž¡èšèªã®è©±è
ã®äº€æµãæ·±ãŸãã«ã€ããŠæ§ã
ãªå€åãçºçãããããã[[èšèªæ¥è§Š]]ãšãããèšèªæ¥è§Šã«ãã£ãŠãäž¡èšèªã«ã¯çžæã®èšèªããèªåœãåçšãã[[åçšèª]]ãçºçããã»ãã亀æµãæ·±ãŸãã«ã€ããŠåæ¥ãç掻äžã®å¿
èŠãã[[æ··æèšèª]]ãçºçããããšãããããã®æ··æèšèªã¯ãåæã«ã¯[[ããžã³èšèª]]ãšåŒã°ããéåžžã«ç°¡ç¥åããã圢ããšããããããŠèªåœãå¢ãèšèªãšããŠæé·ããŠãããšãã[[ã¯ã¬ãªãŒã«èšèª]]ãšãããæ°ããèšèªããšãªã£ãããšèŠãªã<ref>ããã©ã³ã¹èªåŠæŠè«ãp40-41ãé«é圊ã»å·å³¶æµ©äžéã»æž¡éæ·³ä¹èã駿河å°åºç瀟ã2010幎4æ1æ¥åççºè¡</ref>ãã¯ã¬ãªãŒã«èšèªã¯ããžã³èšèªãšæ¯ã¹èªåœãå€ããäœãããã¡ããšäœç³»ã ã£ã[[ææ³]]ãååšããŠããããäžåã®ç¬ç«ããèšèªããšèŠãªããŠå
šãå·®ãæ¯ããªããã¯ã¬ãªãŒã«èšèªã¯ããžã³èšèªãšéãã[[æ¯èª]]話è
ãååšãããã€ãŸã幌ãããããäž»ã«ãã®èšèªã話ããŠè²ã£ã人ã
ãããããšããããšãç¹åŸŽã§ãã<ref name="ååãªã-2">ãæå人é¡åŠããŒã¯ãŒããp97ãå±±äžæåžã»è¹æ³å»ºå€«ç·šãææé£ã1997幎9æ30æ¥åç第1å·</ref>ã
äžäžã®äžçã«ãããŠã¯ãã°ãã°ã[[æèª]]ãšæ¥åžžäœ¿çšããèšèªãšã®éã«ã¯éãããã¿ããããªãã«ã¯[[äžäžãšãŒããã]]ã«ããã[[ã©ãã³èª]]ã®ããã«ãã®åå°ã®èšèãšå
šãç°ãªãèšèªãæç« èªãšããŠæ¡çšããŠããäžçãååšãããã©ãã³èªã¯æ¬§å·ã«ãããŠç¥è人ã®éã®[[å
±éèª]]ãšããŠçšããããã«ããµã³ã¹ãªã©ã§å€§ããªåœ¹å²ãæããããããããŠ[[å°å·]]è¡ã®çºå±ã[[å®ææ¹é©]]ãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠååœã«ãããŠäœ¿çšãããæ¥åžžèšèªãæèªãšããŠçšããããããã«ãªã£ãããã®éããããŸã§æ¹èšã®é£ç¶äœããæããªãã£ãååœã«ãããŠããã®èšèªãçèšããæšæºçãªè¡šèšæ³ãå®ãŸã£ãŠãã<ref>å¡©å·äŒžæ ãæ°æãšãã€ã·ã§ã³ - ãã·ã§ããªãºã ãšããé£åãp40 岩波æ°æžã2008幎ãISBN 9784004311560</ref>ãååœã«ãããŠåœå
å
±éèªãšããŠã®[[æšæºèª]]ãå¶å®ãããããã«ãªã£ããããã¯åºçç©ãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠåŸã
ã«å®ãŸã£ãŠãããã®ãããã°ãäžå€®ã«å
¬çãªèšèªçµ±å¶æ©é¢ã眮ããŠåœå®¶äž»å°ã§æšæºèªãå¶å®ãããã®ããã£ããããããã«ããããããèšèªã®æŽåãšåœå
å
±éèªã®æç«ã¯ã[[åœæ°åœå®¶]]ãæç«ãããããã§ã®éèŠãªããŒã¹ãšãªã£ãŠãã£ããäžæ¹ã§ãæšæºèªã®å¶å®ã¯æ¹èšé£ç¶äœã®ãã®ä»ã®èšèªãæ¹èšãšããããšã«ãªããèšèªå
ã§ã®åºåãã€ããããšã«ã€ãªãã£ã<ref name="ååãªã-2"/>ã
æãæ°ããèšèªã§ããããŸãèªçããç¬éããšãããããèšèªãšããŠã¯ã[[ãã«ã©ã°ã¢]]ã®åäŸéã®éã§[[1970幎代]]åŸåã«çºçããã[[ãã«ã©ã°ã¢æ話]]ãããããããã¯ãèšèªèœåã¯äººéã«çåŸã®ãã®ã§ãããšããèããè£ä»ãããã®ãšãªã£ãã
== äžçã®èšèª ==
[[ãã¡ã€ã«:Sekai-no-gengo.png|thumb|400px|äžçã®èšèªã®ååžå³]]
{{see also|èšèªã®äžèŠ§|èªæã®äžèŠ§|èªæ}}
çŸåšäžçã«ååšããèšèªã®æ°ã¯åæ°çŸãšãæ°åãšãèšãããã[[1939幎]]ã«ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®[[ã«ã€ã¹ã»ããŒããŒãã»ã°ã¬ã€]]ïŒ[[:en:Louis Herbert Gray]]ïŒã¯èæž ''Foundations of Language''[https://archive.org/details/GrayFoundationsOfLanguage1939/mode/2up] ã«ãããŠã2796èšèªããšå±ãã[[1979幎]]ã«ãã€ãã®ãã€ã€ãŒã4200ãã5600èšèªãšå±ããŠããã[[äžçå ]]ã®ã[[èšèªåŠå€§èŸå
ž]]ããäžçèšèªç·šãã§ã¯8000è¶
ã®èšèªãæ±ã£ãŠãã<ref>åç䜰倪éã»æŸåŽå¯ããæ¥æ¬èªãããããã®èšèªåŠããè¬è«ç€Ÿã1995幎ãp.22</ref>ã
ããããæ£ç¢ºã«æ°ããããšã¯ã»ãŒäžå¯èœã§ãããããã¯ãæªçºèŠã®èšèªããæ¶æ»
ãã€ã€ããèšèªãããããã ãã§ã¯ãªããåççãªå°é£ãããããã§ãããã䌌ãŠãããåãã§ã¯ãªããèšèªããé£ãåã£ãŠååšããŠãããšããããã¯äžã€ã®èšèªãªã®ãå¥ã®èšèªãªã®ãåºå¥ããããšã¯é£ãããããã¯ãã人ééå£ããèšèªã®è©±è
ããšããããæ¹èšã®è©±è
ããšãããã®åé¡ã§ããã<ref>ãæ¶æ»
ããèšèªãp12-13ããã€ãŽã£ããã»ã¯ãªã¹ã¿ã«èãæè€å
å²ã»äžè°·è£çŸèš³ãäžå
¬æ°æžã2004幎11æ25æ¥çºè¡</ref>ãããšãã°ãæ§[[ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢]]ã«å±ããŠãã[[ã»ã«ãã¢]]ã[[ã¯ãã¢ãã¢]]ã[[ãã¹ãã¢ã»ãã«ãã§ãŽãã]]ã[[ã¢ã³ããã°ã]]ã®4å°åã®èšèªã¯éåžžã«äŒŒéã£ããã®ã§ãããåŠè¡çã«ã¯[[æ¹èšé£ç¶äœ]]ã§ãã[[ã»ã«ãã¢ã»ã¯ãã¢ãã¢èª]]ãšããŠæ±ãããããŸãæ§ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢ã®æ¿æ²»äžã«ãããŠãåœå®¶çµ±äžã®èŠ³ç¹äžããããã®èšèªã¯åäžèšèªãšããŠæ±ãããŠãããããã1991幎ããã®[[ãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢çŽäº]]ã«ãã£ãŠãŠãŒãŽã¹ã©ãã¢ã厩å£ãããšãç¬ç«ããååœã¯åå°æ¹ã®æ¹èšããããã[[ç¬ç«èšèª]]ãšããŠæ±ãããã«ãªãã[[ã»ã«ãã¢èª]]ã[[ã¯ãã¢ãã¢èª]]ã[[ãã¹ãã¢èª]]ã®äžèšèªã«æ¿æ²»çã«åããããããã«ãªã£ã<ref>ã人é¡ã®æŽå²ãå€ãã8ã€ã®ã§ãããš1ãèšèªã»å®æã»èŸ²èã»ãéç·šãp30-31ãç淳平ã岩波ãžã¥ãã¢æ°æžã2012幎4æ20æ¥ç¬¬1å·</ref>ãããã«[[2006幎]]ã«ã¢ã³ããã°ãã[[ã»ã«ãã¢ã»ã¢ã³ããã°ã]]ããç¬ç«ãããšã[[ã¢ã³ããã°ãèª]]ãã»ã«ãã¢èªããããã«åããããããã«ãªã£ãããããããæ確ãªæšæºèªãæããè€æ°ã®èšèªäžå¿ãæã€èšèªã®ããšã[[è€æ°äžå¿å°èšèª]]ãšåŒã³ãè±èªãªã©ãããã«å«ãŸããã
éã«ãäžåœã«ãããŠã¯[[å京èª]]ããããå
ã«æç«ãã[[æ®é話]]ãšã[[äžæµ·èª]]ã[[åºæ±èª]]ãšãã£ãé éå°ã®èšèªãšã¯å·®ç°ã倧ããäŒè©±ãæç«ããªãã»ã©ã§ããããæžãèšèã¯å
±éã§ããããŸããããŸã§ãäžåœèªçŸ€ã«ã¯å±ããŠããŠå¯Ÿå¿é¢ä¿ãæ確ã§ããããããããèšèªã¯ãã¹ãŠ[[äžåœèª]]å
ã®æ¹èšãšããŠæ±ãããŠãã<ref>ãäžåœã®å°å瀟äŒãšæšæºèªãåäžåœãäžå¿ã«ãp19ãé³æŒè¯ãäžå
瀟ã2005幎2æ23æ¥åç第1å·</ref>ã
åãèšèªãã©ãããå€å®ããåºæºãšããŠãçžäºç解æ§ãæå±ããèããããã話è
ãçžæã®èšãããšãç解ã§ããå Žåã«ã¯ãåäžèšèªãç解ã§ããªãå Žåã«ã¯å¥èšèªãšãããçžäºç解æ§ã¯èšèªéã®è·é¢ãäŒããéèŠãªæ
å ±ã§ããããããã«ãã£ãŠäžã€ã®èšèªã®ç¯å²ã確å®ããããšãããšãæè¡çé£ããã«ãšã©ãŸããªãå°é£ã«çŽé¢ãããäžã€ã¯ãAã®èšãããšãBãèãåããŠããBã®èšãããšãAãèãåããªããããªèšèªå·®ãããããšã§ãããããäžã€ã¯ãåç³»åã®èšèªãå°ççãªåºããã®äžã§åŸã
ã«å€åããŠããå Žåã«ãã©ãã§ãããã€ã«åå²ãã¹ããªã®ãããããã¯ãŸã£ããåå²ãã¹ãã§ãªãã®ãã決ããããªãããšã§ããã
ããããå°é£ã«éããŠããåäžã®åºæºã決ããŠåé¡ããŠããããšã¯ãçå±ã®äžã§ã¯å¯èœã§ãããããããããŠåäžåºæºãæŒãéãèšèªåŠè
ã¯çŸå®ã«ã¯ããªããããéå£ããèšèªè©±è
ããšããããæ¹èšè©±è
ããšãããã«ã¯ãæ¿æ²»çã»æåç[[ã¢ã€ãã³ãã£ãã£]]ã®åé¡ãæ·±ãé¢ä¿ããŠãããã©ã®ãããªåºæºãèšããããšãããå°åã§å€ãã®è³æãåŸãããåé¡åºæºã¯ãå¥ã®å°åã§åŒ·ãåçºãåããããšã«ãªããããããåçºã¯èª€ãã ãšèšãããã®è«æ ãèšèªåŠã¯ãã£ãŠããªãã®ã§ãçµå±ã¯æ
£ç¿ã«åŸã£ãŠãå°åããšã«ç°ãªãåºæºãçšããŠåé¡ããããšã«ãªãã
èšèªãšæ¹èšã®åºå¥ã«ã€ããŠãçŸåšãªããã説æã¯äºã€ã§ããã第äžã¯ãèšèªãšæ¹èšã®åºå¥ã«ã¯ãªããèšèªåŠçæå³ã¯ãªããšããã第äºã®ãã®ã¯ãŸããã©ã®æ¹èšãããããèšèªã ãšããããã®äžã§ãããæšæºèªã«å¯ŸããŠéæšæºèªã®é¢ä¿ã«ããåç³»èšèªããæ¹èšãšããã[[æšæºèª]]ã®éžå®ã¯æ¿æ²»ã«ãããããããããŸããèšèªãšæ¹èšã®åºå¥ã«èšèªåŠçæå³ã¯ãªãããšããç¹ã§ã第äžãšåãã§ããããã®å®çŸ©ã§ã¯ãèšèªã秀ã«ãããŠå€å®ããŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã人ã
ããã®èšèªãã©ãæã£ãŠãããã秀ã«ãããŠããã®ã§ããã
ããèšèªå士ãç¬ç«ã®èšèªå士ãªã®ããåãèšèªã®æ¹èšå士ãªã®ãã®å€å®ã¯éåžžã«æ£æçã§ãããããã®äžæ¹ã§ãæ確ã«ç³»çµ±é¢ä¿ãç°ãªãèšèªå士ã¯ãããšãå
±éã®éå£ã§è©±ãããŠããŠããæ¹èšå士ãšã¯ã¿ãªãããªããšããäºå®ãæããããšãã°ãäžåœçç²çã«äœãå°æ°æ°æ[[ãŠãŒã°æ]]ã¯è¥¿éšã«äœããã®ã¯[[ãã¥ã«ã¯ç³»]]ã®èšèªãæ¯èªãšããæ±éšã«äœããã®ã¯ã¢ã³ãŽã«ç³»ã®èšèªãæ¯èªãšããŠãããäž¡è
ã¯åãæ°æã ãšããæèããããããã®èšèªã¯æ¹èšå士ã§ã¯ãªãã[[西éšãŠãŒã°èª]]ã[[æ±éšãŠãŒã°èª]]ãšå¥ã
ã®èšèªãšããŠæ±ãããããŸãæµ·å島ã«ããèšé«äººãæ°æç±äžã¯[[挢æ°æ]]ã§ãããããã®èšèªã¯[[挢èª]]ã®æ¹èšãšããŠã¯æ±ãããã系統ã©ãã[[ã¿ã€ã»ã«ãã€èªæ]]ã®[[èšé«èª]]ãšããŠæ±ãããã
䜿çšãã[[æå]]ã¯åèšèªãã©ããã®å€æåºæºãšããŠã¯ããŸãçšããããªããèšèªã¯åºæ¬çã«ã©ã®æåã§ãè¡šèšå¯èœãªãã®ã§ãããããèšèªã䜿çšããæåãå€æŽããããšãäºçš®ä»¥äžã®æåã䜵çšããããšã¯çããããšã§ã¯ãªãããŸã[[ææ³]]ãªã©ã«æåã¯ãã»ã©åœ±é¿ãäžããªãããã§ããã[[ããŒãŽã¡ããŒã¬ãªãŒæå]]ãçšããã€ã³ãã®å
¬çšèªã§ãã[[ãã³ãã£ãŒèª]]ãš[[ãŠã«ãã¥ãŒæå]]ãçšãã[[ããã¹ã¿ã³]]ã®å
¬çšèªã§ãã[[ãŠã«ãã¥ãŒèª]]ã¯ã[[ãã³ãã¥ã¹ã¿ãŒããŒèª]]ãšããŠåäžèšèªãŸãã¯[[æ¹èšé£ç¶äœ]]ãšããŠæ±ãããããšãããã
== 話è
æ°ã®çµ±èšé äœ ==
=== æ¯èªè©±è
çµ±èšã§èŠã話è
æ° ===
{{main|æ¯èªè©±è
ã®æ°ãå€ãèšèªã®äžèŠ§}}
äžè¡šã®æ¯èªè©±è
æ°ããã³åé¡ã¯ãã[[ãšã¹ãããŒã°]]第21çãã«æºæ ãããåè³æã¯2021幎æç¹ã®æšèšã§ãäžåœèªã¯13æ¹èšãã¢ã©ãã¢èªã¯20æ¹èšãã©ãã³ããŒèªã¯4æ¹èšã®åèšã§ããã
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!1äœ
|[[äžåœèª]]||13å人
|{{Plainlist|
*{{PRC}}
*{{ROC}}
*{{MYS}}
*{{SIN}}}}
|-
!2äœ
|[[ã¹ãã€ã³èª]]||5å7700äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{ESP}}
*{{MEX}}
*{{ARG}}ãªã©
}}
|-
!3äœ
|[[ãã³ãã£ãŒèª]]||4å9000äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{IND}}
*{{FJI}}
}}
|-
!4äœ
|[[è±èª]]||3å3500äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{USA}}
*{{UK}}
*{{AUS}}
*{{CAN}}ãªã©
}}
|-
!5äœ
|[[ãã«ãã¬ã«èª]]||2å5000äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{POR}}
*{{BRA}}ãªã©
}}
|-
!6äœ
|[[ãã³ã¬ã«èª]]||2å4300äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{BAN}}
*{{IND}}
}}
|-
!7äœ
|[[ã¢ã©ãã¢èª]]||2å3500äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{EGY}}
*{{KSA}}
*{{IRQ}}ãªã©
}}
|-
!8äœ
|[[ãã©ã³ã¹èª]]
|2å3000äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{FRA}}
*{{BEL}}ãªã©
}}
|-
!9äœ
|[[ãã·ã¢èª]]||1å8000äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{RUS}}ãªã©
}}
|-
!10äœ
|[[ãã€ãèª]]
|1å3000äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{GER}}
*{{AUT}}
*{{ SUI}}ãªã©
}}
|-
!11äœ
|[[æ¥æ¬èª]]||1å2700äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{JPN}}
*{{PLW}}}}
|-
!12äœ
|[[ãã«ã³èª]]
|8800äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{TUR}}ãªã©
}}
|-
!13äœ
|[[æé®®èª]]
|8250äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{KOR}}
*{{PRK}}
*{{PRC}} (延蟺)}}
|-
!14äœ
|[[ãžã£ã¯èª]]
|7500äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{IDN}}ãªã©
}}
|-
!15äœ
|[[ã©ãã³ããŒèª]]||4200äžäºº
|{{Plainlist|
*{{PAK}}ãªã©
}}
|}
=== æ¯èªè©±è
æ°ãšç·è©±è
æ°ã®å·® ===
äžå³ã®éããæãæ¯èªè©±è
ã®å€ãèšèªã¯[[äžåœèª]]ã§ããããå
¬çšèªãšããŠããåœå®¶ã¯[[äžè¯äººæ°å
±ååœ]]ãš[[äžè¯æ°åœ]]ãããã«[[ã·ã³ã¬ããŒã«]]ã®3ã€ã®åœå®¶ã«ããããäžçã«ãããŠåºã䜿çšãããŠããèšèªãšããããã§ã¯ãªãããŸããå
±éèªã§ãã[[æ®é話]]ãå«ã, 13åã®æ¹èšãååšããã
äžèšã®è³æã§è©±è
æ°2äœã®èšèªã¯[[ã¹ãã€ã³èª]]ã§ãããããã¯[[ãšãŒããã倧éž]]ã®[[ã¹ãã€ã³]]ãçºç¥¥ãšããèšèªã§ãããã[[17äžçŽ]]ã®ã¹ãã€ã³ã«ãã[[æ°å€§éž]]ã®æ€æ°å°åãçµãŠã[[åã¢ã¡ãªã«]]ããã³[[åã¢ã¡ãªã«]]åéšã«ãããåºå€§ãªèšèªåãç²åŸããã2021幎床ã«ãããŠã¹ãã€ã³èªãå
¬çšèªãšããåœã
ã¯21ã«åœã«ã®ãŒããããã«ã»ãŒå系統ã®èšèªã§ãã5äœã®[[ãã«ãã¬ã«èª]]åãåãããæ°å€§éžã®é åã¯[[ã©ãã³ã¢ã¡ãªã«]]ãšåŒã°ããåºå€§ãªå
±éèšèªåã圢æããŠããã
äžèšã®è³æã§[[è±èª]]ã®è©±è
人å£ã¯4äœã ããå
¬çšèªãšããŠã¯55ãåœãšæãå€ãã®åœã§è©±ãããŠãããããã«ãè±èªã¯[[ã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœ]]ã[[ã€ã®ãªã¹]]ã®å
¬çšèªã§ããããäžçã§åºãéèŠèŠãããŠãããäžçã®äžäœåã«äŒŽãç 究ãããžãã¹ãªã©ãè±èªã§è¡ãããå Žé¢ãå¢ããéè±èªåã©ããã®äœæ°ã®äº€æžã«ãããŠãå
±éèªãšããŠè±èªã䜿çšããå Žåããããªã©ãè±èªã®äžçå
±éèªãšããŠã®åœ±é¿åã¯å¢å€§ããŠããåŸåã«ããã
è±èªã«æ¬¡ãåœéèªãšããŠã¯ã[[17äžçŽ]]ãã[[19äžçŽ]]ãŸã§[[西æŽ]]ã§æãæåãªåœéèªã§ãã£ã<ref>ãèšèªäžçå°å³ãp196ãçºç°å¥ãæ°æœ®æ°æžã2008幎5æ20æ¥çºè¡</ref>[[ãã©ã³ã¹èª]]ãæããããããã©ã³ã¹èªã®è©±è
ã¯2å3000äžäººãšããã5ã«ãå
¥ããªããããã©ã³ã¹èªãå
¬çšèªãšããåœã
ã¯ã¢ããªã«ã®æ§ãã©ã³ã¹æ€æ°å°ãäžå¿ã«29ã«åœã«ã®ãŒãã
話è
æ°7äœã®[[ã¢ã©ãã¢èª]]ãåºãå
±éèšèªåãæã€èšèªã§ãããã¢ã©ãã¢èªã¯[[ã¯ã«ã¢ãŒã³]]ã®èšèªãšããŠ[[ã€ã¹ã©ã ]]åå
šåã«äœ¿çšè
ãããããšãã«[[åã¢ããªã«]]ãã[[äžæ±]]ã«ãããŠæ¯èªè©±è
ãå€ãããå
¬çšèªãšããåœã
ã¯23ã«åœã«ã®ãŒã£ãŠããŠãã²ãšã€ã®[[ã¢ã©ã]]æååã圢æããŠããããã ããããæèªã§ãã[[ãã¹ããŒ]]ãšå£èªã§ãã[[ã¢ãŒã³ããŒã€]]ã«åãããŠãããã¢ãŒã³ããŒã€ã¯ããã«å€æ°ã®æ¹èšã«ããããŠããã
[[åœéé£å|åœé£]]ã®å
¬çšèªã¯ãè±èªã[[ãã©ã³ã¹èª]]ã[[ãã·ã¢èª]]ãäžåœèªã[[ã¹ãã€ã³èª]]ã[[ã¢ã©ãã¢èª]]ã®6ã€ã§ããããããã¯[[å®å
šä¿éçäºäŒ]]ã®åžžä»»çäºåœã®èšèªã«ãåºå€§ãªå
±éèšèªåãæã€ã¹ãã€ã³èªãšã¢ã©ãã¢èªãå ãããã®ã§ãã<ref>ãèšèªäžçå°å³ãp209-210ãçºç°å¥ãæ°æœ®æ°æžã2008幎5æ20æ¥çºè¡</ref>ã
=== èšèªãšåœå®¶ ===
èšèªã¯[[åœå®¶]]ãæç«ãããããã§ã®éèŠãªèŠçŽ ã§ããã[[ã«ãã]]ã«ãããè±èªãšãã©ã³ã¹èªãã[[ãã«ã®ãŒ]]ã«ããã[[ãªã©ã³ãèª]]ãšãã©ã³ã¹èªã®ããã«ãç°ãªãèšèªéã®å¯Ÿç«ããã°ãã°[[èšèªæŠäº]]ãšåŒã°ããã»ã©ã«æ¿åããŠç¬ç«åé¡ã«çºå±ããåœå®¶ã«å€§ããªåœ±é¿ãåãŒãããšãçãããªãã[[æ±ããã¹ã¿ã³]]ã®ããã«ã[[西ããã¹ã¿ã³]]ã®èšèªã§ãããŠã«ãã¥ãŒèªã®å
¬çšèªåã«åçºããŠ[[ãã³ã¬ã«èª]]ãåæ Œã®åœèªãšããããšãæ±ããããšããç¬ç«éåãèµ·ããæçµçã«[[ãã³ã°ã©ãã·ã¥]]ãšããŠç¬ç«ãããããªäŸããã<ref>倧æ©æ£æãæå±±çåŒç·šèã2003幎8æ8æ¥åç第1å·ãããã³ã°ã©ãã·ã¥ãç¥ãããã®60ç« ãp58ãæç³æžåº </ref>ã
ããããå Žåãèšèªåå¥ã«å€§ããªèªæ²»æš©ãäžããããåœå®¶ã®å
¬çšèªãè€æ°å¶å®ãããããããšãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠå°æ°æŽŸèšèªè©±è
ã®äžæºããªã ããæ¿çã¯ããçšãããããèšèªåã«åŒ·ãèªæ²»æš©ãäžããå
žåäŸã¯ãã«ã®ãŒã§ãååœã§ã¯[[1970幎]]ã«èšèªå
±åäœãèšç«ãããæ°åºŠã®å€æŽãçµãŠ[[ãã©ãã³èªå
±åäœ]]ã[[ãã©ã³ã¹èªå
±åäœ]]ã[[ãã€ãèªå
±åäœ]]ã®3ã€ã®èšèªå
±åäœã®äœµåããé£éŠåœå®¶ãšãªã£ã<ref>ãç©èªããã«ã®ãŒã®æŽå²ãp179ãæŸå°Ÿç§åãäžå
¬æ°æžã2014幎8æ25æ¥</ref>ãå
¬çšèªãè€æ°å¶å®ããäŸã§ã¯[[ã¹ã€ã¹]]ãå
žåçã§ããããããŸã§[[ãã€ãèª]]ã®ã¿ã§ãã£ãå
¬çšèªã[[1848幎]]ã®æ²æ³ã«ãã£ãŠãã€ãèªã»ãã©ã³ã¹èªã»[[ã€ã¿ãªã¢èª]]ã®äžå
¬çšèªå¶ãšãªã<ref>ãå³èª¬ã¹ã€ã¹ã®æŽå²ãp86ãèžå
±äºãæ²³åºæžæ¿æ°ç€Ÿã2011幎8æ30æ¥åççºè¡</ref><ref name="ååãªã-3">森ç°å®äžãç©èªãã¹ã€ã¹ã®æŽå²ãäžå
¬æ°æžãp198ã2000幎7æ25æ¥çºè¡</ref>ãããã«[[1938幎]]ã«ã¯[[ããã³ã·ã¥èª]]ã[[åœèª]]ãšããã<ref>ãå³èª¬ã¹ã€ã¹ã®æŽå²ãp111ãèžå
±äºãæ²³åºæžæ¿æ°ç€Ÿã2011幎8æ30æ¥åççºè¡</ref><ref name="ååãªã-3"/>ããã®åŸåãç¹ã«åŒ·ãã®ã¯[[ã€ã³ã]]ã§ããã[[1956幎]]以éãããŸã§ã®å°ççãªåºåããå系統ã®èšèªãçšããå°åãžãšå·ãåç·šããããããããèšèªå·ãæ¿çãåã£ãŠãã<ref>å¡©å·äŒžæ ãæ°æãšãã€ã·ã§ã³ - ãã·ã§ããªãºã ãšããé£åãp123 岩波æ°æžã2008幎ãISBN 9784004311560</ref>ã
=== å
¬çšèªãå
±éèªãæ°æèª ===
{{seealso|å
¬çšèªã®äžèŠ§}}
åœå®¶ã«ãããèšèªã®æ§é ã¯ã[[å
¬çšèª]]-[[å
±éèª]]-æ°æèªïŒéšæèªã[[æ¹èš]]ïŒã®äžå±€ã®æ§é ãããªã£ãŠããããã£ãšããå
¬çšèªãšå
±éèªããŸãäžå±€ãã¹ãŠãåãèšèªã§ããå Žåã¯ãã®åã ãå±€ã®æ°ã¯æžå°ããã
[[æ¥æ¬]]ãäŸã«ãšãã°ãåå°æ¹ã§ã¯ãã®å°æ¹ã®æ¹èšã䜿ã£ãŠãããã€ãŸããåãå°æ¹ã®ã³ãã¥ããã£å
ã§éçšããèšèªã䜿çšããŠããããããä»å°æ¹ããæ¥ã人ãçžæã«ããå Žåãšãªããšããããã[[æšæºèª]]ã䜿çšããããšãšãªããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ä»ã«æåãªèšèªéå£ãååšããªããããæ¿åºé¢ä¿ã®ææžã«ãæ¥æ¬æšæºèªããã®ãŸãŸäœ¿çšããããã€ãŸããå
±éèªãšå
¬çšèªãåäžã§ãããããå
¬çšèª-æ¹èšã®äºå±€æ§é ãšãªã£ãŠããã
å
¬çšèªãšå
±éèªã¯åé¢ããŠããªãåœå®¶ãå€ããã[[ã¢ããªã«å€§éž]]ã®è«žåœå®¶ã«ãããŠã¯ãã®äžå±€æ§é ãæ確ã«ãããããŠããããããã®åœã«ãããŠã¯ãæ¿åºé¢ä¿ã®å
¬çšèªã¯æ§[[å®äž»åœ]]ã®èšèªã䜿çšãããŠãããåŠæ ¡[[æè²]]ããã®èšèªã§è¡ãããããæ°æèªãšããé¢ããååšã§ããããšãããåœæ°ã®äžã§äœ¿çšã§ããå±€ã¯ãã»ã©å€ããªãããã®ç©Žãåããããã«ãåå°åã«ãããŠã¯å
±éèªã話ãããŠããã[[éŠéœ]]ãããå°åã®å
±éèªã匷倧åããåœã®å€§éšåãèŠãããã«ãªãããšãçãããªãããããææ³ã®æŽåãªã©ã®é
ãããåœå
ä»èšèªè©±è
ã®å察ãå
¬çšèªã®äœ¿çšèœåããšãªãŒãå±€ã®æš©åã®æºæ³ãšãªã£ãŠãããªã©ã®äºæ
ã«ãã£ãŠãå
±éèªãå
¬çšèªåã¯ãããªãããšãã»ãšãã©ã§ããããã®äžã«åæ°æã®æ°æèªãååšãã<ref>ãã¢ããªã«ã®ããšã°ãšç€ŸäŒãå€èšèªç¶æ³ãçãããšããããšãpp18-21ã梶èæš¹ã»ç é幞çšç·šèãäžå
瀟ã2009幎4æ30æ¥åç第1å·</ref>ã
== èšèªã®çç©åŠ ==
詳现ã¯[[å¿çèšèªåŠ]]åã³ã[[ç¥çµèšèªåŠ]]ãåç
§
èšèªæ©èœã¯åºæ¬çã«ããã«åºæã®ãã®ã§ãããããèšèªã®ç 究ã«ã¯å°æ°ã®äŸå€ãé€ãåç©ã¢ãã«ãäœãã«ããããã®ãããè³æ¢å¡ãªã©ã§è³ã®å±æãç Žå£ãããçäŸã§ã®ç 究ãã被éšè
ã«2ã€ã®åèªãå瀺ããã®å¹²æžå¹æãç 究ãããªã©ã®'''å¿çåŠçç 究'''ãäž»ã«ãªãããŠãããã1980幎代åŸåãã'''[[è³æ©èœã€ã¡ãŒãžã³ã°]]ç 究'''ãææ³ã«å ããã被éšè
ãããŸããŸãªèšèªèª²é¡ãè¡ã£ãŠãããšãã®è³æŽ»åãèŠèŠåã§ããããã«ãªã£ãã
=== èšèªã«é¢ããè³ã®é å ===
å€å
žçãª[[ãããŒã«é|ãããŒã«é å]]ã[[ãŠã§ã«ããã±é|ãŠã§ã«ããã±é å]]ã®ã»ãã[[å€åŽæº|ã·ã«ãŽã£ãŠã¹è£]]ãå²ãåºãç¯å²ïŒ[[çžäžå]]ã[[è§å]]ã[[äžæ¬¡èŽèŠé|äžæ¬¡ã»äºæ¬¡èŽèŠé]]ã[[äžæ¬¡éåé]]ã[[äœæ§æèŠé]]ãå·Š[[åé åé]]ãå·Š[[äžåŽé å]]ïŒã«ããã£ãŠãããè³æ¢å¡ãªã©ã§åéšãæå·ããããšãããããéã£ãã¿ã€ãã®[[倱èª]]ãåºçŸãããäŸãã°å·Šåé åéä»è¿ã®æå·ã§çãããããŒã«å€±èªã¯éå倱èªã§ãããèªçºèªã¯é[[æµæ¢æ§]]ãšãªã埩å±ãæžåãé害ããããå·Š[[åŽé è]]ä»è¿ã®é害ã§çãããŠã§ã«ããã±å€±èªã¯æèŠå€±èªã§ããèªçºèªã¯æµæ¢ã§ããããèšèªç解ã埩å±ãé害ãããæåã«ããèšèªç解ãäžè¯ã§ããã
ã»ãšãã©ã®å³å©ãã®äººã§ã¯ãåèªãææ³ãèªåœãªã©ã®äž»èŠãªèšèªæ©èœã¯'''å·Šåçåªäœ'''ã§ãããããã声ã®ææïŒãããœãã£ïŒã®ææ¡ãæ¯å©ã®ç解ã«ã€ããŠã¯'''å³åçåªäœ'''ã§ãããšèšãããŠããã
'''æåã®èªè'''ã«ã¯å·Š[[玡éç¶å]]ãäžã»[[äžåŸé å]]ãé¢äžãããã挢åïŒè¡šææåïŒãšã²ãããªïŒè¡šé³æåïŒã§æŽ»åããéšäœãç°ãªããšèšãããŠããã
=== ããã®çºéã«ãããèšèªæ©èœã®ç²åŸ ===
ãããå€æ¹é¢ããç 究ãããŠãããå人ã®èšèªèœåã¯ã[[èªåé害]]ã[[ãŠã£ãªã¢ã ãºçå矀]]ã[[èªéç]]ãªã©ã®ããã«å
šäœçãªç¥çèœåãšã¯ä¹é¢ããããšããããåäœçºçãããã®é²åã«ãããèšèªã®èµ·æºãªã©ã«ãã³ããäžããŠããããŸããããã¯ç°å¢ã®äžã§èŽåããé³å£°ããèªåã§ææ³ãªã©ã®èŠåãèŠåºãåŠç¿ããæ©èœãçåŸçã«åããŠãããããç¹ã«æãããªããŠãèšèªãåŠç¿ã§ãããšãã[[çåŸè«]]ãšããèããååšããã
æè¿ã®[[è¿èµ€å€ç·åå
æ³]]ãçšããç 究ã«ãããŠãçåŸ2ãã5æ¥ã®æ°çå
ãéåçãããé åçã®å£°ãèããã»ããããããã¯å€åœèªããæ¯åœèªãèãããšãã®æ¹ãèŽèŠç®è³ªã®è¡æµå¢å ã倧ããã£ããšå ±åãããŠãããåºç£åããæ¯äœå
ã§èšèªãèŽããŠããããšã瀺åãããã
== è泚 ==
{{è泚ãã«ã}}
=== 泚é ===
{{Notelist}}
=== åºå
ž ===
{{Reflist|2}}
== é¢é£é
ç® ==
* [[ç¹å¥:æ€çŽ¢/intitle:èšèª|ãèšèªããå«ãèšäºåã®äžèŠ§]]
* [[èšè]]
* [[èšèªåŠ]]
** [[çè«èšèªåŠ]] - [[瀟äŒèšèªåŠ]]ã»[[:Category:瀟äŒèšèªåŠ]] - [[é³å£°åŠ]]
** [[æŽå²èšèªåŠ]]ã»[[:Category:æŽå²èšèªåŠ]]
** [[å¿çšèšèªåŠ]]
** [[åå¥èšèªåŠ]]
* [[èšèªå]]
* [[èšèéã³]]
* [[èšèªèŽèŠçæ³]]
* {{ill2|åç©ã®èšèª|en|Animal language}}
== å€éšãªã³ã¯ ==
{{Wiktionary|èšèª}}
{{Commons|Language}}
* {{è³ç§åŠèŸå
ž|èšèª}}ãç¥çµç§åŠã®ç«å Žããã®è§£èª¬ã
* {{è³ç§åŠèŸå
ž|èšèªèµ·æº|nolink=yes}}
* {{è³ç§åŠèŸå
ž|èšèªé²å|nolink=yes}}
* [http://encarta.msn.com/medias_761570647/Language.html MSN Encarta â Multimedia â Language]{{ãªã³ã¯åã|date=2020幎6æ}}{{en icon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061227193537/http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/fields/2098.html CIA â The World Factbook â Field Listing â Languages]{{ãªã³ã¯åã|date=2020幎6æ}}{{en icon}}
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/ Ethnologue, Languages of the World]{{en icon}}
* {{Kotobank}}
{{Spedia|Language|Language}}
{{Normdaten}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:ããã}}
[[Category:èšèª|*]]
[[Category:èšèªåŠ]]
[[Category:æ°æ]]
<!--[[tlh:Hol]]--> | 2002-09-10T19:25:48Z | 2023-12-02T12:16:40Z | false | false | false | [
"Template:Plainlist",
"Template:è泚ãã«ã",
"Template:Wiktionary",
"Template:Commons",
"Template:Spedia",
"Template:Main",
"Template:See also",
"Template:è³ç§åŠèŸå
ž",
"Template:ãªã³ã¯åã",
"Template:Seealso",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:En icon",
"Template:Kotobank",
"Template:ä»®ãªã³ã¯",
"Template:Notelist",
"Template:Ill2",
"Template:Normdaten",
"Template:èšèªåŠ",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E |
11 | æ¥æ¬èª | "æ¥æ¬èª(ã«ã»ãããã«ã£ãœãã)ã¯ãæ¥æ¬åœå
ãããã€ãŠã®æ¥æ¬é ã ã£ãåœ(...TRUNCATED) | [{"paragraph_id":0,"tag":"p","text":"æ¥æ¬èª(ã«ã»ãããã«ã£ãœãã)ã¯ãæ¥æ¬åœå
ã(...TRUNCATED) | "æ¥æ¬èªïŒã«ã»ãããã«ã£ãœããïŒã¯ãæ¥æ¬åœå
ãããã€ãŠã®æ¥æ¬é ã ã£ã(...TRUNCATED) | "{{Infobox Language\n| name = {{big|{{ruby-ja|æ¥|ã«}}}}{{big|{{ruby-ja|æ¬|ã»ã}}}}{{big|{{ruby-(...TRUNCATED) | 2002-09-10T19:26:02Z | 2023-12-30T06:50:28Z | false | false | false | ["Template:Sisterlinks","Template:é¢é£é
ç®éå°","Template:æ¥æ¬é¢é£ã®é
ç®","Template:Nor(...TRUNCATED) | https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E |
12 | å°çåŠ | "å°çåŠ(ã¡ããããè±: geographyãä»: géographieãäŒ: geografiaãç¬: Geographie (-fie(...TRUNCATED) | [{"paragraph_id":0,"tag":"p","text":"å°çåŠ(ã¡ããããè±: geographyãä»: géographieã(...TRUNCATED) | "å°çåŠã¯ãå°çè¡šé¢ã®èªç¶ã»äººæäºè±¡ã®ç¶æ
ãšããããã®çžäºé¢ä¿ãç 究(...TRUNCATED) | "{{otheruses||ããã¬ãã€ãªã¹ã®èæž|å°çåŠ (ããã¬ãã€ãªã¹)}}\n{{åºå
žã®æèš|(...TRUNCATED) | 2002-09-10T19:26:41Z | 2023-11-16T13:06:25Z | false | false | false | ["Template:Main","Template:ç¯ã¹ã¿ã","Template:è泚ãã«ã","Template:åç
§æ¹æ³","Templat(...TRUNCATED) | https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6 |
31 | ã㪠| "ããªåž(ããªããä»: Ville de Paris)ãé称ããª(ä»: Parisãå·Žé)ã¯ããã©ã³ã¹ã®(...TRUNCATED) | [{"paragraph_id":0,"tag":"p","text":"ããªåž(ããªããä»: Ville de Paris)ãé称ããª(ä»: (...TRUNCATED) | "ããªåžãé称ããªã¯ããã©ã³ã¹ã®éŠéœãã€ã«ïŒãïŒãã©ã³ã¹å°ååã®éŠåº(...TRUNCATED) | "{{Otheruses}}\n{{Infobox settlement\n| name =ããª\n| official_name = '''ããªåž'''<br/>Ville de(...TRUNCATED) | 2002-09-26T07:50:05Z | 2023-11-28T08:01:39Z | false | false | false | ["Template:Wiktionary","Template:ã¡ã¬ã·ãã£","Template:Double image","Template:Wide image","Tem(...TRUNCATED) | https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AA |
32 | ãšãŒããã | "ãšãŒããã(ãã«ãã¬ã«èªã»ãªã©ã³ãèª: Europa ãã«ãã¬ã«èª: [ew.ËÉŸÉ.pÉ] (...TRUNCATED) | [{"paragraph_id":0,"tag":"p","text":"ãšãŒããã(ãã«ãã¬ã«èªã»ãªã©ã³ãèª: Europa (...TRUNCATED) | "ãšãŒãããã¯å°çäžã®7ã€ã®å€§å·ã®äžã€ã挢åè¡šèšã¯æ¬§çŸ
å·Žã§ãã欧å·ïŒ(...TRUNCATED) | "{{otheruses}}\n{{Infobox Continent\n|title = ãšãŒããã\n|image = (...TRUNCATED) | 2002-09-27T05:48:30Z | 2023-12-23T14:54:23Z | false | false | false | ["Template:Efn","Template:Lang-nl","Template:Reflist","Template:Ill","Template:Legend0","Template:Se(...TRUNCATED) | https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%91 |
42 | çç© | "çç©(ããã¶ã€ãè±: lifeãç¬: OrganismusãLebewesen)ã¯ãç¡çç©ãšåºå¥ãããå±(...TRUNCATED) | [{"paragraph_id":0,"tag":"p","text":"çç©(ããã¶ã€ãè±: lifeãç¬: OrganismusãLebewesen)(...TRUNCATED) | "çç©ã¯ãç¡çç©ãšåºå¥ãããå±æ§ãã€ãŸããçåœããåããŠãããã®ã®ç·(...TRUNCATED) | "{{redirect|çåœäœ|æéæºã®æ¥œæ²|çåœäœ (æ²)}}\n{{Otheruses|çããŠãããã®å
šè¬(...TRUNCATED) | 2002-11-07T12:45:03Z | 2023-12-22T09:43:06Z | false | false | false | ["Template:Redirect","Template:Gallery","Template:詳现èšäº","Template:è泚ãã«ã","Template(...TRUNCATED) | https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9 |
43 | ã³ã±æ€ç© | "ã³ã±æ€ç©(ã³ã±ãããã¶ã€ãè±: bryophyte)ãšã¯ãç¶ç®¡æãæãããèåæ£åž(...TRUNCATED) | [{"paragraph_id":0,"tag":"p","text":"ã³ã±æ€ç©(ã³ã±ãããã¶ã€ãè±: bryophyte)ãšã¯ã(...TRUNCATED) | "ã³ã±æ€ç©ãšã¯ãç¶ç®¡æãæãããèåæ£åžãè¡ããåçžïŒnïŒã§ææ§ã®é
(...TRUNCATED) | "{{Otheruses|éç¶ç®¡æã§èåæ£åžãè¡ããªã©ã®ç¹åŸŽãæã€éžäžæ€ç©|ãã®äžã®[[(...TRUNCATED) | 2002-11-07T13:34:35Z | 2023-10-15T01:59:07Z | false | false | false | ["Template:AUY","Template:Harvnb","Template:Commonscat","Template:Multiple image","Template:Sfn","Te(...TRUNCATED) | https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B1%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9 |
47 | 瀟äŒåŠ | "瀟äŒåŠ(ãããããããä»: sociologieãè±:Sociology)ã¯ã瀟äŒçŸè±¡ã®å®æ
ããçŸ(...TRUNCATED) | [{"paragraph_id":0,"tag":"p","text":"瀟äŒåŠ(ãããããããä»: sociologieãè±:Sociology)(...TRUNCATED) | "瀟äŒåŠã¯ã瀟äŒçŸè±¡ã®å®æ
ããçŸè±¡ã®èµ·ããåå ã«é¢ããã¡ã«ããºã ïŒå (...TRUNCATED) | "{{æ··å|瀟äŒç§åŠ}}\n\n'''瀟äŒåŠ'''ïŒããããããã{{lang-fr-short|sociologie}}ã(...TRUNCATED) | 2002-11-08T04:02:23Z | 2023-11-29T10:03:25Z | false | false | false | ["Template:æ··å","Template:Main","Template:See also","Template:è泚ãã«ã","Template:Cite web(...TRUNCATED) | https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6 |
48 | å€ä»£ãšãžãã | "å€ä»£ãšãžãã(ãã¢ã©ãã¢èª: Ù
صر اÙÙدÙÙ
Ø©ãè±èª: Ancient Egypt)ã¯ãå€ä»£(...TRUNCATED) | [{"paragraph_id":0,"tag":"p","text":"å€ä»£ãšãžãã(ãã¢ã©ãã¢èª: Ù
صر اÙÙدÙÙ
Ø©ã(...TRUNCATED) | "å€ä»£ãšãžããïŒãã ããšãžãããã¯ãå€ä»£ã®ãšãžããã«å¯ŸããåŒç§°ãå
·äœ(...TRUNCATED) | "{{å€ä»£ãšãžããã®çæ}}\n[[File:Ancient Egypt map-en.svg|thumb|250px|çŽå
å3150幎ãã(...TRUNCATED) | 2002-11-08T04:11:26Z | 2023-11-15T16:20:53Z | false | false | false | ["Template:Cite book","Template:Multicol","Template:Columns-list","Template:Multicol-end","Template:(...TRUNCATED) | https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%83%97%E3%83%88 |
End of preview. Expand
in Dataset Viewer.
README.md exists but content is empty.
- Downloads last month
- 40