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IBM ThinkPad 701 The IBM ThinkPad 701 is a subnotebook series from the ThinkPad line by IBM consisting of the 701C and 701Cs models based on the Intel 486. The 701 is colloquially known as the Butterfly ThinkPad due to its sliding keyboard, which was designed by John Karidis. It was developed from 1993 and sold from March 1995 until later that year and priced between $1,499 and $3,299. The 701 was the most sold laptop in 1995 and has received 27 design awards. The series was discontinued due to newer laptops having larger screens. Background The 701 was a collaboration project between the manufacturing facility at the Research Triangle Park near Raleigh, North Carolina in the US and the development facility at IBM Yamato in Japan. The concept of the keyboard was first developed as a photocopy of a keyboard in spring 1993. In the summer, a plexiglass prototype was developed. The decision to fund the notebook was made in the fall of 1993, with the introduction planned a year later. Because the process was delayed, it used the Intel 486 instead of the faster Pentium when it was released. The keyboard was designed by with John Karidis, Sam Lucente and Robert Tennant. Richard Sapper has been responsible for the overall ThinkPad design. Other contributors include Lawrence Stone, Michael King, Martin Tucker and Gerard McVicker. Naming The 701 was codenamed butterfly internally at IBM, and engineers also wanted to use this name as the official one. The IBM legal department did not allow the name of living creatures for products. It was part of the subnotebook series like the ThinkPad 500, but they did not want to attach the same name to this model due to bad sales of the previous 500 model. The 600 series was a reserved name, so they used the 700 series which was intended for the high-end models. Marketing IBM bought advertising space in major newspapers, in the lower corner or on the upper right side of a page. They only used an image of a butterfly without anything else. Days later, they added the IBM logo with a butterfly icon. A couple of days later, the text "Watch for the announcement" was added. After the announcement, IBM received a legal threat about the usage of the name "butterfly" by someone known only as George, as it violated their company's trademark on a supercomputer product named Butterfly. IBM replied that they did not plan to use it as a brand name, and no legal action or further correspondence took place. Specifications The subnotebook series was released in different variations, with either the Intel DX2 or Intel DX4, LCD with dual scan or TFT active matrix. They were sold with different disk sizes. They all contained the same graphics chips and preinstalled software, except for the DX4 versions which were dual booted with IBM OS/2. It was based on the AT bus and could be extended with a Dock II type. Keyboard Officially known as the TrackWrite, but commonly known and code-named as the butterfly keyboard, is a foldout laptop computer keyboard designed by John Karidis for IBM. It allowed the 701 series to be both compact (when closed) and comfortable to use (when open), despite being just 24.6 cm (9.7 in) wide with a 26.4 cm (10.4 in) VGA LCD. The butterfly keyboard is split into two roughly triangular pieces that slide as the laptop's lid is opened or closed. As the lid is opened both pieces slide out to the sides, followed by one piece sliding downward. The two halves mesh to form a keyboard 29.2 cm (11.5 in) wide which overhangs the sides of the laptop body. Conversely, as the lid is closed one piece slides back, then both slide inward until the keyboard can be covered by the lid. The movement of the keyboard is driven by a cam on the lid's hinge, so the motions of the keyboard parts are always synchronized with the movement of the lid. Reception In a 1995 review of the 701C by InfoWorld the full-sized keyboard, large matrix screen and built-in multimedia features were positively noted. The nonstandard I/O ports were seen negatively. The ThinkPad 701 has received 27 design awards, including the "Good Design Award" from CES Innovation and "1995 Product of the year" in the subnotebook category from InfoWorld. Domus noted in a 2019 article that: "Even today, this portable PC amazes anyone who sees it open and close, and more than twenty years have gone by.". The 701C was the top selling laptop of 1995. Walt Mossberg considered it the most unusual and clever laptop he ever reviewed. Clint Basinger from Lazy Game Reviews considered it one of the least enjoyable ThinkPads to use due to limitations but also noted that the keyboard is very satisfying to look at and show off. The laptop is still being popular by collectors, 26 years after its release. According to John Karidis, the IBM ThinkPad 700 succeeded because of the large screen size and full-sized keyboard, while other companies cramped their keyboards and failed. Karidis observed that the limiting factor in the laptop size was the keyboard width and that the screen and keyboard surface were equal with different aspect ratios. The laptop is being displayed in the design collection of the Museum of Modern Art in Manhattan, New York, Die Neue Sammlung in Munich, Germany and in the Computer History Museum. The ThinkPad 701 was briefly shown in 1995 James Bond film GoldenEye, Blood Diamond and Mission Impossible. Discontinuation The 701 series was discontinued on 21 December 1995. This was due to newer laptop models containing larger screens, so the laptop could contain a full sized keyboard without a folding mechanism. Other companies were also moving to Pentium processors. The 701 series has been described as a product that had innovative features that were well received in the market, but the total package missed the competitive mark. Further developments A few months after the release of the 701, the ThinkPad 760 was released which is based on the original Intel Pentium processor. In 2003, ZDNet reported that the IBM Design Center was experimenting with new laptop models that included a butterfly keyboard. David Hill stated that he tried to bring back the butterfly design, but was not able to do so. Business Insider has argued in a 2017 article that Lenovo (who took over the ThinkPad line from IBM) should bring back the butterfly keyboard design. In 2014 it was reported by Hackaday that it was possible to desolder the original Intel DX4 and replace it with a faster Am5x86. In 2021, Lenovo has filed a patent for a keyboard that is similar to the one used in the 701. See also Ergonomic keyboard List of computer size categories References External links Hardware maintenance manual Patent US6262881B1 - Compact notebook computer with movable keyboard section Official website - IBM.com Craig's IBM Butterfly Page The Butterfly (in Japanese) Commercial by IBM Japanese IBM ThinkPad 701C brochure Battery replacement guide Remembering the ThinkPad 701C IBM Thinkpad 701C Factory Restore Disk Image with OS/2 Warp and Windows 3.1 IBM ThinkPad 701C, Complete Restoration! IBM laptops Computer keyboard models ThinkPad

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Lenovo Legion Lenovo Legion is a series of laptops and desktop computers from Lenovo targeting gaming performance. The first Legion brand laptops was revealed at CES 2017, the Legion Y520 and the Legion Y720. On June 6, 2017, a high-performance model, the Legion Y920, equipped with Intel's seventh-generation quad-core i7-7820HK and Nvidia GTX 1070 discrete graphics, was launched. At E3 2018, Lenovo announced three new laptops with new redesigned chassis, Y530, Y730 and Y7000. In 2020, Lenovo launched Legion 3, 5, and 7, where Legion 7 is the highest specification of the series. In 2021, Lenovo launched Legion 5 pro with AMD 5th series CPU and Nvidia 30,s GPU. Models This table lists all the existing models, their availability depends on the country. See also Lenovo ThinkPad Lenovo IdeaPad HP Omen Dell Alienware Intel Core AMD Ryzen Nvidia GeForce References External links Official Website Legion Consumer electronics brands Computer-related introductions in 2017 Products introduced in 2017 Gaming

laptop Form Factor and Weight

PowerBook 500 series The PowerBook 500 series (codenamed Blackbird, which it shared with the older Macintosh IIfx) is a range of Apple Macintosh PowerBook portable computers first introduced by Apple Computer with the 540c model on May 16, 1994. It was the first to have stereo speakers, a trackpad, and Ethernet networking built-in. It was the first PowerBook series to use a Motorola 68LC040 CPU (simultaneous with Duo 280) and be upgradeable to the PowerPC architecture via a swap-out CPU daughter card (with the PowerPC and 68040 upgrades for sale), use 9.5-inch Dual Scan passive color/B&W displays, 16-bit stereo sound with stereo speakers, have an expansion bay, PC Card capability, two battery bays (and a ten-minute sleep/clock battery, which allowed for main batteries to be swapped out while in sleep mode), full-size keyboard with F1–F12 function keys, be able to sleep while connected to an external monitor and have a battery contact cover included on the actual batteries. It included a single serial port which could be to connect to a serial printer or a network via Apple's LocalTalk. In another first, it also included an AAUI port for connecting to Ethernet networks. The 500 series was discontinued completely with the introduction of the ill-fated PowerBook 5300. The PowerBook 190 was the de facto successor to the 500 and continued the only 68LC040 processor offering as the low end of the PowerPC-based PowerBook family. In a survey taken in November 2000, Insanely Great Macintosh ranked the 540c No. 2 on its list of the all-time best PowerBook models made. History The PowerBook 500 series was introduced on May 16, 1994, with the high-end active matrix LCD PowerBook 540c and 540, with the passive matrix 520c and 520 soon after. One of its marketing highlights was the promise of a PowerPC upgrade to its CPU and PC Card (PCMCIA) expansion. The introduction of this model came at the time of Apple's changeover to the new PowerPC chip from the 68k line of CPUs, and Apple's advertising and promise of the PowerPC was the cause of headaches to the company. The strong demand for its ground-breaking design and Apple's incorrect market prediction that customers would wait for the fully PowerPC PowerBooks resulted in shortages early on. In due course the 540 was dropped from the line, 8 MB of additional memory and the modem was offered installed from the factory, hard drive capacity was increased (from 160 and 240 to 320 and 500 MB), and the installed system upped from System 7.1.1 to 7.5. The PC Card Cage was also released, allowing Macintosh users to add PCMCIA capability to their laptops for the first time. In 1995, Apple gave permission for Apple Japan to introduce an updated version, called the 550c, with a bigger display (10.4 inches), CPU with FPU (68040), bigger hard drive, and Japanese keyboard with black case. It was only sold in Japan and never received FCC certification. With delays for the new PowerPC PowerBook 5300, demand for the PPC upgrade mounted, and Newer Technology began to market the upgrade before Apple did, although they had produced the upgrade modules for Apple first. What's more, they offered 117 MHz versions over Apple's 100 (actually, 99) MHz offering. Soon thereafter, Newer Technology introduced a 167 MHz model that outperformed the fastest PowerBook 5300, the $6,800 5300ce, at a time when problems with that line became a real issue to Apple. About the time Apple introduced the PowerBook 1400, Newer Technology introduced a 183 MHz upgrade with 128 KB of L2 cache that kept it ahead of the power curve in performance. Newer Technology stated they could not produce more of the 183 MHz upgrades because the supply of connectors was exhausted. Impact on the industry This laptop was the first in the industry to include: 16-bit stereo sound @ 44.1 kHz (typical was 8-bit mono @ 22 kHz); Trackpad Stereo speakers (located in upper corners of screen); Ethernet via AAUI (a transceiver was used to connect to either UTP or coaxial type wiring); Non-specialized internal expansion bay for connecting many types of devices (PDS connector in left battery bay); "Intelligent" NiMH batteries (that is, had on-board circuitry to monitor health of battery); CPU on a daughter card. And among Apple's PowerBook line the first to have: 68LC040 (with Duo 280), or 68040 (in Japanese model) CPU standard; PowerPC 603e CPU as an upgrade; 9.5-inch displays; 10.4" display (550c in Japan); Dual Scan passive color and B+W screens; CPU on daughtercard (first in any Mac, facilitating PowerPC and 68040 upgrades); Expansion bay (PDS connector in left battery bay); PC Card capability (PCMCIA) via module; Two battery bays (and a 10-minute sleep/clock battery); Full-size keyboard with function keys (F1–F12); Sleep while connected to external monitor; Battery contact cover included on the batteries. Engineering Variations across the range Although the 500 "Blackbird" prototypes were black, only one of the five production models was completely black; that was the 550c, sold only in Japan. The 550c differed from the four two-tone grey models in a few other key respects as well, including a larger active-matrix color screen, a combined Latin/Kana keyboard, and a full 68040 processor. The other models were all charcoal grey with darker grey trim, came with a variety of displays (active/passive matrix; color or greyscale), and used the 68LC040 processor (a low-cost variant without a math co-processor). The full-sized keyboard with 12 function keys, and 640×480 resolution display was consistent across the family. Optional internal modem The modem was developed with Global Village, and is a unique two-part design. The transceiver with the modem connector is installed in the back, and the modem itself is located next to the CPU daughter card. It was a V.32 Terbo, and had a top rate of 19.2 kbit/s, but only with other V.32 Terbo modems as there was no official standard. Otherwise it would drop down to 14.4 kbit/s. Due to a bug with the new combined printer/modem port, the driver had to be upgraded to 2.5.5, and the Chooser was replaced in the GV install. Expansion bay The 500 series of PowerBooks included the ability to use two batteries at the same time, allowing for 4 hours of battery life from two installed charged batteries. However the left battery also had an internal PDS slot that allowed for custom modules to be installed. Despite prototypes having been made, only two devices reached the market. PCMCIA "card cage" One is the PCMCIA module. There were three versions; RevA, RevB and RevC. The RevC is the most useful as it can take 16bit WiFi cards, allowing the possibility to get a Powerbook 5xx connected online or in the home network using a technology that was developed after the Powerbook 5xxs were discontinued by Apple. The different revisions of the PCMCIA module were released by Apple to accommodate the developing PCMCIA standard. These modules are difficult to find, and the RevC module is in particular demand because it alone works with 16-bit WiFi cards. PC Card (PCMCIA) cage, 16-bit, 2 Type I/II or 1 Type III cards, using a 68000 CPU to convert the PC Card protocol to PDS. FPU co-processor The other is the FPU co-processor, to make up for the lack of one in the PowerBook's 68LC040 CPU. The FPU module uses a 68882 FPU co-processor made by Sonnet. Production In total, almost 600,000 PowerBook 500 series units were produced, compared to 300,000 PowerBook 5300 units. Models Video display support CPU upgrades Legacy Most laptops had grayscale displays, mono speakers with only 8-bit audio out, and insufficient battery life, and some had side-mounted snap-on track balls. With the built-in Ethernet (via a versatile AAUI transceiver), SCSI port (forerunner of today’s FireWire) and ADB (similar to USB), it had all the features of desktops at that time, making them the first viable desktop replacement laptops. In popular culture Sandra Bullock prominently uses a PowerBook 540c (and also a PowerBook Duo 280c) in the movie The Net (1995). PowerBook 500s can be seen various times throughout the 1995 anime series Neon Genesis Evangelion. The Powerbook 540c is used by both Antonio Banderas and Sylvester Stallone in the movie Assassins (1995 film). References External links O'Grady's PowerPage - PowerBook 500 How to use a Powerbook 540c as a WiFi Web Server Item 102633215 in the Computer History Museum Apple Technical Specifications: PowerBook 520 Specifications 520c Specifications 540 Specifications 540c Specifications 550c Specifications Page of a PB 520c user with photos, screen captures, system installation, Atari emulation with Magic Mac 500 68k Macintosh computers Computer-related introductions in 1994

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Acer Aspire desktops Aspire desktops is a part of Aspire personal computer series by Acer Inc. aimed at the casual household user or for small business use. The Aspire series covers both desktop computers and laptops. Acer developed the series in order to cover from essentials to high performances. The AcerPower S series was replaced by the Aspire desktop series in 2002. The AcerPower S Series consisted of two types: the AcerPower Se Series and the AcerPower Sn Series desktop. As of July 2019 Acer offers three desktop Aspire model lines. List of Acer Aspire Desktop Models 1100X 1110X 1600X 1601M 1601X 1602M 6100 6400 6600 C500 E360 E380 E500 E560 E571 E600 E650 E700 EL ELD G7700 G7710 G7750 GX-281 GX-781 GX-785 IDea500 IDea510 L100 L310 L320 L350 L3600 L5100 M1100 M1200 M1201 M1202 M1420 M1470 M1600 M1610 M1620 M1640 M1641 M1831 M1860 M1920 M1930 M1935 M3100 M3160 M3200 M3201 M3202 M3203 M3300 M3400 M3410 M3420 M3450 M3470 M3470G M3600 M3640 M3660 M3710 M3800 M3802 M3860 M3900 M3910 M3920 M3970 M3970G M3985 M5100 M5200 M5201 M5400 M5600 M5620 M5621 M5630 M5640 M5641 M5700 M5800 M5802 M5810 M5811 M5910 M7720 MC605 ME600 R1600 R3600 R3610 R3700 S1-600 SA10 SA20 SA60 SA80 SA85 SA90 T100 T135 T136 T160 T180 T300 T3-100 T320 T3-600 T3-605 T3-710 T3-715 T3-715A T3-780 T600 T630 T650 T660 T670 T671 T680 T690 TC-100 TC-102 TC-105 TC-115 TC-120 TC-214 TC-215 TC-217 TC-220 TC-230 TC-280 TC-281 TC-600 TC-601 TC-602 TC-603 TC-605 TC-606 TC-651 TC-701 TC-703 TC-704 TC-705 TC-708 TC-710 TC-730 TC-752 TC-760 TC-780 TC-780A TC-865 TC-885 TC-895 X1200 X1300 X1301 X1400 X1420 X1420G X1430 X1430G X1440 X1470 X1700 X1800 X1900 X1920 X1930 X1935 X3-100 X3200 X3300 X3400 X3400G X3450 X3470 X3475 X3-600 X3-710 X3-780 X3810 X3812 X3910 X3950 X3960 X3990 X3995 X5810 XC100 XC-105 XC-115 XC-214 XC-215 XC-217 XC-230 XC600 XC-602 XC-603 XC-603G XC-605 XC-605G XC-703 XC-703G XC-704 XC-704G XC-705 XC-710 XC-730 XC-780 References Aspire desktops

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Bendix G-15 The Bendix G-15 is a computer introduced in 1956 by the Bendix Corporation, Computer Division, Los Angeles, California. It is about and weighs about . The G-15 has a drum memory of 2,160 29-bit words, along with 20 words used for special purposes and rapid-access storage. The base system, without peripherals, cost $49,500. A working model cost around $60,000 (over $500,000 by today's standards). It could also be rented for $1,485 per month. It was meant for scientific and industrial markets. The series was gradually discontinued when Control Data Corporation took over the Bendix computer division in 1963. The chief designer of the G-15 was Harry Huskey, who had worked with Alan Turing on the ACE in the United Kingdom and on the SWAC in the 1950s. He made most of the design while working as a professor at Berkeley, and other universities. David C. Evans was one of the Bendix engineers on the G-15 project. He would later become famous for his work in computer graphics and for starting up Evans & Sutherland with Ivan Sutherland. Architecture The G-15 was inspired by the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE). It is a serial-architecture machine, in which the main memory is a magnetic drum. It uses the drum as a recirculating delay-line memory, in contrast to the analog delay line implementation in other serial designs. Each track has a set of read and write heads; as soon as a bit was read off a track, it is re-written on the same track a certain distance away. The length of delay, and thus the number of words on a track, is determined by the spacing of the read and write heads, the delay corresponding to the time required for a section of the drum to travel from the write head to the corresponding read head. Under normal operation, data are written back without change, but this data flow can be intercepted at any time, allowing the machine to update sections of a track as needed. This arrangement allows the designers to create "delay lines" of any desired length. In addition to the twenty "long lines" of 108 words each, there are four more short lines of four words each. These short lines recycle at 27 times the rate of the long lines, allowing fast access to frequently needed data. Even the machine's accumulators are implemented as drum lines: three double-word lines are used for intermediate storage and double-precision addition, multiplication, and division in addition to a one single-word accumulator. This use of the drum rather than flip-flops for the registers helped to reduce vacuum tube count. A consequence of this design was that, unlike other computers with magnetic drums, the G-15 does not retain its memory when it is shut off. The only permanent tracks are two timing tracks recorded on the drum at the factory. The second track is a backup, as the tracks are liable to erasure if one of their amplifier tubes shorted out. The serial nature of the G-15's memory was carried over into the design of its arithmetic and control circuits. The adders work on one binary digit at a time, and even the instruction word was designed to minimize the number of bits in an instruction that needed to be retained in flip-flops (to the extent of leveraging another one-word drum line used exclusively for generating address timing signals). The G-15 has 180 vacuum tube packs and 3000 germanium diodes. It has a total of about 450 tubes (mostly dual triodes). Its magnetic drum memory holds 2,160 words of twenty-nine bits. Average memory access time is 14.5 milliseconds, but its instruction addressing architecture can reduce this dramatically for well-written programs. Its addition time is 270 microseconds (not counting memory access time). Single-precision multiplication takes 2,439 microseconds and double-precision multiplication takes 16,700 microseconds. Peripherals One of the G-15's primary output devices is the typewriter with an output speed of about 10 characters per second for numbers (and lower-case hexadecimal characters u-z) and about three characters per second for alphabetical characters. The machine's limited storage precludes much output of anything but numbers; occasionally, paper forms with pre-printed fields or labels were inserted into the typewriter. A faster typewriter unit was also available. The high-speed photoelectric paper tape reader (250 hexadecimal digits per second on five-channel paper tape for the PR-1; 400 characters from 5-8 channel tape for the PR-2) read programs (and occasionally saved data) from tapes that were often mounted in cartridges for easy loading and unloading. Not unlike magnetic tape, the paper tape data are blocked into runs of 108 words or less since that is the maximum read size. A cartridge can contain many multiple blocks, up to 2500 words (~10 kilobytes). While there is an optional high-speed paper tape punch (the PTP-1 at 60 digits per second) for output, the standard punch operates at 17 hex characters per second (510 bytes per minute). Optionally, the AN-1 "Universal Code Accessory" included the "35-4" Friden Flexowriter and HSR-8 paper tape reader and HSP-8 paper tape punch. The mechanical reader and punch can process paper tapes up to eight channels wide at 110 characters per second. The CA-1 "Punched Card Coupler" can connect one or two IBM 026 card punches (which were more often used as manual devices) to read cards at 17 columns per second (approximately 12 full cards per minute) or punch cards at 11 columns per second (approximately 8 full cards per minute). Partially full cards were processed more quickly with an 80-column-per-second skip speed). The more expensive CA-2 Punched Card Coupler reads and punches cards at a 100-card-per-minute rate. The PA-3 pen plotter runs at 1 inch per second with 200 increments per inch on a paper roll 1 foot wide by 100 feet long. The optional retractable pen-holder eliminates "retrace lines". The MTA-2 can interface up to four drives for half-inch Mylar magnetic tapes, which can store as many as 300,000 words (in blocks no longer than 108 words). The read/write rate is 430 hexadecimal digits per second; the bidirectional search speed is 2500 characters per second. The DA-1 differential analyzer facilitates solution of differential equations. It contains 108 integrators and 108 constant multipliers, sporting 34 updates per second. Software A problem peculiar to machines with serial memory is the latency of the storage medium: instructions and data are not always immediately available and, in the worst case, the machine must wait for the complete recirculation of a delay line to obtain data from a given memory address. The problem is addressed in the G-15 by what the Bendix literature calls "minimum-access coding". Each instruction carries with it the address of the next instruction to be executed, allowing the programmer to arrange instructions such that when one instruction completes, the next instruction is about to appear under the read head for its line. Data can be staggered in a similar manner. To aid this process, the coding sheets include a table containing numbers of all addresses; the programmer can cross off each address as it is used. A symbolic assembler, similar to the IBM 650's Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program (SOAP), was introduced in the late 1950s and includes routines for minimum-access coding. Other programming aids include a supervisor program, a floating-point interpretive system named "Intercom", and ALGO, an algebraic language designed from the 1958 Preliminary Report of the ALGOL committee. Users also developed their own tools, and a variant of Intercom suited to the needs of civil engineers is said to have circulated. Floating-point arithmetic is implemented in software. The "Intercom" series of languages provide an easier to program virtual machine that operates in floating point. Instructions to Intercom 500, 550, and 1000 are numerical, six or seven digits in length. Instructions are stored sequentially; the beauty is convenience, not speed. Intercom 1000 even has an optional double-precision version. As mentioned above the machine uses hexadecimal numbers, but the user never has to deal with this in normal programming. The user programs use the decimal numbers while the OS resides in the higher addresses. Significance The G-15 is sometimes described as the first personal computer, because it has the Intercom interpretive system. The title is disputed by other machines, such as the LINC and the PDP-8, and some maintain that only microcomputers, such as those which appeared in the 1970s, can be called personal computers. Nevertheless, the machine's low acquisition and operating costs, and the fact that it does not require a dedicated operator, meant that organizations could allow users complete access to the machine. Over 400 G-15s were manufactured. About 300 G-15s were installed in the United States and a few were sold in other countries such as Australia and Canada. The machine found a niche in civil engineering, where it was used to solve cut and fill problems. Some have survived and have made their way to computer museums or science and technology museums around the world. Huskey received one of the last production G15s, fitted with a gold-plated front panel. This was the first computer that Ken Thompson ever used. A Bendix G-15 was used at Fremont High School (Oakland Unified School District) in the 1964-65 school year for the senior seminar math class. Students were taught the fundamentals of programming. One such exercise was the calculation of a square root using the method of Newtonian approximation. A Bendix G-15 was still in use for the UC Berkeley extension summer class in programming, at Oakland Technical High School, in 1970. See also List of vacuum tube computers Bendix G-20 References External links The Bendix G-15 Bendix G15 computer Another G-15 reference Bendix G-15 documentation photo info page with photo Describes Harry Huskey's involvement with ACE Extensive G15 site list, photos & technical info 1950s computers Vacuum tube computers Minicomputers Computer-related introductions in 1956 Science and technology in Greater Los Angeles 1956 in California Serial computers Bendix Corporation

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Mobile-ITX Mobile-ITX is the smallest (by 2009) x86 compliant motherboard form factor presented by VIA Technologies in December, 2009. The motherboard size (CPU module) is . There are no computer ports on the CPU module and it is necessary to use an I/O carrier board. The design is intended for medical, transportation and military embedded markets. History The Mobile-ITX form factor was announced by VIA Technologies at Computex in June, 2007. The motherboard size of first prototypes was . The design was intended for ultra-mobile computing such as a smartphone or UMPC. The prototype boards shown to date include a x86-compliant 1 GHz VIA C7-M processor, 256 or 512 megabytes of RAM, a modified version of the VIA CX700 chipset (called the CX700S), an interface for a cellular radio module (demonstration boards contain a CDMA radio), a DC-DC electrical converter, and various connecting interfaces. At the announcement, an ultra-mobile PC reference design was shown running Windows XP Embedded. Notes and references External links Mobile-ITX Specification Motherboard form factors IBM PC compatibles Mobile computers

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Sony Vaio P series The Sony Vaio P series is a range of ultraportable subnotebook computers launched in January 2009. It was marketed as a "lifestyle PC", although they share many characteristics with netbook computers. Description The Sony Vaio P series features an 8" LED-backlit display with native resolution of 1600x768, coupled with Intel GMA 500 integrated graphics, an Intel Atom Silverthorne Z5x0 CPU with Intel Poulsbo US15W chipset, and up to 2GB of DDR2 memory. Notably, the P series sports non-upgradeable RAM that is soldered to the motherboard, with some models including just 1GB of RAM. It uses a pointing stick in the keyboard as its pointing device. Exact specs vary by region. An integrated "Motion Eye" webcam (optional in some models) is located on the upper right corner of the display bezel. Built-in GPS (some models), Bluetooth, 802.11 b/g/n wireless and 3G or HSDPA mobile broadband comprise its connectivity options. Like most ultraportables and netbooks, an internal optical drive is not present. At launch, the pre-installed operating system was one of the 32-bit versions of Windows XP, which has lower resource requirements than Windows Vista. Several people have succeeded in installing various versions of Linux on the Vaio P, most notably Ubuntu Linux (Version 9.04, Jaunty). Ubuntu is arguably the best alternative due to its ease of installation and configuration, and the fact that it allows for full 3D graphics to be utilized. Since the release of Windows 7, the P series now ships with that OS installed. The P series has been criticized for poor performance in part due to the excessive pre-installed software, but also because of the poor performance of the integrated graphics. Compared with most other Intel Atom-based netbooks, the P series was considerably more expensive. However, the Atom Silverthorne platform adopted by the P series sported lower power consumption and higher-clocked processor options compared to the more common Diamondville platform. Later models of the Vaio P included these faster CPUs. In addition, the P series is the lightest device in its class, weighing roughly the same as the Apple iPad 2 tablet and less than all 10" netbooks, and the 7" Asus Eee PC models. The 1600x768 resolution of the P series' 8" display is also comparable to that of much larger laptops, such as the 12.1" Thinkpad X200s and its 1440x900 resolution. Launch specs The Vaio P was launched in five colour options: Dove White, Emerald Green, Glossy Black, Gold, and Sangria Red. Dependent on the model, storage was a 60GB or 80GB hard disk drive, or 64GB, 128GB, or 256GB solid state drive. Minor model updates included Windows 7, larger SSDs, and faster Atom processors. May 2010 update The VPC-P11 series launched on May 2010 featured a refreshed exterior, an accelerometer to enable switching from landscape to portrait mode, a tiny 16mmx16mm touchpad built into the LCD bezel, and a choice of five colours - 'electric orange, neon green, hot pink, icy white and classic black'. In addition, a button was added to instantly switch the screen to 1280x600 resolution, in order to make text more readable, as well as a digital compass, ambient light sensor, and higher-capacity battery (2500mAh). The 2010 revision was the last iteration of the P series, with Sony discontinuing the product in 2011. The P series clamshell format was incorporated in Sony's Tablet P, which was released in November 2011. Specifications Dimensions: 9.65"(W) x 0.78"(H) x 4.72"(D); 24.5 cm(W) x 2 cm(H) x 12 cm(D) Weight: 1.3 lbs (589g, VPC-P11 series); 1.4 lbs (635g, at launch with SSD), 1.5 lbs (680g, at launch with HDD) Processor: Intel Atom single-core (with Hyperthreading) Z520, Z530, Z540, Z550 or Z560, at 1.33, 1.6, 1.87, 2.0, or 2.13 GHz; Z560-equipped models were not released in the US Graphics: Intel GMA 500 Memory: 1 or 2 GB DDR2 SDRAM running at 533 MHz Storage: 60 or 80 GB 4200 RPM PATA HDD, or 64 GB, 128 GB or 256 GB SSD Connectivity: Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n, Integrated Stereo A2DP Bluetooth technology, wireless broadband (technology used varies by region, including WiMax, HSDPA and 3G), GPS (model-dependent) Display: 8" 1600x768 LED TFT active matrix backlit display, 0.3 MP webcam Expansion Slots: Memory Stick (Standard/Duo) media slot, SD/SDHC memory card slot Interface: 2 USB 2.0 type-A ports, DC-in, Display/LAN Adapter port, headphone jack Battery at launch: standard 2100mAh (145 grams), extended 4200mAh (263 grams) Battery for VPC-P11 series: standard 2500mAh (155 grams), extended 5000mAh (250 grams) USA Models (note color codes: /G - Emerald Green, /Q Glossy Black, /R Sangria Red, /W Dove White, /N gold, /P /PI pink, /D white, /B black) Launch dates VGN-P500 series - January/February 2009 VGN-P600 series - July 2009 VGN-P700 series - October 2009 VPC-P11 series - May 2010 See also Sony VAIO C1 series Vaio Netbook UMPC References External links Official Website Full Sony VAIO P review Hands-on review from engadget Netbooks

laptop Form Factor and Weight

HP TouchSmart HP TouchSmart is a series of tablet PC laptops and touchscreen all-in-one desktop computers designed by HP. It features various Intel or AMD processors and runs Windows Vista or Windows 7 as standard. HP TouchSmart All-in-One Consumer version HP TouchSmart Crossfire The HP TouchSmart was first introduced by Bill Gates on January 7, 2007, becoming the first mass market touchscreen desktop PC. Also known as the "Crossfire", the HP TouchSmart IQ770 featured a 19-inch touchscreen, an AMD Turion 64 X2 TL-52 processor, NVIDIA GeForce Go 7600. It had a wide array of ports, including Ethernet, two FireWire, six USB 2.0 ports, one with HP printer power Y-cable connector, 5.1 + digital audio out, IR out, mini-VGA, FM coax, TV coax, ATSC, and two S-Video; however, the IQ770 did not have HDMI ports. PC World gave the machine a "very good" rating of 81/100, but noted that the use of mobile components slowed the computer HP TouchSmart 2 On June 10, 2008, HP unveiled their new HP TouchSmart IQ500 series. The series featured a 22-inch widescreen touchscreen display, an Intel Core 2 Duo processor, a 500GB disk, 256MB NVIDIA GeForce 9300 M HS HD graphics, and 802.11n WiFi, along with an Energy Star qualification. The new TouchSmart featured a 2-inch profile in a piano-black finish. The IQ500 series was followed by the IQ800 series, featuring a larger 25.5 inch touchscreen. Other features included a TV tuner with remote, integrated webcam, Bluetooth, HP Pocket Media drive bay and an ambient light to illuminate the keyboard. The more expensive IQ816 featured a 2.10 GHz T8100 Core 2 Duo on an 800 MHz bus with a 3MB cache, Blu-ray drive / dual-layer burner, and a GeForce 9600M GS chip. There is a choice of 640GB or 1TB hard drives. TouchSmart 300 The TouchSmart 300 was released on October 13, 2009. The all-in-one features a AMD Athlon II X2 235e (Energy Efficient) Processor Dual core @2.7 GHz. The platform is Regor and can be updated up to a Propus Quad Core AMD Athlon II X4 605e. Several models were released in different countries, but have similar features: 4Gb RAM DDR3 PC-10600 500 GB HDD 20" Touchscreen (1440 x 900) Windows 7 Home Premium Wifi and Ethernet port ATSC TV Tuner Touchsmart 300 with AMD Processors uses an integrated ATI HD 3200 graphics card with shared memory that can allocate 256Mb to 1917Mb of RAM dynamically (up to 3GB with the latest AMD Catalyst drivers 13.9 released in October 2013), it also has an MXM 3.0 Type-A slot for an external graphics card (integrated graphics card is disabled when MXM slot is populated), an [MXM] nVidia GeForce G210 card (with 512MB of DDR3 dedicated memory) can be installed using the proper thermal module. Initially only rev. C2 quad core processors were supported, latest BIOS allows user to upgrade with rev. C3 processors (Athlon II X3 405e and Athlon II X4 605e). HP states in its support website that Touchsmart 300 RAM is upgradeable to 8Gb RAM using 2 x 4gb modules but it's been proved it supports up to 16Gb DDR3 PC-12800 (2 x 8Gb) even if those are not recognized in the BIOS. Touchsmart 500 The Touchsmart 500 was a series of Touchscreen PC's that featured the Windows Vista Home Premium and/or Windows 7 Home Premium Operating System. The computer featured a new tilt design that allowed it to be tilted up to 30 degrees backwards or forwards. The computer also featured an Intel Core 2 Duo T5850 (2.16 GHz), 4GB or RAM, 23" Glossed Sensitive Touchscreen with a 358MB Intel GMA Mobile 965 GPU (Before Late 2009) or a nVidia 9600M GS (After Late 2009). The HP Touchsmart 520 featured in the series was one of the more powerful units, with an Intel i3 Processor, 4GB of RAM & a 1TB Hard Drive. It also had a "23" Glossy Touchscreen. TouchSmart 600 The TouchSmart 600 was released on October 13, 2009. Business version HP TouchSmart 9100 The TouchSmart 9100 is a business oriented all-in-one PC that bears a strong Recording Assistant to its consumer counterpart, the TouchSmart 600. Tablet TouchSmart tx2z Released in December 2008, the TouchSmart tx2 was touted as the first consumer notebook and tablet PC with on-screen multi-touch control. The TouchSmart tx2 replaced the older HP Pavilion tx series. TouchSmart tm2 The HP TouchSmart tm2 is a convertible laptop, with a multi-touch touch-screen. Converted into slate mode, the tm2 allows artists to draw using the included digital pen and also allows students to take notes in classes. TouchSmart Mini 5102 HP's first touch-enabled netbook, enabling multitouch gestures and menus. It features an anodized aluminum case in black, red or blue and weights 2.6 lbs. It offers face recognition for log-on to Windows 7. The series features Intel Atom N450 CPU, mobile broadband, HP video playback and 10-hour battery run time. Slate At CES 2010, in conjunction with Steve Ballmer, CEO of Microsoft, HP announced the Windows 7 HP Slate PC. See also Asus EEE Top Sony VAIO References External links HP TouchSmart Australian microsite HP TouchSmart IQ770 Review (cnet.com) TouchSmart Microsoft Tablet PC Hewlett-Packard All-in-one computers

laptop Form Factor and Weight

PowerBook G3 The PowerBook G3 is a series of laptop Macintosh personal computers designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Computer, Inc. from 1997 to 2001. It was the first laptop to use the PowerPC G3 (PPC740/750) series of microprocessors, and was marketed as the fastest laptop in the world for its entire production run. The PowerBook G3 was succeeded by the PowerBook G4. Macintosh PowerBook G3 (Kanga) The first Macintosh PowerBook G3, code-named "Kanga," was introduced in November 1997. At the time of its introduction, the PowerBook G3 was advertised as the fastest notebook computer available (a title formerly held by its predecessor, the 240 MHz PPC-603ev-based PowerBook 3400c). This model was based on the PowerBook 3400c, and was unofficially known as the PowerBook 3500. It used the same case as the 3400c, and a very similar motherboard. The motherboard was upclocked from 40 MHz to 50 MHz, resulting in some incompatibility with older 3400 RAM modules. Other changes to the motherboard included doubling the on-board RAM from 16 MB to 32 MB, and a faster version of the on-board Chips and Technologies graphics controller. The G3 made the Kanga more than twice as fast as a 3400c, and the improved graphics controller allowed it to refresh the screen 74 percent faster. This first PowerBook G3 shipped with a 250 MHz G3 processor and a 12.1" TFT SVGA LCD. It is the only G3 system that is not officially compatible with Mac OS X (though various methods not sanctioned by Apple can be used to install OS X). The Kanga was on the market for less than 5 months, and is largely regarded as a stopgap system that allowed Apple to ship G3 PowerBooks sooner, while Apple prepared its more revolutionary PowerBook G3 Series. As a result, the Kanga has the dubious distinction of being Apple's most quickly deprecated PowerBook. Nevertheless, many people chose to purchase a Kanga to continue using their interchangeable expansion bay modules, batteries, and other peripherals from the Powerbook 190, 5300 and 3400 models. The Kanga was also notably smaller in depth and width than the subsequent Wallstreet Powerbooks, and the Kanga remained the smallest-when-open G3 laptop until the debut of the Apple iBook some years later. PowerBook G3 Series (Wallstreet I) The second generation of PowerBook G3s, now called the PowerBook G3 Series, was introduced in May 1998. The machine was completely redesigned with a new case that was lighter and more rounded than the previous PowerBook G3; however, it was still an Old World ROM Macintosh. The new PowerBooks, code-named Wallstreet, came in three screen sizes: a 12" passive matrix LCD, a 13.3" TFT LCD, and a 14.1" TFT LCD. The Wallstreet was the first PowerBook to use industry-standard ATA optical drives. This change meant that CD and DVD recorders designed for Wintel machines could more easily be used in this computer, often at a price far less than those manufactured by Apple. It also came in three CPU speeds: 233 MHz, 250 MHz, and 292 MHz. The 233 MHz model was sometimes nicknamed Mainstreet, as it lacked L2 cache, making it far slower than the other two in the lineup. The 250 MHz and 292 MHz models shipped with 1 MB of cache. Because of this large cache, as well as the swifter system bus, the Wallstreets were known to suffer from some heat issues. Many of the problems of the Wallstreet PowerBook G3s were fixed in the next revision, the Wallstreet II. PowerBook G3 Series (Wallstreet II, PDQ - "Pretty Darn Quick") The Wallstreet design was updated in August 1998 (Wallstreet-II). It featured a 14.1" display on all models. Processor speeds were bumped on the faster two models, resulting in 233 MHz, 266 MHz, and 300 MHz models. The case contained two docking bays, one on each side. The left-hand bay could accommodate a battery, a 3.5" floppy disk, a third-party Iomega Zip drive, or a third-party add-on hard drive. The right-hand bay was larger and could accommodate any of the above plus a 5-1/4" optical drive (CD-ROM or DVD-ROM). A small internal nickel-cadmium battery allowed swapping of the main batteries while the computer "slept." With a battery in each bay, battery life was doubled. DVDs could be displayed with the use of a hardware decoder built into a CardBus (PCMCIA) card. The PowerBook G3 Series was Apple's first notebook offering that matched the build-to-order customization of the Power Mac G3 desktop line. Discontinued in May 1999, this would be the last Apple computer ever to bear the rainbow-colored Apple logo and the last Mac to support Apple's Superdrive. It was also the last Old World ROM model in the PowerBook series. The PDQ was the last PowerBook assembled by Apple in Cork Ireland. PowerBook G3 Bronze Keyboard (Lombard) The third generation of PowerBook G3 (Lombard) was introduced in May 1999. It was much slimmer and lighter than its predecessor and was the first New World ROM PowerBook. It had longer battery life, and as with the Wallstreet II the user could double the duration to 10 hours by substituting a second battery for the optical drive in the expansion bay. The keyboard was also improved and now featured translucent bronze-tinted plastics, which is the origin of the "bronze keyboard" nickname. It was also the first Apple laptop with a backlit Apple logo on the rear of the display. Internal hard drives for the Pismo, Lombard, and Wallstreet II can be used interchangeably. The expansion bay drives (DVD, CD, floppy, battery) are interchangeable on the Pismo and Lombard, but not on the Wallstreet. A DVD drive was optional on the 333 MHz model and standard on the 400 MHz version. The 400 MHz model included a hardware MPEG-2 decoder for DVD playback, while the 333 MHz model was left without (except for the PC card one used by Wallstreet). Further DVD playback optimizations enabled both models to play back DVDs without use of hardware assistance. This model introduced USB ports to the PowerBook line while retaining SCSI support and eliminating ADB entirely (although the keyboard and touchpad still used an ADB interface internally). Graphics were provided by an ATi Rage LT Pro chipset on the PCI bus, to drive its 14.1-inch LCD at a maximum resolution of 1024×768. Mac OS 8.6–10.3.9 are supported by Apple, but 10.4 is not, although OS X will not install (except for 10.0) if both RAM slots are not occupied with identical size RAM. The use of XPostFacto 4 allows users to upgrade to Tiger, and it runs quite well for an unsupported machine. More RAM (up to 512 MB), a greater hard drive (up to 128 GB), and CPU upgrades (up to a 433 MHz G4) are available for these PowerBooks. PowerBook Firewire (Pismo) The fourth generation of PowerBook G3 (Pismo), was introduced in February 2000. It was code named "Pismo" after the City of Pismo Beach, California. For this generation Apple dropped "G3" from the name. The original Pismo was rumored to be a latchless design, akin to the iBook, which is similar in specification. Apple settled on fitting the Pismo board into the form factor of the previous Lombard G3 PowerBook, but with many improvements. The Pismo was available at CPU speeds of 400 MHz or 500 MHz, with a front side bus speed of 100 MHz (one-third swifter than the Lombard's front side bus); it also implemented a unified motherboard architecture, and replaced SCSI with the newer FireWire interface (IEEE-1394). The PCI graphics used on the Lombard were updated to an AGP-connected ATi Rage Mobility 128, though the video memory was kept at 8 MB, and could not be upgraded, and the screen's resolution was the same as well. A 6× DVD-ROM drive became standard. It was also the first PowerBook with AirPort networking as an official option (although it could be added to the earlier models via various third-party CardBus cards). The Pismo can be upgraded with additional RAM (officially 512 MB with then-available RAM, but it accepts 1 gigabyte) and a larger hard drive (up to 128 GB). Brighter screens and replacement batteries were also available. The left expansion bay, like the Lombard, could only take a battery, but the right bay was able to accommodate a tray-loading or slot-loading Combo Drive or SuperDrive, a Zip 100 drive, a Zip 250 drive, an LS-120 SuperDisk drive, a VST floppy disk drive, a second hard drive (with adapter, which was tough to find), or a second battery. Lombard and Pismo accept the same expansion bay devices. Versions of Mac OS from 9.0.2 through 10.4.11 are officially supported. For some time, G3 (750FX) CPU upgrades at speeds of up to 900 MHz and G4 (7410LE) upgrades up to 550 MHz were available. These upgrades are now out of production and must be purchased secondhand. The Pismo PowerBook was the last of the G3 line. It was succeeded by the PowerBook G4 Titanium models. Models In popular culture The PowerBook G3 was featured in many facets of popular culture from the late 1990s to mid-2000s, including You've Got Mail, NewsRadio, Curb Your Enthusiasm, Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me, House on Haunted Hill, Mission: Impossible, Disney's The Kid, Dark Angel, What Women Want, The West Wing, Friends, The Lone Gunmen, The Core, Duplex, Saw, Sex and the City, How I Met Your Mother, Night at the Museum, Charmed, Everybody Loves Raymond, Stargate SG-1, That's So Raven and Angel. References External links Apple Support PowerBook G3 How to Identify Different Models at Apple.com Portable Mac index at Lowendmac Pictures of Pismo internals Powerbook Pismo 500mHz, Powerbook G3 PDQ Forevermac.com G3 PowerPC Macintosh computers Computer-related introductions in 1997

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Sony Vaio AR series Sony VAIO AR series was a range of high-end multimedia notebook computers from Sony introduced in June 2006 as the first laptop with integrated Blu-ray drive (top model, costing $3,499 at launch - double the base model). It replaced the AX Series. It featured a 17" 16:10 widescreen LCD screen, with choice of 1440x900 or 1920x1200 resolutions (full HD 1080p capable). It was replaced by the AW series. Launch specs were Intel Core Duo T2300, T2400 or T2500 CPUs running at 1.66, 1.86 or 2 GHz, Nvidia GeForce Go 7400 64MB, 7600 128MB, or 7600GT 256MB, with 160GB or RAID0 100Gb hard drives and 1GB of RAM. These computers have a 17-inch widescreen LCD display and weigh 8.8 pounds (4 kg); because of this, they are the largest of the Sony VAIO computers and are considered to be desktop replacement computers. Being somewhere between a notebook computer and a desktop computer, it has exceptional functionality, considering they have the specifications equivalent to that of a desktop computer. However, as a result of its large size, it has a battery life between 1.5 hours and three hours; this is considered low for a notebook computer but sufficient for a desktop replacement computer. Included in some models is also a movie pack, which consists of four predesignated feature films saved on the harddrive. CTO Specifications Processors: Intel Core 2 Duo Processor T7250 (2.0 GHz) Intel Core 2 Duo Processor T8100 (2.1 GHz) Intel Core 2 Duo Processor T8300 (2.4 GHz) Intel Core 2 Duo Processor T9300 (2.5 GHz) Intel Core 2 Duo Processor T9500 (2.6 GHz) Operating Systems: Microsoft Windows XP Professional Microsoft Windows Vista Home Premium Microsoft Windows Vista Business Microsoft Windows Vista Ultimate Memory: 2 GB DDR-SDRAM (DDR2-667, 1 GBx2) 3 GB DDR-SDRAM (DDR2-667, 2GBx1 + 1GBx1) 4 GB DDR-SDRAM (DDR2-667, 2 GBx2) Hard Drives: 320 GB SATA Hard Disk Drive [5400rpm] 240 GB SATA Hard Disk Drive 400 GB SATA Hard Disk Drive 500 GB SATA Hard Disk Drive 600 GB SATA Hard Disk Drive 640 GB SATA Hard Disk Drive [2x 320GB] 400 GB SATA Hard Disk Drive [7200rpm] Optical Disk Drives: DVD±R DL / DVD±RW / DVD-RAM Drive Blu-ray Disc Read Only Drive Blu-ray Disc Read and Write Drive Displays LCD 17" WXGA+ (XBRITE-HiColor) 1440x900 resolution with integrated video camera LCD 17" WUXGA (XBRITE-HiColor) 1920x1200 resolution with integrated video camera Graphics Cards NVIDIA GeForce 8600M GT GPU with Total Available Graphics Memory of 1279MB (max.) if 2GB System Memory is selected. NVIDIA GeForce 8600M GT GPU with Total Available Graphics Memory of 1791MB (max.) if 3GB or 4GB System Memory is selected. Video RAM: 512MB Dedicated Video RAM Networking Wireless LAN: Intel PRO/Wireless 4965AGN Network Connection (802.11a/b/g/n) w/ Bluetooth Technology: Integrated Bluetooth Technology In addition, a Sony VAIO AR has an optional ATI TV Wonder Digital Cable Tuner and an optional extended battery. External links VAIO AR main page References AR

laptop Form Factor and Weight

BEHEMOTH - Big Electronic Human Energized Machine, Only Too Heavy The BEHEMOTH - Big Electronic Human Energized Machine, Only Too Heavy was an electronic bike weighing in at roughly 450 pounds. It was created by a multi-disciplinary team of volunteers led by Steve Roberts, a self-taught computer hobbyist. History The BEHEMOTH took three and a half years to build and it involved teams of engineers, machinists, bicycle experts, and chip-makers working in labs and shops across California including Palo Alto, Milpitas, Santa Cruz, Soquel, Scotts Valley, and Mountain View. There were many technologies that were used in this project including but not limited to fiber-glassing, sheet-metal fabrication, machining, FORTH software programming, harsh-environment packaging, networking, power management, embedded systems and audio processing. According to Roberts, the BEHEMOTH was to be a "collection of all the geeky tools that he could imagine, integrated into a limited user interface available while pedaling a bicycle". He envisioned a project where "computer and communication tools rendered physical location irrelevant." Specification The BEHEMOTH bike contained many of the latest technologies of the time which were packed within the following three main equipment enclosures: Console, a fiberglass-enclosed hood located on the front of the bike RUMP (Rear Unit of Many Purposes) located behind the bike seat Trailer, located at the back of the bike The console consisted of the following technologies: Audio and serial switch networks allowing anything to talk to anything with simple commands Bicycle Control Processor which was programmed using the FORTH language Cordless phone, answering machine and fax machine Credit card verifier Diagnostic tools including LED matrix Fiberglass dome that was a satellite antenna which provided email connectivity Folding 6-segment aluminum console Handlebar keyboard on each handle Icom 2-meter transceiver; dedicated Larsen half-wave antenna on seat Immersive head-up display that was controlled by an Ampro 80286 DOS platform for CAD system Macintosh 68K which powered the GUI High Frequency (HF) datacomm VHF datacomm Radiation monitor Speech recognition board Speech synthesizer which kept the rider current with notifications from the Bicycle Control Unit Toshiba 1000 repackaged laptop for scrolling FAQ GPS satellite navigation receiver Ultrasonic head mouse controller 80 MB hard disk drive The RUMP consisted of the following technologies: Air compressor Brain-Interface Unit (Helmet) Headset with boom microphone Helmet-cooling tank and pump Helmet lights and cooling system Ear-jacks for stereo headphones LED taillight switch-mode controller Motion sensors for security Motorola 9600-baud modem Rear-view mirror on swiveled mount Reflection Technology Private Eye display Rump Control Processor (programmed using the FORTH language) Sealed lead-acid battery Sharp Color active-matrix display Single LED taillight cluster Solar panel Stereo System Sun SPARCstation Ultrasonic head-mouse sensors The trailer consisted of the following technologies: Antenna to communicate over various amateur and public radio networks Audio filtration and Magic Notch Audio crosspoint network, bussed to console Automatic CW keyer Bike and Frame-Mounted Components Bike power management hardware Camping, video, camera, personal gear Canon BubbleJet printer CD player Custom recumbent bicycle Dual-band VHF/UHF antenna Fiberglass-over-cardboard composite structure Folding dipole antenna which enabled global coverage on the high frequency amateur radio bands Fluke digital multimeter Ham Radio station: High-brightness LED taillights Hydraulic disk brakes Icom 725 for HF Makita battery charger Microfiche documentation and CD library Mobile R&D lab Pneumatic controls, landing gear, pressure tank, air horn Qualcomm OmniTRACS satellite terminal Security system pager to alert police if the bike were disturbed Technomad Dreams Telebit CellBlazer high-speed modem Television transceiver Telular Celjack RJ-11 interface Trailer Control Processor (programmed using the FORTH language) Two 15 amp-hour sealed lead-acid batteries Under-seat steering 72-watt Solarex photovoltaic array 105-speed transmission Today The BEHEMOTH logged over 17,000 miles while in service and demonstrated the integration of technologies for recreational use as a visible artifact of early wireless mobile networking. The BEHEMOTH was donated to the Computer History Museum, where it's currently on display. References Electric bicycles

laptop Form Factor and Weight

PowerBook 100 The PowerBook 100 is a portable subnotebook personal computer designed and manufactured by Sony for Apple Computer and introduced on October 21, 1991, at the COMDEX computer expo in Las Vegas, Nevada. Priced at US$2,500 with external floppy drive, the PowerBook 100 was the low-end model of the first three simultaneously released PowerBooks. Its CPU and overall speed closely resembled those of its predecessor, the Macintosh Portable. It had a Motorola 68000 processor at 16 MHz, 2-8 megabytes (MB) of RAM, a monochrome backlit liquid crystal display (LCD) with 640 × 400 pixel resolution, and the System 7.0.1 operating system. It did not have a built-in floppy disk drive and was noted for its unique compact design that placed a trackball pointing device in front of the keyboard for ease of use. Apple's then-chief executive officer (CEO) John Sculley started the PowerBook project in 1990, allocating $1 million for marketing. Despite the small marketing budget, the new PowerBook line was a success, generating over $1 billion in revenue for Apple in its first year. Sony designed and manufactured the PowerBook 100 in collaboration with the Apple Industrial Design Group, Apple's internal design team. It was discontinued on September 3, 1992, and superseded by the PowerBook 145 and PowerBook Duo series. Since then, it has been praised several times for its design; PC World named the PowerBook 100 the tenth-greatest PC of all time in 2006, and US magazine Mobile PC chose the PowerBook 100 as the greatest gadget of all time in 2005. History From 1990, John Sculley, then CEO of Apple, oversaw product development personally to ensure that Apple released new computers to market more quickly. His new strategy was to increase market share by lowering prices and releasing more "hit" products. This strategy contributed to the commercial success of the low-end Macintosh Classic and Macintosh LC, desktop computers released by Apple in 1990. Sculley wanted to replicate the success of these products with Apple's new PowerBook line. Sculley began the project in 1990 and wanted the PowerBook to be released within one year. The project had three managers: John Medica, who managed engineering for the new laptop; Randy Battat, who was the vice president for product marketing; and Neil Selvin, who headed the marketing effort. In 1991, the two leaders in the laptop computer industry were Toshiba and Compaq, both of which had introduced models weighing less than . Medica, Battat, and Selvin deliberately designed the PowerBook to weigh less than its competitors. Sculley allocated a $1 million marketing budget to the PowerBook product line, in contrast to the $25 million used to market the Macintosh Classic. Medica, Battat, and Selvin used most of the money to produce and air a television commercial that viewers would remember. Advertising agency Chiat/Day filmed retired Los Angeles Lakers basketball star Kareem Abdul-Jabbar sitting uncomfortably in a small airline coach seat yet typing comfortably on his PowerBook. The ad caption read: "At least his hands are comfortable." Apple unveiled the PowerBook 100 on October 21, 1991, at the Comdex computer expo in Las Vegas, alongside two other models: the PowerBook 140 and PowerBook 170. Both the advertisement and the product were successful. Apple projected US sales of more than 200,000 PowerBooks in the first year, with peak demand in the first three months of release. By January 1992, Apple had sold more than 100,000 PowerBooks, by which time they were in short supply. Apple soon solved the supply problems, and the proceeds from PowerBook sales reached $1 billion in the first year after launch. Apple surpassed Toshiba and Compaq as the market leader in worldwide share of portable computer shipments. The PowerBook 100, 140, and 170 contributed greatly to Apple's financial success in 1992. At the end of the financial year, Apple announced its highest figures yet, $7.1 billion in revenues and an increase in global market share from 8% to 8.5%, the highest it had been in four years. However, the initial popularity of the PowerBook 100 did not last. Sales decreased, and by December 1991 the 140 and 170 models had become more popular because customers were willing to pay more for a built-in floppy disk drive and second serial port, which the PowerBook 100 lacked. In early 1992, the PowerBook 100 was offered at $2,300 without the external floppy drive. By August 10, 1992, Apple quietly dropped the PowerBook 100 from its price list but continued to sell existing stock through its own dealers and alternative discount consumer-oriented stores such as Price Club. In these stores, a 4MB RAM/40MB hard drive configuration with a floppy drive sold for less than $1,000 (more than $1,500 less than the similar 2MB/20MB configuration's original list price). On September 17, 1992, Apple recalled 60,000 PowerBook 100s because of a potential safety problem. An electrical short, it was discovered, could melt a small hole in the casing, which occurred in three of the 60,000 notebooks manufactured between October 1991 and March 1992. On the day of the recall, Apple shares closed at $47, down $1.25, but some analysts discounted the recall's importance. In addition, the original power supplies had problems with insulation cracks that could cause a short in a fuse on the motherboard; and the computer was prone to cracks in the power adapter socket on the motherboard, which required a $400 replacement motherboard if the warranty had expired. Features Most of the PowerBook 100's internal components were based on its predecessor, the Macintosh Portable. It included a Motorola 68HC000 16 MHz processor, had 2 MB memory, no floppy disk drive, and cost approximately $2,500 with external floppy drive. Later the PowerBook 100 was offered without the external floppy drive for $2,300. An external floppy disk drive was available for $279. The dimensions of the PowerBook 100 were an improvement over the Portable. It was deep, wide, and high, compared to the Portable, which was deep, wide and high. Another significant difference was the less expensive passive matrix display used instead of the sharper active matrix used on the Portable (and the 170). The PowerBook 100 included the System 7.0.1 operating system as standard, with support for all versions up to System 7.5.5. Apple, however, released System 6.0.8L, which allowed the PowerBook 100 to run System 6. It could also be used with some earlier System 6 versions, although Apple did not officially support this. The PowerBook 100 had one external serial port, designed for use with a printer or any compatible RS-422 device. It was the first Macintosh to omit an external modem port, instead offering an optional built-in 2400 baud modem for communications. As a result, for the first time a user could not print directly and access AppleTalk or a faster external modem simultaneously, and devices such as advanced MIDI interfaces could not be used because they required the dedicated use of both ports. A third-party serial modem port could, however, be installed in the internal modem slot for consumers who needed traditional functions. When the computer was not in use, contents of the memory were preserved as long as the main lead-acid battery remained charged. The PowerBook 100 Power Manager was an integrated circuit, usually placed on the logic board of a PowerBook, and was responsible for the power management of the computer. Identical to that of the Macintosh Portable, it controlled the display's backlight, hard drive spin-down, sleep and wake, battery charging, trackball control, and input/output (I/O). The 100 did add a new feature: 3.5 V batteries backed up permanent and expansion random access memory (RAM) when the PowerBook 100's battery was being replaced or when the 100 was otherwise temporarily removed from all power sources. This made it a perfect candidate for use with Apple's RAM disk to help increase battery life by accessing the hard disk less frequently, since the 100 was the only PowerBook that maintained the contents of RAM on shutdown in order to reduce startup time. The PowerBook 100 was the first PowerBook to incorporate SCSI Disk Mode, which allowed it to be used as an external hard disk on a desktop Macintosh. This provided a convenient method for software to be installed onto the PowerBook or transferred to the desktop, without the need for the 100's optional floppy disk drive. A specialized SCSI cable with a unique connector was required, however, to use any SCSI device on the PowerBook series. A second dedicated cable was required for SCSI Disk Mode. This feature was unique to the 100 until Apple introduced new PowerBooks more than a year later. There are two versions of the PowerBook 100's QWERTY layout keyboard: a domestic US version with 63 keys and an international ISO version with 64 keys. The caps lock key on the PowerBook 100 did not have a locking position or a lighted indicator of its status, and to compensate, the System 7 operating system software includes an extension file that causes an icon of the international caps lock symbol (⇪) to appear in the upper right-hand corner of the menu bar when Caps Lock is active. The internals of the PowerBook 100 were the basis of the Apple Wizzy Active Lifestyle Telephone prototype. Design Both the PowerBook 140 and 170 were designed before the 100 by the Apple Industrial Design Group, from March 1990-February 1991. The 100's styling was based on those computers and represents the first improvements to the PowerBook line as Apple benefited from the lessons learned in developing the more powerful models' enclosure. The 100 was designed between September and December 1990, and retained the same design elements, which were a variation on the Snow White design language Apple had been using since 1984. Specifically, raised ridges spaced apart intended to tie it into the existing product line. Apple approached Sony in late 1989 because it did not have enough engineers to handle the number of new products that were planned for delivery in 1991. Using a basic blueprint from Apple, including a list of chips and other components, and the Portable's architecture, the 100 was miniaturized and manufactured by Sony in San Diego, California, and Japan. Sony engineers had little experience building personal computers but nonetheless completed Apple's smallest and lightest machine in under 13 months, cancelling other projects and giving the PowerBook 100 top priority. Sony president Norio Ohga gave project manager Kihey Yamamoto permission to recruit engineers from any Sony division. Robert Brunner, Apple's head of industrial design at the time, led the design team that developed the laptop, including its trackball and granite color. Brunner said he designed the PowerBook "so it would be as easy to use and carry as a regular book". The dark granite grey color set it apart from other notebook computers of the time and also from Apple's other products, which traditionally were beige or platinum grey. The trackball, another new design element, was placed in the middle of the computer, allowing the PowerBook to be easily operated by both left- and right-handed users. The designers were trying to create a fashion statement with the overall design of the laptop, which they felt made it a more personal accessory, like a wallet or briefcase. Brunner said: "It says something about the identity of the person who is carrying it". Reception Crystal Waters of Home Office Computing praised the PowerBook 100's "unique, effective design" but was disappointed because the internal modem did not receive faxes, and the 100 had no monitor port. The low-capacity 20 MB hard drive was also criticized. Once a user's core applications had been installed, little room was left for optional programs and documents. Waters concluded: "Having used the 100 constantly in the past few weeks, I know I wouldn't feel cheated by buying it - if only it had a 40MB hard-disk drive option." PC Week benchmarked the PowerBook 100, measuring it against its predecessor, the Macintosh Portable. The PowerBook 100 took 5.3 seconds to open a Microsoft Word document and 2.5 seconds to save it, while the Portable took 5.4 and 2.6 seconds respectively. PC Week tested the battery life, which delivered 3 hours 47 minutes of use. Byte magazines review concluded, "The PowerBook 100 is recommended for word processing and communications tasks; the higher-end products offer enough power for complex reports, large spreadsheets and professional graphics." MacWEEK described it as "ideal for writers and others on a tight budget." The PowerBook 100 continues to receive recognition from the press. PC World named the PowerBook 100 the 10th-greatest PC of all time in 2006, and in 2005, US magazine Mobile PC chose the PowerBook 100 as the greatest gadget of all time, ahead of the Sony Walkman and Atari 2600. The PowerBook 100 received multiple awards for its design, including the 1999 IDSA Silver Design of the Decade Award, Form magazine's 1993 Designer's Design Awards, the 1992 ISDA Gold Industrial Design Excellence Award, the 1992 Appliance Manufacturer Excellence in Design award, and the Industry Forum Design 10 Best - Hannover Fair award. Specifications See also Macintosh Portable List of Macintosh models by case type List of Macintosh models grouped by CPU type References External links Vintage and obsolete products from Apple.com PowerBook 100 on Low End Mac PowerBook 100 Specs on Everymac.com PowerBook 100 on Apple-History.com 100 68k Macintosh computers Computer-related introductions in 1991

laptop Form Factor and Weight

ThinkPad T series The ThinkPad T series is a line of laptop computers. Originally developed by IBM, and introduced in 2000, the brand was sold along with the rest of IBM's consumer computer division to Chinese technology company Lenovo in 2005, who have continued to produce and market succeeding models. History IBM introduced the T series as part of their ThinkPad brand in 2000. The laptop was meant to cater to users working with multiple networks and in different environments. This resulted in the development of the IBM Embedded Security Subsystem. From the time of its inception, the series was designed to balance speed and mobility. Despite a 14.1-inch screen, similar to desktops at the time, the titanium composite body on the laptop was designed to keep the weight as low as possible. Users were also given options to swap components for mobility, like a DVD player, writeable CD drive or numeric keypads. The ThinkPad T20 was released by IBM as the 14.1-inch successor to the 13.3-inch ThinkPad 600 laptops. With a weight of , the T20 was the lightest laptop offering with a screen size of . With the addition of an internal 8x DVD-ROM drive, the weight remained as low as . In October 2000, the ThinkPad T20 was upgraded and released as the ThinkPad T21 laptop with the Intel Mobile Pentium III (800 MHz) CPU. The 14.1-inch LCD display offered a higher resolution of . The hard disk space offered was a 32GBhigh for the time. Further minor refinements were made to the T2X series resulting in the T22 and finally in 2002 with the T23 a Pentium III-M 1.13 GHz "Tualatin" having 128MiB of RAM and a 30GB hard drive. The ThinkPad T30 was released in May 2002, with options for the Intel Mobile Pentium 4-M processor with the Intel 845MP Mobile Chipset. Additional options included the ATI Mobility Radeon 7500 video controller with 16 MiB graphics memory, a 14.1-inch LCD display with a resolution of , and 1 GiB PC2100 RAM. This was complemented by a 60 GB hard drive and a DVD-ROM/CD-RW combo drive, making it a powerful laptop.Announced in March 2003, the ThinkPad T40p represented the first in the T series' "performance" class of laptops. The ThinkPad T40p offered ATI Mobility 9000 with 64 MiB VRAM, a 14.1-inch LCD display with resolution, a maximum of 2 GiB PC2100 RAM, and a 60 GB IDE hard disk. The design was followed by the T41 and T41p and the T42 and T42p (ATI Mobility 7500, 9600, and FireGL T2), with almost complete parts interchangeability, except for the fan (normal or p-series), keyboard (14.1" or 15"), screen (14.1" or 15"), and screen inverter. The 15-inch T42 and T42p models were offered with an optional or "FlexView" IPS LCD display. Launched in April 2005, the ThinkPad T43 and T43p laptops were the last T-series laptops manufactured for IBM. The major improvement was a move to lower-cost DDR2 RAM and a bus speed increase from 400 MHz to 533 MHz. The CPU also was the first to have the XD bit, making it the first Thinkpad that could run Windows 8.x and Windows 10. In December 2004 Lenovo of China announced the acquisition of the IBM PC division including the ThinkPad brand (at the time, 40% of the PC division was working in China.) ThinkPads were being made by Lenovo's arch-rival Great Wall Technology. Lenovo released the ThinkPad T60 and T60p laptops in February 2006. While designed and manufactured by Lenovo, the T60 and the T60p still featured the IBM logo on the machines. In May 2007, the T61 and T61p laptops slowly phased out IBM logos in favor of the ThinkPad logo. It also was the first T Series notebook to adopt widescreen resolution as a mainstream option; the traditional 4:3 aspect ratio screens was also offered as an alternative at the time but mass industry adoption of the widescreen standard meant that it was the last ThinkPad of its kind to use the 4:3 standard. The naming convention for the T Series was changed by Lenovo following the release of the ThinkPad T400 and T500 in July 2008. The Txxp models (like the T61p) were replaced by Lenovo's ThinkPad W Series laptops. Designed as mobile workstations, the W series grew to become Lenovo's line of performance-oriented laptops. The T series remains Lenovo's premier line of laptops, aimed at corporate and enterprise users and is praised by users for its outstanding Linux compatibility. The T-p lineup later returned as an irregular T##0p line with only T440p, T460p, T470p and T540p models. The Lenovo ThinkPad 25th anniversary edition was released on Oct. 5, 2017. It was based on the ThinkPad T470, but brought back the classic 7-row keyboard. In 2018, Lenovo introduced the ThinkPad A485, which officially isn't part of the T Series, but it uses the same housing and has the same build quality as the T480. It offers a 2nd generation AMD Ryzen Pro processor (namely the 2500U), and because of the AMD platform, it lacks Thunderbolt 3 support, but has USB-C support. The A475 had been similarly released in 2017 as a variation of the T470, but with AMD Carrizo or Bristol Ridge. In 2019 Lenovo officially introduced the AMD CPU in the T Series, and differentiated it with the digit 5 at the end of the model number (i.e. T495). From 2020 onwards, the naming scheme changed again, after the letter "T" comes the screen size in inches, then a Generation number (i.e. T14 Gen 1), just like with the X1 series. There is no more differentiation in model number for the AMD processors. Specifications Recent 14-inch models are: Recent 15-inch models available from Lenovo are: Reviews PCWorld said that the ThinkPad T20 “packs a bigger screen, a more comfortable keyboard, and a larger set of useful features into a smaller package than any of its competitors.” The Web site epinions.com said that the ThinkPad T20 was “worth the wait” giving it 4.5 stars out of 5. In a review of the ThinkPad T60, Notebook Review called the T-series laptops the “flagship of the ThinkPad brand”, aimed at corporate professionals. Some of the T-series characteristics as listed by notebookreview.com include durability, security, usability, and performance. The ThinkPad T410 was awarded 4.5 out of 5 stars by Notebook Review upon release. The review noted the centering of the screen, eliminating the thick bezel on one side and the thin bezel on the other. The review indicated that the pros were the speed, battery life, and wide selection of ports. The cons were minor distortions on the screen when flexed, and the high pitched fan. WIRED also reviewed the T410 laptop positively, saying that “Lenovo's thoughtful ThinkPad is a near-perfect machine”. The PC Advisor review of the ThinkPad T510 called the lack of alterations to the traditional design a good thing. It also highlighted the professional appearance and ‘sturdy build quality’, indicating that this makes the laptop stand out from others in the market. The T420 and T520 laptops were different from their predecessors mainly through an upgrade to Intel's Sandy Bridge processors. The T420 received a total score of 85% from the Notebook Check web site. The fan noise was noticeably reduced, as indicated by a reviewer from PCWorld. The T-series laptops, the T420, the T420s, and the T520, have been lauded for their battery life – up to 30 hours with a 9-cell battery slice. Gallery References External links ThinkPad T Series at Thinkwiki.org, Linux guides to Thinkpads IBM laptops Lenovo laptops T series Computer-related introductions in 2000

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Acer Extensa Acer Extensa series is a affordable line of Acer laptops designed for office and business users. Its competitors include the Dell Vostro, and HP ProBook lines and low-end Lenovo ThinkPad laptops. The Extensa series includes several notebooks with different design, performance and functionality. The Extensa name had been used by Texas Instruments, which sold its mobile computing division to Acer in 1997. History Models Acer Extensa 15 — 15" model line with plastic case; 2020 model - Intel Core i3/i5 U series, 1920x1080 TN screen, buttonless touchpad. Early models Discontinued Acer models TI models Extensa 450 (1995) 57x series (1996) See also Acer Aspire and TravelMate Dell Vostro and Latitude Fujitsu LIFEBOOK HP ProBook and EliteBook Lenovo ThinkPad External links Acer - Products References Acer Inc. laptops

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Fit-PC3 The fit-PC3 is a small, light, fan-less nettop computer manufactured by the Israeli company CompuLab.  Several fit-PC3 variations are available - fit-PC3 was introduced early 2012. The device is power-efficient (about 6 - 18 W) and therefore considered to be a green computing project, capable of using open source software and creating minimal electronic waste. fit-PC3 The fit-PC3 has been released early 2012, CompuLab fit-PC3 includes: APU, (6.4W to 18W): AMD G-T44R single core processor @ 1.2Ghz with AMD Radeon HD 6250 Graphics AMD G-T40E dual core processor @ 1Ghz with AMD Radeon HD 6250 Graphics AMD G-T56N dual core processor @ 1.65Ghz with AMD Radeon HD 6320 Graphics Main I/O: AMD Embedded A55E Controller Hub Memory: Up to 8GB DDR3-1333 (2 SO-DIMM sockets) Display: Dual-head HDMI 1.4 + DisplayPort (G-T40E model has HDMI 1.3a) Audio: Digital 7.1 channels S/PDIF, stereo line-out, line-in, mic Storage: Internal 2.5" SATA III hard disk, mSATA socket and 2 eSATA ports Networking: GbE + 802.11b/g/n Wi-Fi + BT 3 I/O: 2 USB 3.0 ports + 2 USB 2.0 ports on the back panel + 4 USB 2.0 ports on the front (when using standard FACE Module). RS232. Expansion: 2 mini-PCI express sockets. One is usable as mSATA SSD drive with 2.3 board rev., the other is used by Wi-Fi when ordered with Wi-Fi Casing: Passively cooled die-cast aluminum 6.3" x 6.3" x 0.98" (16 x 16 x 2.5 cm). Higher wattage units use a ribbed heat sink type chassis. Custom extension board, (called FACE Module - Function And Connectivity Extension Module): FM-1LAN 1 GbE, 4 USB 2.0 ports, and 2 mini PCIe half sized slots FM-4E4U is 4 port GbE with 4 USB 2.0 ports. FM-E4U is 1 GbE with 4 USB 2.0 ports. FM-2MP has 2 mini-PCIe sockets. FM-VC Multiple input video & audio capture, including 2 USB 2.0 ports and serial port FM-USB3 has 2 USB3.0 and 2 USB 2.0 ports, plus 1 mSATA SSD storage slot FM-POE is Quad LAN + Power over Ethernet, with 4 USB 2.0 ports. FM-SER 6 ports supporting RS232 / RS485 / RS422, and 2 CAN bus ports Model variations See also fit-PC Media PC Media center (disambiguation) Nettop Industrial PC References External links fit-PC3 website fit-PC3 Users forum fit-PC3 Twitter Compulab website Nettop

laptop Form Factor and Weight

HP Pavilion dv2z The HP Pavilion dv2 was a series of 12" notebooks manufactured by Hewlett-Packard Company. DV2z In January 2009, AMD announced the Yukon mobile platform for ultra-portable notebooks. The announcement was shortly followed by HP introducing the dv2z based on the Yukon platform. The dv2z was an ultra-portable notebook that measured under 1-inch thick and weighed under 3.81 pounds. The traditional internal optical drive (DVD-ROM) was moved to an external USB enclosure to allow for the slimmer design. The laptop initially came with a AMD Athlon Neo MV-40 processor and used ATI Radeon Xpress X1250 integrated graphics. The ATI Mobility Radeon HD 3410 was an optional discrete GPU. On June 9, 2009, HP incorporated the dual core AMD Athlon/Turion Neo X2 processors. The laptop came with Microsoft Windows Vista pre-installed. A free upgrade offer for Microsoft Windows 7 was made available later in 2009. Configuration Processors AMD Athlon Neo MV-40 1.6 GHz (single core) or AMD Athlon/Turion Neo X2 1.6 GHz (dual core) Memory 1x DDR2 SO-DIMM, maximum 4 GB, single-channel, 400 MHz (PC2-6400) Chipset AMD RS690M + SB600 Graphics ATI Radeon Xpress X1250 IGP or discrete ATI Radeon HD 3410 512 MB (DDR2) Display 12.1-inch 1280x800 WXGA TN with glossy finish Sound IDT high-definition audio Storage SATA-II hard disk with impact sensor Network Broadcom BCM4322 802.11a/b/g/n with bluetooth, wired RJ-45 Realtek Fast Ethernet Camera 2.1 MP Chicony Electronics Battery 4910 mAh 3-cell Lithium Ion Optical Drive optional USB-2 External CDRW/Blu-ray Mobile broadband optional mobile broadband chipset with Gobi Operating System Microsoft Windows Vista or Windows 7 32/64-bit Build aluminium-magnesium alloy chassis in either "espresso black" or "moonlight white" finish External Ports 1x Fast Ethernet, 1x VGA, 1x microphone jack, 1x headphone jack, 3x USB-2.0 ports, 1x HDMI, 5-in-1 flash reader, 1x power adapter port References Pavilion dv2 Computer-related introductions in 2009

laptop Form Factor and Weight

IBM PS/2 L40 SX The IBM Personal System/2 Model L40 SX (stylized as PS/2 L40 SX) was a portable computer made by IBM, as part of the IBM PS/2 series. It was the successor to the IBM PC Convertible. The "SX" in the name refers to its CPU, the Intel 80386SX. Development The L40 SX was designed and manufactured over the course of thirteen months between 1990 and 1991. By 1990, IBM were already late to the market of 386SX-powered laptops. Faced with releasing an obsolete product, should they have followed their normal two-year lead time, IBM hastened development of the L40 SX. The L40 SX's case and keyboard assemblies took roughly five months to produce and involved novel methods to achieve this time frame. IBM hired their former subsidiary Lexmark of Lexington, Kentucky, and Leap Technologies of Otsego, Michigan, to achieve this production. Both companies used IBM's own Catia CAD–CAM system to design the models of the parts for the aforementioned assemblies. Lexmark were responsible for drafting these models, sending them electronically to Leap for revisions. Once revised, Leap used these models to machine the injection molds for each part. The two companies' electronic exchange of models was novel for the time and accelerated production by eliminating the need for mocking up and prototyping. It also posed a risk, however, as any design flaws realized after manufacturing would set production back up to a year and compel IBM to cancel the laptop. Because of this, both Leap and Lexmark used specialized software to predict how the parts would result from Leap's molds. Before designing began, however, Leap and Lexmark had to source suitable plastic. They settled on a polycarbonate–ABS polyblend by Dow Chemical that was durable, colorable, and plateable. The latter quality was necessary for compliance with the FCC's regulations on electromagnetic interference. Integrated circuits, such as microprocessors, cause such interference; most companies at the time compensated by spraying a thick layer of metallic paint on their cases' interiors. Because the 386SX's power overrode such shielding, however, IBM turned to electroless plating—a method that was novel for laptops. This provided the case with stronger shielding and not much more weight but also considerable expense for IBM. Research on the method was also costly: as electroless plating had seldom been used on their polyblends, Dow had to perform rigorous laboratory tests. After designing ended and the molds were machined, Leap performed injection only on the molds for the case assembly parts, shipping the molds for the keyboard assembly parts to Lexmark. Leap performed ultrasonic welding on their parts where necessary and handed the responsibility of plating to a company in Michigan. Leap then sent the completed case assemblies to Lexmark. Toshiba of Japan provided IBM with the L40 SX's liquid-crystal display, which was a 10-inch, sidelit, passive-matrix panel. Final assembly of these panels were performed in Raleigh, North Carolina. IBM considered using Toshiba's active-matrix LCD which provided a better response times, wider viewing angles, and no blotching, but these displays drew too much power. IBM also teamed with Western Digital of Irvine to design the L40 SX's motherboard. Western Digital provided assembly of the L40 SX's entire motherboard as well as their 7600LP series of video and hard disk drive controller chipsets, as well as the means for IBM to assemble the motherboard themselves further down the line. Manufacture of the L40 SX was plagued with parts shortages, but IBM were able to produce roughly 4,000 pre-release units which were sold to select members of the public. Hard disk drives were the latest shortage in April 1991, with IBM having to look at producing its own 2.5-inch 60 MB drives instead of waiting for Conner Peripherals. The substantial price raise of the L40 SX in March 1991 drew criticism from potential buyers who had enthusiastically praised it at IBM's last press briefing. IBM justified this price raise by classifying the L40 SX as a desktop replacement. The L40 SX's larger-than-notebook dimensions was advantageous for IBM in both raising its technical capability, fitting its coveted full-sized keyboard, and meeting the expectations of buyers specifically looking for a desktop replacement machine. Potential buyers felt the L40 SX's exceptionally comfortable keyboard and low power consumption failed to justify its launch price, however. At the time of the company's announcement of their price raise for the L40 SX, IBM were evaluating demand for a low-priced notebook computer in the United States after releasing the PS/55 Note in Japan. At the time, the L40 SX differed from most other laptops in operation by offering a suspend mode, a dynamic CPU clock cycle that slows down when the processor is idle, and the use of LCDs for status indicators, as opposed to LEDs. The latter two features lower the L40 SX's power draw. The back of the L40 SX sports one serial port, one parallel port, an external AT expansion port, a VGA port, and a PS/2 mouse port. IBM provided an optional modem that can receive fax transmissions. Specifications CPU: 20 MHz Intel 386SX Screen: 10" monochrome VGA (640x480) OS: DOS 3.3 or 4.0, Windows 3.0, OS/2 1.31 Disk: 2.5" IDE hard drive Bus: ISA Optional peripherals Trackpoint (Trackball/Mouse convertible) Quick Charger Car Battery Adapter Internal Data Fax Modem Deluxe Carrying Case Recall The Wall Street Journal reported that IBM had received 15 complaints of a short circuit occurring between the circuitry and a conductive coating inside the case which, in some instances, has melted a small hole in the case. The short occurs when the laptop is run on batteries, and IBM reported it will install a fuse to stop overheating. They had to issue a recall for 150,000 machines. Successors One year after the announcement of the L40 SX, on 24 March 1992, three notebooks and a laptop were announced by IBM: N51SX, N51SCL, N45SL as part of the IBM PS/2 Note series and the CL57SX. The CL57SX was the first laptop from IBM that featured a color TFT display. References External links German Thinkwiki about the L40SX PS/2 L40SX Reference Guide Teardown video by EEVblog PS 2 L40SX PS 2 L40SX Computer-related introductions in 1991

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Gavilan SC The Gavilan SC was a laptop computer, and was the first ever to be marketed as a "laptop". History The brainchild of Gavilan Computer Corp. founder Manuel (Manny) Fernandez, the Gavilan was introduced in May 1983, at approximately the same time as the similar Sharp PC-5000. It came to market a year after the GRiD Compass, with which it shared several pioneering details, notably a clamshell design, in which the screen folds shut over the keyboard. The Gavilan, however, was more affordable than the GRiD, at a list price of around US$4000. Unlike the GRiD, it was equipped with a floppy disk drive and used the MS-DOS operating system, although it was only partially IBM PC-compatible. Powered by a 5 MHz Intel 8088 processor, it was equipped with a basic graphical user interface, stored in its 48 kb of ROM. An internal 300-baud modem was standard. A compact printer that attached to the rear of the machine was an option. The machine's included software was a terminal program, MS-DOS, and MBasic (a version of the BASIC programming language). An Office Pack of four applications—Sorcim SuperCalc and SuperWriter, and PFS File and Report—was optional. It was far smaller than competing IBM compatible portables, such as the Compaq Portable, which were the size of a portable sewing machine and weighed more than twice the Gavilan's 4 kg (9 lb), and unlike the Gavilan they could not run off batteries. Gavilan claimed the SC could run up to nine hours on its built-in nickel-cadmium batteries. Jack Hall, an award-winning industrial designer, was chosen to work out the ergonomics, mechanics and overall appearance of the Gavilan. An extremely compact printer module was the result of a collaboration between Hall Design and C. Itoh of Japan. Additionally, several patentable features such as the unique display hinge and printer attachment mechanism were embodied in the design. The Gavilan sported an LCD display with an unusual resolution of 400×64 pixels. It included a pioneering touchpad-like pointing device, installed on a panel above the keyboard. It used static CMOS memory, and came with 64 kilobytes standard. Memory was expandable through plug-in modules, for which there were four slots available (each 32 kb module cost $350 and included a backup battery); these could also be used for software ROM cartridges. With standards for microfloppy drives still emerging, Gavilan was designed to accommodate both a 3.0-inch 320 KB microfloppy drive as well as a 3.5-inch floppy drive. Slow sales, due to the as yet undeveloped market for laptops, caused Gavilan Computer Corp. to declare Chapter 11 bankruptcy with cash flow problems. The company ceased operations in 1985. Reception BYTE in June 1983 called the Gavilan "a traveling professional's dream come true ... [it] promises to set new industry standards, not only for truly portable computers, but also for integration of applications software". References External links Oldcomputers.net:Gavilan SC History of Laptops Inc. magazine article about Gavilan by company founder Manuel (Manny) Fernandez 1984 article reviewing various pocket and portable computers, including the Gavilan . Laptops History of computing hardware Computer-related introductions in 1983

laptop Form Factor and Weight

IBM 7040 The IBM 7040 was a historic but short-lived model of transistor computer built in the 1960s. History It was announced by IBM in December 1961, but did not ship until April 1963. A later member of the IBM 700/7000 series of scientific computers, it was a scaled-down version of the IBM 7090. It was not fully compatible with the 7090. Some 7090 features, including index registers, character instructions and floating point, were extra-cost options. It also featured a different input/output architecture, based on the IBM 1414 data synchronizer, allowing more modern IBM peripherals to be used. A model designed to be compatible with the 7040 with more performance was announced as the 7044 at the same time. Peter Fagg headed the development of the 7040 under executive Bob O. Evans. A number of IBM 7040 and 7044 computers were shipped, but it was eventually made obsolete by the IBM System/360 family, announced in 1964. The schedule delays caused by IBM's multiple incompatible architectures provided motivation for the unified System/360 family. The 7040 proved popular for use at universities, due to its comparatively low price. For example, one was installed in May 1965 at Columbia University. One of the first in Canada was at the University of Waterloo, bought by professor J. Wesley Graham. A team of students was frustrated with the slow performance of the Fortran compiler. In the summer of 1965 they wrote the WATFOR compiler for their 7040, which became popular with many newly formed computer science departments. IBM also offered the 7040 (or 7044) as an input-output processor attached to a 7090, in a configuration known as the 7090/7040 Direct Coupled System (DCS). Each computer was slightly modified to be able to interrupt the other. IBM used similar numbers for a model of its eServer pSeries 690 RS/6000 architecture much later. The 7040-681, for example, was withdrawn in 2005. See also List of IBM products IBM mainframe History of IBM References External links 7040 7 7040 36-bit computers ja:IBM 7040

laptop Form Factor and Weight

PowerBook 150 The PowerBook 150 is a laptop personal computer created by Apple Computer, Inc. which was introduced on July 13, 1994, and released on July 18, 1994. It was the last member of the PowerBook 100 series to use the original case design, the most affordable of the series when introduced (priced between $1,450 and $1,600) and also the last consumer model. It was 8 MHz faster than its predecessor, the PowerBook 145B. It lacked an ADB port and used a lower-quality passive matrix display than other contemporary offerings, both to reduce the price. It also lacked external monitor support. Like the Duos and the PowerBook 100 before it, the 150 only had a single serial printer port, however, a third-party adapter was available for use in the optional modem slot. Though it used the 140 case design, its internals were based on the PowerBook Duo 230 and actually more similar to the features of the PowerBook 190 (which used the PowerBook 5300's case design). Notably, this new logicboard design allowed this 100 series PowerBook to use more than 14 MB RAM for the first time. It was also the first of the 100 series to include a lithium-ion backup battery to preserve RAM contents when the battery is replaced, as well as the first Macintosh ever to use less expensive and larger IDE drives (formatting required a unique software application limiting the selection of compatible drives). This was the last PowerBook model to include a trackball. Like the 145B it replaced, the 150 could not be used in SCSI Disk Mode, unlike the Duo, 190 and 5300 which had HD Target Mode implemented. Specifications Processor: Motorola 68030, running at 33 MHz RAM: 4 MB on board, expandable to 36 MB ROM: 1 MB Hard disk: 120–240 MB Floppy disk: 1.4 MB Systems supported: System 7.1.1 – Mac OS 7.6.1 ADB: No Serial: Yes (1 port) Modem: Optional (used for this model's expansion port) Screen: passive matrix, 2-bit greyscale (4 shades) at a resolution of 640x480 References External links apple-history.com: PowerBook 150 150 68k Macintosh computers

laptop Form Factor and Weight

HP 110 The Hewlett-Packard HP 110 (aka HP Portable and HP 45710A) was an MS-DOS compatible portable computer released in 1984. It used a Harris 80C86 running at 5.33 MHz with of RAM. It had an 80 character by 16 line monochrome () liquid crystal display, ran MS-DOS 2.11 in ROM, and had the application programs MemoMaker, Terminal Emulator and Lotus 1-2-3 in ROM. The LCD could be tilted for visibility, and could be folded down over the keyboard for transport, unlike computers such as the TRS-80 Model 100 which had the display in the same fixed plane as the keyboard. The HP 110 is similar to the Dulmont Magnum and the Sharp PC-5000, but all three computers were separately developed by their respective companies. At introduction it had a list price of . HP 110 Plus In 1985 the HP 110 Plus (aka HP Portable Plus and HP 45711A) was released with a higher-speed internal modem (1200 baud vs. 300 baud), more resident applications, reduced price, and an 80 character by 25 line display, which improved compatibility with desktop software applications. In text mode, the machine supported either a derivation of the 1984 version of the HP Roman-8 character set (in "HP mode") or IBM code page 437 (in "ALT mode"). Reception BYTE in January 1985 acknowledged the HP 110's high price, but stated that it was "a computer with true desktop capability and performance well worth its cost for those who need the power". It praised the keyboard, and predicted that the built-in Lotus 1-2-3 "will likely account for more HP 110 sales than any other single feature". Creative Computing said that the 110 was "the overwhelming winner" in the category of notebook portables when "price is no object" for 1984. The magazine stated that the $2995 price was "surprising modest" for its hardware, Lotus 1-2-3 and other software, and excellent manufacturer support. See also HP 95LX HP 100LX HP 200LX Notes References External links Review of HP 110 110 Computer-related introductions in 1984

laptop Form Factor and Weight

MacBook (2006–2012) The MacBook is a line of Macintosh notebook computers designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Inc. from May 2006 to February 2012. A new line of computers by the same name was released in 2015, serving the same purpose as an entry-level laptop. It replaced the iBook series of notebooks as a part of Apple's transition from PowerPC to Intel processors. Positioned as the low end of the MacBook family, below the premium ultra-portable MacBook Air and the powerful MacBook Pro, the MacBook was aimed at the consumer and education markets. It was the best-selling Macintosh ever. For five months in 2008, it was the best-selling laptop of any brand in US retail stores. Collectively, the MacBook brand is the "world's top-selling line of premium laptops." There have been four separate designs of the MacBook. The original model used a combination of polycarbonate and fiberglass casing which was modeled after the iBook G4. The second type was introduced in October 2008 alongside the 15-inch MacBook Pro; the MacBook shared the more expensive laptop's unibody aluminium casing, but omitted FireWire. A third design, introduced in late 2009, had a polycarbonate unibody casing. On July 20, 2011, the MacBook was discontinued for consumer purchase as it had been effectively superseded by the MacBook Air which had a lower entry price. Apple continued to sell the MacBook to educational institutions until February 2012. 1st generation: Polycarbonate The original MacBook, available in black or white colors, was released on May 16, 2006, and used the Intel Core Duo processor and 945GM chipset, with Intel's GMA 950 integrated graphics on a 667 MHz front side bus. Later revisions of the MacBook moved to the Core 2 Duo processor and the GM965 chipset, with Intel's GMA X3100 integrated graphics on an 800 MHz system bus. Sales of the black polycarbonate MacBook ceased in October 2008, after the introduction of the aluminum MacBook. While thinner than its predecessor – the iBook G4 – the MacBook is wider than the 12-inch model due to its widescreen display. In addition, the MacBook was one of the first (the first being the MacBook Pro) to adopt Apple's MagSafe power connector and it replaced the iBook's mini-VGA display port with a mini-DVI display port. The iBook's discrete graphics chip was initially replaced by an integrated Intel GMA solution, though the latest revisions of the MacBook were upgraded with the more powerful Nvidia GeForce 9400M and later the 320M. While the MacBook Pro largely followed the industrial design standard set by the PowerBook G4, the MacBook was Apple's first notebook to use features now standard in its notebooks – the glossy display, the sunken keyboard design and the non-mechanical magnetic latch. With the late 2007 revision, the keyboard received several changes to closely mirror the one which shipped with the iMac, by adding the same keyboard short-cut to control multimedia, and removing the embedded numeric keypad and the Apple logo from the command keys. A more expensive black model was offered until the introduction of the unibody aluminum MacBook. The polycarbonate MacBook was the only Macintosh notebook (until the new 2015 model) to be offered in more than one color since the iBook G3 (Clamshell). Ports The ports are all on the left edge; on early models, from left to right, they are the MagSafe power connector, Gigabit Ethernet, mini-DVI, FireWire 400, 2 USB 2.0 ports, audio in, audio out and Kensington Security Slot. For the unibody polycarbonate MacBook (2009), the ports from left to right are the MagSafe power connector, Gigabit Ethernet, Mini DisplayPort, 2 USB 2.0 ports, audio out and Kensington Security Slot. On the front, there is a power light and an infrared receiver, while on the right edge, there is only the optical drive. User serviceability The polycarbonate Intel MacBook is easier for users to fix or upgrade than its predecessor. Where the iBook required substantial disassembly to access internal components such as the hard drive, users only need to remove the battery and the RAM door to access or replace the internal hard disk drive. Apple provides do-it-yourself manuals for these tasks. Quality problems In February 2007, the MacBook was recalled because the graphics card and hard drive caused the computer to overheat, forcing the unit to shut down. Some early polycarbonate MacBook models suffered from random shutdowns; Apple released a firmware update to resolve them. There were also cases reported of discolored or chipping palmrests. In such cases, Apple asked affected owners to contact AppleCare. There were problems with batteries on some models from 2007 not being read by the MacBook. This is caused by a logic board fault and not a fault with the battery. In February 2010, Apple announced a recall for MacBooks bought between 2006 and 2007 for hard drive issues. This is caused by heat and other problems. Model specifications Apple used the A1181 code, printed on the case, for this family of models, though 17 variations may be counted if color is included. {| class="wikitable collapsible" style="width: 100%;" |- ! style="text-align:center;" colspan="9"| Table of models for MacBook A1181 family |- !style="background:#ffdead;width:8%;"|Model !style="background:#ffdead;width:11.5%;"|Mid 2006 !style="background:#ffdead;width:11.5%;"|Late 2006 !style="background:#ffdead;width:11.5%;"|Mid 2007 !style="background:#ffdead;width:11.5%;"|Late 2007 (Santa Rosa) !style="background:#ffdead;width:11.5%;"|Early 2008 !style="background:#ffdead;width:11.5%;"|Late 2008(White) !style="background:#ffdead;width:11.5%;"|Early 2009 (White) !style="background:#ffdead;width:11.5%;"|Mid 2009 (White) |- !style="width:8%;"|Component ! Intel Core Duo !colspan=7| Intel Core 2 Duo |- ! Release date |May 16, 2006 |November 8, 2006 |May 15, 2007 |November 1, 2007 |February 26, 2008 |October 14, 2008 |January 21, 2009 |May 27, 2009 |- ! Model numbers |MA254*/A MA255*/A MA472*/A |MA699*/A MA700*/A MA701*/A |MB061*/A MB062*/A MB063*/A |MB061*/B MB062*/B MB063*/B |MB402*/A MB403*/A MB404*/A |MB402*/B |MB881*/A |MC240*/A |- ! Model identifier |MacBook1,1 |colspan=2|MacBook2,1 |MacBook3,1 |MacBook4,1 |MacBook4,2 |colspan=2|MacBook5,2 |- ! Display |colspan=8|13.3-inch glossy widescreen LCD, 1280 × 800 pixel resolution (WXGA, 16:10 = 8:5 aspect ratio) |- ! Front side bus |colspan=3|667 MHz |colspan=3|800 MHz |colspan=2|1066 MHz |- ! Processor |1.83 GHz or 2 GHz Intel Core Duo (T2400/T2500) |1.83 GHz or 2 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo (T5600/T7200) |2 GHz or 2.16 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo (T7200/T7400) |2 GHz or 2.2 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo (T7300/T7500) |2.1 GHz or 2.4 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo (T8100/T8300) |2.1 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo (T8100) |2 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo (P7350) |2.13 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo (P7450) |- ! MemoryTwo slots forDDR2 SDRAM |512 MB (two 256 MB) 667 MHz PC2-5300Expandable to 2 GB |512 MB (two 256 MB) or 1 GB (two 512 MB) 667 MHz PC2-5300Expandable to 4 GB (3 GB usable)5 |1 GB (two 512 MB) 667 MHz PC2-5300Expandable to 4 GB (3 GB usable)5 |colspan=2|1 GB (two 512 MB) or 2 GB (two 1 GB) 667 MHz PC2-5300Expandable to 6 GB (4 GB supported by Apple) |1 GB (two 512 MB) 667 MHz PC2-5300Expandable to 6 GB (4 GB supported by Apple) |2 GB (two 1 GB) 667 MHz PC2-5300Expandable to 8 GB 800 Mhz PC2-6400 (4 GB supported by Apple)6 |2 GB (two 1 GB) 800 MHz PC2-6400Expandable to 8 GB (4 GB supported by Apple)6 |- ! GraphicsShared with system memory |colspan=3|Intel GMA 950 using 64 MB RAM (up to 224 MB in Windows through Boot Camp). |colspan=3|Intel GMA X3100 using 144 MB RAM (up to 384 MB available in Windows through Boot Camp) |colspan=2|Nvidia GeForce 9400M using 256 MB RAM |- ! rowspan=2| Hard drive2 |60 or 80 GBOptional 100 or 120 GB |60, 80, 120 GBOptional 160 or 200 GB, 4200-rpm |80, 120, 160 GBOptional 200 GB, 4200-rpm |80, 120, 160 GBOptional 250 GB |120, 160, 250 GB |120 GBOptional 160 or 250 GB |120 GBOptional 160, 250, 320 GB |160 GBOptional 250, 320, 500 GB |- | colspan="8" | Serial ATA 5400-rpm unless specified |- ! Combo drive3Base model only |8× DVD read, 24× CD-R and 10× CD-RW recording |colspan=4|8× DVD read, 24× CD-R and 16× CD-RW recording |colspan=3| N/A |- ! Internal slot-loading SuperDrive3 |8× double-layer discs reads. 4× DVD±R & RW recording. 24× CD-R and 10× CD-RW recording |2.4× DVD+R DL writes, 6× DVD±R read, 4× DVD±RW writes, 24× CD-R, and 10× CD-RW recording |colspan=6|4× DVD+R DL writes, 8× DVD±R read, 4× DVD±RW writes, 24× CD-R, and 10x CD-RW recording |- ! Connectivity | Integrated AirPort Extreme 802.11a/b/gGigabit EthernetBluetooth 2.0 + EDR | Integrated Airport Extreme 802.11a/b/g/n Gigabit EthernetBluetooth 2.0 + EDR |colspan=4| Integrated Airport Extreme 802.11a/b/g/n Gigabit EthernetBluetooth 2.0 + EDR | colspan="2" | Integrated Airport Extreme 802.11a/b/g/n Gigabit EthernetBluetooth 2.1 + EDR |- ! Peripherals |colspan=8| 2 × USB 2.01 × Firewire 4001 × Optical digital / analog audio line-in1 × Optical digital / analog audio line-out |- ! Camera |colspan=8| iSight Camera (640 × 480 0.3 MP) |- ! Video out |colspan=6| Mini DVI-I (integrated digital + analog) |colspan=2| Mini DVI-D (digital-only, no analog) |- ! Original Operating system |colspan=3|Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger | colspan="5" |Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard |- ! Latest release operating system |Mac OS X 10.6.8 Snow Leopard |colspan=5|Mac OS X 10.7.5 Lion |colspan=2|OS X 10.11 El Capitan |- ! Battery | colspan="8" | 55-watt-hour removable lithium-polymer |- ! Weight'|colspan=2| || |colspan=5| |- ! Dimensions |colspan=8|1.08 in × 12.78 in × 8.92 in (27.5 mm × 325 mm × 227 mm) |}Notes:1 Requires the purchase of a wireless-N enabler software from Apple in order to enable the functionality. Also enabled in Mac OS X 10.6 and later. 2 Hard drives noted are options available from Apple. As the hard drive is a user-replaceable part, there are custom configurations available, including use of 7200-rpm drives or SSDs. 3 Given optical drive speed is its maximum. 4 Beginning with the early 2008 revision, the Apple Remote became an optional add-on. 5 Expandable to 4 GB, with 3.3 GB usable. 6 Expandable to 8 GB, but with only 6 GB working stably with a Mac OS X older than 10.6.6 due to a software bug. 1st generation: Aluminum Unibody On October 14, 2008, Apple announced a MacBook featuring a new Nvidia chipset at a Cupertino, California press conference with the tagline: "The spotlight turns to notebooks". This MacBook was still the first generation MacBook because it only replaced the black polycarbonate models to be the new higher-spec MacBook. It was replaced by the 13-inch MacBook Pro the following year. The chipset brought a 1066 MHz system bus, use of DDR3 system memory, and integrated Nvidia GeForce 9400M graphics. Other changes include a display which uses LED backlights (replacing the fluorescent tube backlights used in the previous model) and arsenic-free glass, a new Mini DisplayPort (replacing the polycarbonate MacBook's mini-DVI port), a multi-touch glass trackpad which also acts as the mouse button, and the removal of the FireWire 400 port (thus it doesn't support Target Disk Mode, used for data transfers or operating system repairs without booting the system). There was only one product cycle of the aluminum MacBook, as Apple rebranded the next revision in June 2009 as a 13-inch MacBook Pro using the same chassis with an added FireWire port and SD card slot. Design The design had stylistic traits of the MacBook Air which were also implemented into the design of the MacBook Pro. This model is thinner than the original polycarbonate MacBooks, and it made use of a unibody aluminum case with tapered edges. The keyboard of the higher-end model included a backlight. Reception Although Gizmodo concluded it to be "our favorite MacBook to date," they did claim, at this time, its display was inferior to that found on the MacBook Pro and MacBook Air, alleging a smaller viewing angle, washed-out colors, and dimmer backlighting. Similarly, AppleInsider and Engadget concluded it "may well be Apple's best MacBook to date" and "these are terrific choices—not only from an industrial design standpoint, but in specs as well" respectively, while also drawing attention to a lower quality display as compared with the MacBook Pro and MacBook Air. Charlie Sorrel of Wired News reached a similar conclusion about the MacBook display, citing its poor contrast and lack of vertical angle in comparison with the MacBook Pro and even the older white MacBook. Peter Cohen wrote an article discussing the loss of the FireWire port for Macworld, saying "The absence of FireWire ports is certainly an inconvenience for some users. But it shouldn’t be considered a deal-breaker for most of us, anyway." Model specifications Notes:1 Hard drives noted are options available from Apple. As the hard drive is a user-replaceable part, there are custom configurations available, including use of 7,200-rpm drives and SSDs. 2 Given optical drive speed is its maximum. 2nd generation: Polycarbonate Unibody On October 20, 2009, Apple released the second generation MacBook that introduced a new polycarbonate (plastic) unibody design, faster DDR3 memory, a multi-touch trackpad, an LED-backlit display, and a built-in seven-hour battery. The polycarbonate unibody MacBook, like its aluminum predecessor, lacks FireWire and, like the 13-inch MacBook Pro, has a combined audio in/out port. There is no infrared port and the Apple Remote is not included. On May 18, 2010, the MacBook was refreshed with a faster processor, a faster graphics card, improved battery life, and the ability to pass audio through the Mini DisplayPort connector. On July 20, 2011, the MacBook was discontinued for consumer purchases, but was still available to educational institutions until February 2012. It was the last Mac to use a plastic shell, as every Mac since has used aluminum. Design Unlike the MacBook Air, the MacBook follows the same design first seen in the MacBook Pro; however, it is rounder on the edges than previous laptops in the MacBook line. This model has an all-white fingerprint-resistant glossy palm rest, unlike the grayish surface of its predecessor, and uses a multi-touch glass trackpad like the one found on the MacBook Pro. The video-out port is Mini DisplayPort. The bottom of the MacBook features a rubberized non-slip finish. This was prone to peeling off and Apple offered free replacements fitted by authorised agents until at least 2015 internationally. The built-in battery of the late 2009 revision, a feature introduced earlier in the year with the MacBook Pro, is claimed by Apple to last seven hours compared with five hours in the older models. However, in tests conducted by Macworld, the battery was found to last only about four hours while playing video at full brightness with AirPort turned off. However, Apple's battery life was calculated with the brightness at the middle setting and while browsing websites and editing word documents, not with video and at full brightness. Gizmodo also reached about the same conclusion in their tests, but with AirPort turned on. The battery included in the mid-2010 model holds an additional five watt-hours over the previous model's and is claimed to last up to ten hours. Reception Despite being hailed by Slashgear as "one of the best entry-level notebooks Apple have produced," the unibody MacBook has received criticism for its lack of a FireWire port and SD card slot. Nilay Patel of Engadget added that the USB ports were easily dented and the bottom of the laptop became worn and discolored after a few days. He also drew particular attention to the fact that the price was not lowered, stating the small price difference between the MacBook and the MacBook Pro makes it a "wasted pricing opportunity." However, most critics agree that the unibody MacBook's display is significantly better than its predecessor's. AppleInsider states the new display "delivers significantly better color and viewing angle performance" than the previous MacBook, but still "not as vivid and wide-angle viewable as the MacBook Pro screens." Model specifications |}Notes:'' 1 Memory noted are the options available from Apple. As memory is a user-replaceable part, there are custom configurations possible, including use of two 2 GB RAM modules, for 4 GB of RAM, two 4 GB RAM modules, for 8 GB of RAM, and two 8 GB RAM modules, for 16 GB of RAM. Modules must be PC3-8500S, CL 7, 1.5 volts. Also possible: 2 + 1 = 3 GB; 4 + 1 = 5 GB; 8 + 1 = 9 GB; 4 + 2 = 6 GB; 8 + 2 = 10 GB; 8 + 4 = 12 GB. Modules may be 1Rx8 or 2Rx8. 2 Hard drives noted are options available from Apple. As the hard drive is a user-replaceable part, there are custom configurations possible, including capacities up to 2 TB and SSDs. For rotating drives, 5,400 rpm is recommended, for power and cooling reasons. 3 Noted optical drive speed is its maximum. It is possible to replace the optical drive with a caddy which accommodates an SSD or a second hard drive. Look for caddies which are intended for MacBook A1342 models; there are similar (but slightly different) caddies which are intended for Mac mini models. Criticisms and defects The rubber bottom of unibody MacBooks have been known to peel off. Apple has noticed this as a flaw and will replace the bottom for free, with or without a warranty. Some consumers have also reported defects in their LCD displays in mid-2010–2011 models. The MagSafe power adapter of MacBooks has been known to fray, break, and stop working. Following a lawsuit, Apple replaces these adapters for US residents with affected adapters, purchased (or received as a gift) with computers or as an accessory. Some MacBooks are affected by the iSeeYou vulnerability, potentially allowing their iSight cameras to record the user without the user's knowledge. Supported operating systems See also Comparison of Macintosh models MacBook family MacBook (12-inch) MacBook Air MacBook Pro References External links MacBook Developer Note MacBook Buyer's Guide Another Blog all about the Macbook with diagrams Computer-related introductions in 2006 X86 Macintosh computers Products and services discontinued in 2012

laptop Form Factor and Weight

ThinkPad X series The ThinkPad X series is a line of laptop computers and convertible tablets produced by Lenovo with less power than its other counterparts. It was initially produced by IBM until 2005. IBM announced the ThinkPad X series (initially the X20) in September 2000 with the intention of providing "workers on the move with a better experience in extra-thin and extra-light mobile computing." The ThinkPad X series replaced both the 240 and 570 series during IBM's transition from numbered to letter series during the early 2000s. The first X Series laptops were "slimmer than a deck of cards" and "lighter than a half-gallon of milk", despite the presence of a 12.1-inch Thin-film transistor (TFT LCD) display. These design values—thin and light—continued to be integral to the ThinkPad X-series laptops' design and marketing, even after the purchase of IBM's Personal Computing Division by Lenovo. The first X Series ThinkPad released by Lenovo was the X41 in 2005. The ThinkPad X-series laptops from Lenovo were described by Trusted Reviews as "combining an ultraportable's weight and form factor with a durable design." The X-series laptop styles include traditional ultraportables, as well as convertible tablet designs. According to Lenovo, the ThinkPad X-series laptops include low power processors, offer long battery life, and several durability features such as a Roll Cage (Magnesium Frame around the Display), magnesium alloy covers, and a spill-resistant keyboard but currently lacks a replaceable battery and upgradable RAM slots. IBM-branded models 2000 X20 The X20 was the first in IBM/Lenovo's long standing X-series ultraportable line; the Celeron-based configurations had a thinner case. Processor: Intel Coppermine Mobile, Celeron (500MHz), or Pentium III (600MHz) Memory: 64128MiB, maximum of 320MiB (1 slot, 64MiB soldered) SDR Storage: IDE, 10 or 20GB Display: SVGA () or XGA () CCFL-backlit TN LCD Dimensions: 279 × 227 × 2530mm (or 2428mm with Celeron CPU) Mass/Weight: , or (with standard battery, and Pentium or Celeron CPU) 2001 X21 Same specifications as the X20, except an optional 600 or 700MHz processor and more onboard RAM could be ordered. X22 All new internal design, slim-version dropped, SVGA screen option dropped, Tualatin CPUs, faster (Radeon 7000 8MiB) GPU, Communications Daughter Card/CDC slot, optional FireWire and/or WiFi on some models, 133MHz FSB, maximum RAM increased to 640MiB. Processor: Intel Pentium III Mobile (733 or 800MHz) Memory: 128, 256, up to 640MiB (1 slot, 128MiB soldered) SDR; 8-chip 512MiB or 4-chip 128MiB modules only. Storage: IDE, 10 or 20GB Display: XGA () CCFL-backlit TN LCD Dimensions: 279 × 227 × 2530mm Mass/Weight: (with standard battery) 2002 X23 Same as the X22 but with faster processors (800 or 866MHz), bigger hard drives up to 30GB, Bluetooth and the IBM Security Sub System on selected models. X24 Same as the X23 with even faster processors: 1.06 to 1.13GHz. X30 Full-powered successor to the X2x line with completely redesigned case. However, they shared much of the technology. 830MG chipset with Intel Extreme Graphics GPU. Maximum of 1GiB RAM, thanks to two RAM slots. FireWire now standard on all models. Up to 60GB hard drives available, additional secondary "Extended Life Battery" could be purchased. Processor: Intel Pentium III Mobile (1.06 or 1.2GHz) Memory: 128, 256, or 512MiB DDR (up to 1024MiB, 2 slots) Storage: IDE, 15, 20, 30, 40, 48 or 60GB Display: XGA () CCFL-backlit TN LCD Dimensions: 273 × 223 × 2530mm Mass/Weight: (with standard battery) 2003 X31 X30 updated to the Intel Centrino platform, Pentium M CPUs, faster RAM (DDR PC2100), better GPU (ATI Radeon 7000) and more VRAM (16MiB), USB2.0, 2nd USB port on left side, Gigabit LAN introduced on some models, IBM Security Sub System on some models. Processor: Intel Pentium M (Banias), L2-Cache: 1MiB, TDP: 2224.5W, 400MHz FSB 1.3GHz, 1.4GHz, 1.5GHz, 1.6GHz, or 1.7GHz Memory: 256512MiB DDR (up to 2048MiB, 2 slots) Storage: IDE 2.5"; Models with 4200RPM drives and capacities of 20, 30, 40, or 60GB Models with 5400RPM drives and capacities of 40, 60, or 80GB Display: XGA () CCFL-backlit TN LCD Dimensions: 273 × 223 × 30.2mm Mass/Weight: (with standard battery) X40 The first model in a new "Thin and Light" sub-line. Specifications: Processor: Intel Pentium M 1.0, 1.2, or 1.3GHz (Banias) or 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.5, or 1.6GHz (Dothan) Memory: 2561,536MiB DDR (256 or 512MiB soldered, 1 slot) Storage: IDE 1.8", 20 or 40GB Display: XGA () CCFL-backlit TN LCD Dimensions: 268mm × 211mm × 2127mm Mass/Weight: 2005 X41, X41 Tablet Three years after the release of the X30, upon acquiring the ThinkPad division, Lenovo released the ThinkPad X41 ultraportable laptop and the ThinkPad X41 tablet. The X41 tablet was convertible, with the capacity to function as a tablet PC and an ultraportable laptop. X32 The X32 was introduced in 2005. The numbering system was irregular, as it was actually introduced after the X40, but using the older X3x chassis design. It was also more powerful than the X40 and X41 units, due to the use of faster full-voltage Dothan processors and standard 2.5-inch 5400/7200RPM hard drives. It was a very short-lived model, discontinued within months of introduction. On this model, IBM included Gigabit LAN and the Security Sub System on all models. The X32 and X41 are two of the last IBM-designed ThinkPads, before Lenovo took over. The X41 tablet was designed by Lenovo. 2006 The X-series laptops released in 2006 from Lenovo were the X60, X60s, and X60 tablet. X60 and X60s The X60 and X60s slimline differed primarily by their processors: the X60s had a low voltage processor, while the X60 did not. This gave the X60s a lower active temperature and longer battery life in exchange for reduced performance. The X60s also had a smaller heatsink and a slightly thinner case with a different battery form factor, although it could use standard X60 batteries with a plastic adapter. In its review of the ThinkPad X60/X60s, Notebook Review called the laptop, "Hands down the best performing ultraportable on the market", while raising issues about the design and the lack of an optical drive. The two laptops were available in a variety of configurations. Later X60 models used 64-bit Core 2 Duo CPUs, and some X60s were available with a lightweight LCD panel. Typical specifications of the laptops are provided below: Processor: Intel Core Solo T1300 (1.6GHz), Core Duo T2300E, T2400, T2500 (1.662.0GHz) or Core 2 Duo T5500, T5600, T7200 (1.662.0GHz) X60 Intel Core Duo L2300, L2400, L2500 (1.501.83GHz), or Core 2 Duo L7400 (1.50GHz) X60s Chipset: Intel 945GM Memory: up to 3.2GiB DDR2 (2 slots, fits 4GiB, but chipset limit is 3.2GiB) Graphics: Intel GMA 950 Storage: 1 × 2.5" SATA 1.5Gbit/s (80GB 5400RPM) Display: CCFL-backlit TN LCD Mass/Weight: starting at (X60), or (X60s) Operating System: Microsoft Windows XP Professional X60 Tablet The ThinkPad X60 tablet was praised by reviewers. LAPTOP Magazine said the ThinkPad X60 tablet "raises the bar for business-class convertibles". The most significant issue raised was the low capacity 4-cell battery, which provided a battery life of two hours. Lenovo-branded models 2007 The X Series laptops released by Lenovo in 2007 were the X61, the X61s, and the X61 tablet. X61 and X61s The X61 received mixed user reviews on CNET, with some users reporting display problems and delivery delays, while others praised the laptop for performance and portability. Reviewers, however, praised the ultraportable. Notebook Review called it an "extremely fast ultraportable". However, they criticized the display colors and viewing angles. They also pointed out that the palm rest was prone to heating up because of the wireless networking card underneath it. The X61s was lauded for its excellent build quality, performance, and long battery life. The battery was an improvement over the X41. The model is one of the last to feature a 43 aspect ratio display. Some X60s models shipped with the Intel Core 2 Duo L7300 clocked at 1.40GHz or the L7700 clocked at 1.80GHz. As of 2018 it was still possible to purchase new batteries and spare parts for these laptops from a few online retailers. X61 Tablet The ThinkPad X61 tablet also received positive reviews, with IT Reviews saying that "the build quality and engineering are second to none and this shines through with the tablet features which have been executed with something close to genius". However, the high price tag and relatively inadequate performance were criticized by the reviewer. tabletPC Review acknowledged the sturdiness of the X61 tablet, the high battery life, and the quality of the pen. The features that met with disfavor were the lack of a widescreen, display brightness and colors, and the lack of an optical drive—although the reviewer admitted that the absence helps reduce weight. 2008 The laptops released in the X series in 2008 followed the new naming conventions established by Lenovo. The X Series laptops released by Lenovo in 2008 were X200, X200 tablet and X300. X200 and X200s The ThinkPad X200 was released on 15 July 2008. It leveraged the new technology from the X300, including the options of a solid-state drive (SSD), an optional integrated camera, widescreen display, optional 3G mobile broadband card, a new 9-cell battery for extended running time up to 9.8 hours, weight as low as , and an Intel Core 2 Duo CPU up to 2.66GHz. This was one of the last models of the X-Series able to run Libreboot, a Free Software BIOS replacement. Lenovo released X200s on 23 September 2008. It differed from the standard X200 in being lighter, having longer battery life, and running more quietly due to an "owl fan" design for cooling taken from the X300. The X200s was available with more than half a dozen different CPUs and three screen options; the top of the range was a WXGA+ LED-Backlit TN Panel. The X200s features cooler components (made possible with the fan design modeled on owl-wings). However, both laptops did not have a touchpad (only the TrackPoint), no HDMI, DVI, or DisplayPort, and no built-in optical drive. The X200 series included tablet PC models, designated by the usage of the "t" suffix, primarily the X230t. X200 Tablet Lenovo released X200 tablet on 9 September 2008. Like other tablet-designated models this added a convertible screen assembly containing a touch digitizer with pen and buttons on the screen front for operating the device without access to keyboard and buttons in converted mode. X300 and X301 Codenamed "Kodachi", with X300 released on 26 February 2008. It is distinguished from other ultraportable laptops by its use of LED backlighting, removable battery, solid-state drive, and integrated DVD burner. The ThinkPad X300 used a small form factor Intel GS965 chipset (instead of the standard GM965 chipset), along with the Intel Core 2 Duo L7100 low-voltage CPU (with 12W Thermal design power (TDP). Its successor, the ThinkPad X301 uses the Intel Centrino 2 mobile platform with GS45 chipset, and an ultra-low-voltage (ULV) CPU. It also integrates GPS, WWAN, and a webcam in the top lid. The thickest part of the laptop is , while the thinnest part is . The X300's original internal codename was "Razor", after the then-popular Motorola Razr flip phone. Lenovo noticed that three technologies were converging that would make it possible to build a very thin, light, and fast ThinkPad. The first was solid-state storage, which would replace mechanical hard drives. The second was light-emitting diode (LED) backlighting for flat-panel displays which would improve battery life and image quality. The third was ultrathin optical drives just 7mm thick, compared to 9.5mm and 12.7mm used by previous ThinkPads. The Razor concept was eventually merged with the Bento-Fly project and renamed Kodachi. The price at the time of the review by Notebook Review was extremely high, and indicated to be out of range for all but corporate users. LAPTOP Magazine awarded the X300 laptop a score of 4.5 stars, among the highest for a ThinkPad X-series laptop. This laptop was less than an inch thick, making it the thinnest ThinkPad available at the time. The X300 laptop offered a quick boot with SSD. It also offered a built-in optical drive, uncommon in thin and light notebooks. However, the laptop did not include an SD card reader, had no expansion dock capability, and no ExpressCard or PC Card slot. 2010 The X-series laptops released in 2010 from Lenovo were the X100e, X201, X201s, and X201 tablet. X100e and Mini 10 The ThinkPad X100e was released in 2010, with Engadget calling the laptop "the perfect solution between a netbook and a larger 13- or 14-inch ULV ultraportable". Available in two colors (heatwave red and the traditional ThinkPad matte black) the design was compared to that of the Edge series which deviated from traditional ThinkPad design. The X100e, however, despite the choice of colors, retained the "angular edges and boxy build" which "scream traditional ThinkPad design". The specifications of the X100e laptop are given below: Processor: 1.6GHz AMD Athlon Neo Single-Core MV-40 Memory: Up to 4GiB 667MT/s DDR2 (2 slots) with 2GiB fitted as standard Graphics: ATI Radeon 3200 Display: (169) LED-backlit TN LCD Storage: 1 × SATA 3Gbit/s (250GB 5400RPM) 0.3Mpx webcam, 4-in-1 card reader Battery: 6-cell Dimensions: Mass/Weight: with a 6-cell battery Operating System: Microsoft Windows 7 Professional 32-bit A modified and re-branded low-cost version of the Lenovo X100e, named the Mini 10 was issued to all year 9 students in NSW Australia at the start of 2010. They featured an Intel Atom N450 (1.66 GHz) processor, 160 GB HDD, 2 GiB RAM, a 10-inch 1024×600 Screen (fitted in a 11.6-inch frame), 0.3MP Webcam and Windows 7 Enterprise. X201, X201i and X201s The main 12-inch line-up only received an internal hardware update and a new palmrest with a touchpad. The X201i model is a version of regular X201 with a Core i3 CPU. X201 Tablet The X201 tablet, released in 2010, was criticized by Engadget for its lack of durability, protruding battery, and thick body, while praised for its performance. Notebook Review had similar views about the X201 tablet in terms of both performance and battery life while indicating the display was superior to that of the X201 or X201s. 2011 The ThinkPad X-series laptops released in 2011 by Lenovo were the X120e, X220, X220i, X220 tablet and X1. At some models the keyboard is significally changed: The extra buttons for mute, volume up and volume down are moved under Fn+Fxx keys. The shape of the keys and the distance between keys are changed (Chiclet or Island style keyboard). There is a global trend that the keys are getting more flat, the way of movement is getting shorter. The last and most popular models with a really traditional keyboard were X61, X200, X201 (sleeper thinkpad builders are using this models to put a custom motherboard into the "vintage" case, see: X62, X210). In this year X220 had an almost traditional keyboard, but some keys (ins, del) changed their positions and size. X120e, X121e The ThinkPad X120e was released in March 2011. The laptop won Best Affordable Business Ultraportable at CES 2011. The laptop's specifications are given below. Battery: 7.5 hours Mass/Weight: Starting at with a 3-cell battery. X220 The ThinkPad X220 was released in April 2011 with a new thinner, latchless case and a 16:9 screen. LAPTOP Magazine received the X220 positively. It was praised for its battery life, performance, low weight, display, keyboard, and significantly improved temperature control. However, the web camera did not receive favor—while images were crisp and clear, colors were reported to be muted. Engadget said the "all-too-familiar ThinkPad can deceive you with its boring business looks, but it's arguably one of the best laptops we've ever tested". Notebook Review was of the same opinion, stating that the "ThinkPad X220 is quite simply the best 12-inch business notebook we've reviewed so far." The laptop's specifications are given below: Processor: Intel Sandy Bridge, up to a Core i7-2640M Memory: Up to 8GiB DDR3 1333MT/s (unofficially up to 16GiB and 1866MT/s) Graphics: Intel HD Graphics 3000 Display: (169) LED-backlit TN or IPS LCD. The X220 was the first non-tablet X series to have an IPS screen option from the factory. Storage: 1 × SATA 6Gbit/s, 1 × mSATA 3Gbit/s Battery: Up to 9 hours with a 6-cell battery and up to 15 hours with a 9-cell battery. This battery life can be increased to 23 hours with a 9-cell battery and an external battery pack. Mass/Weight: Less than Dimensions: The X220i uses the same motherboard and chipset as the standard X220, but has a less powerful Intel Core i3 processor, compared to the i5 and i7 options available for the X220. As another cost-reducing measure, the X220i was not offered with an IPS display option. X220 Tablet The X220 tablet was also released in April 2011. It offered the same specifications as the X220 laptop in terms of processor, graphics, and RAM. The battery life on the X220 tablet was up to nine hours with a 6-cell battery and up to 18 hours with an external battery pack and a 6-cell battery. The starting weight of the tablet was 3.88 lbs. X1 An addition to the lightweight X series, weighing between 1.36 kg to 1.72 kg depending on configuration. It was the thinnest ThinkPad laptop to date at 16.5 (front) and 21.5 mm (rear). The screen is a LED-backlit HD infinity panel with (WXGA) resolution. Base configuration uses an Intel Sandy Bridge 2.5 GHz Core i5-2520M (up to 3.20 GHz) with 4 GiB of RAM (up to 8 GiB), SATA SSD or hard drive, Intel Integrated HD Graphics, USB 3.0, backlit keyboard, 802.11 b/g/n WiFi and an average of eight hours of battery life. The battery is internal and not removable, and there is no optical drive. The ThinkPad X1 laptop was released by Lenovo in May 2011. Notebook Review offered a positive opinion of the ThinkPad X1, saying that it was, "A powerful notebook that combines the durability and features of a business-class ThinkPad with the style of a consumer laptop." A 13.3-inch X1 ThinkPad was announced to be available in the UK on June 7, 2011. The specifications of the ThinkPad X1 laptop are given below: Processor: Up to Intel Core i7-2620M (2× 2.70GHz, 4MiB L3) Memory: Up to 8GiB DDR3 1333MT/s (1 slot) Graphics: Intel HD Graphics 3000 Storage: 1 × SATA 6Gbit/s (320GB 7200RPM HDD, or an SSD, ranging from 128GiB to 160GB) Battery: Up to 5.2 hours. This could be extended further to 10 hours with a slice battery. Mass/Weight: Starting at Dimensions: 2012 The ThinkPad X-series laptops released in 2012 by Lenovo were the X1 Carbon, X131e, X230 and X230t (tablet). In the T, W, and L series the models Thinkpad T430, T430s, T530, W530, L430 and L530 were also released. We lost the "Ins" key as separate key, it is moved under the end key: Fn+End, making the Ctrl+Ins - Shift+Ins totally unusable as an alternative way of copy-paste on some systems. X130e, X131e The X131e is a laptop designed for the education market and comes in three versions: Chrome OS, Windows and DOS. It has a durable case fitted with rubber bumpers and thickened plastic case components to improve its durability. The display is an panel with a resolution and an anti-glare coating. It can be customized with various colors, school logos, and asset tagging. The X131e comes in several processor versions: Intel's Celeron/Core i3 and AMD's E1/E2. All models are basically the same as the X130e, with some including SIM card slots for cellular network access and some including Wireless WAN (WWAN) cards. A special edition laptop was provided for Australian Year 9 students as part of the Digital Education Revolution (DER) program in 2012. Hardware specifications: Processor: Intel Celeron 857 (1.2GHz dual-core) Memory: 4GiB DDR3 Storage: 320GB SATA HDD Display: (169) LED-backlit TN LCD Integrated 0.3Mpx camera Integrated WiFi and Bluetooth Mass/Weight: with 6-cell battery X230 The ThinkPad X230 announced on 15 May 2012 replaced the earlier X220. The X230 uses the same chassis, but introduced a new chiclet-style, 6-row keyboard replacing the classic 7-row keyboard style, Ivy Bridge processor and for the first time in the X-series—USB 3.0. The new keyboard design became a controversial topic in the ThinkPad community along with the locked down BIOS that discouraged third-party components including batteries or WLAN cards. The Ivy Bridge processors brought performance improvements compared to the X220, and the integrated Intel HD Graphics 4000 are more than capable of delivering a good gaming experience in 4X or classic RTS games. The maximum amount of installable memory is 16GiB in two memory slots, allowing for dual-channel RAM. Just like the X220, it is possible to use a mSATA SSD within the second Mini PCI Express slot instead of a WWAN card. Specifications: Processor: Intel 3rd Generation Core i5/i7 (Ivy Bridge) CPU: Core i7-3520M (2.9GHz dual-core, 4MB L3 cache) Core i5-3360M (2.8GHz dual-core, 3MB L3 cache) Core i5-3320M (2.6GHz dual-core, 3MB L3 cache) Core i5-3210M (2.5GHz dual-core, 3MB L3 cache) Memory: Up to 16GiB DDR3 (1600MT/s, 2 socketed DIMMs) Graphics: Intel HD Graphics 4000 Display: (169) LED-backlit TN or IPS LCD Storage: 1 × SATA 6Gbit/s (320 or 500GB HDD, or 128 or 180GiB SSD), 1 × mSATA 6Gbit/s socket 720p HD webcam (04f2:b2eb Chicony Electronics Co., Ltd) or 3×3 Antenna Grid X230i is just a i3-equipped version of a regular X230. X230s The X230s is a China-Market only model. More akin to the X240 instead of the X230, it gained many of the design cues later found on the X240 Line, and were equipped with Intel 3rd Gen ULV CPUs. X230 Tablet The ThinkPad X230 Tablet was announced on 15 May 2012 and replaced the earlier X220 tablet. The ThinkPad X230t is not compatible with previous series 3 docking stations (4337 and 4338) and is only compatible with the UltraBase series 3 "slice base". The X230t has a touchscreen with stylus support whereas the X230 has no touchscreen. The X230T also has a full size display port whereas the X230 has a mini display port. X1 Carbon In early August 2012, Lenovo released the first generation of ThinkPad X1 Carbon announced on 15 May 2012. The X1 Carbon weighs , has a battery life of roughly eight hours, and has a start-up time of less than 20 seconds. The X1 Carbon was first released in China because of the popularity of ThinkPads in that market. The first X1 Carbon featured only an M.2 SSD instead of a 2.5" hard drive bay. The base model has 4GiB of memory, an Intel Core i5-3317U processor, and a 128GiB SSD. The most expensive model has an Intel Core i7 processor and a 256GiB SSD. The X1 Carbon requires a dongle to connect an ethernet cable, and some models include a 3G cellular modem. The first-generation X1 Carbon has a TN-panel LCD display with a resolution of (169 aspect ratio). The X1 Carbon weighs and measures . The X1 Carbon's case is made of light carbon fiber and has a matte black finish. The Carbon is also marketed "as the thinnest 14" ultrabook. In a review published for CNET, Dan Ackerman wrote, "At first glance, the ThinkPad X1 Carbon looks a lot like other ThinkPads, but in the hand it stands out as very light and portable. The excellent keyboard shows up other ultrabooks, and the rugged build quality is reassuring. With a slightly boosted battery and maybe a lower starting price, this could be a serious contender for my all-around favorite thin laptop." Peter Bright wrote a disparaging review for Ars Technica. He found the new X1 Carbon with the "Adaptive Keyboard" to be near perfect but unusable because the keyboard was so non-standard when compared with that of a desktop or the older ThinkPad T410s and Lenovo Helix keyboards. As a touch typist, he despaired at the removal of the function keys, and the layout. He cited the repositioning of the Caps Lock key, replacing it with Home/End, and the positioning of the backspace and delete keys. In November 2012, Lenovo announced a touch-screen variant called the ThinkPad X1 Carbon Touch designed for use with Windows 8. Its display makes use of multi-touch technology that can detect simultaneous inputs from up to ten fingers. On the performance of the X1 Carbon Touch's SSD, Engadget states, "The machine boots into the Start screen in 11 seconds, which is pretty typical for a Windows 8 machine with specs like these. We also found that the solid-state drive delivers equally strong read and write speeds (551MB/s and 518MB/s, respectively), which we noticed the last time we tested an Ultrabook with an Intel SSD." 2013 The ThinkPad X Series laptops released in 2013 by Lenovo were the X131e Chromebook, X240, X140e and ThinkPad Helix (Convertible tablet). X131e Chromebook The Chromebook version of the X131e was released in early 2013. X140e The X140e is the last Thinkpad with a classic round power plug. X240 and X240s The ThinkPad X240 replaced the earlier X230 and X230s. Compared to the X230, the X240 changed from the higher-power Intel Core CPUs labelled as "mobile class", to the lower-power CPUs labelled "ultrabook class". Depending on the CPU model, the change resulted in a 10%–20% reduction in CPU performance compared to the older, but higher power Ivy Bridge generation CPUs. This was the first X-series laptop to forgo the classic TrackPoint buttons in favor of a touchpad that can also be pushed. The X240 reduced the maximum physical memory to 8GiB, with only one memory slot, making dual-channel unavailable (compared to 16GiB dual-channel in two memory slots on the X230), lost the dedicated insert key and volume control keys. The X240 uses the rectangular "slim tip" power plug. X240 have a two double bateries. And also the touchpads on the X240 range was emphasised on YouTube channels like Laptop Retrospective as feeling like paper and that's why the X250 touchpads were commonly fitted on X240 models for improved clicking and satisfaction of a good touchpad. The X240s is a slimmed down and lighter, Asian-market-only version of the X240 with the docking port missing and Power Bridge hot-swappable battery replaced with two internal batteries rated at 23.5Wh each, which by extension removes the option to install larger 6-cell batteries in place of the default 3-cell. Helix The ThinkPad Helix was released as an option for corporate IT buyers who were looking for the power of a high-end Ultrabook and mobility of a tablet. The ThinkPad Helix featured a tablet powered by Ivy Bridge components, a docking keyboard, and Wacom digitizer stylus. 2015 X250 The ThinkPad X Series laptops released in 2015 by Lenovo were the third-generation X1 Carbon and X250 during the CES congress. The ThinkPad X250 has a Broadwell processor. The X250 saw a return of separate trackpoint buttons; it has only one RAM slot. A touch screen was available for this model. The X250 uses the rectangular power plug. 2016 X260 The ThinkPad X Series laptops were released in 2016 by Lenovo during the CES congress and replaced the earlier ThinkPad X250. The ThinkPad X260 adopts the Skylake processors, adds an additional USB 3.0 port, but USB-C is missing. and replaces the VGA port with an HDMI port in addition to the existing Mini DisplayPort port. Lenovo claims the X260 can achieve battery life of 21.5 hours from a full charge. 2017 X270 The ThinkPad X270 was announced in December 2016 with TN and IPS displays available in HD and FHD as well as a FHD touch screen option. Lenovo claims the X270 can achieve more than 20 hours of battery life from a full charge. It includes one USB-C port supporting USB 3.1 Gen 1 speed (5Gbit/s) and PD (charging via USB-C), HDMI, two USB Type-A 3.0 ports, one of which is "always on", allowing users to charge items plugged in while the laptop is off or asleep. A275 The A275 is a version of the X270 with an AMD processor and some other differences. 2018 X280 Lenovo ThinkPad x280 is the first in the X line to feature charging and docking to USB-C Thunderbolt. Unlike previous models in the series, this has soldered RAM, a non-removable battery, and no built-in RJ45 ethernet port (although one is available via an extension cable). Some users have contended that this eliminates several of the central appeals of the X2* series, and that it effectively represents a replication of Lenovo's existing lines rather than a true continuation of the series. A285 The A285 is a version of the X280 with an AMD processor. While the ports selection and connectivity look identical, A285 lacks X280's Thunderbolt 3 support. X380 Yoga 2019 X390 Update of X280 with a same case but with a screen. X395 Same as the X390, but it has an AMD processor. X390 Yoga 2020 X13 (Intel) X13 (AMD) X13 Yoga See also ThinkPad Yoga series Notes References External links ThinkPad X Series IBM laptops Lenovo laptops Subnotebooks Microsoft Tablet PC X series Computer-related introductions in 2000

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Sony Vaio 505 series The Sony Vaio 505 (called SuperSlim until 2003) series was a line of ultraportable notebook computers from Sony's VAIO brand. The introduction date in the United States was July 24, 1998. Hardware specifications at introduction were a 200 MHz ($2000) or 266 MHz ($2700) Pentium MMX CPU, 32 MB RAM, a 2.1 GB hard drive, 10.4" SVGA (800x600) screen, integrated sound, modem, speakers, microphone, PC-Card slot, and optional firewire port. It also featured a touchpad with additional pen (graphics tablet) functionality. The weight was 3.1 lbs (1.4 kg). In addition to the 10.4" models, a 12.1" 505 Superslim Pro was introduced in April 1999, weighing 3.75 lbs (1.7 kg), and featuring 1024x768 screen. Starting from the R505 revision (2001), the laptops were supplied with a docking station with integrated CDRW/DVD drive. From R505D onwards, 802.11B wireless was integrated. The V505 models increased weight and thickness due to the integration of the DVD drive; they were no longer branded 'superslim', as thickness increased from 1 to 1.33", and weight to 4.37 lbs (2 kg). A one-off X505 model was produced in 2004, with the same screen size (10.4") and 1024x768 resolution as the 1999 models, but with a greatly reduced weight of only 1.73 lbs (822 grams). Case was made with a nickel-carbon alloy. Connectivity was provided by a fast ethernet port, unlike previous models, no modem was included, and neither was 802.11 wireless or bluetooth. The Sony VAIO X series, launched in 2009, had many design similarities with this product, although an Intel Atom-series processor was used. US Models 10.4": PCG-505 G and GX - July 1998 - launch models, specs above PCG-505 F and FX - 233 MHz/266 MHz Pentium MMX, 4.3 GB hard drive, 2 MB Neo Magic MagicGraph graphics September 1998 PCG-505 TR/TS/TX - 300 MHz Pentium MMX, 6.4 GB hard drive, improved 1024x768 screen, 64 MB RAM - April 1999 PCG-N505 VE/VX - Celeron/Pentium II 333 MHz, 2.5 MB Neo Magic graphics. July 1999 VGN-X505ZP - ULV Pentium M 1.1 GHz, Intel 855GM graphics, 512 MB RAM, 20 GB hard drive. May 2004 12.1": PCG-Z505 S - April 1999, Celeron 333 MHz, 64 MB RAM, 6.4 GB hard disk, 2.5 MB Neo Magic 256AV, fast Ethernet, RJ-11 modem port PCG-Z505 R/RX - July 1999, Pentium 2 366/400 MHz PCG-Z505 HE/HS - January 2000, Pentium 3 450/500 MHz, 64/128 MB RAM, 8.1/12 GB hard disk PCG-Z505 JE/JS - April 2000, Pentium 3 500/650 MHz, 64/128 MB RAM, 9/12 GB hard disk, 3 MB/6 MB Neo Magic VRam PCG-Z505 LE/LS - September 2000, Pentium 3 650/750 MHz, 64/128 MB RAM, 12/20 GB hard disk, ATI RAGE Mobility 8 MB SDRAM PCG-R505 TL/TE/TS - March 2001, Celeron 650/Pentium 3 750/850 MHz, 128 MB RAM, 15/15/20 GB hard drive, Intel 815EM integrated graphics PCG-R505 JL/JE/JS - October 2001 Pentium 3 750 MHz/850/850 MHz, 128/128/256 MB RAM, 15/20/30 GB hard drive PCG-R505D models Pentium 3 1.13 GHz, 256 MB RAM, 40 GB hard drive, Intel 830MG graphics, 802.11B wireless PCG-R505E models Pentium 3 1.13 GHz, 256 MB RAM, 30 GB hard drive PCG-R505G models Pentium 3 1.2 GHz, 256 MB/512 MB RAM, 30/40/60 GB hard drive PCG-V505A models January 2003 Pentium 4-M 1.8/2.0/2.2 GHz, 256/512/1024 MB RAM, 30/40/60 GB hard drive, CDRW/DVD combo, ATI Mobility Radeon 16 MB PCG-V505B models Celeron 1.8 GHz/Pentium 4-M 2/2.4 GHz PCG-V505D models Pentium 4-M 2.2 GHz, Pentium M 1.4/1.6/1.7 GHz PCG-V505E models January 2004 Pentium M 1.5 GHz, ATI Mobility Radeon 9200 32 MB References 505

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Samsung NC10 The Samsung NC10 is a subnotebook/netbook computer designed by Samsung. At the time of its introduction (2008), it was noted for its combination of a 10.2" screen and large 6-cell battery as standard, giving a battery life of up to 7.5 hours, a large hard disk drive and a release price of 499 USD (299 GBP). Technical overview Processor and memory The Samsung NC10 uses a 1.6 GHz Intel Atom N270 processor running at FSB frequency of 533 MHz, and includes 1 GB of DDR2 800/6400 memory as standard. North bridge chipset is Intel 945GSE and south bridge is Intel ICH7-M. NC10 may be equipped with DDR2 667 or 800 MHz, but 945GSE GMCH supports DDR2 400/533 MHz only, so there is no reason to install memory faster than 533 MHz (PC2-4200). Internally, the NC10 has one slot for memory accepting memory modules up to 2 GB. Display The screen is a non-glossy display and measures 10.2 inches (259 mm) diagonally, and has a resolution of 1024×600 pixels. An external display can be used through the standard VGA connector. Keyboard The 83-key keyboard is 93% of the size of a full-size keyboard, with 17.7 mm pitch between keys and 2 mm travel on each key press, with some reviews claiming it is the best keyboard of any netbook yet released. The keyboard has also been treated with the anti-bacterial Silver Nano technology. Storage The standard internal hard drive size is 160 GB on a SATA 1.5 Gbit/s interface. It also includes an SD card slot, supporting MMC, SD and SDHC cards for additional storage. The standard internal hard drive can be replaced with a Solid State Drive (SSD). Problems with hardware Some users noticed a white screen problem. After some time if the brightness is more than 40% screen goes completely white. It has been reported on various forums that the problem relates to a faulty cable between the screen and motherboard. Users have had success in getting this fixed under the Samsung factory warranty. A YouTube video provides a simple DIY solution to the issue by fastening some screws around the screen. Sometimes the main board develops bad through holes which can cause very strange symptoms as mentioned earlier, "BigClive" has documented a fix for OLED breakout boards with this symptom and a pin from old AMD laptop CPU such as Sempron can be used as well. As these netbooks are quite old now the power switches and surrounding plastic are quite prone to failure. Repairing them is feasible and in the short term replacing it with a reed switch pair from old phones and small magnet does work as the switches are hard to find. Part numbers include BA81-0588CA but this is also used on other machines notably the AOA270 and some HP laptops. Also quite common with these are RAM failures, especially with the stock memory. It is believed that the failure is caused by deterioration in the memory chips used for serial presence detect and BIOS failures though rare do sometimes cause "black screen" similar to the early Aspire One units which can be recoverable using crisis boot disk and Alt Esc method. Another method is to replace the defective BIOS chip entirely, with essential bits copied from a second unit so that the laptop does not then throw a "BIOS password" related error; these usually cost between £10 and £18 An interesting note with these, the BIOS battery sometimes goes bad and replacing it can solve clock issues as well as being an "if all else fails" test before resorting to a chip replacement. Due to the way these are made it is sometimes feasible to make a new module using heatshrink, the old salvaged battery cables with nickel tags and some Z axis screen repair tape with blue cure nail varnish as an anti-vibration method if original batteries can't be shipped. Operating systems Windows platform The NC10 was shipped with Windows XP Home Edition and can be upgraded to Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8.1, or Windows 10. Linux Linux (e.g. Ubuntu Netbook Edition, Xubuntu, Lubuntu, or Debian) runs well with the stock 1GB of RAM. "Hackintosh" platform The NC10 can be used as the platform to run Mac OS X using the IDeneb installation method. This combination of installing Apple's operating system on non-Apple hardware is often referred to as a "hackintosh" computer. In many cases, some features of either the hardware or software may not be totally functional or work as intended. There have been several such issues reported when using the NC10's default hardware. Cloudready The netbook can also be effectively turned into a "Chromebook" by installing the Cloudready operating system by Neverware. The Newest version does work on the NC10, though the SIM slot is not functional. Colors and configurations The NC10 is available in different colors and configurations. Colors include white, black, blue and pink. The configurations may differ in the lack of Bluetooth, e.g. in Spanish markets and some models in German markets, the fitting of a UMTS/HSDPA module, a weaker battery, or a stronger battery and a slightly bigger but non-multitouch touchpad as "special edition", available in the US. The new model N110 is an upgrade of the basic NC10 design, with improved battery life, modified touchpad and improved styling. See also Comparison of netbooks References External links Samsung NC10 Official Support Page Samsung NC10 Community Forum Samsung NC10 UK Review Netbooks NC10

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Compaq Presario 1200 The Compaq Presario 1200 was a line of notebook computers produced between 1998 and 2000 by Compaq as part of Compaq Presario line. They were originally noted for their AMD processors, light weight and 12-inch LCD screens, while later models included a shift to Intel processors and other changed features. The label of "Compaq Presario 1200" includes a vast set of model numbers and revisions, many of which are not totally compatible, even though the machines share the same general Presario model number. Specification The range came with Toshiba HDDs and optical media drives, available as 24X CD-ROMs or 4X DVD-ROMs. Hard drives ranged from 3 to 10 GB and ran at a slow 3300 RPM across the range. This could have been due to noise limitations, as the series is noted for its low noise output. Screens were available as 12.1 / 13.0 inch LCDs yet screen housing varied from model to model. The 1245 and 1246 had very different screen housing to the 1200 and the 1200XL which came with the 13 inch screen. The 1200 also had a silver housing whereas all other models came in black. Screens for this series are notable for their banding and white edges which appear more evident as the machine ages, the backlight at the sides clearly visible. Memory expansion was available on the bottom of the units, allowing up to 128MB of additional SODIMM memory to be added. All models came equipped with a Floppy Disk Drive, VGA output and PC Card slot as standard. They also came with on-board JBL stereo speakers and Synaptics touchpads. These systems were preinstalled with Windows 98, Windows Me or Windows 2000 Professional. They were supplied with a Quick Restore disc which returned the system to its factory condition in the event of change of ownership, wish to reinstall the OS or system failure. These later models are often noted for having a silver display lid instead of the original black lid. Processors Many original models of the Presario 1200 series ran on AMD K6-2 processors, which was quite an adventurous move at a time when AMD was very much second place to the dominant market leader Intel. The chips were notable for their inclusion of 3D-NOW technology, enabling marked performance increases from the original K6. The chips came in a variety of speeds, ranging from 333 MHz to 550 MHz, however performance varied only slightly between models. A number of Presario 1200 series notebooks exist with Celeron, Pentium II or Pentium III processors as well, primarily found in the later designs. Models 1200-(????) Priced at £1200, the 1200 contained a Type 2 Cardbus slot, PS2 serial port, 1 x USB port, and 3 x Game MRI Slots. processor: 500 MHz AMD K6-2 RAM: 64 MB Storage: 1 GB Toshiba HDD CD drive, 3.5" Floppy Disk Drive Screen: 12.1" LCD Lithium Ion battery Onboard speakers 1200-XL125 Originally priced at $1,699, the 1200-XL125 (designated with model number "12XL125") had: processor: 533 MHz AMD K6-2+ (some had the K6-III CPU) RAM: 64 MB on-board (expandable to 192 MB) Storage: 6 GB Toshiba HDD 6x Toshiba DVD-ROM drive Screen: 13.3" LCD Video: Trident CyberBlade i7 1 x Type II/III PCMCIA card slot 56K Modem JBL stereo speakers 1200-XL300 The 1200-XL300 (designated with model number "12XL325") is one of the newer models in the 1200 series. The features in the 1246 are generally mirrored in the 1200-XL325, with the most notable differences being the change to an Intel processor architecture. Physical differences include a silver lid, different display hinge configuration, and a slightly rearranged motherboard layout. These changes render this generation of Presario 1200 distinctly incompatible at the component level with most of its predecessors. The major differences in the hardware of the 1200-XL325 were: processor: 650 MHz Intel Pentium III mobile RAM: 64 MB on-board (expandable to 320 MB) Storage: 6 GB HDD DVD-ROM drive 1 x Type II/III PCMCIA card slot No CompactFlash slot as in the 1245 1200-XL405A The 1200-XL405A (designated with model number "12XL405A") is another model using an Intel processor. It is similar in layout to the XL325 above. The motherboard is equipped with a Socket-370 ZIF CPU socket and uses a VIA PLE133 chipset (comprising the VT8601 North Bridge and VT82C686A South Bridge) with graphics provided via the Trident Cyberblade-i1 controller (8mb VRAM) integrated into the VT8601 circuitry. processor: 700 MHz Intel Celeron (Coppermine, 128 kB L2 cache) RAM: 64 MB on-board; 1 x SDRAM SO-DIMM PC100 slot Storage: 6 GB HDD 24x CD-ROM drive 1 x Type II/III PCMCIA card slot No CompactFlash slot as in the 1245 There is a Model named "12XL420" Which has a mix of parts from the 502 and 405 as well as the XL302 listed below, This model Has a 700mhz Coppermine Celeron in a Socket 370, an Askey Modem, CDxDVD-ROM (Labeled as 'DVD' on the lid, System Information lists it as a CD-ROM), Silver lid (Like the 502A) And has a floppy drive, As well as a Trident Cyberblade i1 GPU such as the XL405A. 1200-XL502A Although similar in hardware to the XL405A, the XL502A (model number "12XL502A") is an upgraded model, based on its brother. Most notorious is the inclusion of a MiniPCI slot on the bottom, the presence of a slightly faster processor, and the color of the case (silver lid was maintained, the rest of the case is all-black). Firsts units of this model originally came with a Ni-MH battery pack, while later ones came with a more dependable Li-Ion one. Both types were available for purchase, and obviously they fitted in all of the 1200-series. One interesting thing about this specific model is its support for Pentium III processors up to 1Ghz, but only for Coppermine cores and at the expense of massive heat & battery power draw increase. processor: 766 MHz Intel Celeron (Coppermine, 128 kB L2 cache) RAM: 64 MB on-board; 1 x SDRAM SO-DIMM PC133 slot (max.memory up to 320MB) Storage: 6 GB HDD 24x CD-ROM drive MiniPCI slot (allowing for example a wireless card, but no antenna nor connectors were installed in the case) 1 x Type II/III PCMCIA card slot There is a 1200-XL302 (with model number "12XL302") too. It is equipped similar to the XL502A - with the difference of an Celeron processor with 600 MHz and an AsKey modem in the MiniPCi slot. 1215 1220 The Compaq Presario 1220 was manufactured in 1998 and was part of a limited amount of Compaq computers that utilized a Cyrix processor. processor: 200 MHz Cyrix 200GXm RAM: 32 MB; Storage: 4.1 GB HDD 20× CD-ROM drive, 3.5" floppy disk drive Phone (RJ-11) jack VGA video output Stereo speakers SCSI connector PS/2 Keyboard & Mouse Port Operating System: Windows 95 preinstalled 1230 The Compaq Presario 1230 was manufactured in 1998, had an MMX Intel processor and was known for its "3D sound" speakers. processor: 266 MHz MMX Intel RAM: 64 MB Storage: 4 GB HDD 24× CD-ROM drive, 3.5" floppy disk drive Phone (RJ-11) jack VGA video output 3D sound speakers USB 1.0 port PS/2 Keyboard & Mouse Port Operating System: Windows 98 preinstalled 1245 Priced at an RRP of £1000, the 1245 came equipped with: processor: 333 MHz AMD K6-2 RAM: 32MB On-board (expandable to 160MB) Storage: 3.0 GB Toshiba HDD 24x Toshiba CD-ROM drive, 3.5" Floppy Disk Drive Screen: 12.1" LCD PC Card slot VGA video output Serial Port NIMH battery JBL stereo speakers 1246 The next model up from the 1245, the 1246 offered a new processor, bigger HDD, CF card slot and fold-down feet for desktop operation. Aesthetically, the 1246 was almost identical to the 1245. Screens were the same, cases were highly similar and many components were interchangeable with those of the 1245 (such as the LCD inverters, processors and housing). In addition to the aforementioned 1245 spec, the 1246 offered: processor: 400 MHz AMD K6-2 Storage: 4.3 GB Toshiba HDD Dual motherboard fans CF card slot in addition to PC card slot Fold-down desktop mounted feet L-Ion Battery 1260 Almost technically identical to the 1245, the 1260 borrowed its 333 MHz AMD K6-2 processor, 64MB RAM and ATI Rage II Graphics chip. processor: 333 MHz AMD K6-2 RAM: 64 MB SO-DIMM Storage: 4 GB Toshiba HDD 24X Toshiba CD-Rom Drive, Floppy Disk Drive Cardbus PCMCIA Slot Operating System: Windows 98 preinstalled Known Problems Compaq Presario 1200 laptops are often found with damaged power jacks. Some of these power jacks appear to have been blown in half due to some sort of short; others rip their copper traces off of the motherboard due to stress placed on the power jack. Presario 1200 laptops typically have four tiny copper rings embedded in the motherboard behind the power jack that can be used to reattach a slightly damaged power jack and repair the failing unit. The LCD Power Inverter cable (which runs through the hinge from the base to the screen), is very susceptible to damage, given the strain of bending when closing the lid. The cable is a 6-strand ribbon variety, and therefore soldering is all but impossible. See also Compaq Presario AMD K6-2 References External links HP Compaq Corporate Website Presario 1200

laptop Form Factor and Weight

IBM ThinkPad 360 The IBM ThinkPad 360 series was a notebook computer series introduced in 1994 by IBM as part of their ThinkPad laptop series. It was succeeded in late 1995 by the IBM ThinkPad 365 series. History On October 17th, 1994, the ThinkPad 360 CE and CSE were released. Both had a Intel 486DX-2 50 MHz processor, 4 MB of memory, a 1.44 MB floppy disk drive, and a 250, 340, 540, or 810 MB hard disk drive with PC DOS 6.0/Windows 3.1 and various included software. Both units came with a Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) battery pack that could last 2.9 hours in a CSE and 3.2 hours in a CE, while only taking 1.5 hours to charge. Both the CE and CSE were mainly the same in terms of specifications, with the only notable difference of a 9.5in 640x480 DSTN screen for the CSE and a 8.4in 640x480 TFT screen for the CE. It cost between $2,649 and $4,199 for a unit depending on the configuration. Many of the models in the 360 series were discontinued by IBM on december 21, 1995. This included the CS, C, P, CSE, and CE. Features Most models in the 360 series shipped with IBM PC DOS 6.3 and Windows 3.11 as the included operating system, while some such as the 360P and PE shipped with DOS 6.21 and PenDOS 2.2. All models in the series featured an Intel 486SX or DX2 processor running at 33 to 50 MHz, and a WD90C24A2 or WD90C24 video controller with 1 MB of video memory. A standard of 4 MB RAM was installed, which was soldered onto the motherboard. The ram could be upgraded to up to 20 MB in total if the user had a IC DRAM Card, which goes into a slot under the floppy disk drive. The standard hard drive size was 170 or 340 MB, later adding the option to 540 MB. All models in the series had a 1.44 MB floppy disk drive in an ultrabay. Two notable models in the series, the 360P and 360PE, featured a pen touch display, which could also fold back and down to close like a tablet. Models IBM ThinkPad 360 — One of the first models in the series, it introduced a Intel 486SX processor running at 33 MHz. It had 4 MB of ram, which could only be upgraded to a maximum of 20 MB with a IC DRAM Card. It featured a 9.5-inch monochrome screen, and could hold a battery charge up to 10 hours. Other features included: 170 or 340 MB hard drive options, a 3.5-inch 1.44 MB removable floppy drive, Trackpoint II pointing device, and 1 Type III or 2 Type II or 2 Type I PCMIA slots. IBM ThinkPad 360C — Released the same time as the 360, the 360C model was basically identical to the 360 but with a 8.5-inch TFT color screen, and a decrease to 5 hours of battery life. It had a .5lb increase in weight, and it cost over $4,399 if it came with 8 MB of RAM and a 170 MB Hard Disk. IBM ThinkPad 360CS — Also released the same time as the 360C and 360 base model, the 360CS model was also identical to the 360C and 360, with only a few differences. It had a 9.5-inch DSTN screen, a slight increase in battery life from 7 to 8 hours, and a slight weight increase of 0.1lb.IBM ThinkPad 360P — The 360P model introduced at $3,399 was a unique model, as it featured a pen touch display. The pen was a pressure-sensitive input device (Stylus). It had a DSTN 9.5-inch 640×480 display. The machine ran DOS 6.21 with PenDOS 2.2 and had a battery life of about 5 hours. Other features included: Ultrabay with 1.44 MB floppy drive, Trackpoint II pointing device, and 1 Type III or 2 Type II or 2 Type I PCMIA slots. IBM ThinkPad 360PE — The 360PE model was almost identical to the 360P, having a small upgrade to a Intel 486 DX2 running at 50 MHz, a 17 Mhz increase in speed. It also offered a slightly larger hard drive size option of 540 MB, and was the first and only model in the series to offer built-in audio with a CS4248 audio controller. The 360PE cost $300 more than the 360P at $3,699. IBM ThinkPad 360CE — One of the final models, the 360CE was a slight upgrade from the earlier 360/C/CS models, offering a Intel 486 DX2 running at 50 MHz, a 8.4-inch 640×480 TFT display, and an additional 540 MB option for hard disk size. Other features included: Ultrabay with 1.44 MB floppy drive, Trackpoint II pointing device, and 1 Type III or 2 Type II or 2 Type I PCMIA slots.IBM ThinkPad 360CSE — The last model of the series, the 360CSE was again another nearly identical model as the previous unit, only offering a 9.5-inch 640×480 DSTN display rather than the 360CE's TFT display. Comparison References IBM laptops ThinkPad

laptop Form Factor and Weight

P535 The Asus P535 is a high performance Pocket PC(PPC) that was designed for business managers. It was launched by ASUSTeK Computer Inc. in November, 2006. At first, the Asus P535 ran with Microsoft(R) Window Mobile 5.0. However, it is upgradable to Microsoft(R) Windows mobile 6.5. Network & Communication For connectivity, the Asus P535 uses a 2G tri-band (GSM900/1800/1900 MHz) network, so 3G and Edge are not supported. However this device still can connect by WLAN (WiFi 802.11b+g). Processor and Memory The Asus P535 uses Intel Xscale(R) 520-MHz CPU, which was leading CPU-chip set in 2006. Users can switch the CPU mode to Power Saving, Standard, or Turbo. The PPC was released with the 64 MB of SDRAM and can support up to 128 MB of SDRAM. Features The Asus P535 has 2.0 megapixel Auto Focus(AF) camera with LED flash, macro mode, and video mode. The device was one of the first PPCs to uses a TFT resistive touchscreen. The screen has a size of 240x320 pixels with 65,536 colors. There is a Li-Ion battery of 1300 mAh capacity. At the time, the Asus P535 provided advanced communication functions and had a high performance CPU. However, the fast CPU caused an amount of energy drain which resulted in a shorter battery life than other contemporary PPC devices. References Radio-frequency identification Personal computers tr:Cep bilgisayarı#Pocket PC

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Samsung Galaxy Tab A8 The Samsung Galaxy Tab A8 is a tablet computer by Samsung. This tablet announced on December 15, 2021. The tablet has 5MP main camera, 10.5 inches 1200 x 1920 pixels display. It ships with Android 11. References A8 Android (operating system) devices Samsung Galaxy Tablet computers introduced in 2021

laptop Form Factor and Weight

ThinkPad ThinkPad is a line of business-oriented laptop computers and tablets designed, developed and marketed by Lenovo, and formerly IBM. The line was originally sold by IBM until 2005, when a part of the company's business was acquired by Lenovo. ThinkPads have a distinct black, boxy design language, inspired by a Japanese bento lunchbox, which originated in 1990 and is still used in some models. Most models also feature a red-colored trackpoint on the keyboard, which has become an iconic and distinctive design characteristic associated with the ThinkPad line. The ThinkPad line was first developed at the IBM Yamato Facility in Japan, and the first ThinkPads were released in October 1992. It has seen significant success in the business market. ThinkPad laptops have been used in outer space and for many years were the only laptops certified for use on the International Space Station. ThinkPads have also for several years been one of the preferred laptops used by the United Nations. History The ThinkPad was developed to compete with Toshiba and Compaq, who had created the first two portable notebooks, with an emphasis on sales to the Harvard Business School. The task of creating a notebook was given to the Yamato Facility in Japan, headed by , a Japanese engineer and product designer who had joined IBM in the 1970s, now known as the "Father of ThinkPad". The name "ThinkPad" was a product of IBM's corporate history and culture. Thomas J. Watson, Sr., first introduced "THINK" as an IBM slogan in the 1920s. With every minicomputer and mainframe, IBM installed (almost all were leased – not sold), a blue plastic sign was placed atop the operator's console, with the text "Think" printed on an aluminium plate. For decades IBM had also distributed small notepads with the word "THINK" emblazoned on a brown leatherette cover to customers and employees. The name "ThinkPad" was suggested by IBM employee Denny Wainwright, who had one such notepad in his pocket. The name was opposed by the IBM corporate naming committee as all the names for IBM computers were numeric at that time, but "ThinkPad" was kept due to praise from journalists and the public. Early models In April 1992, IBM announced the first ThinkPad model, the 700, later renamed the 700T after the release of three newer models, the 300, (new) 700 and 700C in October 1992. The 700T was a tablet computer. This machine was the first product produced under IBM's new "differentiated product personality" strategy, a collaboration between Richard Sapper and Tom Hardy, head of the corporate IBM Design Program. Development of the 700C also involved a close working relationship between Sapper and Kazuhiko Yamazaki, lead notebook designer at IBM's Yamato Design Center in Japan and liaison between Sapper and Yamato engineering. This 1990–1992 "pre-Internet" collaboration between Italy and Japan was facilitated by a special Sony digital communications system that transmitted high-res images over telephone lines. This system was established in several key global Design Centers by Hardy so IBM designers could visually communicate more effectively and interact directly with Sapper for advice on their projects. For his innovative design management leadership during ThinkPad development, Hardy was named "innovator of the Year 1992" by PC Magazine. The first ThinkPad tablet, a PenPoint-based device formally known as the IBM 2521 ThinkPad, was positioned as a developer's release. The ThinkPad tablet became available for purchase by the general public in October of the same year. IBM marketed the ThinkPad creatively, through methods such as early customer pilot programs, numerous pre-launch announcements, and an extensive loaner program designed to showcase the product's strengths and weaknesses, including loaning a machine to archaeologists excavating the ancient Egyptian city of Leontopolis. The resulting report documented the ThinkPad's excellent performance under difficult conditions; "The ThinkPad is an impressive machine, rugged enough to be used without special care in the worst conditions Egypt has to offer." The first ThinkPads were very successful, collecting more than 300+ awards for design and quality. Acquisition by Lenovo In 2005, technology company Lenovo purchased the IBM personal computer business and the ThinkPad as a flagship brand along with it. Speaking about the purchase of IBM's personal computer division, Liu Chuanzhi said, "We benefited in three ways from the IBM acquisition. We got the ThinkPad brand, IBM's more advanced PC manufacturing technology and the company's international resources, such as its global sales channels and operation teams. These three elements have shored up our sales revenue in the past several years." Although Lenovo acquired the right to use the IBM brand name for five years after its acquisition of IBM's personal computer business, Lenovo only used it for three years. Today Lenovo manufactures and markets Think-branded products while IBM is mostly responsible for overseeing servicing and repairs for the Think line of products produced by Lenovo. Both IBM and Lenovo play a key role in the design of their "Think" branded products. Most of the Think line of products are designed at the Yamato Labs in Japan. Manufacturing The majority of ThinkPad computers since the 2005 acquisition of the brand by Lenovo have been made in Mexico, Slovakia, India and China. Lenovo also employs ~300 people at a combined manufacturing and distribution centre near its American headquarters. Each device made in this facility is labelled with a red-white-and-blue sticker proclaiming "Whitsett, North Carolina."|alt=ThinkPad Logos|196x196px]]In 2012, Lenovo produced a short run of special edition anniversary ThinkPads in Yonezawa, Yamagata, in partnership with NEC, as part of a larger goal to move manufacturing from away from China and in to Japan. In 2014, although sales rose 5.6 percent from the previous year, Lenovo lost its position as the top commercial notebook maker. However, the company celebrated a milestone in 2015 with the shipment of the 100 millionth unit of its ThinkPad line. Design The design language of the ThinkPad has remained very similar throughout the entire lifetime of the brand. Almost all models are solid black inside and out, with a boxy, right-angled external case design. Some newer Lenovo models incorporate more curved surfaces in their design. Many ThinkPads have incorporated magnesium, carbon fiber reinforced plastic or titanium into their chassis. The industrial design concept was created in 1990 by Italy-based designer Richard Sapper, a corporate design consultant of IBM and, since 2005, Lenovo. The design was based on the concept of a traditional Japanese bento lunchbox, which revealed its nature only after being opened. According to later interviews with Sapper, he also characterized the simple ThinkPad form to be as elementary as a simple, black cigar box and with similar proportions, with the same observation that it offers a 'surprise' when opened. Since 1992, the ThinkPad design has been regularly updated, developed and refined over the years by Sapper and the respective teams at IBM and later Lenovo. On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of ThinkPad's introduction, David Hill authored and designed a commemorative book about ThinkPad design titled ThinkPad Design: Spirit & Essence. Features and technologies Several unique features have appeared in the ThinkPad line, like drive protection, pointing stick or TPM chips. While few features remain unique to the series, several laptop technologies originated on ThinkPads: Current Lenovo Vantage Early known as "IBM Access", later "ThinkVantage", the Lenovo Vantage is a suite of computer management applications. This software can give additional support for system management (backup, encrypting, system drivers installation and upgrade, system monitoring and other). Currently some old features are replaced by internal Windows 10 features. TPM chips IBM was the first company that supported a TPM module. Modern ThinkPads still have this feature. ThinkShutter ThinkShutter is the branding of a webcam privacy shutter present in some ThinkPad notebook computers. It is a simple mechanical sliding cover that allows the user to obstruct the webcam's view. Some add-on webcams and other laptop brands provide a similar feature. IdeaPad notebooks carry the TrueBlock branding for their privacy shutters. Spill-resistant keyboards Some ThinkPad models have a keyboard membrane and drain holes (P series, classic T series and T###p models), and some have a solid rubber or plastic membrane (like X1 series and current T and X series), without draining holes. UltraNav The first ThinkPad 700 was equipped with the signature TrackPoint red dot pointing stick invented by Ted Selker. By 2000 the trackpad pointer had become more popular for laptops due to innovations by Synaptics so IBM introduced UltraNav as a complementary combination of TrackPoint and TouchPad designed by Dave Sawin, Hiroaki Yasuda, Fusanobo Nakamura, and Mitsuo Horiuchi to please all users. A roll cage frame and stainless steel hinges with 180° or 360° opening angle The "roll cage" is a internal frame, designed to minimize motherboard flex (current P series and T##p series) or magnesium composite case (all other hi-end models). The display modules lacks a magnesium frames, and some 2012-2016 models have a common issue with a cracked plastic lid. The 180° hinges is typical, the 360° hinges is Yoga line basic feature. OLED screens Introduced in 2018 as hi-end display option for some models. The Active Protection System Option for some ThinkPad that still uses the 2.5" drive bay; These systems use an accelerometer sensor to detect when a ThinkPad is falling and shut down the hard disk drive to prevent damage. Biometric fingerprint reader and NFC Smart card reader options The fingerprint reader was introduced as an option by IBM in 2004.ThinkPads were one of the first laptops to include this feature Internal WWAN modules and Wi-Fi 3x3 MIMO The Mobile broadband support is a common feature for most of actual ThinkPad models after 2006; the support of 3x3 MIMO is a common feature for most of hi-end models. The some additional features (dock stations, UltraBay, accessories support) were listed in Accessories section. Past ThinkLight External keyboard light, replaced by internal backlight; is an LED light located at the top of the LCD screen which illuminates the keyboard from above. ThinkBridge Only T, W and X series ThinkPad's feature (for some 2013-2018 models) — internal secondary battery (as succession of secondary UltraBay battery) that support a hot-swapping of primary battery. 7-row Keyboards Original IBM keyboard design (1992-2012) — The original keyboard offered in the ThinkPad line until 2012, when it was swapped out for the chiclet style keyboard now used today. IBM TrackWrite keyboard design — A unique keyboard designed by John Karidis introduced by Lenovo in 1995, used in the ThinkPad 701 series. When the machine is closed the keyboard is folded inwards, making the machine more compact. However when the machine is open and in use, it slides out, giving the user a normal sized keyboard. That keyboard, referred to as a butterfly keyboard, which is widely considered a design masterpiece and is in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. The ThinkPad 760 series also included an unusual keyboard design; the keyboard was elevated by two arms riding on small rails on the side of the screen, tilting the keyboard to achieve a more ergonomic design. The keyboard design was replaced by the Chiclet style keyboard (2012-current) — The keyboard adopted by Lenovo in 2012 over the original IBM keyboard design. And does not support the ThinkLight to illuminate the keyboard, instead using a keyboard backlight. (Some ThinkPad models during the intermission period between the classic IBM design and the Lenovo chiclet design could be outfitted with both the backlit chiclet style keyboard and the ThinkLight.) FlexView AFFS or IPS screens The introduced in 2004 line of hi-end displays with wide view angles and optional high resolution (up to 15" 1600x1200 or (rarely) 2048x1536 pixels). Partially dropped in 2008 (after partial defunct of BOE-Hydis display supplier), and reintroduced as ordinary IPS screen option in 2013. Batteries Some Lenovo laptops (such as the X230, W530 and T430) block third-party batteries. Lenovo calls this feature "Battery Safeguard". It was first introduced on some models in May 2012. Laptops with this feature scan for security chips that only ThinkPad-branded batteries contain. Affected Thinkpads flash a message stating "Genuine Lenovo Battery Not Attached" when third-party batteries are used. Operating systems The ThinkPad has shipped with Microsoft Windows from its inception until present day. Alongside MS-DOS, Windows 3.1x was the default operating system on the original ThinkPad 700. IBM and Microsoft's joint operating system, known as OS/2, although not as popular, was also made available as an option from the ThinkPad 700 in 1992, and was officially supported until the T43 in 2005. IBM took its first steps toward ThinkPads with an alternative operating system, when they quietly certified the 390 model for SUSE Linux in November 1998. The company released its first Linux-based unit with the ThinkPad A20m in July 2000. This model, along with the closely-released A21m, T21 and T22 models, came preinstalled with Caldera OpenLinux. IBM shifted away from preinstalled Linux on the ThinkPad after 2002, but continued to support other distributions such as Red Hat Linux, SUSE Linux Enterprise, and Turbolinux by means of customer installations on A30, A30p, A31p models. This continued through the Lenovo transition with the T60p, until September 2007. The following year, ThinkPads began shipping with Linux again, when the R61 and T61 were released with SUSE Linux Enterprise as an option. This was shortlived, as Lenovo discontinued that practice in 2009. ThinkPad hardware continued to be certified for Linux. In 2020, Lenovo shifted into much heavier support of Linux when they announced the ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 8, the P1 Gen 2, and the P53 would come with Fedora Linux as an option. This was the first time that Fedora Linux was made available as a preinstalled option from a major hardware vendor. Following that, Lenovo then began making Ubuntu available as a preinstalled option across nearly thirty different notebook and desktop models, and Fedora Linux on all of its P series lineup. A small number of ThinkPads are preinstalled with Google's Chrome OS. On these devices, Chrome OS is the only officially supported operating system where installation of Windows and other operating systems requires putting the device into developer mode. Use in space ThinkPads have been used heavily in space programs. NASA purchased more than 500 ThinkPad 750 laptops for flight qualification, software development, and crew training, and astronaut (and senator) John Glenn used ThinkPad laptops on his spaceflight mission STS-95 in 1998. ThinkPad models used on Shuttle missions include: ThinkPad 750 (first use in December 1993 supporting the Hubble repair mission) ThinkPad 750C ThinkPad 755C ThinkPad 760ED ThinkPad 760XD (ISS Portable Computing System) ThinkPad 770 ThinkPad A31p (ISS Portable Computing System) ThinkPad T61p ThinkPad P52 ThinkPad T490 ThinkPad P15 The ThinkPad 750 flew aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour during a mission to repair the Hubble Space Telescope on 2 December 1993, running a NASA test program which checked if radiation in the space environment caused memory anomalies or other unexpected problems. ThinkPads were also used in conjunction with a joystick for the Portable In-Flight Landing Operations Trainer (PILOT). ThinkPads have also been used on space stations. At least three ThinkPad 750C were left in the Spektr module of Mir when it depressurized, and the 755C and 760ED were used as part of the Shuttle–Mir Program, the 760ED without modifications. Additionally, for several decades ThinkPads were the only laptops certified for use on the International Space Station. ThinkPads used aboard the space shuttle and International Space Station feature safety and operational improvements for the environment they must operate in. Modifications include Velcro tape to attach to surfaces, upgrades to the CPU and video card cooling fans to accommodate for microgravity (in which warmer air does not rise) and lower density of the cabin air, and an adapter for the station's 28 volt DC power. Throughout 2006, a ThinkPad A31p was being used in the Service Module Central Post of the International Space Station and seven ThinkPad A31p laptops were in service in orbit aboard the International Space Station. As of 2010, the Space Station was equipped with ThinkPad A31 computers and 32 ThinkPad T61p laptops. All laptops aboard the ISS are connected to the station's LAN via Wi-Fi and are connected to the ground at 3 Mbit/s up and 10 Mbit/s down, comparable to home DSL connection speeds. Since a new contract with HP in 2016 provided a small number of modified ZBook laptops for ISS use, ThinkPads are no longer the only laptops flown on the ISS but are the predominant laptop present there. ThinkPads in the United Nations For several years ThinkPads have been one of the preferred laptop brands used by the United Nations. The models found in the UN today include: L480 T480 T480s T14 X1 carbon gen 6, gen 7 and gen 8 X380 Yoga X390 Yoga Certain ThinkVision monitors (T24v) are also used with ThinkPad docking stations. Popularity ThinkPads have enjoyed cult popularity for many years. There are large communities on the Internet dedicated to the line where people have discussions about it, share photos and videos of their own ThinkPads, etc. Older ThinkPad models remain popular among enthusiasts and collectors, who still see them as durable, highly usable machines, despite no longer being modern. They have gained a reputation for being reliable, or "indestructible", even. Newer models are also still popular among consumers and businesses nowadays (as of 2021), though Lenovo has received some backlash in recent years for the apparent declining quality of their ThinkPad line (as well as all their other lines in general), many customers being unhappy with the build quality and reliability, or lack thereof, of their devices. Aftermarket parts have been developed for some models, such as the X60 and X200, for which custom motherboards with more modern processors have been created. In January 2015, Lenovo celebrated one hundred million ThinkPads being sold. They also announced some new ThinkPad products for the occasion. Reviews and awards Laptop Magazine in 2006 called the ThinkPad the highest-quality laptop computer keyboard available. It was ranked first in reliability and support in PC Magazine's 2007 Survey. The ThinkPad was the PC Magazine 2006 Reader's Choice for PC based laptops, and ranked number 1 in Support for PC based laptops. The ThinkPad Series was the first product to receive PC World's Hall of Fame award. The Enderle Group's Rob Enderle said that the constant thing about ThinkPad is that the "brand stands for quality" and that "they build the best keyboard in the business." The ThinkPad X Tablet-series was PC Magazine Editor's Choice for tablet PCs. The ThinkPad X60s was ranked number one in ultraportable laptops by PC World. It lasted 8 hours and 21 minutes on a single charge with its 8-cell battery. The Lenovo ThinkPad X60s Series is on PC World's Top 100 Products of 2006. The 2005 PC World Reliability and Service survey ranked ThinkPad products ahead of all other brands for reliability. In the 2004 survey, they were ranked second (behind eMachines). Lenovo was named the most environment-friendly company in the electronics industry by Greenpeace in 2007 but has since dropped to place 14 of 17 as of October 2010. The IBM/Lenovo ThinkPad T60p received the Editor's Choice award for Mobile Graphic Workstation from PC Magazine. Lenovo ThinkPad X60 is the PC Magazine Editor's Choice among ultra-portable laptops. The Lenovo ThinkPad T400-Series was on PC World's Top 100 Products of 2009. Current model lines Starting Weight ThinkPad Yoga (2013–current) The ThinkPad Yoga is an Ultrabook-class convertible device that functions as both a laptop and tablet computer. The Yoga gets its name from the consumer-oriented IdeaPad Yoga line of computers with the same form factor. The ThinkPad Yoga has a backlit keyboard that flattens when flipped into tablet mode. This was accomplished on 1st generation X1 Yoga with a platform surrounding the keys that rises until level with the keyboard buttons, a locking mechanism that prevents key presses, and feet that pop out to prevent the keyboard from directly resting on flat surfaces. On later X1 Yoga generations, the keys themselves retract in the chassis, so the computer rests on fixed small pads. Touchpad is disabled in this configuration. Lenovo implemented this design in response to complaints about its earlier Yoga 13 and 11 models being awkward to use in tablet mode. A reinforced hinge was required to implement this design. Other than its convertible form factor, the ThinkPad Yoga retains standard ThinkPad features such as a black magnesium-reinforced chassis, island keyboard, a red TrackPoint, and a large touchpad. Tablets ThinkPad Tablet Released in August 2011, the ThinkPad Tablet is the first in Lenovo's line of business-oriented Tablets with the ThinkPad brand. The tablet has been described by Gadget Mix as a premium business tablet. Since the Tablet is primarily business-oriented, it includes features for security, such as anti-theft software, the ability to remotely disable the tablet, SD card encryption, layered data encryption, and Cisco Virtual Private Network (VPN). Additionally, the ThinkPad Tablet is able to run software such as IBM's Lotus Notes Traveler. The stylus could be used to write notes on the Tablet, which also included software to convert this handwritten content to text. Another feature on the Tablet was a drag-and-drop utility designed to take advantage of the Tablet's touch capabilities. This feature could be used to transfer data between USB devices, internal storage, or an SD card. Slashgear summarized the ThinkPad Tablet by saying, "The stylus and the styling add up to a distinctive slate that doesn't merely attempt to ape Apple's iPad." ThinkPad Tablet 2 In order to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the ThinkPad, Lenovo held a large party in New York where it announced several products, including the Tablet 2. Lenovo says that the ThinkPad Tablet 2 will be available on 28 October 2012 when Windows 8 is released. The ThinkPad Tablet 2 runs the Windows 8 Professional operating system. It will be able to run any desktop software compatible with this version of Windows. The Tablet 2 is based on the Clover Trail version of the Intel Atom processor that has been customized for tablets. The Tablet 2 has 2 gigabytes of RAM and a 64GB SSD. The Tablet 2 has a 10.1-inch IPS display with a 16:9 aspect ratio and a resolution of . In a preview, CNET wrote, "Windows 8 looked readable and functional, both in Metro and standard Windows-based interfaces." A mini-HDMI port is included for video output. An 8-megapixel rear camera and a 2-megapixel front camera are included along with a noise-canceling microphone in order to facilitate video conferencing. ThinkPad 8 Announced and released in January 2014, the ThinkPad 8 is based on Intel's Bay Trail Atom Z3770 processor, with 2 GB of RAM and up to 128 GB of built-in storage. ThinkPad 8 has an 8.3-inch IPS display with a 16:10 aspect ratio and a resolution of pixels. Other features include an aluminum chassis, micro-HDMI port, 8-megapixel back camera (with flash), and optional 4G connectivity. It runs Windows 8 as an operating system. ThinkPad 10 Announced in May 2014, Lenovo ThinkPad 10 is a successor to the ThinkPad Tablet 2 and was scheduled to launch in the summer of 2014 along with accessories such as a docking station and external detachable magnetic keyboards. It used Windows 8.1 Pro as its operating system. It was available in 64 and 128GB variants with 1.6GHz quad-core Intel Atom Baytrail processor and 2GB or 4GB of RAM. It optionally supported both 3G and 4G (LTE). Display resolution was announced to be , paired with a stylus pen. ThinkPad X1 Tablet The ThinkPad X1 Tablet is a fanless tablet powered by Core M CPUs. It is available with 4, 8 or 16GB of LPDDR3 RAM and SATA or a PCIe NVMe SSDs with up to 1TB. It has a IPS screen and supports touch and pen input. ThinkPad 11e (2014–current) The ThinkPad 11e is a "budget" laptop computer for schools and students with an 11-inch screen and without trackpoint. 11e Yoga is a convertible version of 11e. E Series (2011–current) The E Series is a low-cost ThinkPad line, designed for small business mass-market requirements, and currently contains only a 14" and 15" sub-lines. The E Series line of laptops replaced Lenovo's Edge Series, but somewhere (in some countries) currently (May 2019) offered as both of "Thinkpad Edge/E series" names. The E series also lack metals like magnesium and carbon fibre in their construction which other members of the ThinkPad family enjoy. L Series (2010–current) The L Series replaced the former R Series, and is positioned as a mid-range ThinkPad offering with mainstream Intel Core i3/i5/i7 CPUs. The L Series have 3 sub-lines, the long-running 14" and 15.6" (and as launched this line had two models, L412 and the L512 in 2010); and as of 2018 there is also a 13" L380 available, which replaces the ThinkPad 13. T series (2000–current) The T series is the most popular and most well-known line of ThinkPad. Being the successor of the 600 series, it historically had high-end features, such as magnesium alloy roll-cages, high-density IPS screens known as FlexView (discontinued after the T60 series), 7-row keyboards, screen latches, the Lenovo UltraBay, and ThinkLight. Models included both 14.1-inch and 15.4-inch displays available in 4:3 and 16:10 aspect ratios. Since 2012, the entire ThinkPad line was given a complete overhaul, with modifications such as the removal of separate buttons for use with the TrackPoint (xx40 series – 2014, then reintroduced xx50 series – 2015), removal of separate audio control buttons, removal of screen latch, and the removal of LED indicator lights. Models starting from the xx40 series featured a Power Bridge battery system, which had a combination of a lower capacity built-in battery and a higher capacity external battery, enabling the user to switch the external without putting the computer into hibernation. However, beginning with the 2019 xx90 series models, the external battery was removed in favor of a single internal battery. Also, non-widescreen displays are no longer available, with 16:9 aspect ratio as the only remaining choice. The Tx20 series ThinkPads came in two editions: 15" (T520) or a 14" (T420). These are the last ThinkPads to use the classic 7-row keyboard, with the exception of the Lenovo ThinkPad 25th anniversary edition released on Oct. 5, 2017, which was based on the ThinkPad T470. As it can be seen above, over time, The T series ThinkPad's purpose has slightly changed. Initially, the T series ThinkPad was meant to have high-end business features and carry a 10–20% markup over the other ThinkPads. Starting with the T400, The ThinkPad T series became a less of a high-end business laptop and became more suited as a mobile workstation, becoming similar to the W-series or P-series ThinkPads. Achieving similar performance to the W-series, but with a 5–10% smaller profile than the W-series ThinkPads. In 2013, the T440 introduced another major shift in The ThinkPad T series. The ThinkPad became more of an overall office machine than a mobile workstation. By today's standards, The ThinkPad T series is thicker than most of its competitors. X Series (2000–current) The X Series is the main high-end ultraportable ThinkPad line, offering a lightweight, highly portable laptop with moderate performance. The current sub-lines for the X series includes: 13" X13 (mainstream); X13 Yoga (convertible sub-line), 14" X1 Carbon (premium sub-line), X1 Yoga (premium convertible sub-line), and 15" X1 Extreme (premium sub-line). The daughter line includes the X1 Tablet (not to be confused with the 2005-2013 X Series tablets). The mainstream current "workhorse" models is a X13 and X13 Yoga, the 13" successors of the classic discontinued 12" line of Lenovo X Series ThinkPads. The premium 14"/15" thin-and-light line were the 13.3" ThinkPad models (the X300/X301) with ultrabay CD-ROM and removable battery, but are now replaced by the modern premium X1-series ultrabook line, such as the X1 Carbon, X1 Yoga, and X1 Extreme sub-series. Discontinued mainstream lines such as the 12" X200(s), X201(s), and X220 models could be ordered with all of the high-end ThinkPad features (like Trackpoint, ThinkLight, a 7-row keyboard, a docking port, hot-swappable HDD, solid magnesium case and optional slice battery). The discontinued 12.5" X220 and X230 still featured a roll cage, a ThinkLight, and an optional premium IPS display (the first IPS display on a non-tablet ThinkPad since the T60p), but the 7-row keyboard was offered only with the X220. However, it lacked the lid latch mechanism which was present on the previous X200 and X201 versions. The discontinued slim 12" line contained only X200s and X201s with low power CPUs and high resolution displays, and X230s with low power CPUs. The 12.5" X series ThinkPads (such as X240 and later) had a more simplified design, and last 12" X280 model had only the Trackpoint feature, partially magnesium case and simplified docking port. The obsolete low-cost 11.6" (netbook line) X100e and X120e were are all plastic, lacking both the latch and the ThinkLight, and using a variant of the island keyboard (known as chiclet keyboard) found on the Edge series. The X100e was also offered in red in addition to blue, and white in some countries. Those were more like high-end netbooks, whereas the X200 series were more like full ultraportables, featuring Intel Core (previously Core 2 and Celeron) series CPUs rather than AMD netbook CPUs. The X Series with "tablet" suffixes is an outdated variant of the 12" X Series models, with low voltage CPUs and a flip-screen tablet resistive touchscreen. These include the traditional ThinkPad features, and have been noted for using a higher quality AFFS-type screen with better viewing angles compared to the screens used on other ThinkPads. P Series (2015–current) The P Series line of laptops replaced Lenovo's W Series and reintroduced 17" screens to the ThinkPad line. The P Series (excluding models with 's' suffix) is designed for engineers, architects, animators, etc. and comes with a variety of "high-end" options. All P Series models come included with fingerprint readers. The ThinkPad P Series includes features such as dedicated magnesium roll cages, more indicator LED lights, and high-resolution displays. Z series (2022) The Z series currently consists of two models: the 13-inch model, Z13, and the 16-inch model, Z16. It was introduced in January 2022 and will be available for purchase in May 2022; the Z13 model will start at $1549, while the Z16 model will start at $2099. The series is marketed towards business customers, as well as a generally younger audience. The Verge wrote: "Lenovo is trying to make ThinkPads cool to the kids. The company has launched the ThinkPad Z-series, a thin and light ThinkPad line with funky colors, eco-friendly packaging, and a distinctly modern look." The series features a new metal sleek, contemporary, thin design, which differs greatly from other recent, more traditional-looking ThinkPad models. The Z13 model was introduced in three new colors—black, silver, and black vegan leather with bronze accents—while the Z16 is only available in one of them, silver. The laptops are equipped with new AMD Ryzen Pro processors. Other notable features include 1080p webcams, OLED displays, new, redesigned touchpads, spill resistant keyboards, Dolby Atmos speaker systems, and Windows 11 with Windows Hello support. Accessories Lenovo also makes a range of accessories meant to complement and enhance the experience of using a ThinkPad device. These include: ThinkPad Stack (2015–current) The ThinkPad Stack line of products includes accessories designed for portability and interoperability. This line includes external hard drives, a wireless router, a power bank, and a Bluetooth 4.0 speaker. Each Stack device includes rubber feet, magnets, and pogo-pin power connections that allow the use of a single cable. The combined weight of all the Stack devices is slightly less than two pounds. The Stack series was announced in January 2015 at the International CES. The Stack series of accessories was expanded at the 2016 International CES to include a 720p resolution projector with 150 lumens of brightness and a wireless charging station. The Stack has a "blocky, black, and rectangular" look with the ThinkPad logo. It shares a common design language with ThinkPad laptop computers. Dock Stations (1993–current) Current docking stations (or docks) add much of the functional abilities of a desktop computer, including multiple display outputs, additional USB ports, and occasionally other features. This allows the ThinkPads to be connected and disconnected from various peripherals quickly and easily. Recent docks connect via a proprietary connector located on the underside of the laptops; or via USB-C. UltraBay (1995–2014) The internal replaceable (hot-swappable) CD-drive bay that supports a list of optional components, such as a CD-/DVD/Blu-ray drives, hard drive caddies, additional batteries, or device cradles. Slice batteries (2000-2012) Some classic models (IBM and early Lenovo T and X series) can support an additional slice battery instead of the UltraBay additional battery. UltraPort (2000–2002) ThinkPad USB 3.0 Secure Hard Drive An external USB 3.0/2.0 hard drive that was designed by Lenovo in 2009. It requires the input of a 4 digit PIN to access data and this can be set by the user. These drives are manufactured for lenovo by Apricorn, Inc. ThinkPad keyboards (external) IBM/Lenovo made several usb/Bluetooth keyboards with integrated UltraNav's and TrackPoints. Notable models include SK-8845 SK-8835 SK-8855 ThinkPad Compact USB Keyboard (current model) ThinkPad Compact Bluetooth Keyboard (current model) ThinkPad TrackPoint Keyboard II (current model) ThinkPad mice ThinkPad mice come in several different varieties ranging from Bluetooth ones through wired ones, to even ones with a trackpoint built-in and labelled as a scroll point. ThinkPad stands Thinkplus laptop stands(asia markets only) ThinkPlus charger GaN charger with a USB-C output. They are mostly sold with the "thinkplus" branding in Asia (notably south-east Asia) and are popular there. Historical models ThinkPad 235 The Japan-only ThinkPad 235 (or Type 2607) was the progeny of the IBM/Ricoh RIOS project. Also known as Clavius or Chandra2, it contains unusual features like the presence of three PCMCIA slots and the use of dual camcorder batteries as a source of power. Features an Intel Pentium MMX 233 MHz CPU, support for up to 160 MB of EDO memory, and a built-in hard drive with UDMA support. Hitachi marketed Chandra2 as the Prius Note 210. ThinkPad 240 The ultraportable ThinkPad 240 (X, Z) started with an Intel Celeron processor and went up to the 600 MHz Intel Pentium III. In models using the Intel 440BX chipset, the RAM was expandable to 320 MB max with a BIOS update. Models had a screen and an key pitch (a standard key pitch is ). They were also one of the first ThinkPad series to contain a built-in Mini PCI card slot (form factor 3b). The 240s have no optical disc drives and an external floppy drive. An optional extended battery sticks out the bottom like a bar and props up the back of the laptop. Weighing in at , these were the smallest and lightest ThinkPads ever made. 300 Series The 300-series (300, 310, 340, 345, 350, 360, 365, 370, 380, 385, 390 (all with various sub-series)) was a long-running value series starting at the 386SL/25 processor, all the way to the Pentium III 450. The 300 series was offered as a slightly lower-price alternative from the 700 series, with a few exceptions. The ThinkPad 360P and 360PE was a low-end version of ThinkPad 750P, and was unique model in the 300 series in that it could be used as a regular laptop, or transform into a tablet by flipping the monitor on top of itself. Retailing for $3,699 in 1995, the 360PE featured a touch sensitive monitor that operated with the stylus; the machine could run operating systems that supported the touch screen such as PenDOS 2.2. 500 Series The 500-series (500, 510, 560 (E, X, Z), 570 (E)) were the main line of the ultraportable ThinkPads. Starting with the 486SLC2-50 Blue Lightning to the Pentium III 500, these machines had only a hard disk on board. Any other drives were external (or in the 570's case in the UltraBase). They weighed in at around . 600 Series The 600-series (600, 600E, and 600X) are the direct predecessors of the T series. The 600-series packed a SVGA or a XGA TFT LCD, Pentium MMX, Pentium II or III processor, full-sized keyboard, and optical bay into a package weighing roughly . IBM was able to create this light, fully featured machine by using lightweight but strong carbon fiber composite plastics. The battery shipped with some 600-series models had a manufacturing defect that left it vulnerable to memory effect and resulted in poor battery life, but this problem can be avoided by use of a third-party battery. 700 Series The 700-series was a hi-end ThinkPad line; The released models (700T, 710T and 730T tablets; 700, 701, 720, 730, 750, 755, 760, 765, 770 laptops with various sub-models) can be configured with the best screens, largest hard drives and fastest processors available in the ThinkPad range; some features can be found only on a 700 series models, and was the first successful ThinkPad introduced in 1992 (that was a tablet PC 700T model without a keyboard and a mouse). 800 Series The ThinkPad 800-series (800/820/821/822/823/850/851/860) were unique as they were based on the PowerPC architecture rather than the Intel x86 architecture. Most of the 800 Series laptops used the PowerPC 603e CPU, at speeds of 100 MHz, or 166 MHz in the 860 model. The PowerPC ThinkPad line was considerably more expensive than the standard x86 ThinkPads — even a modestly configured 850 cost upwards of $12,000. All of the PowerPC ThinkPads could run Windows NT 3.51 and 4.0, AIX 4.1.x, and Solaris Desktop 2.5.1 PowerPC Edition. WorkPad Based on ThinkPad design although branded WorkPad, the IBM WorkPad z50 was a Handheld PC running Windows CE, released in 1999. i Series (1998–2002) The ThinkPad i Series was introduced by IBM in 1999 and was geared towards a multimedia focus with many models featuring independent integrated CD players and multimedia access buttons. The 1400 and 1500 models were designed by Acer for IBM under contract (and are thus nicknamed the AcerPad) and featured similar hardware found in Acer laptops (including ALi chipsets, three way audio jacks and the internal plastics painted with a copper paint). Some of the i Series ThinkPads, particularly the Acer developed models, are prone to broken hinges and stress damage on the chassis. One notable ThinkPad in the i Series lineup are the S3x (S30/S31) models: featuring a unique keyboard and lid design allowing a standard size keyboard to fit in a chassis that otherwise wouldn't be able to support the protruding keyboard. These models were largely only available in Asia Pacific. IBM offered an optional piano black lid on these models (designed by the Yamato Design lab). This is the only ThinkPad since the 701C to feature a special design to accommodate a keyboard that's physically larger than the laptop and also the only ThinkPad (aside from the Z61) to deviate away from the standard matte lid. A Series (2000–2004) The A-series was developed as an all-around productivity machine, equipped with hardware powerful enough to make it a desktop replacement. Hence it was the biggest and heaviest ThinkPad series of its time, but also had features not even found in a T-series of the same age. The A-series was dropped in favor of the G-series and R-series. The A31 was released in 2002 as a desktop replacement system equipped with: A Pentium 4-M processor clocked at 1.6, 1.8, 1.9, or 2.0 GHz (max supported is a 2.6 GHz), An ATI Mobility Radeon 7500, 128 or 256 MB of PC2100 RAM (officially upgradable to 1 GB but can be unofficially upgraded to 2 GB), IBM High Rate Wireless (PRISM 2.5 Based, can be modified to support WPA-TKIP) and equipped with a 20, 30, or 40 GB hard disk drive. R Series (2001–2010, 2018-2019) The R Series was a budget line, beginning with the R30 in 2001 and ending with the R400 and R500 presented in 2008. The successor of a R400 and R500 models is a ThinkPad L series L412 and L512 models. A notable model is the R50p with an optional 15" IPS LCD screen (introduced in 2003). The R series reintroduced in 2018 (for Chinese market only) with the same hardware as E series models, but with aluminum display cover, discrete GPU, TPM chip and fingerprint reader. G Series (2003–2006) The G-series consisted of only three models, the G40, G41 and G50. Being large and heavy machines, equipped with powerful desktop processors, this line of ThinkPads consequently served mainly as replacements for desktop computers. Z Series (2005–2007) The Z series was released as a high-end multimedia laptop; as a result this was the first ThinkPad to feature a widescreen (16:10 aspect ratio) display. The Z-Series was also unique in that certain models featured an (optional) titanium lid. Integrated WWAN and a webcam were also found on some configurations. The series has only ever included the Z60 (Z60m and Z60t) and Z61 (Z61m, Z61t and Z61p); the latter of which is the first Z-Series ThinkPad with Intel "Yonah" Dual-Core Technology. The processor supports Intel VT-x; this is disabled in the BIOS but can be turned on with a BIOS update. Running fully virtualised operating systems via Xen or VMware is therefore possible. Despite the Z61 carrying the same number as the T61, the hardware of the Z61 is closer to a T60 (and likewise the Z60 being closer to a T43). ThinkPad Reserve Edition (2007) The "15-year anniversary" Thinkpad model (based on a X60s laptop). This model was initially known inside of Lenovo as the "Scout". This was the name of the horse ridden by Tonto, the sidekick from the 1950s television series The Lone Ranger. Lenovo envisioned the Scout as a very high-end ThinkPad that would be analogous to a luxury car. Each unit was covered in fine leather embossed with its owners initials. Extensive market research was conducted on how consumers would perceive this form factor. It was determined that they appreciated that it emphasised warmth, nature, and human relations over technology. The Scout was soon renamed the ThinkPad Reserve Edition. It came bundled with premium services including a dedicated 24-hour technical support hotline that would be answered immediately. It was released in 2007 and sold for $5,000 in the United States. SL Series (2008–2010) The SL Series was launched in 2008 as a low-end ThinkPad targeted mainly geared toward small businesses. These lacked several traditional ThinkPad features, such as the ThinkLight, magnesium alloy roll cage, UltraBay, and lid latch, and use a 6-row keyboard with a different layout than the traditional 7-row ThinkPad keyboard; also, SL-series models have IdeaPad-based firmware. Models offered included 13.3" (SL300), 14" (SL400 and SL410) and 15.6" (SL500 and SL510). W Series (2008–2015) The W-series laptops were introduced by Lenovo as workstation-class laptops with their own letter designation, a descendant of prior ThinkPad T series models suffixed with 'p' (e.g. T61p), and are geared towards CAD users, photographers, power users, and others, who need a high-performance system for demanding tasks.. The W-series laptops were launched in 2008, at the same time as the Intel Centrino 2, marking an overhaul of Lenovo's product lineup. The first two W-series laptops introduced were the W500 and the W700. Previously available were the W7xx series (17" widescreen model), the W500 (15.4" 16:10 ratio model), the W510 (15.6" 16:9 ratio model), and W520 (15.6" 16:9 ratio model). The W700DS and the W701DS both had two displays: a 17" main LCD and a 10" slide-out secondary LCD. The W7xx series were also available with a Wacom digitizer built into the palm rest. These high-performance workstation models offered more high-end components, such as quad core CPUs and higher-end workstation graphics compared to the T-series, and were the most powerful ThinkPad laptops available. Until the W540, they retained the ThinkLight, UltraBay, roll cage, and lid latch found on the T-series. The W540 release marked the end of the lid latch, ThinkLight, and hot-swappable UltraBays found in earlier models. The ThinkPad W-series laptops from Lenovo are described by the manufacturer as being "mobile workstations", and suit that description by being physically on the larger side of the laptop spectrum, with screens ranging from 15" to 17" in size. Most W-series laptops offer high-end quad-core Intel processors with an integrated GPU as well as an Nvidia Quadro discrete GPU, utilizing Nvidia Optimus to switch between the two GPUs as required. Notable exceptions are the W500, which has ATI FireGL integrated workstation-class graphics, and the W550s, which is an Ultrabook-specification laptop with only a dual-core processor. The W-series laptops offer ISV certifications from various vendors such as Adobe Systems and Autodesk for CAD and 3D modeling software. The ThinkPad W series has been discontinued and replaced by the P series mobile workstations. Edge Series (2010) The Edge Series was released early in 2010 as small business and consumer-end machines. The design was a radical departure compared to the traditional black boxy ThinkPad design, with glossy surfaces (optional matte finish on later models), rounded corners, and silver trim. They were also offered in red, a first for the traditionally black ThinkPads. Like the SL, this series was targeted towards small businesses and consumers, and lack the roll cage, UltraBay, lid latch, and ThinkLight of traditional ThinkPads (though the 2011 E220s and E420s had ThinkLights). This also introduced an island-style keyboard with a significantly different layout. Models included 13.3" (Edge 13), 14" (Edge 14), and 15.6" (Edge 15) sizes. An 11.6" (Edge 11) model was offered, but not available in the United States. The latest models of E series can be offered with Edge branding, but this naming is optional and uncommon. S Series (2012–2014) The S Series is positioned as a mid-range ThinkPad offering, containing ultrabooks derived from the Edge Series. As of August 2013, the S Series includes S531 and S440 models; their cases are made of aluminum and magnesium alloy, available in silver and gunmetal colors. ThinkPad Twist (2012) The Lenovo ThinkPad Twist (S230u) is a laptop/tablet computer hybrid aimed at high-end users. The Twist gets its name from its screen's ability to twist in a manner that converts the device into a tablet. The Twist has a 12.5" screen and makes use of Intel's Core i7 processor and SSD technology in lieu of a hard drive. In a review for Engadget Dana Wollman wrote, "Lately, we feel like all of our reviews of Windows 8 convertibles end the same way. The ThinkPad Twist has plenty going for it: a bright IPS display, a good port selection, an affordable price and an unrivaled typing experience. Like ThinkPads past, it also offers some useful software features for businesses lacking dedicated IT departments. All good things, but what's a road warrior to do when the battery barely lasts four hours? Something tells us the Twist will still appeal to Lenovo loyalists, folks who trust ThinkPad's build quality and wouldn't be caught dead using any other keyboard. If you're more brand-agnostic, though, there are other Windows 8 convertibles with comfortable keyboards – not to mention, sharper screens, faster performance and longer battery life." ThinkPad Helix (2013–2015) The Helix is a convertible laptop satisfying both tablet and conventional notebook users. It uses a "rip and flip" design that allows the user to detach the display and then replace it facing in a different direction. It sports an 11.6" Full HD (1920 × 1080) display, with support for Windows 8 multi-touch. As all essential processing hardware is contained in the display assembly and it has multitouch capability, the detached monitor can be used as a standalone tablet computer. The Helix's high-end hardware and build quality, including Gorilla Glass, stylus-based input, and Intel vPro hardware-based security features, are designed to appeal to business users. In a review published in Forbes Jason Evangelho wrote, "The first laptop I owned was a ThinkPad T20, and the next one may very likely be the ThinkPad Helix which Lenovo unveiled at CES 2013. In a sea of touch-inspired Windows 8 hardware, it's the first ultrabook convertible with a form factor that gets everything right. The first batch of Windows 8 ultrabooks get high marks for their inspired designs, but aren't quite flexible enough to truly be BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) solutions. Lenovo's own IdeaPad Yoga came close, but the sensation of feeling the keyboard underneath your fingers when transformed into tablet mode was slightly jarring. Dell's XPS 12 solved that problem with its clever rotating hinge design, but I wanted the ability to remove the tablet display entirely from both of those products." ThinkPad 13 (2016–2017) The ThinkPad 13 (Also known as the Thinkpad S2 in Mainland China) is a "budget" model with a 13-inch screen. Versions running Windows 10 and Google's Chrome OS were options. The most powerful configuration had a Skylake Core i7 processor and a 512GB SSD. Connectivity includes HDMI, USB 3.0, OneLink+, USB Type-C, etc. It weighs and is thick. As of 2017, a second generation Ultrabook model has been released with up to a Kaby Lake Core i7 processor and a FHD touchscreen available in certain countries. This lineup was merged into the L-Series in 2018, with the L380 being the successor to the 13 Second Generation. 25th anniversary Retro ThinkPad (2017) Lenovo released the 25th anniversary Retro ThinkPad 25 in October 2017. The model is based on the T470, the difference being it having the 7-Row "Classic" keyboard with the layout found on the −20 Series, and the logo received a splash of colour reminiscent of the IBM era. The last ThinkPad models with the 7-row keyboard were introduced in 2011. A Series (2017–2018) In September 2017, Lenovo announced two ThinkPad models featuring AMD's PRO chipset technology – the A275 and A475. This sees the revival of the A Series nameplate not seen since the early 2000s when ThinkPads were under IBM's ownership, however it is likely the "A" moniker emphasised that it uses AMD technology rather than comparative product segment (workstation class) of the previous line. While this isn't the first time Lenovo had offered an AMD derived ThinkPad, it is the first to be released as an alternative premium offering to the established T Series and X Series ThinkPads, which use Intel chipsets instead. A275 and A475The A275 is a 12.5" ultraportable based on the Intel derived X270 model. Weighing in at 2.9 pounds (1.31 kg) this model features AMD Carrizo or Bristol Ridge APU's, AMD Radeon R7 graphics and AMD DASH (Desktop and mobile Architecture for System Hardware) for enterprise computing. The A475 is a 14" mainstream portable computer based on the Intel derived T470 model. Weighing at 3.48 pounds (1.57 kg), like the A275 it features AMD Carrizo or Bristol Ridge APU's, AMD Radeon R7 graphics and AMD DASH (Desktop and mobile Architecture for System Hardware) for enterprise computing. A285 and A485The A285 is a 12.5" laptop which is an upgraded version of the A275. Weighing in at , this model utilizes an AMD Raven Ridge APU with integrated Vega graphics, specifically the Ryzen 5 Pro 2500U. The laptop also contains a Discrete Trusted Platform Module (dTPM) for data encryption and password protection, supporting TPM 2.0. Optional security features include a fingerprint scanner and smart card reader. The display's native resolution can be either or depending on the configuration. The A485 is a 14" laptop which is an upgraded version of the A475. Weighing , this model utilizes AMD's Raven Ridge APU's with integrated Vega graphics. This model can use multiple models of Raven Ridge APU's, unlike the A285. The laptop also contains a Discrete Trusted Platform Module (dTPM) for data encryption and password protection, supporting TPM 2.0. Optional security features include a fingerprint scanner and smart card reader. The display's native resolution can be either or depending on the configuration. Rivals of ThinkPad There are a lot of companies producing similar laptops to Lenovo/IBM ThinkPads, targeting the same market audience. These laptops often offer similar features to ThinkPad computers like a pointing stick or active hard drive protection. The ThinkPad series' main rivals have been Dell Latitude and HP EliteBook laptops for a long while. Dell: Dell Latitude 7xxx: Rivals ThinkPad T and X series Dell Latitude 5xxx: Rivals ThinkPad L and E series Dell Latitude 3xxx: Rivals ThinkPad E series Dell Vostro 3xxx: Rivals ThinkPad E series Dell XPS 9xxx: Indirectly rivals ThinkPad X1 series Dell Precision 7xxx: Rivals ThinkPad P1 series HP: HP EliteBook 6xx: Rivals ThinkPad L series HP EliteBook 8xx: Rivals ThinkPad T and X series HP EliteBook 1040: Rivals ThinkPad X1 Carbon HP Elite Dragonfly: Rivals ThinkPad X1 Nano HP ZBook Firefly: Rivals ThinkPad P14, P15 and T15p HP ZBook Power: Indirectly rivals ThinkPad P15 and P1 HP ZBook Studio: Rivals ThinkPad P1 HP ZBook Fury: Rivals ThinkPad P15 HP ProBook 4xx and 6xx: Rivals ThinkPad L and E series Acer: Acer TravelMate P6: Rivals ThinkPad X1 Carbon Acer TravelMate P4: Rivals ThinkPad T14 and T14s Acer TravelMate P2: Rivals ThinkPad L series Acer TravelMate Spin B3: Rivals ThinkPad 11e Yoga Acer Swift 7: Indirectly rivals ThinkPad X1 Nano Fujitsu: Fujitsu LifeBook U9xxx: Rivals ThinkPad X1 series Fujitsu LifeBook U7xxx: Rivals ThinkPad T and X series Fujitsu LifeBook U5xxx: Rivals ThinkPad L series Fujitsu LifeBook U3xxx: Rivals ThinkPad E series Dynabook (formerly Toshiba): Dynabook Portégé: Rivals ThinkPad X series Dynabook Tecra Xxx: Rivals ThinkPad T series VAIO (formerly made by Sony): VAIO Z: Rivals ThinkPad X1 Carbon and T14s VAIO SX: Indirectly rivals ThinkPad L13 Apple: Apple MacBook Pro: Indirectly rivals Thinkpad X1 Extreme, X1 Carbon, Z series and T14s Apple MacBook Air: Indirectly rivals ThinkPad Z series, X1 Nano and X1 Carbon Asus: ASUSPRO Pxxx: Rivals ThinkPad T series Asus Zenbook: Rivals ThinkPad X1 series Asus ExpertBook: Rivals ThinkPad L and E series Microsoft: Microsoft Surface Pro: Rivals ThinkPad X1 Tablet Microsoft Surface Laptop: Indirectly rivals ThinkPad X1 Carbon and X1 Nano Huawei: Huawei MateBook X Pro: Rivals ThinkPad X1 Carbon Huawei MateBook X: Indirectly rivals ThinkPad X1 Nano See also ThinkBook IBM/Lenovo ThinkCentre and ThinkStation desktops List of IBM products HP EliteBook Dell Latitude and Precision Fujitsu Lifebook and Celsius Acer TravelMate References External links ThinkPad models on ThinkWiki Withdrawn models Specs Books Think Think Consumer electronics brands Computer-related introductions in 1992 Products introduced in 1992 2005 mergers and acquisitions Divested IBM products

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Toshiba T3100 T3100 was a portable PC manufactured by Toshiba and released in 1986. It featured a hard drive, 8 MHz Intel 80286 CPU and a black & orange 9.6" gas-plasma display with a resolution of 640x400 pixels. The portable had for the time a special high-resolution 640 x 400 display mode which is similar to and partially compatible with the Olivetti/AT&T 6300 graphics. The base model had 640KB memory. There's a single proprietary expansion slot for 1200 bit/s modem, expansion chassis for 5x 8-bit ISA cards, Ethernet NIC, 2400 bit/s modem, and a 2 MB memory card (thus 2.6 MB in max total). T3100e model had 1MB of memory, which could be upgraded to 5MB. Toshiba T3100 was not a true portable, because it needed an external power source in all except the last version. Five versions existed: The T3100/20 was essentially the same as the base T3100 but with a larger hard drive (20 MB instead of 10 MB). The T3100e had a 12 MHz 80286 CPU (switchable to 6 MHz, 1 MB RAM and a 20 MB hard drive. The T3100e/40 was the same as the T3100e, but with a larger 40 MB hard drive. The T3100SX had a 16 MHz i386SX CPU, 1 MB RAM and a 40 MB or 80 MB hard drive, a VGA 640x480x16 shade black & orange gas plasma display or black & white LC, and also included an internal rechargeable battery, for true portability. The J3100 was a version of the T3100 that was marketed and sold in Japan only. Reception BYTE in 1989 listed the T3100/20 as among the "Distinction" winners of the BYTE Awards, citing its "amazingly clear" display and hard drive. See also Toshiba T1200 Toshiba T1100 Toshiba T1000 References External links Computer Museum article on the Toshiba T3100 Toshiba Science Museum on laptops Toshiba brochure IBM PC compatibles T3100 Computer-related introductions in 1986

laptop Form Factor and Weight

ThinkPad X1 series The ThinkPad X1 series is a line of high-end ThinkPad laptops and tablets produced by Lenovo. The current model list contains six lines of machines: X1 Carbon - mainstream premium 14-inch model X1 Yoga - the convertible 14-inch version X1 Titanium Yoga - a convertible 13.5-inch version with titanium body X1 Extreme - 15-inch advanced ultra-light premium laptop; the same model with a Quadro GPU known as ThinkPad P1 X1 Nano - a 13.3-inch version - lightest thinkpad model X1 Fold - the first foldable personal computer Launch The first laptop with X1 branding was the ThinkPad X1 - the 13-inch sub-compact model, the thinnest and fastest charging business laptop at the time. Instead of previous 13-inch X Series models (X300 and X301), they have only one RAM slot and only one storage slot. In early August 2012, Lenovo released the ThinkPad X1 Carbon as the 14-inch successor to the earlier ThinkPad X1. The X1 Carbon was first released in China due to the popularity of ThinkPads in that market. In November 2012, Lenovo announced a touch-screen variant called the ThinkPad X1 Carbon Touch designed for use with Windows 8. Its display makes use of multi-touch technology that can detect simultaneous inputs from up to ten fingers. On the performance of the X1 Carbon Touch's SSD, Engadget states, "The machine boots into the [s]tart screen in 11 seconds, which is pretty typical for a Windows 8 machine with specs like these. We also found that the solid-state drive delivers equally strong read and write speeds (551 MB/s and 518 MB/s, respectively), which we noticed the last time we tested an Ultrabook with an Intel SSD." Models 2011 - 0th generation X1 An addition to the lightweight X series, weighing between 1.36 kg to 1.72 kg depending on configuration. It was the thinnest ThinkPad laptop to date at 16.5 (front) and 21.5 mm (rear). The screen is a LED-backlit HD infinity panel with (WXGA) resolution. Base configuration uses an Intel Sandy Bridge 2.5 GHz Core i5-2520M (up to 3.20 GHz) with 4 GiB of RAM (up to 8 GiB), SATA SSD or hard drive, Intel Integrated HD Graphics, USB 3.0, backlit keyboard, 802.11 b/g/n WiFi and an average of eight hours of battery life. The battery is internal and not removable, and there is no optical drive. The ThinkPad X1 laptop was released by Lenovo in May 2011. Notebook Review offered a positive opinion of the ThinkPad X1, saying that it was, "A powerful notebook that combines the durability and features of a business-class ThinkPad with the style of a consumer laptop." A 13.3-inch X1 ThinkPad was announced to be available in the UK on June 7, 2011. The specifications of the ThinkPad X1 laptop are given below: Processor: Up to Intel Core i7-2620M (2× 2.70GHz, 4MB L3) Memory: Up to 8GiB DDR3 1333MT/s (1 slot) Graphics: Intel HD Graphics 3000 Storage: 1 × SATA 6Gbit/s (320GB 7200RPM HDD, or an SSD, ranging from 128GiB to 160GiB) Battery: Up to 5.2 hours. This could be extended further to 10 hours with a slice battery. 2012 - 1st generation X1 Carbon The X1 Carbon features a solid-state drive (SSD) instead of a hard drive. The base model has 4GiB of memory, an Intel Core i5-3317U processor, and a 128GiB SSD. The most expensive model has an Intel Core i7 processor and a 256GiB SSD. The X1 Carbon requires the use of a dongle to access wired ethernet and some models include 3G or 4G cellular modems. The base model X1 Carbon has a TN screen with a resolution of 1600 by 900 pixels. The X1 Carbon weighs and measures by by (at its thickest). The X1 Carbon's roll cage is made of light-weight carbon-fiber and has a matte black finish. In November 2012, Lenovo announced a touch-screen variant called the ThinkPad X1 Carbon Touch designed for use with Windows 8. Its display makes use of multi-touch technology that can detect simultaneous inputs from up to ten fingers. In a review published for CNET, Dan Ackerman wrote, "At first glance, the ThinkPad X1 Carbon looks a lot like other ThinkPads, but in the hand it stands out as very light and portable. The excellent keyboard shows up other ultrabooks, and the rugged build quality is reassuring. With a slightly boosted battery and maybe a lower starting price, this could be a serious contender for my all-around favorite thin laptop." In another review for CNET, Nicholas Aaron Khoo wrote, "For this geek, there are many things to like about this 14-inch (1600x900 HD+) Ultrabook when it comes to usability when traveling on economy class. These include the backlit and spill-resistant keyboard, side-positioned ports, nice viewing angles, TrackPoint (which not everyone likes), nicely implemented touchpad and biometric login. Unlike poorer cousin, the Lenovo IdeaPad U410, it is able to go into hibernate mode without having the user jump through hoops to enable it." On the X1 Carbon Touch's SSD performance Engadget states, "The machine boots into the [s]tart screen in 11 seconds, which is pretty typical for a Windows 8 machine with specs like these. We also found that the solid-state drive delivers equally strong read and write speeds (551 MB/s and 518 MB/s, respectively), which we noticed the last time we tested an Ultrabook with an Intel SSD." 2012 Touch In a review for Engadget, Dana Wollman wrote, "Starting with ergonomics, this has one of the best keyboard / touchpad combinations we've seen on a laptop, and that's not even counting that signature red pointing stick. We're also enamored with the design: aside from being well-made, the X1 Carbon Touch is also notably thin and light [at 1.55kg] for a 14-inch machine, especially one with a touchscreen. The display is hardly our favorite, what with the narrow viewing angles, but at least the 1,600 x 900 resolution is nice and crisp." In its review of the X1 Carbon Touch, Wired wrote, "Lenovo also hasn't forgotten about the things that users actually care about. Audio is impressive and Dolby-certified. The keyboard is backlit and fully usable, and the glass touchpad was rock solid on this go-round with the Carbon." In its final verdict Wired stated that an "Excellent combination of performance, portability, and durability" and "the best keyboard going" make the Touch 'Wired." 2014 – 2nd generation X1 Carbon (2nd Gen) The 2014 X1 Carbon features a 4th generation Intel processor and an "Adaptive Keyboard" touch bar where the function keys are normally located. The Home and End keys replaced the Caps Lock key, requiring the user to double-press the Shift key to activate Caps Lock. The Delete key was also repositioned to the right of the Backspace key instead of above it. Peter Bright wrote a disparaging review for Ars Technica. He found the X1 Carbon with the Lenovo named "Adaptive Keyboard" to be near perfect but unusable because the keyboard was so non-standard when compared with that of a desktop, the older Thinkpad T410s and Lenovo Helix keyboards. As a touch typist, he despairs at the removal of the function keys, and the repositioning of Caps Lock, replacing it with Home End, and, that pretty much each little-finger key has moved. 2015 – 3rd generation X1 Carbon (3rd Gen) The 2015 X1 Carbon came with a 2560 by 1440 screen. Lenovo reverted to the traditional Function row from the innovative but confusing Adaptive Function Row, and resumed using dedicated mouse buttons under the TrackPoint in the 2015 model. A fingerprint reader is to the right of the keyboard and can be used to log into Windows. In a review for Laptop Magazine, Mark Spoonauer wrote, "The ThinkPad X1 Carbon is easily one of the best business ultraportables available. While on the pricey side, the $1,754 configuration I reviewed delivers everything I want in a laptop: long battery life, a comfortable typing experience and strong overall performance. The X1 Carbon's design doesn't wow, but it's light and feels like it can stand up to abuse. However, the lack of an SD card slot is annoying, and I wish the 14-inch display were as bright as it is sharp 2016 – 4th generation X1 Carbon (4th Gen) In January 2016 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo presented their fourth generation X1 Carbon. X1 Yoga The first generation of the X1 Yoga was released in 2016, featuring a touchscreen with a 360-degree hinge. Unlike many other laptops in the X1 series, it features a stylus and a dedicated slot for it. Like many others in the X1 series, the X1 Yoga features a built-in fingerprint sensor, multiple USB ports, an HDMI port, and support for up to Intel i7 processors. X1 Tablet The ThinkPad X1 tablet is a modular device that uses what Lenovo calls an "Ultra Connect" system to tie together removable modules such as an extra battery pack, a pico projector, a 3D camera, a detachable keyboard, etc. The X1 tablet is powered by an Intel Core m7 processor paired with up to 16GiB of memory and solid state drives up to 1TiB in capacity. The X1 tablet's 12-inch multi-touch screen has a resolution of (32 aspect ratio). 2017 – 5th generation X1 Carbon (5th Gen) In January 2017 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo presented their fifth generation X1 Carbon, 1.14 kg weight, which delivers up to 15.5 hours of battery life starting at $1,329. A silver version was also introduced. Recall The ThinkPad X1 Carbon 5th Generation laptops built before 2017-11-01 were recalled after reports that a screw left in the laptop during manufacturing could damage one of the lithium batteries causing one of the cells to short out, leading to rapid overheating and failure. 83,500 of the laptops had been sold in the US and Canada before the recall. X1 Yoga (2nd Gen) Changes from previous X1 Yoga includes the use of 7th generation Intel Core i ('Kaby Lake') processors, addition of Thunderbolt 3 ports, USB-C connector for power adapter, 'wave' style keyboard featuring matte finish on the keyboard. X1 Tablet (2nd Gen) 2018 – 6th generation X1 Carbon (6th Gen) In January 2018 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo presented their sixth generation X1 Carbon, weighing 1.13 kg. This is the first X1 Carbon model to have a quad-core processor. It features an 8th generation Intel Core i5 or i7 processor, along with up to 16 GiB of RAM and up to 1 TiB of storage. X1 branding is also now present on the cover. The ThinkPad logo has changed to black instead of the previous silver branding. X1 Yoga (3rd Gen) The design is derived from 6th generation ThinkPad X1 Carbon, with the ThinkShutter privacy camera included by default (except for models with a IR camera), 15W 8th generation Core i5/i7 quad core processors and a built-in stylus. OLED screens are no longer an option. X1 Tablet (3rd Gen) X1 Extreme (1st Gen) The first 15.6-inch ThinkPad X-series laptop. Also, in contrast to the regular 14-inch Thinkpad X series models, the X1 Extreme has user-upgradable RAM and the full-power HQ-series mobile Intel CPUs. X1 Extreme laptop have a sibling model in a ThinkPad P series line, known as a ThinkPad P1. 2019 – 7th generation X1 Carbon (7th Gen) In January 2019 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo announced their seventh generation X1 Carbon, weighing . It comes with the latest Intel i5 or i7 processors, optional 4K display featuring Dolby Vision HDR, and a thinner chassis than the last generation. It also supports a new optional carbon fiber weave top cover. X1 Yoga (4th Gen) The design is derived from 7th generation ThinkPad X1 Carbon. This is notably the first ThinkPad with aluminum chassis. 15W 8th/10th generation Core i5/i7 quad core processors and a built-in stylus. X1 Extreme (2nd Gen) The updated version of first generation; the first non-Yoga ThinkPad laptop with an OLED screen option. The sibling model is a Thinkpad P1 gen2. 2020 – 8th generation X1 Carbon (8th Gen) In January 2020 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo announced their eighth generation X1 Carbon. It comes with Intel Comet Lake processors, optional PrivacyGuard display, and WiFi 6 support. The Fedora Linux distribution is also offered pre-installed on the laptop. X1 Yoga (5th Gen) The design is derived from 8th generation ThinkPad X1 Carbon. 10th generation Core i5/i7 quad core processors and a built-in stylus. X1 Nano Lenovo unveiled the first X1 Nano in September 2020. X1 Nano is the lightest ThinkPad ever at just 1.99 pounds (907g) and also Lenovo's first ThinkPad based on Intel Evo platform, powered by 11th Gen Intel Core processors. The machine has a 13-inch 16:10 screen with 4 speakers with Dolby Atmos and 4 360-degree microphones. 2021 - 9th generation X1 Titanium Yoga (1st Gen) In 2021, Lenovo released the X1 Titanium Yoga, a 13.5-inch laptop with an 11th Gen Intel Core i5 or i7 processor and integrated Intel Iris Xe graphics. X1 Carbon (9th Gen) In January 2021 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Lenovo announced their ninth generation X1 Carbon. It comes with a 16:10 aspect ratio display, wider touchpad, and a larger battery. X1 Yoga (6th Gen) X1 Extreme (3rd Gen) The update of 15" line; the last X1 ThinkPad line with non-reduced 1.8mm key travel. 2022 - 10th generation X1 Carbon (10th Gen) A tenth generation was announced by Lenovo in January 2022. See also Thinkpad X1 Tablet What is Intel Evo Platform References Lenovo laptops Ultrabooks X1 Carbon Computer-related introductions in 2011

laptop Form Factor and Weight

IBM 5550 IBM 5550 is a personal computer series that IBM marketed in Japan, Korea, Taiwan and China in the 1980s and 1990s, for business use customers. In Japan, it was introduced in 1983 and promoted as "" because it had three roles in one machine: a PC, a word processing machine which was traditionally marketed as a machine different from a PC in Japan, and an IBM-host attached terminal. General The IBM PC that had been marketed by IBM since 1981, using Intel 8088, was not powerful enough to process the far eastern languages of Japanese, Korean and Chinese. Nor was the resolution of IBM PC's display high enough to show the complex characters of these languages. The IBM 5550 was first introduced in Japan in March 1983, using Intel 8086 microprocessor and was called "Multistation 5550" because it had three roles in one machine: a PC, a word processing machine which was traditionally marketed in Japan as a machine different from a PC, and an online terminal. After the Japanese 5550 models, Korean, Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese models were also introduced. IBM 5550 initially used its own architecture, but, later since 1987, was changed to use IBM Personal System/2's Micro Channel Architecture, being renamed as Personal System/55. In Japan, Kiyoshi Atsumi, a film actor, was used to promote the 5550. IBM later introduced IBM JX for home users in Japan, Australia and New Zealand, and DOS/V for both business and home users in Japan. Features The 5550 was originally planned as a terminal with a combination of word processing and personal computing targeted for Japanese computer market. To display 24 dots Mincho kanji typeface which was also used in many Japanese word processing machines, the 5550 had high display resolution such as a 1024×768 pixel graphic screen. The first model of 5550 was designed to read a display font from an external storage for multilingual support, including Chinese and Korean languages. The 5550 fulfills three roles, via the following components: Japanese Business Personal Computer: developed by Microsoft. Japanese word processor: developed by IBM. Japanese online terminal: and developed by IBM. The original Bunsho Program and emulators booted from a floppy disk without Nihongo DOS. They used a proprietary disk format which couldn't be read from Nihongo DOS, so users had to replace floppy disks or set the boot partition to switch between two programs. Also, they had to use a conversion program to exchange data. Later, they were ported for Nihongo DOS, and functions were gradually implemented. 3270 Kanji Emulation, 5250 Kanji Emulation and Bunsho Program were superseded by Nihongo 3270 PC in October 1983, Nihongo 5250 PC in September 1984 and DOS Bunsho Program in May 1986. The first generation of IBM 5550 has up to three 5¼ inch double-density (720 KB) floppy drives because the Bunsho Program uses three floppy disks; program disk, font disk, and user data disk. Later models contain a font ROM card as other 1980's Japanese personal computers did. Development of IBM Fujisawa Development Laboratory planned the terminal with a combination of word processor and personal computer, called the Multi-functional Workstation, and he proposed it at the headquarter in March 1981. The development team was founded as an Independent Business Unit (IBU). The team set goals for IBM 5550 that the machine was usable for both word processing and personal computing on the same architecture at least 3-5 years. They tried to build the 5550 from the IBM Displaywriter System 6580, the English word processor developed in Austin office in 1980, and the IBM Personal Computer developed in Boca Raton office, but it was difficult to combine different types of machines. Considering price–performance ratio and continuity of an architecture, the team examined processors chosen from Intel's and other manufacturers. The IBM PC used an Intel 8088, but the 5550 employed an Intel 8086 because bus speed largely influenced for performance of the machine which had high display resolution. To gain an advantage over competitors in Japanese word processing, 24 pixel font models render characters in a box of 26×29 pixels, and the total display resolution is 1066×725 pixels calculated with box width by 41×25 text. 16 pixel font models render characters in a box of 18×21 pixels, and the total display resolution is 738×525 pixels. The 5550 had one more column than 40 columns of usual Japanese computers, which enabled line breaking. For personal computing, Nihongo DOS K2.00 had been developed by Microsoft. It was the second Japanese localization of MS-DOS 2.0 followed to Toshiba's PASOPIA 16. Nihongo DOS bundled the Microsoft BASIC interpreter which designed for the 5550. Programming languages and the Japanese version of Multiplan were also provided. The team didn't consider the machine was used for online communication, but they realized its importance during the development. They decided to add a role of a terminal in January 1982. This change extended its development term. In May 1982 Business Show (one of computer industry exhibitions in Japan), IBM Japan only displayed the IBM PC as a reference material. They unveiled the development of 5550 in fall 1982. IBM Japan didn't have a factory for mass production of personal computers, so the production of 5550 was outsourced to some companies. System units, hard disks, and monitors were manufactured by Matsushita Electric Industrial, printers by Oki Electric Industry, and keyboards by Alps Electric. Models 5551-A/B/C/D/E/G/H/J/K/M/P (Basic models, placed beside the display. Later became a smaller size like 5540) 5541-B/E/J/K/M/P (Smaller size models, on which the display can be placed. Later made even smaller) 5561-G/H/J/K/M/P (Larger size models, all models employ Intel 80286) 5530-G/H (Stand-alone models, without the communications adapter. Used 3½ inch floppy disk) 5535-M (Laptop, using 3½ inch floppy disk) Competition In Japan, Multistation 5550 competed against: Fujitsu FACOM 9450 and FMR series NEC PC-9801 series and N5200/5300 series Reception BYTE in 1983 speculated that "we may soon see a similar machine here in America". Describing the 5550 as "a true workstation", the magazine envisioned the computer as filling the "considerable gulf above the PC", and a rival to the IBM System/36 minicomputer. It praised the 5550's "unprecedented" combination of kanji support with high-end word-processing capability, and reported that in Japan an ecosystem of vendors providing products for the computer was forming. The magazine concluded that "if the American PC is any precedent, the market should soon be filled with 5550 software". The 5550 was primarily sold for large enterprises who used IBM's mainframe computer. Meiji Life who used the IBM 3081 mainframe decided to purchase about 500 units of the 5550 in 1983. A manager of its System Development section said, "IBM supports us to satisfy our demand for the communication software. We are planning to replace all of our IBM terminals. A new personal computer must respond for the host computer as fast as a terminal, and it must have various communication softwares." In Japan, the 5550 had annual sales of 70,000 units in 1985, and the Nikkei Personal Computing magazine reported in 1986 that the 5550 had the largest personal computer share of 30% in the corporate sector. See also IBM PC, IBM PC/AT and IBM PS/2 IBM JX, AX architecture and DOS/V List of IBM products References External links Introducing Multistation 5550 (describes the models in detail) 5550 Computer-related introductions in 1983

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Dell Inspiron The Inspiron ( , formerly stylized as inspiron) is a line of consumer-oriented laptop computers, desktop computers and all-in-one computers sold by Dell. The Inspiron range mainly competes against computers such as Acer's Aspire, Asus' Transformer Book Flip, VivoBook and Zenbook, HP's Pavilion, Stream and ENVY, Lenovo's IdeaPad, Samsung's Sens and Toshiba's Satellite. Types The Dell Inspiron lineup consists of laptops, desktops and all in ones. Dell Inspiron laptop computers Dell Inspiron desktop computers Dell Inspiron All-in-One Discontinued: Dell Inspiron Mini Series netbooks (2008-2010) See also Dell's Home Office/Consumer class product lines: Studio (mainstream desktop and laptop computers) XPS (high-end desktop and notebook computers) Studio XPS (high-end design-focus of XPS systems and extreme multimedia capability) Alienware (high-performance gaming systems) Adamo (high-end luxury subnotebook) Dell Business/Corporate class product lines: Vostro (office/small business desktop and notebook systems) n Series (desktop and notebook computers shipped with Linux or FreeDOS installed) Latitude (business-focused notebooks) Optiplex (business-focused workstations) Precision (high performance workstations) References External links Dell Inspiron Drivers Dell laptops Dell personal computers Convertible laptops Consumer electronics brands Computer-related introductions in 1990

laptop Form Factor and Weight

IBM 1620 The IBM 1620 was announced by IBM on October 21, 1959, and marketed as an inexpensive "scientific computer". After a total production of about two thousand machines, it was withdrawn on November 19, 1970. Modified versions of the 1620 were used as the CPU of the IBM 1710 and IBM 1720 Industrial Process Control Systems (making it the first digital computer considered reliable enough for real-time process control of factory equipment). Being variable-word-length decimal, as opposed to fixed-word-length pure binary, made it an especially attractive first computer to learn on and hundreds of thousands of students had their first experiences with a computer on the IBM 1620. Core memory cycle times were 20 microseconds for the (earlier) Model I, 10 microseconds for the Model II (about a thousand times slower than typical computer main memory in 2006). The Model II was introduced in 1962. Architecture Memory The IBM 1620 was a variable "word" length decimal (BCD) computer with a magnetic-core memory that could hold: 20,000 decimal digits 40,000 decimal digits (basic memory plus IBM 1623 Storage Unit, Model 1) 60,000 decimal digits (basic memory plus IBM 1623 Storage Unit, Model 2). The above was in the Model I. The Model II deployed the IBM 1625 core-storage memory unit, whose memory cycle time was halved by using faster cores, compared to the Model I's (internal or 1623 memory unit): to 10 µs (i.e., the cycle speed was raised to 100 kHz). While the 5-digit addresses of either model could have addressed 100,000 decimal digits, no machine larger than 60,000 decimal digits was ever marketed. Memory access Memory was accessed two decimal digits at the same time (even-odd digit pair for numeric data or one alphameric character for text data). Each decimal digit was 6 bits, composed of an odd parity Check bit, a Flag bit, and four BCD bits for the value of the digit in the following format: C F 8 4 2 1 The Flag bit had several uses: In the least significant digit it was set to indicate a negative number (signed magnitude). It was set to mark the most significant digit of a number (wordmark). In the least significant digit of 5-digit addresses it was set for indirect addressing (an option on the Model I, standard on the 1620 Model II). Multi-level indirection could be used (you could even put the machine in an infinite indirect addressing loop). In the middle three digits of 5-digit addresses (on the 1620 II) they were set to select one of seven index registers. In addition to the valid BCD digit values there were three special digit values (these could NOT be used in calculations): C F 8 4 2 1 1 0 1 0 Record Mark (right most end of record, prints as a double dagger symbol, ‡) 1 1 0 0 Numeric Blank (blank for punched card output formatting) 1 1 1 1 Group Mark (right most end of a group of records for disk I/O) Instructions were fixed length (12 decimal digits), consisting of a 2-digit "op code", a 5-digit "P Address" (usually the destination address), and a 5-digit "Q Address" (usually the source address or the source immediate value). Some instructions, such as the B (branch) instruction, only used the P Address, and later smart assemblers included a "B7" instruction that generated a 7-digit branch instruction (op code, P address, and one extra digit because the next instruction had to start on an even-numbered digit). Fixed-point data "words" could be any size from two decimal digits up to all of memory not used for other purposes. Floating-point data "words" (using the hardware floating point option) could be any size from 4 decimal digits up to 102 decimal digits (2 to 100 digits for the mantissa and 2 digits for the exponent). The Fortran II compiler offered limited access to this flexibility via a "Source Program Control Card" preceding the fortran source in a fixed format: *ffkks The * in column one, ff the number of digits for the mantissa of floating-point numbers (allowing 02 to 28), kk the number of digits for fixed-point numbers (allowing 04 to 10) and s is to specify the memory size of the computer to run the code if not the current computer: 2, 4, or 6 for memories of 20,000 or 40,000 or 60,000 digits. The machine had no programmer-accessible registers: all operations were memory to memory (including the index registers of the 1620 II). See Architectural difficulties section Character and op codes The table below lists Alphameric mode characters (and op codes). The table below lists numeric mode characters. Invalid character The Model I used the Cyrillic character Ж (pronounced zh) on the typewriter as a general purpose invalid character with correct parity (invalid parity being indicated with an overstrike "–"). In some 1620 installations it was called a SMERSH, as used in the James Bond novels that had become popular in the late 1960s. The Model II used a new character ❚ (called "pillow") as a general purpose invalid character with correct parity. Architectural difficulties Although the IBM 1620's architecture was very popular in the scientific and engineering community, computer scientist Edsger Dijkstra pointed out several flaws in its design in EWD37, "A review of the IBM 1620 data processing system". Among these are that the machine's Branch and Transmit instruction together with Branch Back allow a grand total of one level of nested subroutine call, forcing the programmer of any code with more than one level to decide where the use of this "feature" would be most effective. He also showed how the machine's paper tape reading support could not properly read tapes containing record marks, since record marks are used to terminate the characters read in storage. One effect of this is that the 1620 cannot duplicate a tape with record marks in a straightforward way: when the record mark is encountered, the punch instruction punches an EOL character instead and terminates. However this was not a crippling problem: the data can be copied to the end of memory and punched verbatim with a DN instruction instead of WN tapes were usually duplicated offline. Most 1620 installations used the more convenient punched card input/output, rather than paper tape. The successor to the 1620, the IBM 1130, was based on a totally different, 16-bit binary architecture. (The 1130 line retained one 1620 peripheral, the IBM 1627 drum plotter.) Software IBM supplied the following software for the 1620: 1620 Symbolic Programming System (SPS) (assembly language) FORTRAN FORTRAN II required 40,000 digits or more of memory GOTRAN simplified, interpreted version of FORTRAN for "load and go" operation Monitor I and Monitor II disk operating systems. The Monitors provided disk based versions of 1620 SPS IId, FORTRAN IId as well as a DUP (Disk Utility Program). Both Monitor systems required 20,000 digits or more of memory and one or more 1311 disk drives. A collection of IBM 1620 related manuals in PDF format exists at bitsavers. 1620 non-decimal arithmetic Since the Model I used in-memory lookup tables for addition/subtraction, limited bases (5 to 9) unsigned number arithmetic could be performed by changing the contents of these tables, but noting that the hardware included a ten's complementer for subtraction (and addition of oppositely signed numbers). To do fully signed addition and subtraction in bases 2 to 4 required detailed understanding of the hardware to create a "folded" addition table that would fake out the complementer and carry logic. Also the addition table would have to be reloaded for normal base 10 operation every time address calculations were required in the program, then reloaded again for the alternate base. This made the "trick" somewhat less than useful for any practical application. Since the Model II had addition and subtraction fully implemented in hardware, changing the table in memory could not be used as a "trick" to change arithmetic bases. However an optional special feature in hardware for octal input/output, logical operations, and base conversion to/from decimal was available. Although bases other than 8 and 10 were not supported, this made the Model II very practical for applications that needed to manipulate data formatted in octal by other computers (e.g., the IBM 7090). Model I The IBM 1620 Model I (commonly called "1620" from 1959 until the 1962 introduction of the Model II) was the original. It was produced as inexpensively as possible, to keep the price low. It lacked conventional ALU hardware: arithmetic was done by memory table lookup. Addition and subtraction used a 100-digit table (at address 00300..00399). Multiplication used a 200-digit table (at address 00100..00299). The basic machine used software subroutines for division, although optional divide hardware could be installed that used a repeated subtraction algorithm. Floating point arithmetic instructions were an available option (if the divide option was installed). The first 20,000 decimal digits of magnetic-core memory were internal to the CPU itself (which reduced the floor space requirements of the basic system). Expansion to either 40,000 or 60,000 decimal digits required the addition of an IBM 1623 Memory unit. The memory cycle time was 20 μs (that is, the memory speed was 50 kHz = 1/20 of a MHz). A Memory Address Register Storage (MARS) Core memory read, clear, or write operation took 2 μs and each write operation was automatically (but not necessarily immediately) preceded by a read or clear operation of the same "register(s)" during the 20 μs memory cycle. The central processor clock speed was 1 MHz, which was divided by 20 by a 10-position ring counter to provide the system timing and control signals. Instructions took eight memory cycles (160 μs) to fetch and a variable number of memory cycles to execute. Indirect addressing added four memory cycles (80 μs) for each level of indirection. It weighed about . Model II The IBM 1620 Model II (commonly called simply the Model II) was a vastly improved implementation, compared to the original Model I. The Model II was introduced in 1962. It had basic ALU hardware for addition and subtraction, but multiplication was still done by in-core memory table lookup, using a 200-digit table (at address 00100..00299). Memory addresses at address 00300..00399 were freed by the replacement of the addition table with hardware, resulting in storage of two selectable "bands" of seven 5-digit index registers. Rather than being an available option, as in the Model I, the divide hardware using a repeated subtraction algorithm, was built in. Floating point arithmetic was an available option, as were octal input/output, logical operations, and base conversion to/from decimal instructions. The entire core memory was in the IBM 1625 memory unit. Memory cycle time was halved compared to the Model I's (internal or 1623 memory unit), to 10 µs (i.e., the cycle speed was raised to 100 kHz) by using faster cores. A Memory Address Register Storage (MARS) core memory read, clear, or write operation took 1.5 µs and each write operation was automatically (but not necessarily immediately) preceded by a read or clear operation of the same "register(s)" during the 10 µs memory cycle. The processor clock speed was also doubled, to 2 MHz, which was still divided by 20 by a 10 position ring counter to provide the system timing/control signals. The fetch/execute mechanism was completely redesigned, optimizing the timing and allowing partial fetches when the P or Q fields were not needed. Instructions took either 1, 4, or 6 memory cycles (10 µs, 40 µs, or 60 µs) to fetch and a variable number of memory cycles to execute. Indirect addressing added three memory cycles (30 µs) for each level of indirection. Indexed addressing added five memory cycles (50 µs) for each level of indexing. Indirect and indexed addressing could be combined at any level of indirection or indexing. Models I and II consoles While the Lower console for both the Model 1 and the Model 2 IBM 1620 systems had the same lamps and switches, the Upper console of the pair were partly different. Upper console The balance of the Upper console was the same on both models: Operation Register 25 lamps Memory Buffer Register 30 lamps Memory Address Register 25 lamps Memory Address Register Display Selector – Rotary switch, 12 positions Lower console Emergency Off Pull Pull switch Check Condition status lamps/switches 15 lamps & 5 toggle switches Program Switches 4 toggle switches Console operator lights/switches 13 lights, 1 power switch, and 12 buttons Console typewriter The Model I console typewriter was a modified Model B1, interfaced by a set of relays, and it typed at only 10 characters per second. There were a set of instructions that wrote to the typewriter, or read from it. The general RN (read numeric) and WN (write numeric) instructions had assembly language mnemonics that supplied the "device" code in the second address field, and the control code in the low-order digit of the second address field. WNTY: Write Numeric TYpewriter: each memory location contained a 6-bit character in the range of 000000 to 001001; with this instruction, each memory location was rendered as one of the characters "0" through "9". WATY: Write Alphanumeric TYpewriter: each pair of memory locations contained two 6-bit digits that appeared on the typewriter as one of the 64 characters that could appear. RNTY: Read Numeric TYpewriter: read a numeric value from the typewriter keyboard RATY: Read Alphanumeric TYpewriter: read a character from the keyboard and store as a 2-digit alphanumeric character TBTY: TaB TYpewriter. Tabs had to be set manually, so this instruction was rarely used. RCTY: Return Carriage TYpewriter: Caused the typewriter to do what we now call a CR/LF sequence. To simplify input and output, there were two instructions: TNS: Transmit Numeric Strip: Converts a two-digit alphanumeric representation of "0" to "9" to a single-digit representation TNF: Transmit Numeric Fill: Converts a single-digit representation of digits to a sequence to two-digit alphanumeric sequence that represented "0" through "9" The Model II used a modified Selectric typewriter, which could type at 15.5 cps a 55% improvement. Peripherals Available peripherals were: IBM 1621 Paper tape reader IBM 1622 Punch card reader/punch IBM 1624 Paper tape punch (sat inside the 1621 on a shelf) IBM 1626 Plotter controller IBM 1627 Plotter IBM 1311 Disk drive: Model 3 master drive controlling up to 3–Model 2 slave drives. IBM 1443 Printer, flying type bar IBM 1405 Disk Drive available as RPQ (request price quotation) The standard "output" mechanism for a program was to punch cards, which was faster than using the typewriter. These punched cards were then fed through an IBM 407 mechanical calculator which could be programmed to print two cards, thus being able to use the additional print columns available on the 407. All output was synchronous, and the processor paused while the I/O device produced the output, so the typewriter output could completely dominate program running time. A faster output option, the IBM 1443 printer was introduced May 6, 1963, and its 150–600 lines/minute capability was available for use with either model of the 1620. It could print 120 or 144 columns. The character width was fixed, so it was the paper size that changed; the printer printed 10 characters to the inch, so a printer could print a maximum of 12 inches or 14.4 inches of text. In addition, the printer had a buffer, so the I/O delay for the processor was reduced. However, the print instruction would block if the line had not completed. Operating procedures The "operating system" for the computer constituted the human operator, who would use controls on the computer console, which consisted of a front panel and typewriter, to load programs from the available bulk storage media such as decks of punched cards or rolls of paper tape that were kept in cabinets nearby. Later, the model 1311 disc storage device attached to the computer enabled a reduction in the fetch and carry of card decks or paper tape rolls, and a simple "Monitor" operating system could be loaded to help in selecting what to load from disc. A standard preliminary was to clear the computer memory of any previous user's detritus being magnetic cores, the memory retained its last state even if the power had been switched off. This was effected by using the console facilities to load a simple computer program via typing its machine code at the console typewriter, running it, and stopping it. This was not challenging as only one instruction was needed such as 160001000000, loaded at address zero and following. This meant transmit field immediate (the 16: two-digit op-codes) to address 00010 the immediate constant field having the value 00000 (five-digit operand fields, the second being from address 11 back to 7), decrementing source and destination addresses until such time as a digit with a "flag" was copied. This was the normal machine code means of copying a constant of up to five digits. The digit string was addressed at its low-order end and extended through lower addresses until a digit with a flag marked its end. But for this instruction, no flag would ever be found because the source digits had shortly before been overwritten by digits lacking a flag. Thus the operation would roll around memory (even overwriting itself) filling it with all zeroes until the operator grew tired of watching the roiling of the indicator lights and pressed the Instant Stop - Single Cycle Execute button. Each 20,000 digit module of memory took just under one second to clear. On the 1620 II this instruction would NOT work (due to certain optimizations in the implementation). Instead there was a button on the console called Modify which when pressed together with the Check Reset button, when the computer was in Manual mode, would set the computer in a mode that would clear all of memory in a tenth of one second regardless of how much memory you had; when you pressed Start. It also stopped automatically when memory was cleared, instead of requiring the operator to stop it. Other than typing machine code at the console, a program could be loaded via either the paper tape reader, the card reader, or any disk drive. Loading from either tape or disk required first typing a "bootstrap" routine on the console typewriter. The card reader made things easier because it had a special Load button to signify that the first card was to be read into the computer's memory (starting at address 00000) and executed (as opposed to just starting the card reader, which then awaits commands from the computer to read cards) this is the "bootstrap" process that gets into the computer just enough code to read in the rest of the code (from the card reader, or disc, or...) that constitutes the loader that will read in and execute the desired program. Programs were prepared ahead of time, offline, on paper tape or punched cards. But usually the programmers were allowed to run the programs personally, hands-on, instead of submitting them to operators as was the case with mainframe computers at that time. And the console typewriter allowed entering data and getting output in an interactive fashion, instead of just getting the normal printed output from a blind batch run on a pre-packaged data set. As well, there were four program switches on the console whose state a running program could test and so have its behavior directed by its user. The computer operator could also stop a running program (or it may come to a deliberately programmed stop) then investigate or modify the contents of memory: being decimal-based, this was quite easy; even floating-point numbers could be read at a glance. Execution could then be resumed, from any desired point. Aside from debugging, scientific programming is typically exploratory, by contrast to commercial data processing where the same work is repeated on a regular schedule. Console The most important items on the 1620's console were a pair of buttons labeled Insert & Release, and the console typewriter. Insert – Pressing this key with the computer in Manual mode reset the program counter (in the MARS core memory) to zero, switched the computer into Automatic and Insert modes, and simulated the execution of a Read Numeric from Typewriter to address zero (unlocked the typewriter keyboard, shifted the typewriter into numeric mode). Note: unlike a real Read Numeric from Typewriter, Insert mode would force a Release after 100 digits had been typed to prevent overwriting the arithmetic tables. Release – Pressing this key while doing a Read from the Typewriter terminated the Read, switched the computer into Manual mode, and locked the typewriter keyboard. The typewriter is used for operator input/output, both as the main console control of the computer and for program controlled input/output. Later models of the typewriter had a special key marked R-S that combined the functions of the console Release & Start buttons (this would be considered equivalent to an Enter key on a modern keyboard). Note: several keys on the typewriter did not generate input characters, these included Tab and Return (the 1620s alphameric and numeric BCD character sets lacked character codes for these keys). The next most important items on the console were the buttons labeled Start, Stop-SIE, and Instant Stop-SCE. Start – Pressing this key with the computer in Manual mode switched the computer to Automatic mode (causing the computer to begin executing at the address in the program counter). Stop-SIE – Pressing this key with the computer in Automatic mode switched the computer to Manual mode when the currently executing instruction completes. Pressing this key with the computer in Manual mode switched the computer into Automatic mode for one instruction. Instant Stop-SCE – Pressing this key with the computer in Automatic mode switched the computer into Automatic/Manual mode at the end of the current memory cycle. Pressing this key with the computer in Manual or Automatic/Manual mode switched the computer into Automatic/Manual mode and executed one memory cycle. For program debugging there were the buttons labeled Save & Display MAR. Save – Pressing this key with the computer in Manual mode saved the program counter into another register in the MARS core memory and activated Save mode. When a Branch Back instruction was executed in Save mode, it copied the saved value back to the program counter (instead of copying the return address register as it normally did) and deactivated Save mode. This was used during debugging to remember where the program had been stopped to allow it to be resumed after the debugging instructions that the operator had typed on the typewriter had finished. Note: the MARS register used to save the program counter in was also used by the Multiply instruction, so this instruction and the Save mode were incompatible! However, there was no need to use multiply in debugging code, so this was not considered to be a problem. Display MAR – Pressing this key with the computer in Manual mode displayed the selected MARS register and the contents of the memory at that address on the console lamps. All of main memory could be cleared from the console by entering and executing a transfer instruction from address to address +1, this would overwrite any word mark, that would normally stop a transfer instruction, and wrap around at the end of memory. After a moment, pressing Stop would stop the transfer instruction and memory would be cleared. IBM 1621/1624 Paper Tape reader/punch The IBM 1621 Paper Tape Reader could read a maximum of 150 characters per second;The IBM 1624 Paper Tape Punch could output a maximum of 15 characters/second. Both units: could handle Eight-channel paper tape performed Self-checking to ensure accuracy accommodated both numerical and alphabetic information in single-character coding. The 1621 Tape Reader and 1624 Tape Punch included controls for: Power switch – If "on" the unit reader is powered up when the CPU is powered on. Reel-Strip switch – This switch selects whether Reels or Strips of paper tape are used. Reel power key – Applies power to the supply and takeup Reels to position the tape for reading and places the reader in ready state. Non-process runout key – Feeds tape until the reader is empty and takes the reader out of ready state. IBM 1622 Card reader/punch The IBM 1622 Card reader/punch could: read a maximum of 250 cards per minute punch a maximum of 125 cards/minute. The 1622's controls were divided into three groups: 3 punch control rocker switches, 6 buttons, and 2 reader control rocker switches. Punch Rocker switches: Punch Off/Punch On – This rocker turned the punch mechanism off or on. Select No-Stop/Select Stop – This rocker selected if mispunched cards (deposited in the punch error select stacker instead of the normal punch stacker) let the punch continue or caused a check stop. Non-Process Runout – This rocker with the punch hopper empty, "ranout" remaining cards from the punch mechanism. Buttons: Start punch – Pressing this key with the punch idle and on, started the punch. The computer could now punch cards. Stop punch – Pressing this key with the punch active, stopped the punch. Check Reset – Pressing this key reset all "error check" conditions in the reader and punch. Load – Pressing this key with the reader idle and on and the computer in Manual mode started the reader, reset the program counter (in the MARS core memory) to zero, read one card into the reader's buffer and checked the card for errors, and simulated the execution of a Read Numeric from Card Reader to address zero (reading the 80 characters of the reader's buffer into memory addresses 00000 to 00079), then switched the computer into Automatic mode (starting execution at the address in the program counter). Stop reader – Pressing this key with the reader active, stopped the reader. Start reader – Pressing this key with the reader idle and on, started the reader and read one card into the reader's buffer and checked the card for errors. The computer could now read cards. Reader Rocker switches: Non-Process Runout – This rocker with the read hopper empty, "ranout" remaining cards from the reader mechanism. Reader Off/Reader On – This rocker turned the reader mechanism off or on. Disk drives The 1311 Disk drive controls. Module light – This light shows the drive number. When it lights the drive is ready for access. Compare-Disable key-switch – When this (Master only) switch is in the ON position and the Write Address button is pressed a full track write may be performed without comparing addresses. Used to format disk packs. Select Lock light – When this (Master only) lights one or more of the drives has malfunctioned. No disk access can be performed. Write Address button/light – This (Master only) key controls writing sector addresses. Pressing it toggles this enable and turns its light on/off. Enable-Disable toggle-switch – This switch enables or disables access to the drive. If this switch is disabled on the Master, all drives are disabled regardless of the state of their own switches. Also controls the disk usage time meter(s). Start Stop button – Pressing this key starts or stops the disk drive motor. The motor must be stopped to open the lid and change disk packs. General The FORTRAN II compiler and SPS assembler were somewhat cumbersome to use by modern standards, however, with repetition, the procedure soon became automatic and you no longer thought about the details involved. GOTRAN was much simpler to use, as it directly produced an executable in memory. However it was not a complete FORTRAN implementation. To improve this various third-party FORTRAN compilers were developed. One of these was developed by Bob Richardson, a programmer at Rice University, the FLAG (FORTRAN Load-and-Go) compiler. Once the FLAG deck had been loaded, all that was needed was to load the source deck to get directly to the output deck; FLAG stayed in memory, so it was immediately ready to accept the next source deck. This was particularly convenient for dealing with many small jobs. For instance, at Auckland University a batch job processor for student assignments (typically, many small programs not requiring much memory) chugged through a class lot rather faster than the later IBM 1130 did with its disk-based system. The compiler remained in memory, and the student's program had its chance in the remaining memory to succeed or fail, though a bad failure might disrupt the resident compiler. Later, disk storage devices were introduced, removing the need for working storage on card decks. The various decks of cards constituting the compiler and loader no longer need be fetched from their cabinets but could be stored on disk and loaded under the control of a simple disk-based operating system: a lot of activity becomes less visible, but still goes on. Since the punch side of the card reader-punch didn't edge-print the characters across the top of the cards, one had to take any output decks over to a separate machine, typically an IBM 557 Alphabetic Interpreter, that read each card and printed its contents along the top. Listings were usually generated by punching a listing deck and using an IBM 407 accounting machine to print the deck. Hardware implementation Most of the logic circuitry of the 1620 was a type of resistor–transistor logic (RTL) using "drift" transistors (a type of transistor invented by Herbert Kroemer in 1953) for their speed, that IBM referred to as Saturated Drift Transistor Resistor Logic (SDTRL). Other IBM circuit types used were referred to as: Alloy (some logic, but mostly various non-logic functions, named for the kind of transistors used), CTRL (another type of RTL, but slower than SDTRL), CTDL (a type of diode–transistor logic (DTL)), and DL (another type of RTL, named for the kind of transistor used, "drift" transistors). Typical logic levels of all these circuits (S Level) were high: 0 V to -0.5 V, low: -6 V to -12 V. Transmission line logic levels of SDTRL circuits (C Level) were high: 1 V, low: -1 V. Relay circuits used either of two logic levels (T Level) high: 51 V to 46 V, low: 16 V to 0 V or (W Level) high: 24 V, low: 0 V. These circuits were constructed of individual discrete components mounted on single sided paper-epoxy printed circuit boards with a 16-pin gold-plated edge connector, that IBM referred to as SMS cards (Standard Modular System). The amount of logic on one card was similar to that in one 7400 series SSI or simpler MSI package (e.g., 3 to 5 logic gates or a couple of flip-flops). These boards were inserted into sockets mounted in door-like racks which IBM referred to as gates. The machine had the following "gates" in its basic configuration: "Gate A" Forward hinged gate that swings out the back for access, after "Gate B". "Gate B" Rear hinged gate that swings out the back for access. "Gate C" Slides out back for access. Console Typewriter interface. Mostly relay logic. "Gate D" Slides out back for access. Standard I/O interface. There were two different types of core memory used in the 1620: Main memory Coincident Current X-Y Line addressing 20,000, 40,000, or 60,000 Digits 12-bit, even-odd Digit Pair 12 one-bit planes in each module, 1 to 3 modules 10,000 cores per plane Memory Address Register Storage (MARS) memory Word Line addressing 16 Words, minimum of eight used in basic configuration Single Word read, multiple Word clear/write 24-bit, 5-digit decimal Memory Address (no 8 - Ten Thousand bit stored) 1 plane 384 cores The address decoding logic of the Main memory also used two planes of 100 pulse transformer cores per module to generate the X-Y Line half-current pulses. There were two models of the 1620, each having totally different hardware implementations: IBM 1620 I IBM 1620 II Development history A computer for the "small scientific market" In 1958 IBM assembled a team at the Poughkeepsie, New York development laboratory to study the "small scientific market". Initially the team consisted of Wayne Winger (Manager), Robert C. Jackson, and William H. Rhodes. Requirements and design The competing computers in this market were the Librascope LGP-30 and the Bendix G-15; both were drum memory machines. IBM's smallest computer at the time was the popular IBM 650, a fixed word length decimal machine that also used drum memory. All three used vacuum tubes. It was concluded that IBM could offer nothing really new in that area. To compete effectively would require use of technologies that IBM had developed for larger computers, yet the machine would have to be produced at the least possible cost. To meet this objective, the team set the following requirements: Core memory Restricted instruction set No divide or floating point instructions, use subroutines in the "general program package" Wherever possible replace hardware with existing logical machine functions No arithmetic circuits, use tables in core memory Least expensive Input/Output possible No punch cards, use paper tape No printer, use operator's console typewriter The prototype The team expanded with the addition of Anne Deckman, Kelly B. Day, William Florac, and James Brenza. They completed the (codename) CADET prototype in the spring of 1959. Meanwhile, the San Jose, California facility was working on a proposal of its own. IBM could only build one of the two and the Poughkeepsie proposal won because "the San Jose version is top of the line and not expandable, while your proposal has all kinds of expansion capability - never offer a machine that cannot be expanded". Management was not entirely convinced that core memory could be made to work in small machines, so Gerry Ottaway was loaned to the team to design a drum memory as a backup. During acceptance testing by the Product Test Lab, repeated core memory failures were encountered and it looked likely that management's predictions would come true. However, at the last minute it was found that the muffin fan used to blow hot air through the core stack was malfunctioning, causing the core to pick up noise pulses and fail to read correctly. After the fan problem was fixed, there were no further problems with the core memory and the drum memory design effort was discontinued as unnecessary. Transferred to San Jose for production Following announcement of the IBM 1620 on October 21, 1959, due to an internal reorganization of IBM, it was decided to transfer the computer from the Data Processing Division at Poughkeepsie (large scale mainframe computers only) to the General Products Division at San Jose (small computers and support products only) for manufacturing. Following transfer to San Jose, someone there jokingly suggested that the code name CADET actually stood for "Can't Add, Doesn't Even Try", referring to the use of addition tables in memory rather than dedicated addition circuitry (and SDTRL actually stood for "Sold Down The River Logic" became a common joke among the CEs). This stuck and became very well known among the user community. Implementation "levels" Model I Level A; prototype. All flip-flops in the design were transistorized versions of the original Eccles-Jordan trigger circuit. While this machine was fully functional, it was found that the capacitor coupling used in these proved troublesome in the noisy signal environment of relays and timing cam driven switches used to drive the console typewriter. This necessitated a complete redesign of the machine to use S-R flip-flops instead (except for two triggers used to generate clocks for the S-R flip-flops). However usage of the term Trigger was retained in all the documentation when referring to a flip-flop, as it was IBM's conventional term (as alphamerics was their term for alphanumerics). This is the only level using a one piece vertical control panel, when the design was transferred from Poughkeepsie to San Jose it was redesigned to the two piece angled control panel used on all production models. Level B; first production. This is the only level using a burnished aluminum lower control panel, later levels finished this panel with white. Level C; introduction of 1622 card reader/punch. Level D; introduction of 1311 disk drives and addition of optional "Gate J" containing disk control logic. Level E; introduction of Floating Point option. Level F Level G; introduction of Interrupt option (needed for IBM 1710). Did not support BT & BB subroutines in interrupt code! Disk control logic on "Gate J" logic merged into "Gate A" & "Gate B". Made possible because much of logic was compacted using cards designed for the Model II. Level H; improved Interrupt option that supported BT & BB subroutines in interrupt code. Final version of the Model I. Model II (no information on "Levels" available at this time) The 1620 Model II introduced basic ALU hardware for addition and subtraction (making "Can't Add, Doesn't Even Try" no longer applicable) and index registers. Model III Work was begun on a 1620 Model III but the project was quickly canceled as IBM wanted to promote sales of their new System/360 and discontinue the old lines. Patents Notable uses An IBM 1620 model II was used by Vearl N. Huff, NASA Headquarters (FOB 10B, Washington DC) to program a three-dimensional simulation in Fortran of the tethered Gemini capsule Agena rocket module two-body problem at a time when it was not completely understood if it was safe to tether two objects together in space due to possible elastic tether induced collisions. The same computer was also used to simulate the orbits of the Gemini flights, producing printer-art charts of each orbit. These simulation were run over-night and the data examined the next day. In 1963 an IBM 1620 was installed at IIT Kanpur providing the kicker for India's software prowess. In 1964 at the Australian National University, Martin Ward used an IBM 1620 model I to calculate the order of the Janko group J1. In 1966 the ITU produced an explanatory film on a 1963 system for typesetting by computer at the Washington Evening Star, using an IBM 1620 and a Linofilm phototypesetter. In 1964 an IBM 1620 was installed at The University of Iceland, becoming the first computer in Iceland. Use in film and television A radio program was developed by DJ Rege Cordic for KDKA Pittsburgh, based on a baseball game simulator developed by John Burgeson of IBM and his brother, Paul, then an ensign in the U.S. Navy. This program was used in numerous demonstration events in the years 1960 to 1963 as an example of the power of computers to perform simulation exercises. The fictional computer Colossus of Colossus: The Forbin Project used about a dozen scrapped 1620 front panels purchased on the surplus market, in various orientations. A similar arrangement was used in a late TV episode and a movie of The Man from U.N.C.L.E. to portray a THRUSH supercomputer. Students' first encounters Dr. James Oliver, a chemistry professor at University of Southwestern Louisiana obtained a grant and purchased a 1620 in 1959 and taught the university's first computer course that year. Oklahoma State University had an IBM 1620 for engineering students in the 1960s. New York City's Bronx High School of Science made its IBM 1620 available to those students in advanced technical courses. Anecdotes CADET Many in the user community recall the 1620 being referred to as CADET, jokingly meaning "Can't Add, Doesn't Even Try", referring to the use of addition tables in memory rather than dedicated addition circuitry. See development history for an explanation of all three known interpretations of the machine's code name. The internal code name CADET was selected for the machine. One of the developers says that this stood for "Computer with ADvanced Economic Technology", however others recall it as simply being one half of "SPACE - CADET", where SPACE was the internal code name of the IBM 1401 machine, also then under development. References External links IBM 1620 restoration project 1620 Data Processing System IBM 1620 documents from bitsavers.org System Reference Manual for the IBM 1620 Central Processing Unit, Model 1 (PDF) System Reference Manual for the IBM 1620 Central Processing Unit, Model 2 (PDF) IBM 1620 Model II at the Thessaloniki Science Center & Technology Museum (archive link) IBM 1620 Simulator Applet (part of the IBM 1620 restoration project) 1950s computers 1620 Magnetic Core Memory computers Variable word length computers Computer-related introductions in 1959 Decimal computers

laptop Form Factor and Weight

MacBook Pro (Intel-based) The Intel-based MacBook Pros were a line of Macintosh notebook computers introduced in January 2006 by Apple Inc. and discontinued in November 2020. It was the higher-end model of the MacBook family, sitting above the consumer-focused MacBook Air, and was sold with 13-inch to 17-inch screens. The first-generation MacBook Pro used the design of the PowerBook G4, but replaced the PowerPC G4 chips with Intel Core processors, added a webcam, and introduced the MagSafe power connector. The 15-inch model was introduced in January 2006; the 17-inch model in April. Later revisions added Intel Core 2 Duo processors and LED-backlit displays. The second-generation model debuted in October 2008 in 13- and 15-inch variants, with a 17-inch variant added in January 2009. Called the "unibody" model because its case was machined from a single piece of aluminum, it had a thinner flush display, a redesigned trackpad whose entire surface consisted of a single clickable button, and a redesigned keyboard. Updates brought Intel Core i5 and i7 processors and introduced Intel's Thunderbolt. The third-generation MacBook Pro was released in 2012: the 15-inch in June 2012, a 13-inch model in October. It is thinner than its predecessor, made solid-state storage (SSD) standard, added HDMI, and included a high-resolution Retina display. It eliminated Ethernet and FireWire ports and the optical drive. The fourth-generation MacBook Pro, released in October 2016, adopted USB-C for all data ports and power and included a shallower "butterfly"-mechanism keyboard. On all but the base model, the function keys were replaced with a touchscreen strip called the Touch Bar with a Touch ID sensor integrated into the power button. A November 2019 revision to the fourth-generation MacBook Pro introduced the Magic Keyboard, which uses a scissor-switch mechanism. The initial 16-inch model with a screen set in narrower bezels was followed by a 13-inch model in May 2020. First generation (Aluminum), 2006–2008 The original 15-inch MacBook Pro was announced on January 10, 2006, by Steve Jobs at the Macworld Conference & Expo. The 17-inch model was unveiled on April 24, 2006. The first design was largely a carryover from the PowerBook G4, but uses Intel Core CPUs instead of PowerPC G4 chips. The 15-inch MacBook Pro weighs the same as the 15-inch aluminum PowerBook G4, but is deeper, wider, and thinner. Other changes from the PowerBook include a built-in iSight webcam and the inclusion of MagSafe, a magnetic power connector designed to detach easily when yanked. These features were later brought over to the MacBook. The optical drive was shrunk to fit into the slimmer MacBook Pro; it runs slower than the optical drive in the PowerBook G4 and cannot write to dual-layer DVDs. Both the original 15- and 17-inch model MacBook Pro computers come with ExpressCard/34 slots, which replace the PC Card slots found in the PowerBook G4. Initial first-generation 15-inch models retains the two USB 2.0 ports and a FireWire 400 port but drops the FireWire 800, until it was readded in a later revision, the 17-inch models have an additional USB 2.0 port, as well as the FireWire 800 port missing from the initial 15-inch models. All models now included 802.11a/b/g. Later models include support for the draft 2.0 specification of 802.11n and Bluetooth 2.1. Updates Apple refreshed the entire MacBook Pro line on October 24, 2006, to include Intel Core 2 Duo processors. Memory capacity was doubled for each model, up to 2GB for the high-end 15- and 17-inch models. FireWire 800 was added to the 15-inch models and hard drive capacity was also increased. The MacBook Pro line received a second update on June 5, 2007, with new Nvidia Geforce 8600M GT video cards and faster processor options. LED backlighting was added to the 15-inch model's screen, and its weight was reduced from to . Furthermore, the speed of the front-side bus was increased from 667 to 800MHz. On November 1, 2007, Apple added the option of a 2.6GHz Santa Rosa platform Core 2 Duo CPU as well as reconfigured hard drive options. On February 26, 2008, the MacBook Pro line was updated once more. LED backlighting was added as an option for the 17-inch model. Processors were updated to "Penryn" cores, which are built on the 45nm process (65nm "Merom" cores were previously used), and hard drive and memory capacities were increased. Multi-touch capabilities, first introduced with the MacBook Air earlier that year, were brought over to the trackpad. The original case design was discontinued on October 14, 2008, for the 15-inch, and January 6, 2009, for the 17-inch. Reception Some reviewers applauded the MacBook Pro for its doubling or tripling the speed of the PowerBook G4 in some areas. For example, the 3D rendering program Cinema 4D XL was 3.3 times as fast (2.3 times faster), and its boot-up time was more than twice as quick. The MacBook Pro generally outperformed the PowerBook G4 in performance analyzer utility tests XBench and Cinebench. Reviewers lauded the screen's maximum brightness, 67% brighter than the PowerBook G4; the excellent horizontal viewing angles; the matte options; and the bright, crisp, and true colors. Although the screen offered fewer vertical pixels ( in the MacBook Pro instead of in the PowerBook), one reviewer called the screen "nothing less than stellar". Reviewers praised the new MagSafe power adapter, although one reviewer said it disconnected too easily in some instances. They also praised the backlit keyboard, large trackpad, and virtually silent operation of the machine. The new notebook also offered better wireless performance. One reviewer criticized the decision to underclock the ATI Mobility Radeon X1600 graphics card by about 30% its original speed. The notebook was also noted for running hot. Users complained that upgrading system memory was harder than in older Apple notebooks. Since the dimensions for the 15-inch MacBook Pro were tweaked slightly from the 15-inch PowerBook G4, older accessories such as notebook sleeves did not work with the new models. Some users noted a slight flickering when the screen was on lower brightness settings. Apple increased the battery capacity by 10Wh, going from 50 in the PowerBook G4 to 60, but the more powerful Core Duo CPU required more power. Battery life therefore remained about the same as in previous models, at three-plus hours. 2007–2008 model GPU problems Models of the MacBook Pro built from 2007 to early 2008 (15") / late 2008 (17") using the Nvidia 8600M GT chip reportedly exhibited failures in which the GPU die would detach from the chip carrier, or the chip would detach from the logic board. The issue has been mitigated by some users by keeping the notebook cooler by means of less intensive use or alternative fan settings. Apple initially ignored reports, before admitting to the fault and replacing logic boards free of charge for up to 4 years after the purchase date. NVIDIA also confirmed the issue, and previously manufactured replacement GPUs, which some users have replaced themselves. Technical specifications Second generation (Unibody), 2008–2012 On October 14, 2008, in a press event at company headquarters, Apple officials announced a new 15-inch MacBook Pro featuring a "precision aluminum unibody enclosure" and tapered sides similar to those of the MacBook Air. Designers shifted the MacBook Pro's ports to the left side of the case, and moved the optical disc drive slot from the front to the right side, similar to the MacBook. The new MacBook Pro computers had two video cards that the user could switch between: the Nvidia GeForce 9600M GT with either 256 or 512MB of dedicated memory and a GeForce 9400M with 256MB of shared system memory. Although the FireWire 400 port was removed, the FireWire 800 port remained. The DVI port was replaced with a Mini DisplayPort receptacle. The original unibody MacBook Pro came with a user-removable battery; Apple claimed five hours of use, with one reviewer reporting results closer to four hours on a continuous video battery stress test. Apple said that the battery would hold 80% of its charge after 300 recharges. Design The unibody-construction MacBook Pro largely follows the styling of the original aluminum iMac and the MacBook Air and is slightly thinner than its predecessor, albeit wider and deeper due to the widescreen display. The screen is high-gloss, covered by an edge-to-edge reflective glass finish, while an anti-glare matte option is available in the 15- and 17-inch models in which the glass panel is removed. The entire trackpad is usable and acts as a clickable button. The trackpad is also larger than that of the first generation, giving more room for scrolling and multi-touch gestures. When the line was updated in April 2010, inertial scrolling was added, making the scrolling experience much like that of the iPhone and iPad. The keys, which are still backlit, are now identical to those of Apple's now-standard sunken keyboard with separated black keys. The physical screen release latch from the previous generation is replaced with a magnetic one. Updates During the MacWorld Expo keynote on January 6, 2009, Phil Schiller announced a 17-inch MacBook Pro with unibody construction. This version diverged from its 15-inch sibling with an anti-glare "matte" screen option (with the glossy finish standard) and a non user-removable lithium polymer battery. Instead of traditional round cells inside the casing, the lithium-ion polymer batteries are shaped and fitted into each notebook to maximally utilize space. Adaptive charging, which uses a chip to optimize the charge flow to reduce wear and tear, extends the battery's overall life. Battery life for the 17-inch version is quoted at eight hours, with 80 percent of this charge remaining after 1,000 charge-discharge cycles. At Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) on June 8, 2009, it was announced that the 13-inch unibody MacBook would be upgraded and re-branded as a MacBook Pro, leaving only the white polycarbonate MacBook in the MacBook line. It was also announced that the entire MacBook Pro line would use the non-user-removable battery first introduced in the 17-inch MacBook Pro. The updated MacBook Pro 13- and the 15-inch would each have up to a claimed 7 hours of battery life, while the 17-inch would keep its 8-hour capacity. Some sources even reported up to eight hours of battery life for the 13- and 15-inch MacBook Pro computers during casual use, while others reported around six hours. Like the 17-inch MacBook Pro, Apple claims that they will last around 1,000 charging cycles while still containing 80% of their capacity. Graphics card options stayed the same from the previous release, although the 13-inch and the base model 15-inch, came with only the GeForce 9400M GPU. The screens were also improved, gaining a claimed 60 percent greater color gamut. All of these mid-2009 models also included a FireWire 800 port and all except the 17-inch models would receive an SD card slot. The 17-inch model would retain its ExpressCard/34 slot. For the 13-inch MacBook Pro, the Kensington lock slot was moved to the right side of the chassis. In August 2009, Apple extended the "matte" anti-glare display option to the 15-inch MacBook Pro. On April 13, 2010, Intel Core i5 and Core i7 CPUs were introduced in the 15- and 17-inch models, while the 13-inch retained the Core 2 Duo with a speed increase. The power brick was redesigned and a high-resolution display (of ) was announced as an option for the 15-inch models. The 13-inch gained an integrated Nvidia GeForce 320M graphics processing unit (GPU) with 256MB of shared memory, while the 15- and 17-inch models were upgraded to the GeForce GT 330M, with either 256 or 512MB of dedicated memory. The 15- and 17-inch models also have an integrated Intel GPU that is built into the Core i5 and i7 processors. The 15-inch model also gained . Save for a third USB 2.0 slot, all the ports on the 17-inch MacBook Pro are the same in type and number as on the 15-inch version. All models come with 4GB of system memory that is upgradeable to 8GB. Battery life was also extended further in this update, to an estimated 10 hours for the 13-inch and 8–9 hours on the 15- and 17-inch MacBook Pro computers. This was achieved through both greater power efficiency and adding more battery capacity. One reviewer reported about 6 hours of battery life through a continuous video battery stress test in the 15-inch and another, who called the battery life "unbeatable", reported nearer to 8 in the 13-inch through their "highly demanding battery drain test". Thunderbolt technology, Sandy Bridge dual-core Intel Core i5 and i7 (on the 13-inch model) or quad-core i7 (on the 15- and 17-inch models) processors, and a high definition FaceTime camera were added on February 24, 2011. Intel HD Graphics 3000 come integrated with the CPU, while the 15- and 17-inch models also utilize AMD Radeon HD 6490M and Radeon HD 6750M graphics cards. Later editions of these models, following the release of OS X Lion, replaced the Expose (F3) key with a Mission Control key, and the Dashboard (F4) key with a Launchpad key. The chassis bottoms are also engraved differently from the 2010 models. The Thunderbolt serial bus platform can achieve speeds of up to 10Gbit/s, which is up to twice as fast as the USB 3.0 specification, 20 times faster than the USB 2.0 specification, and up to 12 times faster than FireWire 800. Apple says that Thunderbolt can be used to drive displays or to transfer large quantities of data in a short amount of time. On June 11, 2012, Apple showcased its upgraded Mac notebooks, OS X Mountain Lion, and iOS 6 at the Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) in San Francisco. The new MacBook Pro models were updated with Ivy Bridge processors and USB 3.0 ports, and the default RAM on premium models was increased to 8GB. Following this announcement, the 17-inch model was discontinued. After a media event on October 22, 2013, Apple discontinued all second-generation MacBook Pro computers except for the entry-level 2.5GHz 13-inch model. Apple discontinued the 13-inch second-generation MacBook Pro on October 27, 2016. Prior to its discontinuation it was Apple's only product to still include an optical drive and a FireWire port, and only notebook with a hard disk drive and Ethernet port. It is also the only MacBook Pro to support 9 versions of MacOS X/MacOS, from Mac OS X Lion 10.7 through MacOS Catalina 10.15. Reception Some reviewers praised the new notebook's performance and compact size, the quality of the screen, and sturdy unibody build, which allowed easier upgrading of internal components as compared to the original models. Some reviewers also noted that the new MacBook Pro ran more quietly and at cooler temperatures than first-generation machines. Others, however, criticized the amount of heat generated by the new design. The Reviewers lamented the loss of a matte screen option for the 2008 unibody MacBook Pro, noting the reflectiveness of the screen in sunlight, even when its brightness was turned all the way up. CNET's Dan Ackerman commented of the mid-2009 models: "According to Apple, the new display offers a wider color gamut, and the screen certainly looks bright and colorful, but we wish the same matte-screen option offered on the 17-inch MacBook Pro was available across the line... While the LED screen means a thinner lid and some battery life benefits, the edge-to-edge glass covering the entire display panel grabs stray light rays with ease, making the glossy screen hard to see in some lighting conditions." By 2011, matte screens were offered for both the 15" and 17" models. Furthermore, the addition of Mini DisplayPort instead of the more popular HDMI was criticized. The relatively low number of ports and lower end technical specifications when compared to similarly priced laptops from other brands were also bemoaned. Laptop Magazines Michael Prospero praised the 2010 15-inch model's display, calling it "bright and crisp". He further commented, "While reflections from the glossy display weren't overwhelming, it's also nice to know there's an antiglare option—though only for the higher resolution display. Still, colors were bright, blacks were deep and dark, and viewing angles were excellent both vertically and horizontally." He also lauded the quality of the iSight webcam, the responsiveness of the trackpad, the microphone and speakers, as well as the performance of the new CPUs for the 15" model and the long battery life. Complaints included the price of the notebook, the low number of USB ports, and the lack of HDMI. CNET praised the automatic graphics switching features of the 15- and 17-inch 2010 models as well as the graphics cards themselves. Acclaim was also given to the Core i5 and i7 CPUs, the multi-touch trackpad, and the addition of audio capabilities to the Mini DisplayPort video output. They also called for the addition of HDMI and the Blu-ray optical disc format, saying that most other computers in the MacBook Pro's price range possessed these features. CNET also criticized the option of a higher-resolution screen in the 15-inch model, saying that "the higher-resolution screen should be included by default." Technical specifications {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%; font-size:90%; text-align:center" |- ! colspan="9" | Comparison of second-generation MacBook Pro models |- ! Component ! colspan="3" | Intel Core 2 Duo ! Intel Core 2 Duo, Core i5, Core i7 ! colspan="4" | Intel Core i5, Core i7 |- ! style="background:#gray; width:10%"| Model ! style="background:#FF9999; width:10%"| Late 2008 ! style="background:#FF9999; width:10%"| Early 2009 ! style="background:#FF9999; width:10%"| Mid 2009 ! style="background:#FF9999; width:10%"| Mid 2010 ! style="background:#FF9999; width:10%" | Early 2011 ! style="background:#FF9999; width:10%" | Late 2011 ! style="background:#ffDDDD; width:10%" | Mid 2012 ! style="background:#FF9999; width:10%" | Mid 2012 |- | Release date | October 14, 2008 | January 6, 2009 (17")March 3, 2009 (15") | June 8, 2009 | April 13, 2010 | February 24, 2011 | October 24, 2011 | colspan="2" | June 11, 2012 |- | Apple order number(s) | MB470*/A or MB471*/A | MB470*/A, MC026*/A, MB604*/A | MB990*/A, MB991*/A, MC118*/A, MB985*/A, MB986*/A, MC226*/A | MC374*/A, MC375*/A, MC371*/A, MC372*/A, MC373*/A, MC024*/A | MC700*/A, MC724*/A, MC721*/A, MC723*/A, MC725*/A | MD311*/A, MD313*/A, MD314*/A, MD318*/A, MD322*/A, MD385*/A | MD101*/A, MD102*/A | MD103*/A, MD104*/A |- | Model number(s) | A1286 (15") | A1286 (15"), A1297 (17") | colspan="4" | A1278 (13"), A1286 (15"), A1297 (17") | A1278 (13") | A1286 (15") |- | Model identifier(s) | MacBookPro5,1 (15") | MacBookPro5,1(15")MacBookPro5,2(17") | MacBookPro5,1(15")MacBookPro5,2(17")MacBookPro5,3(15")MacBookPro5,4(15")MacBookPro5,5(13") | MacBookPro6,1(17")MacBookPro6,2(15")MacBookPro7,1(13") | colspan="2" | MacBookPro8,1 (13")MacBookPro8,2 (15")MacBookPro8,3 (17") | MacBookPro9,2 (13") | MacBookPro9,1 (15") |- | rowspan="3" | LED-backlit widescreen glossy display (16:10) | colspan="2" | colspan="5" | 13.3", | |- | colspan="2" | 15.4", | 15.4", Optional matte screen | colspan="3" | 15.4", Optional (glossy or matte) | | 15.4", Optional (glossy or matte) |- | | colspan="5" | 17", Optional matte screen | colspan="2" |- | Video camera | colspan="4" | iSight (480p) | colspan="4" | FaceTime HD (720p) |- | rowspan=2| Processor | colspan=2 | 2.26GHz (P8400) or 2.53GHz (P8700) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 3MB on-chip L2 cache | 2.4GHz (P8600) or 2.66GHz (P8800) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 3MB on-chip L2 cache | 2.3GHz (2415M) Intel Core i5 Sandy Bridge with 3MB on-chip L3 cache or 2.7GHz (2620M) Intel Core i7 Sandy Bridge with 4MB on-chip L3 cache | 2.4GHz (2435M) Intel Core i5 Sandy Bridge with 3MB on-chip L3 cache or 2.8GHz (2640M) Intel Core i7 Sandy Bridge with 4MB on-chip L3 cache | 2.5GHz (3210M) Intel Core i5 Ivy Bridge with 3MB on-chip L3 cache or 2.9GHz (3520M) Intel Core i7 Ivy Bridge with 4MB on-chip L3 cache | |- | 2.4GHz (P8600) with 3MB on-chip L2 cache or 2.53GHz (T9400) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 6MB on-chip L2 cacheOptional 2.8 GHz (T9600) with 6MB on-chip L2 cache | 2.4GHz (P8600) with 3MB on-chip L2 cache (15" only) or 2.53GHz (T9400) with 6MB on-chip L2 cache (15" only) or 2.66GHz (T9550) (17" only) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 6MB on-chip L2 cache Optional 2.8 GHz (T9600) with 6MB on-chip L2 cache (15" only) or 2.93GHz (T9800) with 6MB on-chip L2 cache (17" only)'| 2.53GHz (P8700) or 2.66GHz (P8800) (15" only) with 3MB on-chip L2 cache or 2.8GHz (T9600) (15" and 17" only) Intel Core 2 Duo Penryn with 6MB on-chip L2 cacheOptional 3.06 GHz (T9900) with 6MB on-chip L2 cache (15" and 17" only) | 2.4GHz (520M) (15" only) or 2.53GHz (540M) (15" and 17" only) with 3MB on-chip L3 cache or 2.66GHz (620M) (15" and 17" only) Intel Core i7 Arrandale with 4MB on-chip L3 cacheOptional 2.8 GHz (640M) with 4MB on-chip L3 cache (15" and 17" only) | 2.0GHz quad-core (2635QM) (15" only) or 2.2GHz quad-core (2720QM) (15" and 17" only) Intel Core i7 Sandy Bridge with 6MB on-chip L3 cacheOptional 2.3 GHz (2820QM) with 8MB on-chip L3 cache (15" and 17" only) | 2.2GHz quad-core (2675QM) (15" only) or 2.4GHz quad-core (2760QM) (15" and 17" only) Intel Core i7 Sandy Bridge with 6MB on-chip L3 cacheOptional 2.5 GHz (2860QM) with 8MB on-chip L3 cache (15" and 17" only) | | 2.3GHz quad-core (3615QM) (15" only) or 2.6GHz quad-core (3720QM) (15" only) Intel Core i7 Ivy Bridge with 6MB on-chip L3 cacheOptional 2.7 GHz (3820QM) with 8MB on-chip L3 cache (15" only) |- | rowspan="2" | System bus| colspan="2" | colspan="2" | 1,066MHz front-side bus (13") | rowspan="2" colspan="4" | DMI 5 GT/s |- | 1,066MHz front-side bus | colspan="2" | 1,066MHz front-side bus (15" and 17") | Intel DMI2.5 GT/s (15" and 17") |- | rowspan=2| Memory(two slots)| 2GB (two 1GB) or 4GB (two 2GB)Expandable to 4GB by default, expandable to 8GB with the latest EFI update | 4GB (two 2GB)Expandable to 8GB. 2.66 and 2.93GHz models expandable to 8GB | 2GB (two 1GB) or 4GB (two 2GB)Expandable to 8GB | 4GB (two 2GB)Expandable to 8GB16GB on 13" models | colspan="2" | 4GB (two 2GB)Expandable to 16GB | colspan="2" | 4GB (two 2GB) or 8GB (two 4GB)Expandable to 16GB |- | colspan="4" | 1066MHz PC3-8500 DDR3 SDRAM | colspan="2" | 1333MHz PC3-10600 1.5V DDR3 SDRAMExpandable to 16GB of 1600MHz PC3-12800 DDR3 SDRAM | colspan="2" | 1600MHz PC3-12800 1.35 V DDR3 SDRAM |- | rowspan="2" | Graphics| colspan="2" | Nvidia GeForce 9400M with 256MB of DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory (13" and some 15" models) | Nvidia GeForce 320M with 256MB of DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory (13" models only) | colspan="2" | Intel HD Graphics 3000 with 384MB (512MB with 8GB of RAM installed) DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory (13" models only) | Intel HD Graphics 4000 with DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory | |- | colspan="2" | Nvidia GeForce 9400M with 256MB of DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory and Nvidia GeForce 9600M GT with 256 or 512MB of GDDR3 SDRAMCan switch between the two (but cannot use both) | Nvidia GeForce 9400M with 256MB of DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory and Nvidia GeForce 9600M GT with 256MB or 512MB of GDDR3 SDRAM (some 15" or 17" models)Can switch between the two (but cannot use both) | Intel HD Graphics with 256MB of DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory and Nvidia GeForce GT 330M with 256MB or 512MB of GDDR3 SDRAM (15" and 17" models)Automatically switches between graphics hardware when running OS X | Intel HD Graphics 3000 with 384MB DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory(15" and 17" models) and AMD Radeon HD 6490M with 256MB GDDR5 memory (15" models) or AMD Radeon HD 6750M with 1GB GDDR5 memory (15" and 17" models)Automatically switches between graphics hardware when running OS X | Intel HD Graphics 3000 with 384MB DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory(15" and 17" models) and AMD Radeon HD 6750M with 512MB GDDR5 memory (15" models) or AMD Radeon HD 6770M with 1GB GDDR5 memory (15" and 17" models)Automatically switches between graphics hardware when running OS X | | Intel HD Graphics 4000 with DDR3 SDRAM shared with main memory and Nvidia GeForce GT 650M with 512MB GDDR5 memory (base 15" model) or 1GB GDDR5 memoryAutomatically switches between graphics hardware when running OS X |- | rowspan="2" | Storage| 250 or 320GB SATA at 5,400RPMOptional 250 or 320GB at 7,200 RPM, 128GB SSD | 250 or 320GB SATA at 5,400RPMOptional 250 or 320GB at 7,200 RPM, 128 or 256GB SSD | 160, 250, 320 or 500GB SATA at 5,400RPMOptional 320 or 500GB at 5,400 or 7,200 RPM (15" and 17" only) or 128 or 256GB SSD | 250, 320, or 500GB SATA at 5,400RPM.Optional 320 or 500GB at 5,400 RPM or 7,200 RPM, or 128, 256, or 512GB SSD. | 320 (13" only), 500, or 750GB SATA at 5,400RPM.Optional 500 or 750GB at 5,400 RPM or 500GB at 7,200 RPM (15" and 17" only), or 128, 256, or 512GB SSD | 500 or 750GB SATA at 5,400RPM (13" and base 15" models) or 750GB SATA at 5,400RPM (high-end 15" and 17" models)Optional 750GB at 5,400 or 7,200 RPM (15" and 17" only), or 128, 256, or 512GB SSD | colspan="2" | 500 or 750GB SATA at 5,400RPM Optional 750GB at 5,400 or 7,200 RPM or 1TB at 5,400 RPM or 128, 256, 512GB SSD |- | colspan="4" | SATA 3 Gbit/s | colspan="4" | SATA 6 Gbit/s |- | Optical disc drive| colspan="8" | SuperDrive: 4× DVD±R DL writes, 8× DVD+/−R read/write, 8× DVD+RW writes, 6× DVD-RW writes, 24× CD-R, and 16× CD-RW recording |- | rowspan="3" | Connectivity| colspan="4" | Integrated AirPort Extreme (802.11a/b/g/draft-n) (Broadcom BCM4322 chipset, up to 300Mbit/s) | colspan="4" | Integrated AirPort Extreme (802.11a/b/g/n) (Broadcom BCM4331 chipset, up to 450Mbit/s) |- | colspan="6" | Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR | colspan="2" | Bluetooth 4.0 |- | colspan="8" | Gigabit Ethernet |- | rowspan="4" | Peripheral connections| colspan="2" | ExpressCard/34 | colspan="4" | SDXC card slot (13" and 15") or ExpressCard/34 (17") | colspan="2" | SDXC card slot |- | colspan="6" | USB 2.0 (two ports on 13" and 15", three ports on 17") | colspan="2" | USB 3.0 (two ports) |- | colspan="3" | Mini DisplayPort (without audio support) | Mini DisplayPort (with audio support) | colspan="4" | Thunderbolt port |- | colspan="8" | Firewire 800 |- | rowspan="2" | Audio| colspan="8" | Built-in stereo speakers |- | colspan="8" | Audio line-in/out |- | Minimum operating system| colspan="3" | Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard | colspan="2" | Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard | colspan="3" | Mac OS X 10.7 Lion |- | Latest release operating system| colspan="3" | OS X 10.11 El Capitan | colspan="3" | macOS 10.13 High Sierra | colspan="2" | macOS 10.15 Catalina |- | rowspan="3" | Battery (lithium polymer, non-removable except in original 15") | colspan="2" | 58 Wh (13") | colspan="4" | 63.5 Wh (13") | |- | colspan="2" | 50 Wh removable lithium-polymer (15") | 73 Wh (15") | colspan="3" | 77.5 Wh (15") | | 77.5 Wh (15") |- | | colspan="5" | 95 Wh (17") | colspan="2" |- | rowspan="3" | Weight| colspan="2" | colspan="5" | (13") | |- | colspan="3" | (15") | colspan="3" | (15") | | (15") |- | | colspan="5" | (17") | colspan="2" |- | rowspan="3" | Dimensions (widthdepththickness)''' | colspan="2" | colspan="5" | (13")| |- | colspan="6" | (15")| | (15")|- | | colspan="5" | (17")| colspan="2" |} Since the RAM and the hard drive on some generations of MacBook Pro are user-serviceable parts, there are aftermarket modifications to enhance the system with up to 16GB of DDR3-1600 RAM (although maximum capacity and frequency depend on the hardware in question), 7200RPM hard drives or third-party SSDs. A third-party caddy was also made, allowing the internal optical drive to be replaced with a second internal SATA 2.5-inch hard drive. Early and late 2011 model GPU problems Early and late 2011 models with a GPU; 15" & 17"; reportedly suffer from manufacturing problems leading to overheating, graphical problems, and eventually complete GPU and logic board failure. A similar but nonidentical problem affected iMac GPUs which were later recalled by Apple. The problem was covered by many articles in Mac-focused magazines, starting late 2013 throughout 2014. In August 2014 the law firm Whitfield Bryson & Mason LLP had begun investigating the problem to determine if any legal claim exists. On October 28, 2014, the firm announced that it has filed a class-action lawsuit in a California federal court against Apple. The lawsuit will cover residents residing in both California and Florida who have purchased a 2011 MacBook Pro notebook with an AMD graphics card. The firm is also investigating similar cases across the United States. On February 20, 2015, Apple instituted the This "will repair affected MacBook Pro systems, free of charge". The program covered affected MacBook Pro models until December 31, 2016, or four years from original date of sale. Third generation (Retina), 2012–2016 On June 11, 2012, at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference in San Francisco, Apple introduced the third generation MacBook Pro, the 15-inch in June 2012, a 13-inch model in October, marketed as the "MacBook Pro with Retina display" to differentiate it from the previous model. The new model includes Intel's third-generation Core i7 processors (Ivy Bridge microarchitecture). It made solid-state storage (SSD) standard, upgraded to USB 3.0, added an additional Thunderbolt port, added HDMI, and included a high-resolution Retina display. The 15-inch model is 25% thinner than its predecessor. The model name is no longer placed at the bottom of the screen bezel; instead, it is found on the underside of the chassis, similar to an iOS device and is the first Macintosh notebook to not have its model name visible during normal use. It eliminated Ethernet, FireWire 800 ports, but Thunderbolt adapters were available for purchase,, Kensington lock slot, the battery indicator button and light on the side of the chassis, and the optical drive, being the first professional notebook since the PowerBook 2400c, but brought a new MagSafe port, dubbed the "MagSafe 2". Apple also claims improved speakers and microphones and a new system for cooling the notebook with improved fans. The MacBook Pro with Retina display was one of only two Macs that feature a built-in HDMI port (the other being the Mac Mini). Apple introduced a 13-inch version on October 23, 2012, with specifications similar but slightly inferior to the 15-inch version's, such as less powerful processors. The Retina models also have fewer user-accessible upgrade or replacement options than previous MacBooks. Unlike in previous generations, the memory is soldered onto the logic board and is therefore not upgradable. The solid state drive is not soldered and can be replaced by users, although it has a proprietary connector and form factor. The battery is glued into place; attempts to remove it may destroy the battery and/or trackpad. The entire case uses proprietary pentalobe screws and cannot be disassembled with standard tools. While the battery is glued in, recycling companies have stated that the design is only "mildly inconvenient" and does not hamper the recycling process. In any case, Apple offers a free recycling service via any of their stores and has no problem with separating the materials. On February 13, 2013, Apple announced updated prices and processors and increased the memory of the high-end 15-inch model to 16GB. On October 22, 2013, Apple updated the line with Intel's Haswell processors and Iris Graphics, 802.11ac Wi-Fi, Thunderbolt 2, and PCIe-based flash storage. The chassis of the 13-inch version was slightly slimmed to to match the 15-inch model. The lower-end 15-inch model only included integrated graphics while the higher-end model continued to include a discrete Nvidia graphics card in addition to integrated graphics. Support for 4K video output via HDMI was added but limited the maximum number of external displays from three to two. On July 29, 2014, Apple announced new models with updated prices and processors. On March 9, 2015, the 13-inch model was updated with Intel Broadwell processors, Iris 6100 graphics, faster flash storage (based on PCIe 2.0 × 4 technology), faster RAM (upgraded from 1600MHZ to 1866MHZ), increased battery life (extended to 10 hours), and a Force Touch trackpad. On May 19, 2015, 15-inch model added Force Touch and changed the GPU to AMD Radeon R9 M370X, SSD based on PCIe 3.0 × 4 technology, the battery life was extended to 9 hours, and the rest of the configuration remained unchanged. The higher-end 15-inch model also added support for dual-cable output to displays. The 15-inch models were released with the same Intel Haswell processors and Iris Pro graphics as the 2014 models due to a delay in shipment of newer Broadwell quad-core processors. Apple continued to sell the 2015 15-inch model until July 2018. Reception The Retina MacBook Pro received positive reviews of the Retina Display, flash storage and power. It was criticized, however, for its high price and lack of an Ethernet port and optical drive. Roman Loyola of Macworld said that the Retina MacBook Pro was "groundbreaking" and made people "rethink how they use technology". He praised the inclusion of USB 3.0 and the slimmer body. Dan Ackerman of CNET commented "I've previously called the 15-inch MacBook Pro one of the most universally useful all-around laptops you can buy. This new version adds to that with HDMI, faster ports, and more portability. But it also subtracts from that with its exclusion of an optical drive and Ethernet port, plus its very high starting price. The Pro and Retina Pro are clearly two laptops designed for two different users, and with the exception of all-day commuters who need something closer to a MacBook Air or ultrabook, one of the two branches of the MacBook Pro family tree is still probably the most universally useful laptop you can buy." Joel Santo Domingo of PC Magazine gave the MacBook Pro an "Editor's Choice" rating. He praised its "brilliant Retina display", the thin design, port selection and speedy storage, and highlighted the expandability via Thunderbolt ports which support up to seven devices each. David Pogue of The New York Times praised the 15-inch model's screen, keyboard, sound, start-up time, cosmetics, battery life, storage, and RAM capacity. They criticized the lack of a SuperDrive, pricing, and the MagSafe 2 power connector's lack of backwards compatibility with the older MagSafe design. The Retina Display on the MacBook Pro have been criticized for "image retention", specifically for displays manufactured by LG. Many users also complained the anti-reflective coating on their screens could wear off easily, which is an issue known as "staingate". In 2017, one year after the introduction of the fourth generation of the MacBook Pro, the original lead developer of Tumblr Marco Arment wrote an evocative article in which he declared the Retina MacBook Pro the best laptop ever made. The sentiment was shared by many users of various social platforms. Repairability and environmental concerns Apple was criticized for gluing the battery into the case, making it harder to be recycled (ease of disassembly is an EPEAT criterion), but some recycling companies have stated that the design is only "mildly inconvenient" and does not hamper the recycling process. Greenpeace spokesman Casey Harrell said Apple "has pitted design against the environment—and chosen design. They're making a big bet that people don't care, but recycling is a big issue." Wired also criticized Apple's recyclability claims in 2012: "[t]he design may well be 'highly recyclable aluminum and glass'—but my friends in the electronics recycling industry tell me they have no way of recycling aluminum that has glass glued to it like Apple did with both this machine and the recent iPad." Battery problems In June 2019, Apple announced a worldwide recall for certain 2015 15" MacBook Pro computers after receiving at least 26 reports of batteries becoming hot enough to produce smoke and inflict minor burns or property damage. The problem affected some 432,000 computers, mostly sold between September 2015 and February 2017. The company asked customers to stop using their computers until Apple could replace the batteries. In September 2019, India's Directorate General of Civil Aviation said MacBook Pro computers could dangerously overheat, leading the national carrier Air India to ban the model on its flights. Technical specifications Fourth generation (Touch Bar), 2016–2020 Apple unveiled fourth-generation 13- and 15-inch MacBook Pro models during a press event at their headquarters on October 27, 2016. All models, except for the baseline 13-inch model, featured the Touch Bar, a new multi-touch-enabled OLED strip built into the top of the keyboard in place of the function keys. The Touch Bar is abutted on its right by a sapphire-glass button that doubles as a Touch ID sensor and a power button. The models also introduced a "second-generation" butterfly-mechanism keyboard whose keys have more travel than the first iteration in the Retina MacBook. The 13-inch model has a trackpad that is 46% larger than its predecessor while the 15-inch model has a trackpad twice as large as the previous generation. All ports have been replaced with either two or four combination Thunderbolt 3 ports that support USB-C 3.1 Gen 2 and dual DisplayPort 1.2 signals, any of which can be used for charging. The MacBook Pro is incompatible with some older Thunderbolt 3-certified peripherals, including Intel's own reference design for Thunderbolt 3 devices. Furthermore, macOS on MacBook Pro blacklists (prevents from working) certain classes of Thunderbolt 3-compatible devices. Support for Thunderbolt 3 external graphics processing units (eGPU) was added in macOS High Sierra 10.13.4. Devices using HDMI, previous-generation Thunderbolt, and USB need an adapter to connect to the MacBook Pro. The models come with a 3.5mm headphone jack; the TOSLINK functionality of older-generation MacBook Pro computers has been removed. Other updates to the MacBook Pro include dual- and quad-core Intel "Skylake" Core i5 and i7 processors, improved graphics, and displays that offer a 25% wider color gamut, 67% more brightness, and 67% more contrast. All versions can output to a 5K display; the 15-inch models can drive two such displays. The 15-inch models include a discrete Radeon Pro 450, 455 or 460 graphics card in addition to the integrated Intel graphics. The base 13-inch model has function keys instead of the Touch Bar, and just two USB-C ports. The flash storage in the Touch Bar models is soldered to the logic board and is not upgradeable, while in the 13-inch model without Touch Bar, it is removable, but difficult to replace, as it is a proprietary format of SSD storage. On June 5, 2017, Apple updated the line with Intel Kaby Lake processors and newer graphics cards. A 128GB storage option was added for the base 13-inch model, down from the base 256GB storage. New symbols were introduced to the control and option keys. On July 12, 2018, Apple updated the Touch Bar models with Intel Coffee Lake quad-core processors in 13-inch models and six-core processors in 15-inch models, updated graphics cards, third-generation butterfly keyboards that introduced new symbols for the control and option keys, Bluetooth 5, T2 SoC Chip, True Tone display technology, and larger-capacity batteries. The 15-inch model can also be configured with up to 4TB of storage, 32GB of DDR4 memory and a Core i9 processor. In late November the higher-end 15-inch model could be configured with Radeon Pro Vega graphics. On May 21, 2019, Apple announced updated Touch Bar models with newer processors, with an eight-core Core i9 standard for the higher-end 15-inch model, and an updated keyboard manufactured with "new materials" across the line. On July 9, 2019, Apple updated the 13-inch model with two Thunderbolt ports with newer quad-core eighth-generation processors and Intel Iris Plus graphics, True Tone display technology, and replaced the function keys with the Touch Bar. macOS Catalina added support for Dolby Atmos, Dolby Vision, and HDR10 on 2018 and newer models. macOS Catalina 10.15.2 added support for 6016x3384 output on 15-inch 2018 and newer models to run the Pro Display XDR at full resolution. The 2019 MacBook Pro was the final model that could run macOS Mojave 10.14, the final MacOS version that can run 32-bit applications such as Microsoft Office for Mac 2011. Design and usability The fourth-generation MacBook Pro follows the design of the previous two generations, with an all-metal unibody enclosure and separated black keys. A few of the apparent design changes include a thinner chassis and screen bezel, a larger trackpad, the OLED Touch Bar, and the shallower butterfly-mechanism keyboard with less key separation than the previous models. The speaker grilles have been relocated to the sides of the keyboard on the 13-inch variant. Tear downs show that the speaker grilles on the 13-inch model with Touch Bar are "largely cosmetic", and that sound output mostly comes through the side vents. The fourth generation MacBook Pro comes in two finishes, the traditional silver color and a darker "space gray" color. The MacBook Pro model name returns to the bottom of the screen bezel in Apple's San Francisco font after being absent from the second generation with Retina display. As with the Retina MacBook, the new models replace the backlit white Apple logo on the rear of the screen, a feature dating back to the 1999 PowerBook G3, with a glossy metal version. MagSafe, a magnetic charging connector, has been replaced with USB-C charging. Unlike MagSafe, which provided an indicator light within the user's field of view to indicate the device's charging status, the USB-C charger has no visual indicator. Instead, the MacBook Pro emits a chime when connected to power. The Macintosh startup chime that has been used since the first Macintosh in 1984 is now disabled by default. The notebook now boots automatically when the lid is opened. Battery life The battery life of the new models also got a mixed reception, with outlets reporting inconsistent battery life and inaccurate estimates of time remaining on battery by the operating system. After the latter reports, Apple used a macOS update to hide the display of estimated battery time. Consumer Reports did not initially recommend the 2016 MacBook Pro models, citing inconsistent and unpredictable battery life in its lab testing (which involves the consecutive loading of multiple websites). However, Apple and Consumer Reports found that the results had been affected by a bug caused by disabling caching in Safari's developer tools. Consumer Reports performed the tests again with a patched macOS, and retracted its original assessment. Repairability iFixit scored the models 1 out of 10 for repairability, noting that memory, the processor, and flash storage are soldered to the logic board, while the battery is glued to the case. The entire assembly uses proprietary pentalobe screws and cannot be disassembled with standard tools. Keyboard reliability A report by AppleInsider has claimed that the updated "Butterfly" keyboard fails twice as often as previous models, often due to particles stuck beneath the keys. Repairs for stuck keys have been estimated to cost more than $700. In May 2018, two class action lawsuits were filed against Apple regarding the keyboard problem; one alleged a "constant threat of nonresponsive keys and accompanying keyboard failure" and accusing Apple of not alerting consumers to the problem. In June 2018, Apple announced a Service Program to "service eligible MacBook and MacBook Pro keyboards, free of charge". The 2018 models added a membrane underneath keys to prevent malfunction from dust. As of early 2019, there were reports of problems with the same type of keyboards in the 2018 MacBook Air. In May 2019, Apple modified the keyboard for the fourth time and promised that any MacBook keyboard with butterfly switches would be repaired or replaced free of charge for a period of four years after the date of sale. Thermal throttling PC Magazine said "the Core i9 processor Apple chose to use inside the MacBook Pro (i9-8950K) has a base clock frequency of 2.9GHz, which is capable of bursting up to 4.8GHz when necessary. However, testing carried out by YouTuber Dave Lee showed that the Core i9 couldn't even maintain 2.9GHz, let alone 4.8GHz. And it ended up running at 2.2GHz due to the heat generated inside the chassis forcing it to throttle. Lee found the 2018 i9 MacBook Pro was slower than the 2017 MacBook Pro and stated, "This isn't a problem with Intel's Core i9, it's Apple's thermal solution." When Lee put the i9 MacBook Pro inside a freezer, the render times were over 30% faster. On July 24, 2018, Apple released a software fix for the new 2018 MacBook Pro computers which addressed the thermal throttling problem. Apple said "there is a missing digital key in the firmware that impacts the thermal management system and could drive clock speeds down under heavy thermal loads on the new MacBook Pro". Other problems A "limited number" of 13-inch MacBook Pro units without Touch Bar, manufactured between October 2016 and October 2017, saw the built-in battery swell. Apple created a free replacement program for eligible units. A "limited number" of 128 and 256GB solid-state drives used in 13-inch MacBook Pro (non-Touch Bar) units can lose data and fail. 13-inch MacBook Pro units with affected drives were sold between June 2017 and June 2018. This resulted in Apple launching a repair program for those affected – the repair involves the update of firmware. Some users are reporting kernel panics on 2018 models, because of the T2 chip. Apple is already aware of the problem and performing an investigation. There are also user reports about the speaker crackling problems on the 2018 models. Users have reported malfunctioning display cables, causing uneven lighting at the bottom of the screen and ultimately display failure. Customers of Apple have named this issue "Flexgate". The problem has been tracked to a cable, stressed from opening and closing the notebook. The entire display needs to be replaced in affected units. In May 2019 Apple initiated a program to replace the display on affected 13-inch models made in 2016 for free, and the cable on the 2018 models and onwards was made 2mm longer than on prior models, thus reducing the likelihood of display failure. Apple has been criticized for not extending the replacement program to the 15-inch models which are also affected by this issue. Reception The fourth-generation MacBook Pro received mixed reviews. The display, build quality, and audio quality were praised but many complained about the butterfly keyboard; the little-used Touch Bar; and the absence of USB-A ports, HDMI port, and SD card slot.Ars Technica noted that the second-generation keyboard with firm keys was a "drastic departure" from previous Retina MacBook keyboards. It further noted that resting palms may brush the trackpad occasionally, causing inadvertent cursor jumps onscreen as the notebook interprets this as input, without one's hands or wrists actually resting on it. Bandwidth increased; the flash storage was about 40 percent faster. Engadget praised the thinner, lighter design; improved display and audio; and increased speed of the graphics and flash storage, but criticized the lack of ports and the price. Wired praised the display, calling it "the best laptop display I've ever seen", as well as praising the Touch Bar, though it criticized the need of adapters for many common connectors. Likewise, The Verge concluded that "using [the new MacBook] is alienating to anyone living in the present. I agree with Apple's vision of the future. I'm just not buying it today." Engadget voiced their concerns that "by doing things like removing full-sized USB ports, the memory card reader and even the Function row, Apple seems to have forgotten how many of us actually work". Heavy keyboard users criticized the Touch Bar, noting that command-line tools like Vim rely on keyboard usage, and the Touch Bar does not provide the tactile feedback necessary for "blind" usage of Function keys. Miriam Nielsen from The Verge said: "When I tried to intentionally use the Touch Bar, I felt like a kid learning how to type again. I had to keep looking down at the bar instead of looking at the images I was actually trying to edit." She also said that after learning the Touch Bar one cannot work as efficiently on any other computer. Developers have their share of headaches because they cannot rely on the Touch Bar being present on every machine that runs their software. Even if Apple makes the Touch Bar an integral part of macOS, it will take "many years" for it to become ubiquitous, in the meantime, anything in the Bar needs to be available through another part of the interface. Also criticized were non-compatibility between Thunderbolt 2 and 3 devices. Some found unpleasant the fan whine on the 15" model, where the two integrated fans run all the time by default, thanks to the coprocessor powering the Touch Bar and higher TDP of the stronger CPU models. In 2016 and 2017, the Touch Bar caused concern among American state bars that the predictive text could be used to cheat on bar exams. The responses varied state by state: New York State Bar Association banned the use of the MacBook Pro on bar exams; while North Carolina Bar Association allowed students to take the state bar exam with the computer once a proctor verified that the predictive text feature had been disabled. Technical specifications Magic Keyboard revision Apple unveiled the fifth revision of the fourth generation MacBook Pro in 2020, the 16-inch MacBook Pro on November 13, 2019, replacing the 15-inch model. Similar in size to the 15-inch model, it has a larger 16-inch 3072x1920 Retina display set in a narrower bezel, the largest MacBook screen since the 17-inch unibody MacBook Pro that was discontinued in 2012. It has a physical Escape key, a Touch Bar, and a now-separate sapphire-glass-covered Touch ID sensor at the right end of the Touch Bar that doubles as a power button. It uses a scissor mechanism keyboard almost identical to Apple's wireless Magic Keyboard, providing more travel than the previous revision's "Butterfly" keyboard. Like its predecessor, the 16-inch MacBook Pro has four combined Thunderbolt 3 ports that support USB-C 3.1 Gen 2 and dual DisplayPort 1.4 signals, providing 6016×3384 output to run the Pro Display XDR at full resolution. Any port can be used for charging, it includes a 96W USB-C power adapter. At launch only the included adapter and the Pro Display XDR provide full host power. Peripherals that delivered 87W for the 15-inch model, such as LG Ultrafine displays, are recommended to be used with a separate power supply. It also has a 3.5mm headphone jack. It uses the same Coffee Lake CPUs as the 2019 15-inch model. Purchasers can choose between AMD Radeon Pro 5300M or 5500M GPUs with up to 8GB of GDDR6 memory (or from June 2020 onwards, a 5600M GPU with 8GB of HBM2 memory), up to 64GB of 2667MHz DDR4 memory, and up to 8 TB of SSD storage. It includes better speakers, a better three-microphone array, and a 100 Wh battery, the largest that can be easily carried onto a commercial airliner under U.S. Transportation Security Administration rules. On May 4, 2020, Apple announced an updated 13-inch model with the Magic Keyboard. The four Thunderbolt port version comes with Ice Lake processors, updated graphics, up to 32GB of memory and 4TB of storage, and supports 6K output to run the Pro Display XDR. The two Thunderbolt port version has the same Coffee Lake processors, graphics, and maximum storage and memory as the 2019 two Thunderbolt port models. The 2020 13-inch models also gain 0.02 inches (0.6mm) in thickness over the 2019 models. Reception Reception to the 16-inch MacBook Pro was generally positive. LaptopMag called the keyboard "much-improved". The Verge praised the new keyboard, microphones, and speakers, but criticized the lack of peripherals such as an SD card slot. 9to5Mac criticized the use of a 720p webcam and older 802.11ac Wi-Fi standard, noting that Apple's iPhone 11 family included a 4K front-facing camera and faster Wi-Fi 6. MacWorld'' also noted the lack of Face ID. Another review noted that the 2020 two Thunderbolt port 13-inch model is unable to run Apple's Pro Display XDR at full resolution, while the lower-priced 2020 MacBook Air can. There are numerous reports of cracked screens caused by closing the unit with a third-party physical webcam cover due to reduced clearance compared to previous models. Technical specifications Software and operating systems The macOS operating system has been pre-installed on all MacBook Pro computers since release, starting with version 10.4.4 (Tiger). Along with OS X, iLife has also shipped with all systems, beginning with iLife '06. The Intel-based MacBook Pro comes with the successor to BIOS, Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) 1.1. EFI handles booting differently from BIOS-based computers, but provides backwards compatibility, allowing dual- and triple-boot configurations. In addition to OS X, the Microsoft Windows operating system is installable on Intel x86-based Apple computers. Officially, this is limited to 32-bit versions of Windows XP, Vista, and 7, and 64-bit versions of Windows Vista, 7, 8, 8.1, and 10 with the necessary hardware drivers included with the Boot Camp software. Other x86 operating systems such as Linux are also unofficially supported. This is made possible by the presence of the Intel architecture as provided by the CPU and the BIOS emulation Apple has provided on top of EFI. macOS Big Sur, the seventeenth major release of macOS, will work with Wi-Fi and graphics acceleration on unsupported MacBook Pro computers with a compatible patch utility. See also Comparison of Macintosh models MacBook (12-inch) MacBook Air Notes References External links – official site Computer-related introductions in 2006 MacBook X86 Macintosh computers

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Asus Transformer Asus Transformer is a series of 2-in-1 convertibles, detachables and hybrid tablet computers, designed and manufactured by Asus, consisting of three major lineups. Asus Transformer Pad Asus Transformer Book Asus Transformer Book is a line of detachable 2-in-1s that run Microsoft Windows. Asus Transformer Book T100 (T100) ASUS Transformer Book T100TA (T100TA) The ASUS Transformer Book T100TA is a tablet computer and docking keyboard. The tablet includes an Intel Atom Z3740 Quad Core processor running at 1.33GHz, 2GB RAM, 16GB eMMC flash memory and a 10.1" HD touchscreen. The convertible laptop computer is made by Asus and sold with the Windows 8.1 Pro operating system. Asus Transformer Book T100 Chi (T100CHI) Asus Transformer Book T100 Chi Signature Edition (T100CHI-D4) Asus Transformer Book T200 (T200) Asus Transformer Book T300 (T300) Asus Transformer Book Trio Asus Transformer Book Duet The Transformer Book Duet TD300, was a 13.3 inch tablet computer that was developed by Asus. The device used two operating systems interchangeably: Windows 8.1 by Microsoft, and Android 4.1 by Google. The device featured a tablet screen and a detachable keyboard. The device was reported to be cancelled due to opposition from both Google and Microsoft in mid-March, 2014. Asus Transformer Book T101 Asus Transformer Mini T102 Asus Transformer Book T302 ASUS Transformer Pro T304UA Asus Transformer Book Flip Asus Transformer Book Flip is a line of convertible 2-in-1s that run Microsoft Windows. Asus Transformer Book Flip TP200 Asus Transformer Book Flip TP300 Asus Transformer Book Flip TP500 Asus Transformer Book Flip TP550 References ASUS Products Asus products Android (operating system) devices Consumer electronics brands Tablet computers Convertible laptops

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Compaq Concerto The Compaq Concerto was a detachable laptop computer made by Compaq, introduced in 1993. Concerto was the first tablet computer manufactured by Compaq on a large scale, and can be considered a very early form of a 2-in-1 PC. Specifications There were three Concerto models, varying in hard disk capacity, and processor speed. All had 4 MB of RAM soldered to the motherboard, which was expandable to 20 MB using proprietary memory modules. There were two processor options: Intel 486SL @ 25 MHz or 33 MHz. The 25-MHz model was available with either a 120-MB or 240-MB IDE hard disk drive, and the 33-MHz model had a 240-MB IDE hard disk drive. Both models had a built in 3.5" 1.44-MB floppy disk drive. All models shipped with MS-DOS 6.2, with Compaq's unique set of DOS extensions for power management, configuration and model specific help. Windows for PEN Computing Version 1, which was Windows 3.1 with necessary add-ons for pen operation — including handwriting recognition - was also pre-installed. The Concerto was made with some help from Wacom and their associates Modem: Internal modem was available as add-on PCMCIA: two Type II PCMCIA slots, could also be used as a single Type III PCMCIA slot Docking Station: a Concerto specific docking station was available The Concerto was not a very successful laptop, but it did have some special features: a detachable keyboard, and a pen & touch screen (the touch screen only worked with the special pen). It could be considered to be ahead of its time. Its screen had Wacom functionality as mentioned above The pen had a button which could produce a double-click or right-click. (Touching the screen gave a single-click.) The position of the pen could be detected, and the correctly placed pointer could be displayed, even when the pen was up to 1 cm away from the screen. This could e.g. trigger tooltip text display in newer operating systems. The Concerto was a unique design, in as much as it was "upside-down" - the main body including the motherboard, hard disk drive, floppy disk drive, and expansion slots were behind the screen. The detachable keyboard was used as the lid but could be completely removed, at which point the Concerto became what is known as a slate PC. The pen was connected to the Concerto through an RF link, and there was a compartment in the Concerto for the pen. References Concerto Convertible laptops Computer-related introductions in 1992

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Asus Eee PC The ASUS Eee PC is a netbook computer line from Asus, and a part of the ASUS Eee product family. At the time of its introduction in late 2007, it was noted for its combination of a lightweight, Linux-based operating system, solid-state drive (SSD), and relatively low cost. Newer models added the options of Microsoft Windows operating system and rotating media hard disk drives (HDD), and initially retailed for up to 500 euros. The first Eee PC was a milestone in the personal computer business, launching the netbook category of small, low-cost laptops in the West (in Japan, subnotebooks had long been a staple in computing). According to Asus, the name Eee derives from "the three Es", an abbreviation of its advertising slogan for the device: "Easy to learn, Easy to work, Easy to play". In January 2013, ASUS officially ended production of their Eee PC series, citing declining sales due to consumers favoring tablets and Ultrabooks over netbooks. However, they subsequently restarted the line with the release of the EeeBook series in 2015. History Eee 700 series ASUS announced two Eee PC models at Computex Taipei 2007: the 701 and the 1001. The 701 base model Eee PC 4G was released on 16 October 2007 in Taiwan. Three additional models followed. Both the price and the size of the device are small in comparison with similar ultra-mobile PCs. The Eee series is a response to the XO-1 notebook from the One Laptop per Child initiative. At the Intel Developer Forum 2007, Asus demonstrated the Classmate PC and the Eee PC, and listed specifications for four models of the Eee PC. In some countries, the products have the marketing names EeePC 8G, 4G, 4G Surf, and 2G Surf, though in other countries the machines are still designated by the model numbers 700 and 701. The 4G Surf uses socketed RAM but some revisions do not have a door to access the slot. ASUS released a version of the Eee PC with Microsoft Windows XP pre-installed in January 2008. In Japan, the version is known as the 4G-X. Some early 700-series models drained the battery approximately 10% per day when the unit was completely powered off and not plugged in, thus emptying the battery even when not in use. User modifications Some users of the 701 physically modified the machine to replace the 4 GB solid state drive. The 8 GB versions of the 700 series leave the SSD area on the motherboard empty and connect their SSD as an internal PCI Express Mini Card. Replacing the SSD requires only an SSD compatible with the connector. The SSD area on the motherboard may also be used to install other devices, accommodate physically larger SSDs, or even hard-solder an SSD salvaged from a 2 GB or 4 GB 700 model. As this requires only soldering on a new device without removing an old one, the risk of doing so may be acceptable to some users. Eee 900 series The Eee 900 series was launched in Hong Kong on 16 April 2008, and in the UK on 1 May 2008 for £329 (approximately 410 € or 650 US$ including VAT). It was launched in the US on 12 May 2008. The Eee 900 series dimensions are a little larger than the 70x models–measuring 225 × 165 × 35 mm (WxDxH) (8.8" × 6.5" × 1.4") and weighing around 1 kg (2.2 lb). The machine has a multi-touch touchpad allowing two-finger scroll and zoom via a "pinch" gesture, and is available with Linux and/or MS Windows XP configurations, depending on the market. The Intel Atom version is named the EeePC 900a and comes with an 8GB or 16 GB SSD. Some of these Eee PCs also have a 4 GB SSD installed similarly to that in the 701 for a total storage space of 20GB. Those that do not are named the Asus EEE 900 16G. The MS Windows XP version is named the EeePC 900 Win and also comes in two versions: one with a total storage of 12 GB (one 4 GB SSD and one 8 GB SSD) and one with 16 GB (on a single SSD). The Linux 20G version is sold for the same price as the MS Windows 12G version. In the case of the 16G EEEs, the MS Windows version costs more than the Linux version. The Windows version comes with Microsoft Works and Windows Live Suite preinstalled. It also includes StarSuite 8. The machines are otherwise identical to each other with 1 GB of RAM, an 8.9-inch (226 mm) 1024×600 LCD and a 1.3-megapixel webcam. This model has the same Intel Celeron CPU as the Eee PC 700, running at its full 900 MHz clock speed (rather than the 630 MHz speed seen in the Eee PC 700). Other Eee 90x models On 3 June 2008, Asus unveiled the Eee 901 at Computex Taipei. It was a revision of the 900 series with a different chassis. The 901 features an Intel Atom Diamondville CPU clocked at 1.6 GHz, an "expanded" battery (listed as 6-cell), and "Super Hybrid Engine" software for power management which will provide a battery life of 4.2-7.8 hours. Bluetooth and 802.11n Wi-Fi are also included. The 901 uses the Intel 945GME chipset, meeting the requirements for MS Windows Vista or 7 Aero. The 901 is otherwise similar to the 900, shipping in Linux or MS Windows XP configurations with flash memory storage of different sizes. It was discovered that the Eee 901 has capacity for a "3GCard" upgrade. The Eee PC 900D has 8GB flash memory and Windows XP preinstalled. The Eee PC 904HD was one of the first Eee PC models which features an 80 GB HDD instead of an SSD. It features an Intel Celeron M running at 900 MHz and gets power from a 6-cell battery. Like other Eee PC 90x models, it features 802.11 b/g WLAN and a 1.3M pixel webcam. MS Windows XP comes pre-installed. The Eee PC 904HA's dimensions are 266 mm(W) × 191.2 mm(D) × 28.5 mm~ 38 mm(H). The 8.9-inch screen has a native resolution size of 1024×600 pixels (WSVGA). The CPU is an Intel Atom N270 @ 1.6 GHz, and the standard model came with 1 GB DDR2 RAM occupying the single memory slot. The 160 GB Hard Disk Drive had Microsoft Windows XP Home pre-installed. Also standard are the 6-cell battery, the 1.3M pixel webcam and integrated microphone, and both ethernet and Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g network connections. The Eee PC 900A features almost the same specs as the Eee PC 901 (except the primary SSD, Bluetooth, 1.3M pixel webcam and the 6-cell battery, that has been replaced by a 4-cell battery), but in a case nearly the same as used in the Eee PC 900 model. On 17 June 2009, Asus released the Disney Netpal (Eee PC MK90), which is similar to the Eee 90x models. Battery controversy There was some controversy regarding the battery supplied with the EeePC 900. Versions pre-released to many non-UK journalists and reviewers were equipped with a 5800 mAh battery, but the first retail versions in Hong Kong, the United Kingdom and Singapore were shipped with a smaller, 4400 mAh (76% of that capacity) battery, which commentators note has led to a great variation in the machine's battery life in reviews, in some cases as much as 90 minutes. As a result of the objections to this, Asus provided a free battery replacement program in Hong Kong and Singapore, and ran a paid-for battery exchange program in the UK. Asus has stated that the smaller battery is "presently the standard battery supplied in the UK" and "the default standard battery pack for Asus Eee PC 900 worldwide". Asus provided a battery exchange to all UK Eee PC 900 customers for £10, and released a firmware update which claimed to extend battery life by 30 minutes ("BIOS 0601: Updated all battery discharge tables to extend battery life"). In Australia and Italy, the situation was reversed: Reviewers received EeePC 900 systems fitted with the 4400 mAh battery but the retail models were equipped with the 5800 mAh battery. Customers of Media Markt in Italy received the EeePC 900 at the beginning of sales (May/June) with a 5800 mAh battery and later (June/July) with a 4400 mAh battery. Best Buy's custom variants of the 1000HD and 900A also both include a 4400 mAh battery. Part of the above problem extends from the fact that the entire range was substantially more successful than Asus had originally anticipated. Currently, Asus has several large complexes scattered throughout Taiwan and China, with the largest in the city of Suzhou (China), being the size of eight football fields. Upon the unexpected success of the range, Asus factories worked around the clock to keep up supply and further development. Consequently, even within Asus testing labs in Taipei, many variations were found within test models. Generally, however, Asus does inform reviewers that the final retail model may contain different features from those offered in the review model. Eee PC 1000 series The 1000 series launched at Computex Taipei on 3 June 2008. It featured a new 10-inch (254 mm) screen and a 1.6 GHz Intel Atom CPU, although built-in power management software can increase the speed to 1.7 GHz. The 1000 model ships with Linux, an 8 GB SSD and a 32 GB SSD (totalling 40 GB); the 1000H model ships with Windows XP Home or Linux and an 80 or 160 GB SATA HDD. Both the 1000 and the 1000H support up to 2 GB of DDR2 RAM of 667 MHz clock speed. The 1000 has a rated battery life of 4.2–7.5 hours, while the 1000H is rated for 3.2–7 hours. It also offers a keyboard that is 92% the size of generic notebooks, aiming to make it more comfortable to type. Like the Eee PC 901, the new machines feature 802.11n Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. WiMAX is not currently supported. The 1000HD (released in September 2008) is a slightly cheaper version of the 1000 series. It features the same specifications as the 1000H, except it uses a 900 MHz Celeron CPU chip. The 1000HA (released in October 2008) also costs less than the 1000H, but has the same Intel Atom 1.6 GHz CPU, a 160 GB HDD, and 1 GB of RAM. It also has wireless and on some models, Bluetooth. The 1000XPH has the same Intel Atom 1.6 GHz CPU, an 80 GB HDD, and 1 GB of RAM. Other amenities include 10/100 LAN and 802.11 b/g Wireless LAN adapters, an integrated webcam, but no Bluetooth. The 1000HG features a Huawei 3G-Modem. In February 2009, Asus unveiled the 1000HE, using the new Intel Atom 280 processor, with a 10-inch LED-lit display at 1024x600 physical but 1024x768 virtual, 6-cell battery with an advertised 9.5 hours of battery life, 160 GB HDD running at 5400RPM, Bluetooth, 802.11n wireless networking, 1.3-megapixel camera, and revised keyboard similar to Apple's keyboards. Although the screen resolution on the 1000 series is 1024x600, it has pixel mapping (memory addressing) which covers a virtual 1024x768 desktop. One could choose with a simple Fn key combination what graphics mode to operate in: either 800x600, 1024x600 (native resolution), virtual 1024x768 compressed (vertically compressed into 600 space), and 1024x768 with panning. The latter mode would display only 660 vertical pixels at a time, but as the pointer approached the top or bottom of the screen the display content would shift the "hidden" pixels into view to better display certain websites. It also freed more screen real estate for other tasks, such as web browsing or office applications, by allowing the user to move some things, like the top empty grey window frame area (otherwise wasted) off-screen. A similar panning effect can be achieved on other Linux systems using xrandr. At CeBIT 2009, Asus unveiled the 10-inch EEE 1008HA, introducing the new design concept "Seashell". The 1005HA comes in three models. From least to most expensive, they are the 1005HA-B, the 1005HA-V and the 1005HA-P. The 1005HA-B has a removable 3-cell battery with a rated 4-hour life per charge, a 1.3-megapixel camera, and uses the N270 processor. At the higher end, the 1005HA-P has a removable 6-cell, 5600 mAh, 63 W/h battery with rated 10.5 hour battery life, a 1.3-megapixel camera and uses the N280 processor. There is also a 1005HA-H model, sold in Poland, equipped with a 6-cell battery, an N270 processor and a 0.3-megapixel camera. Asus officially announced the first Eee with Nvidia Ion graphics, the 1201N, on 19 November 2009, later replaced by the 1201PN and 1201NLand then 1215N, with a more powerful Atom D525 dual-core processor and Ion 2 graphics. The 1215 series then saw the release of the 1215B, which came with an E-450/E-350/C30/C50/C60 processor, a "Zacate" APU. The 1215B has USB 3.0 ports, as well as a CPU and BIOS that support full hardware virtualization in both Linux (via KVM, Xen, VirtualBox, VMware) and Windows (via XP mode, VirtualBox, VMware). The 1215B is the first of the Eee PC line of computers that supports virtualization. The 1215B was subsequently replaced by the upgraded 1225B, which replaced the E350 APU of the previous model with the E-450 APU which provides a minor speed bump to the CPU and turbocore for the GPU. Eee 1025c and 1025ce These were released in 2012 and described as the last in the line of the Asus Eee PC series. With only 1 GB memory, standard USB2 ports and sluggish performance, these were not especially notable releases other than for their exceptional battery life. Other reported problems are the lack of a hatch to access the memory, so RAM cannot be upgraded without breaking open the case; also, there is a single mono speaker rather than dual stereo speakers. Eee 1015 series In 2013 Asus restarted the Eee PC series with the 1015E models, some of which are on Windows 8 and some on Ubuntu Linux. These come with 2 GB memory and USB3 ports. The 1015E fixes some of the problems with the 1025C by using a faster processor, 2GB memory and stereo speakers. The RAM is soldered in place and cannot be upgraded. Due to improved performance, the battery life is shorter than that of the 1025 series. It is possible to reduce the processor clock speed to increase battery life. EeeBook Further Information: Asus EeeBook In 2014 Asus relaunched the Eee PC with the EeeBook lineup of computers, starting with the X205TA model. By 2017 the EeeBook lineup was succeeded by the Asus VivoBook E Series. Some EeeBook laptops were rebranded to VivoBook E Series laptops; the EeeBook E202 was rebranded to the VivoBook E202, ending the EeeBook lineup again. The EeeBook lineup consists of the E202 (E202SA), E502 (E502SA and E502MA) and X205 (X205TA). Hardware Rechargeable CMOS battery Asus Eee PC series models 1005ha, 1005hab, 1008ha, and others use Varta ML1220 or equivalent Maxell, Sanyo and Panasonic ML1220 lithium ion coin cell rechargeable batteries, terminated with a two-pin Molex connector plug. Processor Eee PC models have typically used netbook specific processors or ultra-low voltage versions of mainstream processors. The earliest Eee PC models used a 900 MHz Intel Celeron M processor underclocked to 630 MHz. Later models shipped with Intel Atom and AMD Fusion processors. Display The Eee PC 700 has an 800×480 pixel, 7 inch (178 mm) display, measured diagonally. The screen does not cover the entire space within the lid; instead it is flanked on the sides by stereo speakers, and above by the (optional) camera in the trim at the top. The Eee PC 900 and 901 come with a 1024×600 pixel 8.9-inch (226 mm) display, almost filling the lid. Later models came with 10 inch to 12.1 inch displays and up to 1366×768 resolution. With all models, an external display can be supported through a standard VGA connector. On some early models this connector lacks the screws to secure it to the Eee PC, which some consider a safety precaution. The manufacturer does not give any specifications on maximum resolution and display configuration (mirroring, extended desktop), but most models can handle an external display at native resolution of 1440×1050, and even 1600×900, although performance starts to slow down. Models that ship with Xandros do not have access to the full capacity of the external VGA output by default, allowing only 'mirroring'. Users must reconfigure their xorg.conf file, or install a more recent OS to allow the higher resolution output. The EEE PC900 has a tendency for the display to fail with black blobs due to air leakage. This is repairable but depending on exact replacement unit sometimes needs the eight-pin EEPROM moved from the old display to the new one, and a single track linked to regain picture and brightness control after the new one is fitted. Keyboard On a normal, full size computer keyboard, the 10 keys Q–P measure 190 mm (7.48 in). The 700 and 900 series are equipped with similar keyboards, 82% of the size of a generic one, meaning that the Q–P keys measure 155 mm (6.10 in). The 1000 series, as it fits in a more spacious case, has 92% of a full size keyboard, where the Q–P keys measure 175 mm (6.89 in). Some Eee PC lines such as the 1000HE and 1215s uses the island-style keyboard, similar to keyboards used in Apple computers and Sony's VAIO series, where the keys are reminiscent of Scrabble tiles, being spaced apart and raised from the surface below. Storage The early model Eee PCs use a solid-state drive for storage (instead of a hard drive), which consumes less power when in use, allows the device to boot faster, generates no noise, and is less susceptible to mechanical shock damage than hard drives. A downside of SSD storage (flash memory) is that an individual sector can be written only about 200,000 times. This problem can be partially mitigated by intelligent wear leveling, resulting in a MTBF similar to conventional platter-based hard drives. The SSDs used in early Eee PCs also had extremely poor random write performance; the S101 does not have this problem. In the 2 GB and 4 GB models of the 700 series of the Eee PC, the SSD is permanently soldered to the board. In the 8 GB model, the SSD is a card connected via the internal PCI Express Mini Card connector, leaving the original SSD area on the motherboard empty. The Eee PC 900 comes with a removable PCI Express Mini SSD module, with or without four additional 1 GB memory chips soldered on the main board. Different models come with different-sized SSDs. One Linux version has 4 GB, a MS Windows XP version has 8 GB, and all remaining ones, MS Windows XP or Linux, have 16 GB. The Eee PC 1000 contains a fast 8 GB internal SSD and a slower 32 GB internal flash drive. Some models, such as the 1000H and 904HD, do not have a SSD, and instead have a SATA internal hard drive of either 80 or 160 GB, which can be upgraded by the user. All Eee PC models also include a memory card reader, supporting SD, SDHC and MMC cards for additional storage, while the Eee PC S101 also has support for Memorystick and MS-PRO. Eee PC 1004DN is the first model with a Super-Multi optical disc drive (ODD) that reads and writes data to DVD or compact disc. Memory Most early Eee PCs use 533/667 MHz DDR2 SDRAM via a standard SO-DIMM module, which can be swapped out. The 700 and 701SDX have RAM soldered to the motherboard. Other models (like the white 4GS-W010) lacked memory access panels and required disassembly to upgrade memory. Later models, such as the black model EEEPC 4G SURF (4GS-PK008), and newer white models (4GS-W010), have a removable panel on the underside that allows the user to change the RAM without fully disassembling the system. Asus reverted to soldering RAM directly onto the mainboard in their later releases of the Eee PC range. The Asus technical data for the 1025c and 1025ce models is seen as erroneous by certain online retailers offering RAM upgrades. Cooling In an EE380 talk, an Asus engineer mentioned that the Eee PC uses the keyboard shielding as a heat sink to absorb the heat generated by the processor. Three chips need heatsinking, and this is achieved by heat-conductive adhesive pads which sit between the chip heatsink flats and the keyboard shield and connect them thermally. It is important to ensure that the heatsink pads are replaced correctly after maintenance such as cleaning or replacing the fan. The Eee PC has a fan and vents to cool off the system. Operating systems (software user environment) Most Eee PC models were shipped with either Windows XP or a Linux distribution called Xandros. Later models (e.g. 1015E) ship with Windows 7 Starter or Linux Ubuntu installed. Users have tried to install various other operating systems on Eee PCs. The following are known to work on most models: Linux, especially Lubuntu, Debian, Salix, SliTaz, PepperMint <6, Bodhi 4.x, and other Linuxes still available in 32bit and employing an interface (environment) with a small memory-footprint Chrome OS and Android x86 Mac OS X: v10.4, v10.5 and v10.6 Microsoft Windows XP EasyPeasy Linux (custom for the eeePC, now discontinued but still available for download) Windows Vista, 7, 8, 8.1 and 10 Some of the above operating systems, while they may have been available, and some barely worked sluggishly, are no longer up to date. Some have even been discontinued or now only offer 64bit versions which are not compatible with the eeePC series. Specifications In the UK, the Eee is also promoted as the RM Asus Minibook, which is targeted at students; however, the unit itself is no different. 701 4G (non-Surf) late releases have Windows XP pre-installed without Microsoft Works and Windows Live Suite, excluding the disc, or either Xandros OS pre-installed. Configurations Naming of the 700 series of models of the device appears to relate to the size of installed SSD, camera, and battery size. The Eee PC Surf models include the 4400 mAh battery pack and no webcam, while the non-Surf models have the 5200 mAh battery pack and a webcam installed. The model numbers (700, 701) may still be the same as has been seen on pre-production samples. Asus may offer upgrades for the SSD storage via the empty Mini PCIe slot, which has been shown to be labeled FLASH_CON in take-apart photos of the 4G. When a Mini PCIe card is inserted into the spare empty slot, the internal SSD is disabled, making the device unable to boot from the original SSD. There are also signal lines for a USB port on the Mini PCIe pins which have been used to connect various USB devices internally. Some 701 models with serial numbers starting at 7B do not have a second mini PCIe slot soldered onto the motherboard, though the circuit traces and solder pads remain. In the 70x series, the pre-installed Xandros operating system has a Linux kernel with a kernel option set limiting the detected RAM size to a maximum of 1 GB, even if a larger RAM module is installed. The actual capacity is shown in full in the BIOS setup and under other OSes. However, it is possible to recompile the kernel with support for more RAM. The 900 and later laptops had the kernel pre-configured to support up to 4 GB of memory address space. Fanbase and continued use The ASUS Eee PC series of netbooks still attract a small crowd of people who need an affordable, lightweight and tiny netbook for traveling. Due to their lack of powerful processors and modern compatibility, however, they are nearing little to no use today due to being replaced by Chromebooks and other cheaper alternatives. See also Asus EeeBox PC Unofficial Reddit-based fanpage Asus Eee Top CMOS battery Comparison of netbooks Comparison of netbook-oriented Linux distributions Internet appliance Rechargeable battery References Eee PC Subnotebooks Products introduced in 2007

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Toshiba Libretto W100 The Toshiba Libretto W100 is a dual-touchscreen computer from the Toshiba Libretto series. History The W100 was released for the 25th anniversary of Toshiba in the laptop industry. It was released in July 2010. Specifications Windows 7 Two capacitive touchscreens Intel Pentium U5400 Reception Engadget noted that the software was unstable in an early model. Techradar noted that the model is "on the chunky size". Popular Mechanics noted the clever design. ZDnet noted the high price tag. Further developments Later in 2010, Acer also developed a laptop with two touchscreens. References External links User manual of the Toshiba Libretto W100 Libretto W100 Tablet computers introduced in 2010

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Toshiba Qosmio The Qosmio series (dynabook Qosmio in Japan) was Toshiba's consumer-marketed line of high performance desktop replacement laptops. The laptop was first released on July 25, 2004 as the E15-AV101 with a 1.7 GHz Intel Pentium M CPU, 512 megabytes of DDR SDRAM, and a 15-inch XGA 1,024 by 768 screen. Toshiba's most powerful laptop has undergone many revisions, with focus shifting from high-end multimedia functionality to heavy gaming. The current line, the X70 series, was released in 2013, featuring an Intel Core i7 processor with up to 32 gigabytes of DDR3 SDRAM and an nVidia Geforce GTX 770M as well as a 17.3 inch Full HD display. History The Toshiba Qosmio G35-AV650 is the first production notebook made available with an HD DVD-compatible drive. The Qosmio G35 line also functioned as a Digital Video Recorder as it contains an integrated TV tuner. Focus for the Qosmio has shifted from full-fledged multimedia to high end gaming with high quality graphics and audio. This can be seen in the first Qosmio, the E15-AV101, which offered a 1.7 GHz Intel Pentium M 735 CPU, 512 megabytes of DDR SDRAM, a 15-inch XGA 1,024 by 768 screen, and an nVidia GeForce FX Go5200 with 64 MB of dedicated DDR video memory, all of which were relatively powerful for the time. The X500 has an Intel Core i7 processor with up to 6 gigabytes of DDR3 SDRAM as well as an 18.4 inch HD display powered by an nVidia Geforce GTX 460M with 1.5 GB GDDR5. These components, on the other hand, are on the high end of the spectrum in performance. This original model launched in 2004 with an international marketing campaign. The campaign was featured in every major publication, as well as an ambitious digital campaign, one of the first for a major laptop release at that time. Models F45 series Released on February 7, 2007, the Toshiba F45 series was an upgraded line of F40 laptops with advertised features including Dolby Home Theater and a built-in subwoofer. The basic specs included an Intel(R) Core(TM) 2 Duo Processor T5450 at 1.66 GHz with 2MB L2 attached to a 64-bit 667 MHz FSB. Memory was 2048MB PC2-5300 DDR2 SDRAM, DVD was "+/- R double layer", video was Mobile Intel(R) Graphics Media Accelerator X3100 with 8MB-256MB, screen was a 15.4-inch TruBrite(R) display with 1280x800 native resolution (WXGA), and hard drives were about 200GB in size (varied by model). 32-bit editions of Windows Vista Home Premium or Ultimate were normally shipped with the systems. Toshiba F45 models include: AV410, AV411, AV411B, AV412, AV413, AV423 and AV425 X300 series Released on January 4, 2009, the Qosmio X300 models offered not only HD DVD reading capabilities but also writing capabilities in either 15GB or 30GB capacities. External audio/video controls were also added to allow for one touch recording. A remote control is available to allow control within 20 feet of the laptop. The X305 is red with flames around its back. The X300 replaces the Satellite X200. Toshiba Satellite X305 Models include: Q701, Q705, Q706, Q708, Q710, Q711, Q7113, Q712, Q715, Q720, Q7201, Q7203, Q725, Q7253, SP6828A, SP6828C, SP6828R. core2duo and Quad core processors available - GeForce 9700M GTS 512mb graphics available (individual cards; not SLI) X500 series Released on October 22, 2009, the X500 comes in many models, including: the X505-Q830, X505-Q832, X505-Q850, X505-Q870, X505-Q875, X505-Q880, and the X500-S1801. The X500 series introduced multi-touch capabilities to its touchpad. It supports Blu-ray playback but only some models are able to write Blu-ray disks. The X500 has a much simpler black and red accented design than its predecessor, the X300. Other X500 models include: Qosmio brand- Models include: X500-PQX33A, X500-Q840S, X500-Q895S, X500-Q900S, X500-Q930X, X500-S1801, X500-S1811, X500-S1812, X500-S1812X X770 series Released on June 14, 2011 Qosmio X770, the X775 series was manufactured by Toshiba and on Aug.9, 2011 the F755 3D laptop was released. X870 series Released in 2012 Qosmio X870 series... X70/75 series Released in 2013 Qosmio X70-A series with a Nvidia Geforce GTX 770M GPU for gaming and multimedia usage. Released in 2014 Qosmio X70-B series with a significantly less powerful GPU, an AMD Radeon R9 M265X. Specifications Expandability This section encompasses current models only: 2 DDR3 memory slots supporting up to 8GB 5-in-1 Media Adapter supporting Secure Digital Card, Memory Stick, Memory Stick Pro, MultiMediaCard, and xD-Picture Card ExpressCard/54 1 each of VGA and HDMI ports Issues The Qosmio F10 and G10 series, both early models, were plagued with chipset issues. When a defective unit was under considerable load for an extended period of time, the video chipset on the board was known to fail, causing considerable interference on the display and/or complete motherboard failure. References External links Notebook Review AV650, Qosmio G30 / Qosmio G35 Review PC World G35-AV600 Review PC Mag Qosmio G25-AV513 review Laptopical G35-AV600 review Toshiba Qosmio X500 Laptop Series Toshiba Qosmio X770 Laptop Series Toshiba Serves Up Elite Mobile Performance With Qosmio X770 and Qosmio X775 3D Series Laptops Qosmio Discontinued products Consumer electronics brands Computer-related introductions in 2009

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Compaq Armada Armada is a discontinued line of business laptops by Compaq. They started as a more affordable version of the Contura line, but after that, they replaced Contura as a mainstream laptop line, and then the hi-end Compaq LTE line were merged with Armada as a premium 7300 and 7700 sub-lines. Overview History The 3 generations can be classified: First gen with gray 1100 low-end lines, grey 4100/4200 midrange lines and white 7300 and 7700 hi-end lines with Pentium I (or Pentium MMX) CPU's. Second gen — the design unification: new 1500/1700 and 3500 models, and redesign of previous generation hi-end lines (7400 and 7800 laptops) — all-gray design and wave in a palmrest (if they exist); except early models of 1500 line, all new models have a Pentium II CPU in a base. Mid-gen 6500 laptop — first hi-end model without a PointStick; the design was similar to a latest DEC laptops, just because the DEC was acquired in June 1998 by Compaq. And third gen — E, M and V series with all-flat design, similar to 6500 model, with dark gray case and blue touchpad (or pointstick) buttons. The last models (100s/110) is a transitive generation between the Armada and Evo lines. Design Armada is a line of classic business laptops, with hot-swappable bays (include the easy-removable MultiBay CD/DVD-drive), magnesium alloys (except some models), and have a dual battery and docking stations as common option. Armada E500 (with PC card) is a first laptop with optional fingerprint reader. Some models have a small lifting feets; some models can be ordered with internal power supply, and all of Armada laptops have a screen latches (except 1100 line). Armada 1100, 4100 and 4200 series 1996-1997 lines. These haves a trackball (or touchpad option for 4100/4200 series), instead of hi-end LTE 5#00 line with pointing stick. Like other Pentium I laptops, soldered RAM placed in the same replaceable board with CPU and can be easily upgraded. Early-released base models (mid-1996) is a 1110, 1120 and 4110. The Armada 1100 offers a mainstream feature set in order to provide a compelling price-performance equation for the target market. It is meant to give customers all they need to run standard business applications such as word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, mail, etc... For customers that desire multi-media features, Compaq offers the LTE 5000 and the new Armada 4100 family of notebook computers. Third party external CD solutions are also available. Armada 1100 series A affordable version of the Contura 420 & 430C(X) models with same case and base specs and start at less than $2,000. The Armada version has a larger HDD and better CPU, but less warranty and no docking port. They only have a FDD, 8 or 16 MB base RAM and one EDO SODIMM RAM slot (that limited upgradeability up to 24 or 32 MB), and a NiMH battery with up to ~2–3 hours of runtime. This is the last Compaq notebook without a sound card. T models have a TFT display, just like the Contura CX models. 290 x 260 x 38 mm; ~2.3 kg. 10.4" screen (passive for base model, active for T). Armada 1110 − Pentium (75); CSTN 640x480 screen. Armada 1120(T) − Pentium (100), CSTN/TN 640x480 screen. Armada 1130(T) − Pentium (120/133), CSTN/TN 800x600 screen, 16MB RAM soldered. Cirrus Logic GD7548. Armada 4100 and 4200 series Mainstream lines; 2 RAM slots, CD drive option, gray plastic case with internal magnesium alloy and speakers in palmrest. Cirrus Logic graphic. Support for up to 3 batteries with promised 12 hours of working (Li-ion batteries also as option); the transportation handle with additional battery inside of them is one of these options. Supports full-size dock option (Convenience Base) and smallest 4100 series docking base. 302 x 226 x 57 mm (38 mm Slimline); ~2.8 kg (4.13 kg with Dock station). Up to 12.1" screen. 4200 series significant differences: Cardbus slot; non-upgradable CPU; 430TX chipset, C&T 65555 video. 2.4+ kg. Non-compatible with 4100 series 4 GB HDD option; 32 MB of soldered RAM and limit is 96 MB. Armada 4200T − Pentium MMX (233); 12.1" (800x600). Armada 4210T − Same as 4200T, instead hard drive. Armada 4220T − Pentium MMX (266). Armada 7300 and 7700 series High-end models with conservative white cases, similar to last gen LTE laptops. Only Pointstick is a pointing option. Both of them have a lifting feets, multiple bay options (include MultiBay) and both of them supports a same docking stations (ArmadaStation, Armada MiniStation (E and EX).). The successors with similar cases is a 7400 and 7800 models (with different case color and with facelifted palmrest). Armada 7300 series Slightly more affordable and compact version of 7700 line. New white case with hiding keyboard, MultiBay, palmrest with speakers. 12.1" screens and S3 Aurora64V+ (2MB) video; 305x235x39 mm; ~2.7+ kg (up to 3.2 with CD-rom); up to 128 MB RAM (2 slots), with no soldered. Armada 7700 series Successor of LTE 5000 line, starts in end of 1997 with 7750MT model. White case with no palmrest, speakers on the sides of screen. ~3.3-3.5 kg, 320x242x51 mm; 2 EDO RAM slots + soldered. S3 Aurora video (2 MB). Armada 1500/1700 series, 3500, 7400 and 7800 Released in the end of 1997 (1500 line) and 1998-1999 (all another lines). They had a new case design with a wavy palmrest. There were value 1500 and 1700 lines (with touchpad), slim 3500 line and hi-end 7400 and 7800 lines (with pointing stick only). Only 1500/1700 lines can be purchased in consumer electronic shops, and only 1700 had a Windows 98 option instead of Windows 95. The 7400 and 7800 lines were upgraded and facelifted versions of 7300 and 7700 lines with the same dock options; the newer 3500 model had a personal dock option. Armada 1500 and 1700 series Both series looked similar (dark-gray bulky cases with touchpad), but had absolute different sizes and platforms (Pentium I or II for 1500 and only Pentium II for 1700). The 1500 models had a CD/DVD bay in right side of laptop, instead of 1700 line with frontal bay placement. Both model lines supported the Convenience Base II dock. 1500 series — 310 x 244 x 53 mm; ~3.3 kg. 11.3 STN or 12.1 TN SVGA (800x600) screens. 16 or 32 MB RAM soldered, 1 slot. C&T 68554 video (2MB). USB port. Optional additional battery instead of FDD. The early 1510-1598 models supported only EDO RAM, instead of Pentium II-based 1500 model with the SDRAM option. 1700 series — 318x245x58 mm; 3.6+ kg, up to 14.1" (1024x768); 1 slot + soldered RAM. CD/DVD + FDD (MultiBay) 1700 — Pentium II (233-300); 32 MB soldered, up to 160 MB RAM. 12.1"/13.3/14.1" screen options; 1750 — Pentium II (333-400); 64 MB soldered, up to 192 MB. Armada 3500 Slim line; 300x236x33mm, ~2 kg; Pentium II (266-366); 12.1/13.3" LCD (800x600/1024x768), Rage LT Pro video. USB; Dock port. Armada 7400 Hi-end model; 318x244x41 mm. 1999; 13.3" or 14" LCD (1024x768), Pentium II (266-366); CD/DVD-rom, S3 Virge/MX (4MB); 2 RAM slots, up to 256 MB. Magnesium top cover and speakers in wavy palmrest. Armada 7800 Top model; Facelifted version (but dark gray instead of white) of 77#0 series with another display module and top cover. Pentium II (266-400); S3 Virge (4 MB); 13.3" or 14" screen; up to 256 MB RAM (2 slots). Armada 6500 Hi-end series with another case design (Touchpad and big flat palmrest; 305x247x35mm and 2.7+ kg). Successor of DEC's Digital HiNote Ultra 2000. Supports Compaq Mobile6500 Expansion Unit or Compaq Armada6500 Convenience Base. 1998; Pentium II (300-400); 14.1"; 64 mb soldered, up to 320 MB (1 slot). USB. AGP-based 3D RAGE LT Pro (4MB) video. Armada E, M and V series Released in 2000; New case design with light blue touchpad buttons. E is the mainstream series; M is the ultra-mobile series, and V is (V)ersatile. Armada V300 and E500 Same models with internal differences; 14.7"-based case, with 14.1", 13.3" and 12.1" screens options. 316x254x42 mm. The Compaq Armada E500 and Armada V300 Series of Personal Computers offer advanced modularity, Intel Pentium II, III, and Celeron processors, AGP port implementation, and extensive multimedia support. The computers provide desktop functionality and connectivity through the optional expansion base, convenience base, or port replicator Gray flat-shape case with lifting feet. ATI Rage LT Pro graphics card with 4MB VRAM; up to 512MB RAM is supported by the system. Armada V300 — Touchpad only; Intel Celeron Processor (400-500MHz); 64 or 32 MB RAM soldered onboard. Armada E500 — Pointstick or Touchpad; Intel Pentium II or III Processor (366MHz-1.0GHz); 64 MB RAM soldered on some models. Supports additional battery instead of FDD. has two PC Card slots (instead of one in V300 model). May have a 15" screen with slightly bigger top casing and extremely thin bezels. Armada E500s — Intel Pentium III or Celeron Processor (up to 800MHz); Armada M300 Hi-end thin-and-light ultraportable laptop without a CD- or FDD-disk drive, successor of DEC HiNote Ultra line; they started around $1,999 with base configuration. Intel Pentium II or III Processor (333-600MHz), Touchpad; ATI Rage LT Pro graphics card with 4MB VRAM. Magnesium-alloy case, 1 RAM slot, 64 MB soldered, up to 320MB; 1.6 kg. 11.3" 800x600 or 1024x768 LCD screen. 264x229x23mm. Armada M700 Thin-and-light version of E700 model. Pointstick or touchpad; Pentium II (from 366) or III (650-1000); 14.1" with up to 1024x768. 2 RAM slots, 64 MB soldered; up to 576MB. CD/DVD drive. ATI Mobility PRO graphics card with 8MB VRAM. Magnesium top cover. 315x250x28mm, ~2.2 kg. They have a positive PC Mag review. Armada E700 Similar design to the M700 model, but with additional expansion bays. Pentium II or III (400-500), 14" or 15" 1024 × 768 screens. Up to 640 MB (with 128 MB soldered) RAM. 320x260x51 mm, ~4.0 kg. Armada 100s and 110 Last generation with low-end models only; all another lines have a new branding as a Compaq Evo models. Similar dark-gray cases wit touchpad option only, the blue buttons is only for 110/110s models. Both models have a one CD/DVD and one FDD drive. They don't have a docking port. Armada 100s 2000; have a sibling low-end version with "Notebook 100" name. AMD K6-2+ (533); 1 RAM slot, 64 or 32 MB soldered, up to 192 or 160 MB; Trident CyberBlade i7 (8 MB). 800x600 12.1" or 1024x768 13.3" screen options. ~3.1 kg. 297x239x44 mm. Armada 110 2001; Affordable version of Evo N110 model. Pentium III(800-850); up to 320 MB RAM (64 soldered); 14.1" 1024x768, or 12.1" 800x600; 318x248x42 mm, ~3.4 kg. ATI RAGE LT Pro (4 MB).; 3.2 kg Armada 110s − Celeron (700-850) is only difference; Exist the uncommon model with 128 MB of soldered RAM. Docks The models that do not support docks: 1100 and 100/110 series. Convenience Base — Armada 4100 series. Convenience Base II — For Armada 1500, 1700, and 3500 series. Convenience Base EM − For (E500) Port Replicator EM — For (E500)? Compaq expansion base — ? Mobile 3500 expansion unit — Armada 3500. Expansion base mobile unit — Armada M300 (also Evo N200). Have a docking connector to a Convience base EM. ArmadaStation, Armada MiniStation E, MiniStation EX — for 7000 series (include 7300/7400 and 7700/7800 series). Mobile6500 Expansion Unit, Armada6500 Convenience Base — 6500 model only. References Armada Computer-related introductions in 1996

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Surface Laptop SE The Surface Laptop SE is a laptop computer manufactured by Microsoft. Unveiled on November 9, 2021, it is an entry-level model in the Surface Laptop series positioned exclusively towards the education market. It is scheduled to be released in early-2022. Specifications The Surface Laptop SE has a plastic body and shares some components (such as the keyboard) with the Surface Laptop Go. Microsoft stated that it was designed to be more repairable than other Surface models, with replacement parts (such as batteries, displays, keyboards, and motherboards) to be available through its service partners for on-site repairs. The device uses an Intel Celeron CPU, with configurations using either a Celeron N4020 with 4 GB of RAM and 64 GB of internal storage, or the N4120 with 8 GB of RAM and 128 GB of internal storage. It has two USB ports, one of which is USB-C. Unlike other Surface models, the Laptop SE uses a round, non-magnetic power connector. It includes a 10.1-inch screen at 1366×768 resolution, and a one-megapixel webcam. It ships with Windows 11 SE, a variant of the operating system with optimizations for the education market. Timeline References External links SE Computer-related introductions in 2021

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Palmtop PC A Palmtop PC was an approximately pocket calculator-sized, battery-powered computer compatible with the IBM Personal Computer in a horizontal clamshell design with integrated keyboard and display. It could be used like a subnotebook, but was light enough to be comfortably used handheld as well. Most Palmtop PCs were small enough to be stored in a user's shirt or jacket pocket. Palmtop PCs distinguish from other palmtop computers by using a mostly IBM-compatible PC architecture and BIOS as well as an Intel-compatible x86 processor. All such devices were DOS-based, with DOS stored in ROM. While many Palmtop PCs came with a number of PDA and office applications pre-installed in ROM, most of them could also run generic, off-the-shelf PC software with no or little modifications. Some could also run other operating systems such as GEOS, Windows 1.0-3.0 (in Real mode only), or MINIX 2.0. Most Palmtop PCs were based on a static hardware design for low power consumption and instant-on/off without the need to reboot. Depending on the model, the battery could power the device for a period ranging from several hours up to several days while running, or between a week and a year in standby mode. Combined with the instant-on/off feature, a battery would typically last from a week up to several months in practical use as PDA. The first Palmtop PC was the DIP Pocket PC (aka Atari Portfolio) in 1989. Palmtop PCs include: DIP Pocket PC (DIP DOS 2.11, 1989) Atari Portfolio (DIP DOS 2.11, 1989) Poqet PC Classic (MS-DOS 3.3, 80C88, 1989) Poqet PC Prime (MS-DOS 3.3, 80C88) Poqet PC Plus (MS-DOS 5.0, NEC V30) ZEOS Pocket PC (MS-DOS 5.0, 1991) Sharp PC-3000 (MS-DOS 3.3, 1991) Sharp PC-3100 (MS-DOS 3.3, 1991) Hewlett-Packard 95LX (MS-DOS 3.22, NEC V20, 1991) Hewlett-Packard 100LX (MS-DOS 5.0, 80186-compatible HP Hornet, 1993) Hewlett-Packard Palmtop FX (MS-DOS 5.0, 80186-compatible HP Hornet, 1993) Hewlett-Packard 200LX (MS-DOS 5.0, 80186-compatible HP Hornet, 1994) Hewlett-Packard 1000CX (MS-DOS 5.0, 80186-compatible HP Hornet) Hewlett-Packard OmniGo 700LX (MS-DOS 5.0, 80186-compatible HP Hornet, 1996) Some touch-screen computers may also be included in this category: Hewlett-Packard OmniGo 100 (Datalight ROM-DOS+PEN/GEOS 2.1, NEC V30HL-compatible Vadem VG230, 1993) Hewlett-Packard OmniGo 120 (DOS+PEN/GEOS, NEC V30HL-compatible Vadem VG230) See also Sub-notebook, not necessarily IBM- and x86- compatible, clamshell design, but larger than Palmtop PCs Handheld PC, not necessarily IBM- and x86- compatible, various form factors Netbook (generic), IBM- and x86- compatible, legacy-free, clamshell design Ultra-mobile PC, a Microsoft specification (IBM- and x86- compatible, legacy-free, not necessarily clamshell design, touchscreen) netBook, StrongARM, clamshell design, touchscreen Pocket PC, a Microsoft specification (ARM-based, various form factors, touchscreen) PalmDOS Electronic organizer PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) References Handheld personal computers IBM PC compatibles Mobile computers Subnotebooks

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Toshiba T1200 The Toshiba T1200 was a laptop manufactured by the Toshiba Corporation, first made in 1987. It was an upgraded version of the Toshiba T1100 Plus. It was equipped with an Intel 80C86 processor at of which 384 kB could be used for LIM EMS or as a RAMdisk, CGA graphics card, one 720 kB 3.5" floppy drive and one 20 MB hard drive (Some models had two floppy drives and no harddrive controller card.) MS-DOS 3.30 was included with the laptop. It was the first laptop with a swappable battery pack. Its original price was 6499 USD. The T1200's hard drive had an unusual 26-pin interface made by JVC, incompatible with ST506/412 or ATA interfaces. Floppy drives were connected using similar 26-pin connectors. The computer had many unique functions, such as Hard RAM - a small part of RAM was battery-backed and could be used as non-volatile hard drive. Another function allowed to suspend the system or power control the hard drive (which was still dependent on the hard disk's on/off switch). The Toshiba T1200xe is a later model of this laptop. It had a 12 MHz 80C286 processor and a 20 MB hard disk drive. It also had 1 MB of RAM expandable to 5 MB. See also Toshiba T1100 Toshiba T1000 Toshiba T3100 Toshiba T1000LE External links Computer Museum article on the Toshiba T1200 IBM PC compatibles T1200

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Amiga 4000T The Amiga 4000T, also known as A4000T, is a tower version of Commodore's A4000 personal computer. Using the AGA chipset, it was originally released in small quantities in 1994 with a 25 MHz Motorola 68040 CPU, and re-released in greater numbers by Escom in 1995, after Commodore's demise, along with a new variant which featured a 50 MHz Motorola 68060 CPU. Despite the subsequent demise of Escom, production was continued by QuikPak in North America into at least 1997. The A4000T was the only Amiga ever to have both SCSI and IDE interfaces built-in on the motherboard. Having driver software for both interfaces in the 512 KB ROM meant that some other parts of AmigaOS had to be moved from the ROM, and thus the A4000T was the only machine to require the file "workbench.library" to be stored on disk (this has changed, though, with the introduction of AmigaOS3.2 and kickstart 3.2, which too require workbench.library (and icon.library) to be stored on disk). It was also the only Amiga to use a PC form factor for the motherboard (AT), and one of the few to use a lithium battery instead of a nickel–cadmium rechargeable battery, vastly reducing the risk of leaking corrosive fluids onto the motherboard and causing damage with age. Modularity was another unique aspect to the machine, with the CPU, audio, video, and input-output ports all on separate daughterboards. This made the machine near-modular. The machine was targeted as a high-end video workstation with expandability in mind and an eye towards NewTek's Video Toaster. Its motherboard contains two Amiga Video Slots, five 100-pin Zorro III slots, and 4 ISA slots, and its case can accommodate up to six drives. Up to 16 MB of RAM can be installed on the motherboard, while additional RAM can be installed on some CPU boards (up to 128 MB), and yet more can be added on Zorro cards. This was the last computer to be released by Commodore International. It is estimated that only 200 Commodore-branded A4000Ts were produced before the company folded. Production of the A4000T was restarted after Escom bought the Amiga assets. Apart from the new option of a 68060 CPU, the Escom-manufactured 4000Ts had minor differences from the old one including the substitution of the high density floppy drive with a double density one, and a different front bezel on the case. Specifications CPU: 68040 at 25 MHz (1994) 68060 at 50 MHz (1996) Memory: 512 kB Kickstart ROM 2 MB Amiga Chip RAM Up to a further 16 MB RAM on board Up to an additional 128 MB RAM via the CPU slot on the CPU's local bus Up to an additional 512 MB per Zorro III slot Chipset: AGA (Advanced Graphics Architecture) Video: 24-bit color palette (16.8 Million colors) Up to 256 on-screen colors in indexed mode 262,144 on-screen colors in HAM-8 mode Resolutions of up to 1280×512i (more with overscan) HSync rates of 15.60-31.44 kHz Audio (Paula): 4 hardware channels (Stereo) 8-bit resolution / 6-bit volume Maximum DMA sampling rate of 28-56 kHz (depending on video mode in use) Removable Storage: 3.5" HD floppy disk drive, capacity 1.76 MB Internal Storage: 34-pin floppy connector 40-pin buffered ATA-Controller 50-pin fast SCSI-2 Input/Output connections: Analogue RGB video out (DB-23M) Audio out (2 × RCA) Audio out (1 × 3.5mm headphone jack) Keyboard (5 pin DIN) 2 × Mouse/Gamepad ports (DE9) RS-232 serial port (DB-25M) Centronics style parallel port (DB-25F) Fast SCSI-2 (D-High density DB-50F) Expansion Slots: 5 × 100pin 32-bit Zorro III slots 2 × AGA video slots (inline with Zorro slot) 4 × 16-bit ISA slots (require bridgeboard to activate) 1 × 200-pin CPU expansion slot 4 × 72-pin SIMMs slots Operating System: AmigaOS 3.1 (Kickstart 3.1/Workbench 3.1) Other Characteristics: 0 × front accessible 3.5" drive bays 5 × front accessible 5.25" drive bay 1 × internal 5.25" drive mountings Key lock (disables mouse and keyboard) See also Amiga models and variants References External links Ryan E. A. Czerwinski's Commodore Amiga 4000T page Commodore A4000T (Amiga History Guide) Amiga Technologies A4000T (Amiga History Guide) Famous Amiga Uses Amiga computers Computer-related introductions in 1994

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Multibook A Multibook or a TACLANE Multibook is a single laptop that combines two to three different classified networks into a single device solution. Currently, most secure computing standards require the federal government and military personnel to maintain multiple PCs on different networks in an effort to allow users simultaneous access to unclassified and classified information. A multibook simply through a complex configuration allows separate enclaves and virtual machines through one display. A Multibook has no hard drive and uses a cryptographic ignition key to create a virtual hard drive space with a Type 1 COMSEC element found inside the MultiBook’s integrated Suite B security module. The security module known as a HAIPE protects information stored on the computer, as well as data being sent to and from networks classified Secret and below. Due to the lack of stored collateral data, multiBooks do not have any burdensome COMSEC handling requirements. There is no Data at Rest (DAR) when equipment is turned off. Some multibooks are NSA certified to protect information classified Secret and below. They are approved for Suite B information/processing with data in transit (DIT) encryption protecting information when sent to and from classified networks. The multibook security benefit for the user is that the device is a CHVP device and is not considered CCI like other devices used in collateral processing. References Computer network security Laptops

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Low-power electronics Low-power electronics are electronics, such as notebook processors, that have been designed to use less electric power than usual, often at some expense. In the case of notebook processors, this expense is processing power; notebook processors usually consume less power than their desktop counterparts, at the expense of lower processing power. History Watches The earliest attempts to reduce the amount of power required by an electronic device were related to the development of the wristwatch. Electronic watches require electricity as a power source, and some mechanical movements and hybrid electromechanical movements also require electricity. Usually, the electricity is provided by a replaceable battery. The first use of electrical power in watches was as a substitute for the mainspring, to remove the need for winding. The first electrically powered watch, the Hamilton Electric 500, was released in 1957 by the Hamilton Watch Company of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The first quartz wristwatches were manufactured in 1976, using analog hands to display the time. Watch batteries (strictly speaking cells, as a battery is composed of multiple cells) are specially designed for their purpose. They are very small and provide tiny amounts of power continuously for very long periods (several years or more). In some cases, replacing the battery requires a trip to a watch repair shop or watch dealer. Rechargeable batteries are used in some solar-powered watches. The first digital electronic watch was a Pulsar LED prototype produced in 1970. Digital LED watches were very expensive and out of reach to the common consumer until 1975, when Texas Instruments started to mass-produce LED watches inside a plastic case. Most watches with LED displays required that the user press a button to see the time displayed for a few seconds because LEDs used so much power that they could not be kept operating continuously. Watches with LED displays were popular for a few years, but soon the LED displays were superseded by liquid crystal displays (LCDs), which used less battery power and were much more convenient in use, with the display always visible and no need to push a button before seeing the time. Only in darkness, you had to press a button to light the display with a tiny light bulb, later illuminating LEDs. Most electronic watches today use 32 kHz quartz oscillators. As of 2013, processors specifically designed for wristwatches are the lowest-power processors manufactured today—often 4-bit, 32 kHz processors. Mobile computing When personal computers were first developed, power consumption was not an issue. With the development of portable computers however, the requirement to run a computer off a battery pack necessitated the search for a compromise between computing power and power consumption. Originally most processors ran both the core and I/O circuits at 5 volts, as in the Intel 8088 used by the first Compaq Portable. It was later reduced to 3.5, 3.3, and 2.5 volts to lower power consumption. For example, the Pentium P5 core voltage decreased from 5V in 1993, to 2.5V in 1997. With lower voltage comes lower overall power consumption, making a system less expensive to run on any existing battery technology and able to function for longer. This is crucially important for portable or mobile systems,. The emphasis on battery operation has driven many of the advances in lowering processor voltage because this has a significant effect on battery life. The second major benefit is that with less voltage and therefore less power consumption, there will be less heat produced. Processors that run cooler can be packed into systems more tightly and will last longer. The third major benefit is that a processor running cooler on less power can be made to run faster. Lowering the voltage has been one of the key factors in allowing the clock rate of processors to go higher and higher. Electronics Computing elements The density and speed of integrated-circuit computing elements has increased exponentially for several decades, following a trend described by Moore's Law. While it is generally accepted that this exponential improvement trend will end, it is unclear exactly how dense and fast integrated circuits will get by the time this point is reached. Working devices have been demonstrated which were fabricated with a MOSFET transistor channel length of 6.3 nanometres using conventional semiconductor materials, and devices have been built that use carbon nanotubes as MOSFET gates, giving a channel length of approximately one nanometre. The density and computing power of integrated circuits are limited primarily by power-dissipation concerns. The overall power consumption of a new personal computer has been increasing at about 22% growth per year. This increase in consumption comes even though the energy consumed by a single CMOS logic gate in order to change its state has fallen exponentially in accordance with Moore's law, by virtue of shrinkage. An integrated-circuit chip contains many capacitive loads, formed both intentionally (as with gate-to-channel capacitance) and unintentionally (between conductors which are near each other but not electrically connected). Changing the state of the circuit causes a change in the voltage across these parasitic capacitances, which involves a change in the amount of stored energy. As the capacitive loads are charged and discharged through resistive devices, an amount of energy comparable to that stored in the capacitor is dissipated as heat: The effect of heat dissipation on state change is to limit the amount of computation that may be performed within a given power budget. While device shrinkage can reduce some parasitic capacitances, the number of devices on an integrated circuit chip has increased more than enough to compensate for reduced capacitance in each individual device. Some circuits – dynamic logic, for example – require a minimum clock rate in order to function properly, wasting "dynamic power" even when they do not perform useful computations. Other circuits – most prominently, the RCA 1802, but also several later chips such as the WDC 65C02, the Intel 80C85, the Freescale 68HC11 and some other CMOS chips – use "fully static logic" that has no minimum clock rate, but can "stop the clock" and hold their state indefinitely. When the clock is stopped, such circuits use no dynamic power but they still have a small, static power consumption caused by leakage current. As circuit dimensions shrink, subthreshold leakage current becomes more prominent. This leakage current results in power consumption, even when no switching is taking place (static power consumption). In modern chips, this current generally accounts for half the power consumed by the IC. Reducing power loss Loss from subthreshold leakage can be reduced by raising the threshold voltage and lowering the supply voltage. Both these changes slow down the circuit significantly. To address this issue, some modern low-power circuits use dual supply voltages to improve speed on critical paths of the circuit and lower power consumption on non-critical paths. Some circuits even use different transistors (with different threshold voltages) in different parts of the circuit, in an attempt to further reduce power consumption without significant performance loss. Another method that is used to reduce power consumption is power gating: the use of sleep transistors to disable entire blocks when not in use. Systems that are dormant for long periods of time and "wake up" to perform a periodic activity are often in an isolated location monitoring an activity. These systems are generally battery- or solar-powered and hence, reducing power consumption is a key design issue for these systems. By shutting down a functional but leaky block until it is used, leakage current can be reduced significantly. For some embedded systems that only function for short periods at a time, this can dramatically reduce power consumption. Two other approaches also exist to lower the power overhead of state changes. One is to reduce the operating voltage of the circuit, as in a dual-voltage CPU, or to reduce the voltage change involved in a state change (making a state change only, changing node voltage by a fraction of the supply voltage—low voltage differential signaling, for example). This approach is limited by thermal noise within the circuit. There is a characteristic voltage (proportional to the device temperature and to the Boltzmann constant), which the state switching voltage must exceed in order for the circuit to be resistant to noise. This is typically on the order of 50–100 mV, for devices rated to 100 degrees Celsius external temperature (about 4 kT, where T is the device's internal temperature in Kelvins and k is the Boltzmann constant). The second approach is to attempt to provide charge to the capacitive loads through paths that are not primarily resistive. This is the principle behind adiabatic circuits. The charge is supplied either from a variable-voltage inductive power supply or by other elements in a reversible-logic circuit. In both cases, the charge transfer must be primarily regulated by the non-resistive load. As a practical rule of thumb, this means the change rate of a signal must be slower than that dictated by the RC time constant of the circuit being driven. In other words, the price of reduced power consumption per unit computation is a reduced absolute speed of computation. In practice, although adiabatic circuits have been built, it has been difficult for them to reduce computation power substantially in practical circuits. Finally, there are several techniques for reducing the number of state changes associated with a given computation. For clocked-logic circuits, the clock gating technique is used, to avoid changing the state of functional blocks that are not required for a given operation. As a more extreme alternative, the asynchronous logic approach implements circuits in such a way that a specific externally supplied clock is not required. While both of these techniques are used to different extents in integrated circuit design, the limit of practical applicability for each appears to have been reached. Wireless communication elements There are a variety of techniques for reducing the amount of battery power required for a desired wireless communication goodput. Some wireless mesh networks use "smart" low power broadcasting techniques that reduce the battery power required to transmit. This can be achieved by using power aware protocols and joint power control systems. Costs In 2007, about 10% of the average IT budget was spent on energy, and energy costs for IT were expected to rise to 50% by 2010. The weight and cost of power supply and cooling systems generally depends on the maximum possible power that could be used at any one time. There are two ways to prevent a system from being permanently damaged by excessive heat. Most desktop computers design power and cooling systems around the worst-case CPU power dissipation at the maximum frequency, maximum workload, and worst-case environment. To reduce weight and cost, many laptop computers choose to use a much lighter, lower-cost cooling system designed around a much lower Thermal Design Power, that is somewhat above expected maximum frequency, typical workload, and typical environment. Typically such systems reduce (throttle) the clock rate when the CPU die temperature gets too hot, reducing the power dissipated to a level that the cooling system can handle. Examples Transmeta Acorn RISC Machine (ARM) AMULET microprocessor Microchip nanoWatt XLP PIC microcontrollers Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontrollers Energy Micro/Silicon Labs EFM32 microcontrollers STMicroelectronics STM32 microcontrollers Atmel/Microchip SAM L microcontrollers See also CPU power dissipation Common Power Format Data organization for low power IT energy management Performance per watt Power management Green computing Dynamic frequency scaling Overclocking Underclocking Dynamic voltage scaling Overvolting Undervolting Operand isolation Glitch removal Autonomous peripheral operation References Further reading (455 pages) External links "High-level design synthesis of a low power, VLIW processor for the IS-54 VSELP Speech Encoder" by Russell Henning and Chaitali Chakrabarti (NB. Implies that, in general, if the algorithm to run is known, hardware designed to specifically run that algorithm will use less power than general-purpose hardware running that algorithm at the same speed.) CRISP: A Scalable VLIW Processor for Low Power Multimedia Systems by Francisco Barat 2005 A Loop Accelerator for Low Power Embedded VLIW Processors by Binu Mathew and Al Davis Ultra-Low Power Design by Jack Ganssle K. Roy and S. Prasad, Low-Power CMOS VLSI Circuit Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., , 2000, 359 pages. K-S. Yeo and K. Roy, Low-Voltage Low-Power VLSI Subsystems, McGraw-Hill 2004, , 294 pages. Electric power Electronics and the environment

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Acer Swift The Swift is a line of laptop computers produced by Acer. They are designed to be lightweight and thinner than typical laptops. Laptops in the Swift series are the Swift 1, Swift 3, Swift 5 and Swift 7. The Acer Swift 7 was launched at the IFA 2016 trade show. List of Acer Aspire Swift models and specifications S30-10 SF113-31 SF114-31 SF314-51 SF314-52 SF314-52G SF314-53G SF314-54G SF314-55G SF314-56G SF314-57G SF314-58G SF314-59G SF314-510G SF314-511 SF315-51 SF315-51G SF315-52 SF514-51 SF713-51 Notes: References Consumer electronics brands Acer Inc. laptops

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Acer Aspire Timeline Aspire Timeline is a series of notebook computers manufactured by Acer Inc. designed to achieve battery life in excess of eight hours with ultrathin designs. The first generation Acer Timeline models use Intel's ultra low voltage (ULV) processors and Intel's Laminar Wall Jet technology. Aspire Timeline There are six Aspire Timeline models: Aspire 1810T, Aspire 1810 Olympic Edition, Aspire 3810T, Aspire 4810T, Aspire 4810 Olympic Edition, Aspire 5810T. Aspire TimelineX In 2010, Acer launched a new Aspire TimelineX series that employ Intel Core processors. The nine – cell battery model is claimed by the company to last up to 12 hours. Aspire TimelineX (2010) models: Aspire 3820T Aspire 4820T Aspire 5820T Aspire 3820TG Aspire 4820TG Aspire 5820TG In April 2011, Acer released the third generation of Timeline models in Taiwan which sport the Intel's Sandy Bridge processor. ''Aspire Timeline X (2011) lineup: 3830T The 3830T has two versions: a Core i3-2310M and Core i5-2430M. It measures 13.3 inches and has a 1366×768 LED backlit LCD, Intel HD Graphics 2000/3000, 500/750GB hard drive for storage, 4/6GB DDR3 RAM and 3 USB ports, and weighs 4.08 pounds. 4830T The 4830T contains the Core i5-2430M. It measures 14 inches and has a 1366×768 LED backlit LCD, Intel HD Graphics 3000, 640GB hard drive for storage, 4/6GB DDR3 RAM and 3 USB ports, and weighs 4.78 pounds. 5830T The 5830T contains the Core i5-2450M. It measures 15.6 inches and has a 1366×768 LED backlit LCD, Intel HD Graphics 3000, 750GB hard drive for storage, 6GB DDR3 RAM and 3 USB ports, and weighs 5.49 pounds. 3830TG The 3830TG has several versions: a Core i3-2330M, a core i5-2410m, a Core i5-2430M and a Core i7-2620m. It measures 13.3 inches and has a 1366×768 LED backlit LCD, NVIDIA GeForce GT540M graphics and an Intel Hd 2000/3000, it switches between the two using Nvidia's Optimus technique. A 500GB hard drive for storage, 4GB DDR3 RAM and 3 USB 2.0 ports, of which are USB 2.0 and one of them being a 3.0 port that can be used to charge external devices when the laptop is turned off. It also features Kenwood's Dolby Home Theater speakers and weighs 4.12 pounds. 4830TG The 4830TG same specification as above (except for Core i3-2330M). It measures 14 inches and weighs 4.67 pounds, contains DVD super multi DL drive (this is not present in the 3830TG). It has a 640GB hard drive for storage. For connectivity and port, you'll find Bluetooth® 2.1+EDR, one faster USB3 port, microphone in, 3.5mm audio jacks for headphone out, memory card reader ( SD Card, Memory Stick, Memory Stick PRO, MultiMediaCard, xD-Picture Card, SDXC Memory Card ), HDMI port, VGA port, Gigabit Ethernet LAN with RJ connector and 802.11 b/g/n wireless for internet connections. 5830TG The 5830TG has the same specification as above (except for the 3830TG version which runs on Core i3-2330M). Its screen is 15.6 inches and weighs 5.49 pounds, It contains DVD super multi DL drive (this is not present in the 3830TG). Acer Aspire Timeline Ultra family In 2012, Acer introduced the new Aspire M3 of the Timeline Ultra family The Acer Aspire Timeline Ultra series is slim and light, just 20 mm thin. It has a 15.6-inch display and weighs less than five pounds. It was first shown at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas in January 2012, then in March at the CeBIT tradeshow in Hannover, Germany. The Aspire Timeline Ultra M3-581TG contains an Intel Core i7-2637M ULV processor, up to 6GB of RAM. Reception The Acer Aspire line was generally well received. Some models such as the Aspire 3820T were awarded by the international press. See also Acer Aspire Acer TravelMate References External links Acer Timeline Official Website Acer Inc. laptops

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Toshiba Pasopia 5 The Toshiba Pasopia 5 is a computer from manufacturer Toshiba, released in 1984 and based around a Z80 microprocessor. Also known as PA7005, it was released only in Japan, indented as a low price version of the original Toshiba Pasopia. The keyboard has 90 keys, a separate numeric keypad and eight function keys. The machine could be expanded with disk drives, extra RAM and offered a RS-232 interface and a parallel printer port. The machine is compatible with the original Pasopia. See also Toshiba Pasopia IQ Toshiba Pasopia Toshiba Pasopia 7 Toshiba Pasopia 16 References Pasopia Z80-based home computers Computer-related introductions in 1981

laptop Form Factor and Weight

IBM PS/2 portable computers The IBM PS/2 portables was a Micro Channel architecture based, portable PS/2 computers released by IBM in 1989. PS/2 P70 The P70 model was released in Japan as PS/55 5545-T with the same specs, but with different keyboard layout. PS/2 P75 The P75 was a released in 1990 upgraded version of P70 model, and is noted as being the first portable computer using a 486 CPU to be available for sale in the United States. It had a briefcase-shaped design and ran off A/C power only, as was common with high performance portable computers at the time. It featured an Intel 80486 DX-33 CPU, and an internal 10-inch flat gas plasma display at 640x480 resolution with 16 shades of grey. The computer had relatively high performance specifications at the time it was released and could be used as a portable server. The cost reflected this performance; the IBM P75 retailed at US$15,990 for the base configuration, to over $18,500 or more depending on options. Two versions of the P75 were sold, with the only difference between the two being hard drive capacity: 8573-161 - came with a 160 MB SCSI hard disk drive 8573-401 - came with a 400 MB SCSI hard disk drive Design The IBM P75 in its travelling configuration resembles a briefcase with a carrying handle - all components such as the screen, floppy disk drive and keyboard are stowed away behind the keyboard during transport. To use the computer, one places the computer on a desk and opens the latches at either side of the front of the computer to release the keyboard, which swings down. The keyboard can then be fully released from the main unit and height adjusted for comfort. The screen viewing angle can also be adjusted by pulling on tabs on either side of the screen. To access the floppy drive, one pushes on a raised square on the floppy drive disk cover to release it. Hardware The IBM P75 has similar specifications to an IBM model 90, but has been made into a portable. It features an Intel i486-DX 33 CPU that is housed on a processor complex card separate from the motherboard. The computer uses IBM's Micro Channel architecture (MCA) bus and has 4 internal bus slots: one 32-bit AVE, one 32-bit MME, and two 16-bit short slots. The internal gas plasma display of the IBM P75 is XGA/VGA, EGA, MCGA, CGA compatible, and operates at a maximum 640×480 in 16 shades of grey in VGA mode. The IBM P75 can drive its internal monitor and an external monitor simultaneously. When driving the external monitor only, it can operate at 800x600 resolution in 16-bit (high-colour) in Windows 95 using third party drivers. The keyboard is a 101 key, full size and full travel IBM keyboard and serves as both the keyboard of the unit and the cover of the unit when being transported. It is attached to the computer through a 14-inch rolled-coil cable. Hard disk configurations were available in 2 varieties, a 160 MB SCSI hard disk drive (model 8573-161) or a 400 MB SCSI (model 8573-401), with the onboard SCSI controller being capable of handling drives up to 1GB. The IBM P75 supports up to 16 megabytes of Random-access memory through 4 SIMM slots on the motherboard, each of which can accept a 2 MB or 4 MB 70 nanosecond SIMM. The SIMM must be manufactured by IBM for the computer to accept them – non IBM SIMMs or generic SIMMs that do not utilise the "presence detect" feature cannot be used unless modified. The stock configuration of RAM on IBM P75 is 8 MB. The IBM P75 featured numerous ports, including an external SCSI connector, a parallel port, a serial port, a PS/2 mouse port, an external 5.25 floppy disk port, and a VGA port. The ports are housed behind a door on the rear of the unit which allows for them to be hidden when not in use. The recess behind the door can also be used to store a power cable during transit. Power is supplied to the IBM P75 through an IEC C14 socket, the PSU accepts 100-240v 3.0A Software The IBM P75, like other contemporary PS/2 computers of the period, utilises reference diskettes to make any changes to system settings such as the installed memory size, the assignment of the built-in connectors, and installed options with their location and assignments. System settings are stored in CMOS and data integrity is maintained through an internal non-rechargeable 6V battery. Should the internal 6V battery run low, the computer may not POST successfully as the internal CMOS contents are corrupted. The reference diskette also includes basic diagnostic software. If the computer is booted without an operating system and/or hard disk, the P75 will boot into IBM Cassette BASIC. IBM did not ship with any additional operating system, but is fully compatible with OS/2, MS-DOS, IBM PC DOS and Microsoft Windows. References PS/2 portable computers

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Voodoo Envy The Voodoo Envy 133 was a notebook computer designed by VoodooPC after its acquisition by Hewlett-Packard. It was positioned as a mobile ultraportable notebook and was introduced at HP's Connecting Your World Live event in Berlin, Germany on June 10, 2008. Overview The chassis of the Voodoo Envy is made of carbon fiber, and it weighs and is thick all around. The system utilizes the Windows Vista operating system as well as a Linux kernel dubbed "Voodoo Instant On" or "Voodoo IOS." The laptop has often been compared to the MacBook Air for its similar size and specifications. HP claimed it to be the world's thinnest notebook, although this record has now been broken, as it is 0.70 inches throughout, whereas the Dell Adamo is 0.65 inches thick all around. According to the specifications, its 3-cell Lithium ion battery will provide up to 3 hours and 10 minutes' battery life, depending on usage. The HP Envy line of laptops and other products replaced the Voodoo Envy when HP and VoodooPC merged. References External links VoodooPC web site VoodooPC community site HP laptops

laptop Form Factor and Weight

HP Mini HP Mini is a former line of small computers categorized as netbooks manufactured by Hewlett-Packard. They either contained a custom version of Ubuntu Linux, Microsoft Windows XP Home Edition or Windows 7 Starter operating system. Like most netbooks, they were not built with CD/DVD drives. However, HP did sell portable DVD-ROMs with HP's LightScribe disc imaging software. These netbooks are best used for written documents, small programs and web browsing. They can run standard software, but given their low price, they tend to have low end specifications, causing poor performance. They were announced from mid-2007, and marketed from 2008 through 2012. Models 2133 Mini-Note PC The first model. Mini 1000 and Compaq Mini 700 The HP Mini 1000 is a netbook by HP, adapting that company's HP 2133 Mini-Note PC education/business netbook for the consumer market. A similar but cheaper model named the HP Compaq Mini 700 will also be available in some regions with different cosmetics. A special edition machine, the HP Mini 1000 Vivienne Tam Edition, designed in collaboration with Vivienne Tam is also available. The three computers have similar specifications. Specifications Processor and memory — The HP Mini 1000 uses a 1.60 GHz Intel Atom N270 Processor and includes 1 GB of DDR2-533 memory with support for up to 2GB. The Mini has only one slot for RAM. Due to Microsoft's restrictions, the XP versions were only sold with 1GB of RAM, but a user can easily upgrade to 2GB by accessing the slot on the bottom of the computer and replacing the module. Storage — The HP Mini 1000 shipped with either a 16/32GB SSD or a 60/80GB 1.8" hard disk drive. The HP Mini 1000 Mi Edition was also available with an 8GB SSD. A ZIF SATA connector is used as opposed to standard PATA/SATA connector cables. Motherboard — The motherboard uses the Intel 945GSE northbridge chipset and Intel ICH7M southbridge. The motherboard model is HP361A. The northbridge component provides the integrated Intel GMA950 graphics core. Display — The Mini features either an 8.9- or 10.1-inch LED-backlit display. The 8.9" display has a resolution of 1024x600 pixels, the 10.1" is 1024x576 (10.2" @ 1024x600 is no longer sold). Both models feature stereo speakers, a webcam, and a single audio jack for both mic and headphones. Both the unit and the dock connector can carry a VGA connection. A first-party adaptor is available from the HP online store. Power — A 3-cell battery is included as standard. A 6-cell battery can be ordered as an accessory, or (with the Mini 1000 and Digital Clutch only) chosen in place of the 3-cell battery during configuration. The 3-cell and 6-cell batteries provide up to 3 hours and 6 hours of run-time, respectively. Connectivity — In addition to the aforementioned card reader, the system has two standard USB ports, a 10/100 Mbit Ethernet port, a single 3.5mm audio in/out mini-jack, and a power connector. The Mini 1000 also has a proprietary dock connector which can carry VGA, USB, RJ-45 (over USB), analogue audio in/out, and power. An 802.11b/g wireless NIC (Broadcom BCM4312) is included for Wi-Fi, while Bluetooth 2.0+EDR and a built-in HSDPA modem are options. It can be connected to Verizon for a one- or two-year contract. Software The Mini has Windows XP & Windows 7 Starter installed at launch and can be upgraded to Windows 10, while Mi (a special HP operating system based on Ubuntu, named for "mobile Internet" containing "HP MediaStyle" based on Elisa) was released in early January 2009 on the HP Mini 1000 "Mi Edition." Known issues Integrated Microphone Array does not work under Windows Vista or Windows 7 RC1 Build 7100 and earlier Audible popping sound under Windows 7 Prior to RC1 and Windows 10 "November Update" and older Poor 3.5mm output audio quality using Windows XP drivers (some models) Mini 1000 - built in webcam only works well with bright lighting conditions. This can be fixed by removing the reflective piece. This square piece is glued in place and is easiest removed by spreading the casing around the monitor and pulling it out. This will create a small opening for dust. Requires HP-customized version of Windows XP to prevent crashes on bootup. Due to a power adapter port design defect, HP-provided power adapter cannot fit flush, allowing the power adapter to come easily disconnected. All Windows 8 apps (except PC Settings app) will not work on HP Mini 1000 because display resolution is too small. This can be fixed by enabling "Display1_DownScallingLevel" on regedit.exe and restart the computer. Reception Initial reviews have been positive, complimenting the computer's keyboard and aesthetics as particular selling points in comparison to its market rivals, and the improved battery life and performance, and reduced price, as particularly important improvements over its antecedent, the HP 2133. However, reviewers noted that the diminutive 1.8-inch hard drive, usually used in digital audio players, performed slower than the 2.5-inch drives in competitors and criticized the decision to charge separately for a VGA adaptor. Although the battery life has been improved, it still does not stand out from the competition. 110 The HP Mini 110 is a line of low-end netbooks computers manufactured and sold by HP. The Mini 110 laptops have a different cases, similar to compact palmtops models (in early versions) or a regular affordable netbooks (last releases). 210 Some models of HP Mini 210 cannot run latest version of Windows 10 due to display driver problems. 311 This netbook was the first to use the Nvidia Ion platform, which allows hardware acceleration of high-definition video and increased gaming performance. It went on sale on HP's online store on September 24, 2009 for $399.99. The laptop can be customized with either the Intel Atom N270 or N280 and uses the nVidia GeForce 9400M G graphics used in the ION platform. The unit is equipped with 1 GB of 1066 MHz DDR3 SDRAM soldered to the motherboard and a SO-DIMM slot which allows an upgrade to 2 GB or 3 GB. The netbook has a 160 GB, 250 GB, or 320 GB SATA hard drive @ 5,400 RPM. There are options for an external DVD burner or DVD burner/Blu-ray reader combo drive, as netbooks do not have integrated optical drives due to their small size. The Mini 311 has an 11.6" Led-backlit BrightView widescreen with a 1366 x 768 resolution and has an integrated webcam standard. Wi-Fi card options include Wireless G or Wireless N cards with optional Bluetooth and as well as optional Mobile Broadband from Verizon Wireless, AT&T or Sprint. I/O connectors include a 5-in-1 removable card reader, 3 USB 2.0 ports, a Fast Ethernet port, a VGA output, an HDMI output. The netbook uses Altec Lansing stereo speakers. There are 2 models in some areas. One has 1GB RAM and Windows XP with ION LE and the other has 2GB RAM and Windows 7 with ION. In some regions, including Europe, the device is sold under the Compaq brand. 2140 The HP Mini 2140 is an update to the HP 2133 Mini-Note PC which was announced in early January 2009. Details The new components are a 1.6 GHz single-core Intel Atom processor, a 10.2-inch "standard definition" or "high definition" (1024×576 or 1366×768 pixel) LED-backlit LCD display (with a glass cover and acrylic coating), an Intel GMA 950 graphics adapter, and a 160GB HDD (5400 or 7200rpm) or 80GB eMMC-based solid-state drive. Operating systems available are similar to those for the Mini-Note 2133: SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop, FreeDOS, Windows Vista (Home Basic or Business), Windows XP Home (only on 1GB RAM models) or Professional (through downgrade rights from Vista Business). Its features, accessories and appearance are otherwise identical to the HP 2133, however HP predict that the new processor and screen will give it up to 8.5 hours of run time on the 6-cell battery. A docking station will be made available. The updated machine was initially available in various configurations with prices starting at $499USD for a system with the "standard definition" display, hard disk drive, 1GB of RAM, and 3-cell battery, without Bluetooth or 802.11n support, running Windows XP Home. The successor version, HP Mini 2150 was announced, but not presented. Reception A review by Laptop Magazine (of a system with a 1024×576 pixel display and 2GB of RAM running Windows XP) has complimented HP for addressing common criticisms of the earlier model. The reviewer notes that the Mini 2140 produced much less heat, although the underside did become warm, and had much improved battery life compared to the Mini-Note 2133. Their system continuously loaded websites for 3 hours and 32 minutes on the small 3-cell battery, and 7 hours and 19 minutes on the larger 6-cell battery. However, the reviewer chided HP for the low resolution display which showed approximately "two lines" less than netbooks with 1024×600 pixel displays. Otherwise, praises and criticisms of the 2140 were similar to those for the 2133. The magazine gave the system their "Editor's Choice" award. Similar products from HP A new HP notebook similar in appearance to the Mini-Note, called the HP Mini 1000 Vivienne Tam Edition, was unveiled in October 2008, with a launch expected for December that year. The small pink computer is a collaboration with fashion designer Vivienne Tam, and has a 10-inch screen, a 1.6 GHz Intel Atom processor, 1GB of RAM, and an 80GB hard disk drive. A few days later, a black notebook of otherwise similar appearance called the "HP Mini 1000" was informally revealed by a banner on the company's store, and officially announced on the 29 October 2008. Unlike the 2133, this device is meant for the home market. 5101 5102 5103 The HP Mini 5103 was announced in 2010. Compared to the HP Mini 210, it had advanced features like touch screen, Intel Atom N550 Processor. 1103 References External links CNET review of HP Mini 1000 CNET Review of HP Mini 311 CNet review of HP Mini 210 Engadget article about HP Mini 210 Eweek article about HP Mini 210 Mini Discontinued products Linux-based devices Subnotebooks Netbooks ru:HP 2133 Mini-Note PC

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Dell Inspiron laptop computers The Dell Inspiron series is a line of laptop computers made by American company Dell. The first Inspiron laptop model was introduced before 1999. Unlike the Dell Latitude line, which is aimed mostly at business/enterprise markets, Inspiron is a consumer-oriented line, often marketed towards individual customers as computers for everyday use. Early models This list is incomplete; the early Dell Inspiron models listed below went through a number of changes from 1999 to 2006, so the specifications on each model may be incomplete or incorrect. There are also some earlier models than these, but those have not been added to the list yet. Inspiron 7500 Released in 1999, the Dell Inspiron 7500 was a speedy laptop that Dell branded as "A Mobile Desktop". Its starting price was $4,101. Processor: Intel Pentium III @750, 700, 650, 600, 500 or 450 MHz, Intel Celeron @433, 450, 466, or 500 MHz Memory: 32, 64, 128, 192, or 256MB of PC100 RAM Graphics: ATI Rage Mobility M (with 4 or 8MB of video memory) Display: 15" 1024x768, optional 1400x1050, 15.4" 1280x1024 Storage: 4.8, 6, 10, 20 or 30GB Ultra ATA hard drive Inspiron 2100 Released in 1998, the Dell Inspiron 2100 was a lightweight laptop that Dell branded as "Ultra-Thin & Light" and "Ultra Mobile". Its starting price was $1,699. Processor: Intel Pentium III @700 MHz Memory: 128 or 256MB of DDR RAM Graphics: ATI Rage Mobility M (with 4MB of video memory) Display: 12.1" 1024x768 Storage: 10 or 20gb Ultra ATA hard drive Inspiron 3500 Inspiron 3800 Released in 2000, the Dell Inspiron 3800 was an affordable laptop that Dell branded as "Stylish and Affordable". Its starting price was $1,199. Processor: Intel Pentium III @700 or 600 MHz, Intel Celeron @600 or 700 MHz Memory: 32, 64, 96, 128, 192, 256, 384 or 512 MB of DDR RAM Graphics: ATI Rage Mobility (with 8MB of video memory, 2x AGP) Display: 12.1" 800x600, or a 14.1" 1024x768 Storage: 5, 6, 10, or 20GB Ultra ATA hard drive Inspiron 4000 Released in 2000, the Dell Inspiron 4000 was a lightweight laptop that Dell branded as "Ultra-Thin & Light" and "Light as a feather, strong as an ox". Its starting price was $1,499. Processor: Intel Pentium III @650, 700, 800 or 850 MHz, or an Intel Celeron @600 MHz Memory: 64, 128, 192, 256, 384 or 512 MB of DDR RAM Graphics: ATI RAGE Mobility 128 3D (with 8mb of video RAM, 2x AGP) Display: 14.1" 1024x768, optional 1400x1050 Storage: 5, 10, or 20gb Ultra ATA hard drive Inspiron 8000 Released in 2000, the Dell Inspiron 8000 was a mobile workstation that Dell branded as a mobile desktop. Its starting price was $1,649. Processor: Intel Pentium III @650, 700, 800, 833, 850, 900, 1000, 1113, or 1200 MHz. Memory: 64, 128, 192, 256, 384 or 512 MB of DDR RAM Graphics: ATI Mobility — M4 (with 8, 16 or 32 MB of video memory) or RADEON 7500 (with 64 MB of video memory), or NVIDIA GeForce2 Go (with 16 or 32 MB of video memory) Display: 14.1” 1400x1050, a 15” 1400x1050, optional 1600x1200. Storage: 5, 10, 20, 30, 32, 40, or 60gb Ultra ATA hard drive Inspiron 1300/B130/B120 Released in late 2005, the Inspiron 1300/B130/B120 is the successor to the Inspiron 2200. The Inspiron B120 is 14-inch, B130 is 15-inch. The Inspiron 1300 is available in both screen sizes. It cost $599 for the base model. Processor: Intel Celeron or Pentium M Memory: 256 MB, 512 MB, 1GB of DDR2 PC2-4200 RAM, upgradable to 2 GB. Graphics: Intel GMA 900 with 128 MB of shared graphics memory. Display: 14" or 15.4" WXGA display Storage: 40 or 60GB Ultra ATA hard drive Battery: 29Wh Li-ion, 4-cell (Optional 6-cell available) Inspiron 2200 Released in 2005, the Inspiron 2200 is the successor to the Inspiron 1000. It was branded as "Notebook Essentials" and started at $799. Processor: Intel Celeron or Pentium M Memory: 256 MB or 512 MB of DDR RAM, upgradable to 2 GB Graphics: Intel Extreme 2 Graphics Display: 14" or 15" XGA display Storage: 30, 40, or 60 GB Ultra ATA hard drive Battery: 65Wh Li-ion, 8-cell Inspiron Mini Series (2008-2010) The Dell Inspiron Mini Series is a sub-line of subnotebook/netbook computers designed by Dell. The series was introduced in September 2008 amidst the growing popularity of low-cost netbook computers introduced by competitors. This sub-line has since been discontinued. Inspiron 3000 Series Inspiron 11 3000 2-in-1(31##) 3147: — Released in 2014, The Inspiron 11 3000 Series 2-in-1 is a 2-in-1 notebook with an 11-inch touchscreen and Intel processors. It competes with Acer Aspire R 11, Asus Transformer Book Flip TP200, HP Pavilion x360, HP Stream x360, Lenovo Yoga 2 11 and Toshiba Satellite Radius 11. Processor: Intel Celeron or Pentium Memory: 4 GB Graphics: Intel HD Graphics Display: 11.6" LED Backlit Display, 1366x768 pixels Storage: SATA 500 GB (5400 RPM) Battery: 3-cell Lithium-Ion Battery Camera: HD 720p Web Camera Wireless: Wi-Fi: Intel Centrino Wireless-AC 3160; Bluetooth 4.0 I/O ports: 2 USB 3.0, 1 USB 2.0, 1 HDMI port, 4-in-1 SD Card Reader, 1 Ethernet port, 1 combined headphone/microphone jack, 1 security lock, 1 power adapter port. 3148: — — this model features a HDMI port, 1x USB 3.0 and 2x USB 2.0 Type-A ports, a headphone/microphone combo (headset) port, a media-card reader and a security-cable slot. Its processors are from the 4th generation of Intel Core i3 processors with one SO-DIMM slot supporting DDR3L memory. It uses Intel HD graphics and the Realtek ALC3234 audio controller and a 2.5-inch HDD with SATA 3 Gbit/s capabilities. The laptop has an 11.6-inch HD WLED touchscreen display with a maximum resolution of and a refresh rate of 60 Hz. The integrated webcam above the display has a camera resolution is 0.92 megapixel and its maximum video recording resolution is 1280x720 (HD) at 30 FPS. The battery of the laptop is a 3 cell battery with a voltage of 11.4 VDC. The power adapter bundled with the laptop is capable of 65w and outputs a 3.34 A. 3158: — — 3168: — this model features a HDMI port, 1x USB 3.0 and 2x USB 2.0 Type-A ports, a headphone/microphone combo port, a microSD card reader, and a security cable slot. It comes with a Intel Celeron N3060, Intel Pentium N3170 or Intel Core-m3 CPU, each supporting up to 4 GB of RAM. There are 2 models, one that comes with the Intel Celeron CPU, 2 or 4 GB of RAM and a 32 GB eMMC drive. As the RAM and eMMC are soldered in, you cannot upgrade this model. The other version comes with either the Pentium or Core-m3 CPU, 2 or 4 GB of RAM socketed, and a 500 GB 2.5 inch HDD, upgradable to any SATA based 2.5 inch drive. Both models are touchscreen and comes in Bali Blue, Tango Red, white and later, Fog Grey. Matching wireless mice and laptop sleeves in those colors were offered as accessories. Inspiron 11 3000 (31##) 3162: — this model features a HDMI port, 1x USB 3.0 and 1x USB 2.0 Type-A ports, a headphone/microphone combo (headset) port and a media-card reader. The laptop uses either dual-core Intel Celeron or quad-core Intel Pentium processors. The audio controller inside the laptop is a Realtek ALC3234 and the multi-car reader supports one SD card in the form factor of micro SD card of the type being SD, SDHC or SDXC. The laptop has an 11.6-inch HD WLED display with a maximum resolution of and a refresh rate of 60 Hz. The integrated webcam above the display has a camera resolution is 0.92 megapixel and its maximum video recording resolution is 1280x720 (HD) at 30 FPS. The battery of the laptop is a 2-cell prismatic battery with a voltage of 7.6 VDC. The power adapter bundled with the laptop is capable of 45w and outputs a 2.31 A. The Dell Inspiron 3162 is available in three colours: red, white, and blue. 3180 Inspiron 14 3000 (34##) 14" laptops under the Inspiron 3000 branding and equipped with Intel processors. 3452: - Intel (Celeron dual core or Pentium quad core) processor, Intel integrated graphics and 14-inch HD (1366 x 768) non-touch display. 3467: - Intel (6th generation Core i3 or 7th generation Core i3/i5/i7) processor, Intel HD Graphics (520 or 620) or AMD Radeon R5 M430 and 14-inch HD (1366 x 768) non-touch display. 3473: - Intel (Pentium Silver N5000 or Celeron N4000) processor, Intel UHD Graphics (600 or 605) and 14-inch HD (1366 x 768) non-touch display. 3476: - Intel (8th generation Core i5/i7) processor, Intel UHD Graphics 620 and or AMD Radeon 520 and 14-inch HD (1366 x 768) non-touch display. Inspiron 15 3000 (35##) Intel 15" laptops under the Inspiron 3000 branding and equipped with Intel processors. 3552: — Intel Celeron processor N3060, 4 GB memory, 500GB hard drive, integrated Intel HD graphics, DVD+/-RW drive, Wireless-AC/Bluetooth, 4-cell battery, media card reader, HDMI and USB 3.0 ports, 15.6" HD LED-backlit display 3558 — — 3573 3576 3583 - Inspiron 3583 has Intel's 8th Gen Core i3-8145U and Intel's UHD 620 Graphics. 3584: — Fully customizable, with up to an intel Core i7, 16GB memory, 2TB HDD, 256GB SSD, and AMD Radeon 535 graphics. Comes as standard with three USB 3.1 ports, one USB 2.0 port, a combination headphone/microphone 3.5mm port, a HDMI 1.4 port, an SD card reader, a Noble wedge lock slot and a 10/100 Mbps RJ45 ethernet port. AMD 15" laptops under the Inspiron 3000 branding and equipped with AMD processors. 3555 — 3541 — Inspiron 5000 Series Inspiron 13 5000 2-in-1 (53##) 5368: — Processor: 6th gen Intel Core i5-6300u (2.4 GHz) or i7-6600U (2.6 GHz) Memory: 8 GB (Expandable up to 16 GB) Display: 13" LED-backlit, 1920 x 1080, 10 point multi-touch touchscreen Graphics: Intel HD 520 5378: — Processor: 7th gen Intel Core i3-7100U (2.4 GHz), i5-7200U (3.10 GHz) or i7-7500U (4M Cache, up to 3.50 GHz) Dual-core Memory: 4 GB or 8 GB (Expandable up to 16 GB) Graphics: Intel HD 620 Storage: SATA 2.5" (500 GB, 1 TB HDD) Display: 13" LED-backlit, 1920 x 1080, Limited HDR support; 10 point multi-touch touchscreen 5379: — Processor: 8th gen Intel Core i5-8250U (3.40 GHz) or i7-8550U (8M Cache, up to 4.00 GHz) Memory: 8 GB (Expandable up to 32 GB) Display: 13" LED-backlit, 1920 x 1080, 10 point multi-touch touchscreen Graphics: Intel HD 620 Inspiron 14 5000 (54##) 5420: — 3rd Generation Intel Core i3, i5 or i7; or AMD A4-4300M, A6-4400M, A8-4500M, A10-4600M. 5457: — Intel Pentium or 6th gen Core i3/i5/i7. 5480: — 8th gen Whisky Lake Intel Core i3/i5/i7. 5490: — 2019's model with 10th gen i3,i5 and i7 with up to 16gb ram and 1tb ssd and graphics card up to Gtx 1650ti (4 GB) 5402: — 2020's model, Intel 11th gen up to i7-1165G7 processor; Up to 12GB (one slot + 4GB) DDR4, 3200MHz. aluminium cover and palmrest, fingerprint reader option. 1920 x 1080 IPS screen. Inspiron 15 5000 2-in-1 (55##) 5568 Inspiron 15 5000 (55##) 5502— 5520: — 3rd Generation Intel Core i3, i5 or i7; or AMD A4-4300M, A6-4400M, A8-4500M, A10-4600M. 5521: — 3rd Generation Intel Core i3, i5 or i7. 5537: — 4th Generation Intel Core i3, i5 or i7 with AMD Radeon Graphics. 5545: — AMD A8-7100 APU or AMD-7300 APU. 5547: — Laptop available in i5 (Non-Touch/Touch Screen), i7 (Non-Touch/Touch Screen), AMD 18 (Non-Touch) versions. Processor: Intel Core i5-4210U or i7-4510U, AMD A8. Memory: 8 or 12 GB, up to 16 GB DDR3L (2 slots) Graphics: Intel HD 4400 Display: 15.6" LED Backlit Display, 1366x768 pixels Storage: SATA, HDD 1 TB (5400 RPM) Optical Drive: Yes Battery: 3-cell Li-Ion Camera: HD 720p Web Camera Wi-Fi and Bluetooth: Intel Centrino Wireless-AC 3160 + Bluetooth 4.0 I/O ports: 2 USB 3.0, 1 USB 2.0, 1 HDMI port, 4-in-1 SD Card Reader, 1 Ethernet port, 1 combined headphone/microphone jack, 1 security lock, 1 power adapter port. 5548: — Intel Core 5th generaiton i5/i7 processors. 5551: — Intel (Celeron or Pentium) processors. 5552: — Intel (Celeron or Pentium) processors. 1 DDR3L RAM slot (up to 8 GB). 5555: — Processor: AMD APU: E1-7010, E2-7110, A4-7210 @1.8 GHz, A6-7310 @2 GHz, A8-7410 @2.2 GHz, or A10-8700P @1.8 GHz Memory: 4, 8, 12, or 16 GB DDR3L 1600 MHz (2 slots) Graphics: AMD Radeon R2, R3, R4, R5, or R6 Integrated Display: 15.6" Dell TrueLife Non-touch or touch 1366x768 Storage: Seagate Thin HDD SATA 500 GB, 1 TB, or 2 TB (5400 RPM) or 128/256 GB SSD Optical Drive: TSSCorp DVD-RW Battery: 4-cell 40WHr or 47WHr Li-Ion Camera: HD 720p, with stereo microphones Wi-Fi and Bluetooth: Dell Wireless 1707 Card (802.1b/g/n + Bluetooth 4.0, 2.4 GHz) I/O ports: 1 USB 3.0, 2 USB 2.0, 1 HDMI 1.4a port, SD Card Reader, 1 Ethernet port, 1 combined headphone/microphone jack, 1 security lock, 1 power adapter port. Keyboard: Full-size non-backlit or backlit spill-resistant keyboard w/ number pad 5557: — 6th generation Intel Core i3/i5/i7 processors. 5558: — Processor: Intel Broadwell microarchitecture Memory: 4, 8, or up to 16GB DDR3L-1600 (2 slots) 5559: — Processor: Intel Core 6th generation i5-6200U @2.30 GHz 2.40 GHz Memory: 4, 8, or up to 16GB DDR3L-1600 (2 slots) Pen and Touch: 10 point multi-touch touch-screen Keyboard: Full size backlit keyboard 5566: — Features Intel Kaby Lake Microprocessors. Processor: Intel Core i7-7500U, or i5-7200U. Memory: 8 GB, DDR4 (2 slots) Graphics: Intel HD 610 or 620 Display: 15.6" LED-backlit, 1366x768 pixels Storage: SATA: 256/512 GB (SSD), 1 TB (5400 RPM HDD) Optical Drive: Yes Battery: 6-cell Li-Ion Camera: HD 720p Web Camera Wi-Fi and Bluetooth: Intel Centrino Wireless-AC 3160 + Bluetooth 4.0 I/O ports: 2 USB 3.0, 1 USB 2.0, 1 HDMI port, 4-in-1 SD Card Reader, 1 Ethernet port, 1 combined headphone/microphone jack, 1 security lock, 1 power adapter port. 5567: — Features Intel Kaby Lake Microprocessors 5570: — Released in 2017, and has a starting price of €599. Intel Celeron or Pentium, or 6th gen Core i3, or 7th gen Core i3/i5/i7, or 8th gen Core i3/i5/i7 processors. 5593: — Released in 2020, Up to 10th Generation Intel Core i5-1035G1, integrated graphics, m.2 NVME SSD. Inspiron 17 5000 (57##) 5720: -- Intel Core i3 5755: — AMD A8-7410 or AMD A10-8700P processors. 5758: — Intel (Pentium or 4th gen Core i3 or 5th gen Core i3/i5/i7) processors. 5759: — Intel 6th gen i3/i5/i7 processors. 5767: — up to Intel Core i7-7500U, 8 GB RAM and a Radeon R7 M445 (2GB) 5770: — Intel (Celeron or Pentium or 6th gen Core i3 or 7th gen Core i3/i5/i7 or 8th gen i3/i5/i7) processors. 5775: — 2nd generation AMD Ryzen U-series processors. Inspiron 7000 Series Inspiron 13 7000 7380: — 8th Gen Intel CPU; 16GB DDR4 memory. Inspiron 13 7000 2-in-1 Inspiron 13 7000 2-in-1 is a 2-in-1 notebook line with a 13-inch touchscreen, Intel processors and aluminum case. It competes with Acer Aspire R 14, Asus Transformer Book Flip, HP Pavilion 13 x360, Lenovo Yoga 3, Samsung Notebook 7 spin (13-inch), Toshiba Satellite Radius 12 and 14. 7348: — Late 2014 — 5th gen Intel Core i3/i5/i7 - 1600Mhz DDR3L memory 4 or 8GB (1 slot) 7352: — Late 2014 - 5th gen Intel Core i5/i7 - 1600Mhz DDR3L memory 4 or 8GB (1 slot) 7353: — Early 2015 - 6th gen Intel Core i5/i7 - 1600Mhz DDR3L memory 4 or 8GB (1 slot) 7359: — Late 2015 - 6th gen Intel Core i3/i5/i7 or Pentium Dual Core processor - 1600Mhz DDR3L memory 4 or 8GB (1 slot) 7368: — Late 2016 - 6th gen Intel Core i3/i5/i7 or Celeron/Pentium Dual Core processor - 2133Mhz DDR4 memory (4/8/12/16GB - 2 slots) 7375: — Late 2017 - AMD Ryzen 3 / 5 / 7 processor - 2400mhz DDR4 Memory (4/8/12/16GB - 2 slots) - HD or FHD Display 7378: — Late 2016 / 2017 - 7th gen Intel Core i3/i5/i7 or Celeron/Pentium Dual Core processor - 2133Mhz DDR4 memory (4/8/12/16GB - 2 slots) - HD or FHD Display 7373: — Late 2017 - 8th gen Intel Core i5/i7 processor - 2133Mhz or 2400Mhz DDR4 memory 8 or 16GB (Soldered to motherboard) - FHD Display 7386: — Late 2018 / 2019 - 8th gen Intel Core i5/i7 processor - 2400Mhz DDR4 memory 8 or 16GB (Soldered to motherboard) - FHD or UHD Display 7391: — Late 2019 / 2020 - 10th gen Intel Core i5/i7 processor - 2133Mhz LPDDR3 memory 8 or 16GB (Soldered to motherboard) - FHD or UHD Display Inspiron 14 7000 7420: — 3rd Generation Intel Core i3, i5 or i7; or AMD A4-4300M, A6-4400M, A8-4500M, A10-4600M. Inspiron 15 7000 7520 SE: — Processor: Intel Core i7-3612QM or Intel Core i7-3632QM. Memory: Between 4 and 8 GB of DDR3 SODIMM (2 slots). 16 GB of memory is unofficially supported. Graphics: AMD Radeon HD 7730M dedicated GPU with 2GB integrated memory, and Intel HD 4000 integrated GPU. Display: 15.6" LED Backlit Display, 1920x1080 pixels Storage: 500GB HDD or 1TB HDD (SATA, 5400RPM). Optional mSATA interface supporting up to 32 GB of additional SSD storage. Optical Drive: DVD-RW or Blu-Ray. Battery: 6-cell Li-Ion Camera: HD 720p Web Camera Audio: Conexant "SmartAudio HD" CX20672-21Z audio codec, two 2-watt Skullcandy speakers, microphone in camera assembly, headphone and microphone jacks. Wi-Fi and Bluetooth: Intel Centrino Wireless-N 2230. I/O ports: 4 USB 3.0 ports, 1 HDMI port, 1 VGA port, 1 8-in-1 SD Card Reader, 1 Ethernet port, 1 power adapter port. 7559: — 6th generation Intel Core i5/i7 processors. 7577: — 7th generation Intel Core i5/i7 processors (with USB Type-C). 7570: — 8th generation Intel Core i5/i7 processors (with USB Type-C). 7580: — 8th generation Intel Core i5/i7 processors (with USB Type-C). 7590: — 9th generation Intel Core i5/i7 processors (with USB Type-C). 7501: — 10th generation Intel Core i5/i7 processors (with USB Type-C). 7510: — 11th generation Intel Core i5/i7 processors (with USB Type-C). Inspiron 15 7000 2-in-1 Released in 2015, The Inspiron 15 7000 Series 2-in-1 is a 2-in-1 notebook with a 15-inch touchscreen and Intel processors. It competes with Acer Aspire R 15, Asus Transformer Book Flip TP500, TP550, HP Envy x360, Lenovo Flex 2 15, 3 15, Samsung Notebook 7 spin (15-inch) and Toshiba Satellite Fusion. 7558: — 5th generation Intel Core i5/i7 processors. 7569: — 6th generation Intel Core i5/i7 processors. 7579: — 7th generation Intel Core i5/i7 processors (with USB Type-C). 7573: — 8th generation Intel Core i5/i7 processors (with USB Type-C). 7586: — 8th generation Intel Core i5/i7 processors (with USB Type-C) 7591: — 10th generation Intel Core i5/i7 processors (with USB Type-C). Inspiron 17 7000 7737: — 4th generation Intel Core i3/i5/i7 processors. 7746: — 5th generation Intel Core i5/i7 processors. Inspiron 17 7000 2-in-1 The Inspiron 17 7000 series 2-in-1 is an convertible line with aluminum case. It uses a 17-inch display, and is the largest Inspiron 2-in-1 laptop. 7778: — 7786: — 8th gen Intel Core i5/i7 processor. 7790: — Up to 16GB DDR4, Nvidia 250MX video. Inspiron Gaming Series (Pandora) (2015-2018) Inspiron 14 Gaming/Inspiron 14 7000 (7447) The 2015 Dell Inspiron 7447 (Inspiron 14) is a gaming oriented laptop with a discrete 4 GB Nvidia GeForce GTX 850M. It has either an Intel i5-4210H or the Intel i7-4710HQ with up to 8 GB of DDR3L RAM and expandable up to 16 GB. Inspiron 15 Gaming/Inspiron 15 7000 (7559) The Dell Inspiron 7559 (Inspiron 15) is a gaming-oriented laptop with discrete Nvidia GeForce GTX 960M and comes in black with red trim plastic case. The RAM is standard at 8 GB of DDR3L RAM and expandable up to 16 GB. It competes with the HP Pavilion Gaming Series and HP Omen. Inspiron 15 7000 Gaming (75##) 7566 — The Inspiron 15 changes the styling from the Inspiron 15 7000 (7559) while retaining the Nvidia GeForce GTX 960M dedicated graphics card. 7567 — These model has the same design as the Inspiron 15 Gaming (7566) with the main difference being the replacement of the Nvidia GeForce GTX 960M with either an GeForce GTX 1050 or GeForce GTX 1050Ti. The laptop uses DDR4 RAM which can be upgraded to 32 GB and has one M.2 slot for an SSD and one M.2 slot for a wireless card. The screen was improved by switching from a TN to IPS LCD. 7577 — The 2018's model changes the styling of the fan and speaker grills from the Inspiron 15 7000 Gaming (7567). The Nvidia GeForce GTX 1050 graphics card was replaced with a GeForce GTX 1060 Max-Q for improved performance. Inspiron 15 5000 Gaming (AMD) (5576) The Dell Inspiron 15 5000 Gaming (AMD) (5576) is a lower-priced gaming-oriented laptop using either 7th generation AMD (FX 9830P or A10 9630P) Quad Core processors. The integrated video controller is an AMD Radeon R5 or R7 with shared system memory and its discrete video controller is an AMD Radeon RX460 with 4GB GDDR5 memory. Like the Inspiron 15 7000 Gaming series, the laptop uses DDR4 RAM which can be upgraded to 32 GB and has one M.2 slot for an SSD and one M.2 slot for a wireless card. The I/O includes one Ethernet port, one USB 3.0 port with PowerShare, two USB 3.0 data ports, one HDMI port, and one headset port. The audio controller used is a Realtek ALC3246 with Waves MaxxAudio Pro with two speakers and one subwoofer. The card reader is a 2-in-1 type supporting SD card and MultiMedia card (MMC). The webcam is capable of 1 megapixel still images and 720p HD video at 30 fps. The display used is a 15.6-inch FHD non-touch screen with a refresh rate of 60 Hz. The Inspiron Gaming Series (Pandora) was replaced by Dell G Series in 2018. Rebadging In the past, Dell has modified some existing Inspiron machines to produce computers of higher or lower quality. The first-generation Inspiron XPS and Inspiron 9100 (2004–2006) shared the same options in processors (Intel Pentium 4 HT "Prescott"), RAM (DDR 400 MHz), hard-drives (Ultra-ATA 5400/7200 RPM), wireless cards, LCD screens (at 15.4-inches; WXGA, WSXGA+, WUXGA) and graphics cards (ATI Mobility Radeon 9700 64 MB/128 MB), as well as the same chassis. Dell marketed the XPS as an "ultimate gaming machine", while marketed the 9100 as a "desktop replacement". The Inspiron 9100 is a rebadged XPS with the only difference between the two computers is the LCD Panel. Although both support a 15.4 Samsung LCD, only later models of the 9100 (3.2 GHz) use the identical LCD screen (Dell Part #s 7T774/W3866). The Samsung LCD Panel supports 1920×1200. Previous 2.8-3.0 GHz Inspiron 9100 use a lesser panel with resolutions of 1280×800 (Dell Part # Y0316). In recent years, several Dell Vostro laptops share the same chassis with Inspiron laptops. For example, the Inspiron 14 5000 (5480) and Vostro 14 5000 (5481) uses the same chassis. Problems Overheating In 2003, Dell released several lines of Inspiron notebooks that had overheating issues. The systems would overheat and could cause damage to the microprocessor, video card, and motherboard. These systems would also randomly shut down due to overly-high internal temperatures. Overheating in these Inspiron systems is mainly caused by performance-consuming tasks and software. This problem was determined to be due to the design of the air-flow from the bottom of the system. It would draw in dirt/dust and clog the heat sink, making air unable to pass through in order to cool the system. Affected models include the Dell Inspiron 1100, 1150, 5100, 5150, and 5160. Also affected is the Latitude 100L, a near-clone of these models. Dell acknowledged this problem and designed a new fan with a better heatsink and heatpipes to provide better cooling with less noise. Any repairs made at this point will include the redesigned parts. On September 20, Inspiron 5150 owners in the US brought a class action against Dell. The settlement included 100% cash reimbursement for certain repairs, and an extended limited warranty to cover those types of repairs that become necessary for one year. Following the lawsuit detailed above, in October 2006 customers who had purchased Dell Inspiron 1100, 1150, 5100, 5150, and 5160 notebooks filed a class action lawsuit against Dell, alleging misconduct in connection with the design, manufacture, warranting, advertising and selling of these computers. A similar action started in Canada. Overheating has been reduced by using compressed air duster spray. Spraying the keyboard, the Microprocessor Thermal-Cooling Assembly located under the "I" - "backspace" keys, rear air vent/exhaust, bottom air intake, and side air vent (all located on the right side of affected systems) have been effective in reducing the running temperature from a normal operating temperature of 77-87 °C to 45-55 °C under average load. Alternately, some users of these affected models found relief by underclocking their processors. Motherboard On a number of Inspiron 5150 and Latitude 100L systems, a design flaw in the positioning of a tab on the C panel on the underside of the laptop has led to problems. Any pressure applied to the top left-hand corner of the laptop causes this tab to press against the motherboard and in particular against the "LVC14A" chip. This causes the solder between this chip and the motherboard to break. This causes sudden shut-downs of the system as a result of any movement of the laptop; in certain cases the laptop will not re-boot at all. Dell has redesigned later models of the 5150 to avoid this problem. Some models reveal cases where someone has manually snapped off the tab from the C panel by hand during the manufacturing process. Dell covers this fault in the United States under the Lundell Settlement, although it is not known whether Dell will fix this fault free of charge outside the USA. In January 2007 a similar lawsuit started in Canada, and Dell in the Netherlands has agreed to repair Dutch computers following criticism in the consumer programme Kassa. This has also been a problem with the Inspiron 1150, with the same chip giving problems with broken solder. Re-soldering is not recommended. Re-heating the pins can re-establish the connection and solve the power-off problem at the expense of possibly losing the use of the touch-pad mouse. Battery recall of 2006 Dell posted notices to many of their laptop customers on August 14, 2006, saying that the Sony batteries on the following models could combust, or even explode: Models Affected Users of many of these computers purchased between April 2004 and July 18, 2006 received the recommendation that they should remove the batteries and run their computers on AC power until replacements arrived. Problematic batteries made by Sony led to recall programs at other laptop computer companies as well, including Hitachi, Toshiba, Lenovo (IBM) and Apple. Power supply issues Most Dell laptop computers have a special external power supply (PSU) which cannot be replaced by a third-party universal supply. The PSU has what's called UniqueWare™ Add-Only Memory, known under type DS2501. It is a parasitic power circuit memory chip connected to the center identification pin in the plug, via a 2m long unshielded wire alongside the PSU cable. This chip produces a special signal using a 1 wire communication protocol known as "1-wire" in identifying the PSU as an original Dell PSU. This chip handles all the data needed to authenticate a charge. If a power supply not made by Dell is used, or the cable near the connector becomes damaged as is not infrequent after some use, the PSU stops charging the battery and the CPU runs slower, although the computer can be used indefinitely so long as it remains plugged in. If this problem is present at startup, the message "The AC power adapter type cannot be determined. Your system will operate slower and the battery will not charge" is displayed. This will continue until the external PSU is replaced. A few third-party suppliers make power supplies with specific provision for Dell computers at lower prices than Dell's. It is possible to work round the slowdown, but not the battery charging, by installing a CPU clock utility. On some models (the 9100 for instance), the problem can be worked around by starting the computer without a battery installed and fitting the battery after the computer has booted. Another problem arises after much use with the motherboard power connector; flap-like metal parts which contact the outside of the plug lose their tension and fail to make contact so that power does not reach the computer. The "official" solution is to replace the connector on the motherboard, which requires partial dis-assembly of the computer and desoldering a part with several pins; many companies charge a considerable sum for the work involved. Various simple alternatives have been suggested; for example a thin "skin" of solder on the outside of the barrel of the connector on the PSU (with care not to overheat the connector's plastic parts; and this thickened connector should not be used with other, not faulty Dell laptops, as it will stretch the springs and damage or even overheat the plug and socket assembly, causing them to melt or bond permanently). One other problem can happen with the wattage rating of the power supply. There are 2 Dell power supplies that were used for different Inspiron models which have the same plug assembly and voltage, a 65 watt supply model PA-6 and a 90 watt supply model PA-9. Some models (for example the Inspiron 1100) shipped with a PA-9. If a PA-6 (or equivalent aftermarket supply) is used in these models then the system might not boot at times. In such cases, it will light the battery light for a few seconds when the supply is plugged in. This can also happen if the power supply becomes marginal. Marginal supplies can show as supplying full voltage even if tested with a voltmeter while the supply is plugged into the computer and an attempt is made to turn on the computer. These problems are discussed in detail, and solutions and workarounds suggested, in a discussion on Tom's hardware site, and on The Laptop Junction site. Hibernation sensor problem A problem exists with the hibernation sensor located in some older laptops. Unlike many laptops that use a mechanical switch to detect when the lid is closed, in these systems the sensor is a magnetic reed switch that is located between the touchpad and the front edge of the laptop. There is a magnet that is located in the top lid above this switch, and when the lid is closed the magnet triggers the reed switch. If the magnet loses strength then the system will not go into suspend or hibernation if the lid is closed. The magnet strength can be checked by running a paper clip along the top edge of the screen. A worse problem happens if the reed switch fails. Sometimes the switches will fail in a closed position with the contacts sticking together. In that case the system will not switch on. There are several ways to check for this. First the laptop can be partially disassembled and the mouse assembly can be unplugged from the system board and the system switched on. If the system boots with the mouse unplugged then it is the switch. Another way to check for the problem is by running a magnet over the reed switch, there should be a faint click when the magnet triggers the switch. This does not require disassembly but the magnet must be in the correct position and be strong enough. Some people have modified the circuitry of the laptop by cutting the switch off of the assembly, with the downside being the system will no longer suspend if the lid is closed. Vertical line LCD problem Some 17" Inspiron 8600, 9200, 9300, 6000, 1750, and XPS Gen 2 notebook LCDs have a vertical line manufacturing defect. Symptoms range from individual lines to entire bars of the screen with inverted colors. Most problems showed after 2–4 years of usage. Dell has been very reluctant to replace these panels after guarantee, although there was a direct link to the defective parts from their suppliers. Even warranty customers have had difficulty getting replacements, and replaced screens often develop the defect after a short time. LCD Hinge Detachment problem In some Inspiron laptops an issue exists where a hinge holding the LCD screen may, as a result of the forces resulting from the large screen, rip its plastic standoffs holding it from the chassis. This issue seems to be prevalent on the Inspiron 15-7559 and 15-5547 models. Dell has not been uniform in their repair of such issues with some people not being able to get repair even under warranty and others being able to get repair outside of warranty. References Dell laptops Computer-related introductions in 2000 Consumer electronics brands

laptop Form Factor and Weight

HP Pavilion tx series The HP Pavilion TX Series is a series of convertible notebook computers from Hewlett Packard introduced in February 2007. TX1000 These notebooks are designed for Windows Vista. The TX series uses the AMD Turion 64 X2 series of processors. This series has a 12.1-inch touch screen and a DVD+RW; it competed well with the top-of-the-line tablets at the time of its release. All models came with an NVIDIA GeForce Go 6150 graphics system, which features 128 MB of integrated graphics and an extra shared graphics memory of up to 916 MB. This model has been superseded by the HP Touchsmart tx2 Series, and subsequently by the HP Touchsmart tm2. Design The series is delivered with the HP Imprint Finish. The form factor is referred to as a "convertible tablet", that is, the screen can be rotated to use the notebook as a slate with the included stylus. The current model has a glossy, black plastic casing and a perforated touchpad. The speakers are located near the hinge, on the screen; and the webcam on the top of the screen. The stereo microphones are also mounted on the screen and the tablet comes with an optional fingerprint reader. The standard 6-cell battery juts out to form a hand-grip and the DVD drive can be replaced with a plastic "weight-saver". Specifications Processor: AMD Turion(TM) 64 X2 Dual-Core Screen:12.1″ WXGA BrightView LED back-lit [semi-glossy/matte] (1280×800) with passive touchscreen (without Wacom Penabled digitizer) Graphics:NVIDIA GeForce Go 6150 Webcam + Dual Mic Fingerprint Reader (Optional) PC-5300 RAM 1GB [base config], 2GB, 3GB, 4GB SATA Hard Drive, 160GB [base config], 250GB, 320GB Removable LightScribe DVD+/-RW w/Double Layer Wireless: 802.11 a/b/g/draft n WLAN [base config]; Bluetooth 2.1 (optional) Verizon Wireless V740 ExpressCard (requires data plan) Battery: Lithium Ion 6 Cell [base config]/ 4 Cell/ 8 Cell Criticism Within a few months of release of the tx1000 series, numerous technical failures were reported on internet blogs, review sites and HP's own support websites. These included webcam, audio, speaker, BIOS, power management, overheating, booting, and wireless adapter problems. Some were addressed in a timely manner with driver updates, but other users were still forced to turn the notebook on and off repeatedly until it booted up, while others were left with a non-working "bricked" unit. HP released an updated model, the HP Pavilion tx2, which in turn was followed by the HP TouchSmart tm2. HP never issued a recall for its tx1 model. TX2000 TX2500 References External links Notebook Review of the tx1000 HP TX2000 later version HP laptops Microsoft Tablet PC

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Commodore SX-64 The Commodore SX-64, also known as the Executive 64, or VIP-64 in Europe, is a portable, briefcase/suitcase-size "luggable" version of the popular Commodore 64 home computer and the first full-color portable computer. The SX-64 features a built-in five-inch composite monitor and a built-in 1541 floppy drive. It weighs (). The machine is carried by its sturdy handle, which doubles as an adjustable stand. It was announced in January 1983 and released a year later, at 995 USD (). Description Aside from its built-in features and different form factor, there are several other differences between the SX-64 and the regular C64. The default screen color is changed to blue text on a white background for improved readability on the smaller screen. This can cause compatibility problems with programs that assume the C64's default blue background. The default device for load and save operations is changed to the floppy drive. The Datasette (cassette) port and RF port were omitted from the SX-64. Because it has a built-in disk drive and monitor, Commodore did not perceive a need for a tape drive or television connector. However, the lack of a Datasette port poses a problem for a number of C64 Centronics parallel printer interfaces, since several popular designs "borrowed" their +5V power supply from the port. This was not an issue for later interfaces which were supplied with an AC adapter power supply, or those which can use the +5V line supplied by the Centronics port (Pin #18) on the printer itself, if the printer implements it. Alternatively, a +5V supply is also available from the joystick ports. The audio/video port is still present, so an external monitor can still be used; it displays the same content as the built-in monitor. Differences electrically and in placement on the board, means that there are compatibility problems with some C64 cartridges. The original SX-64's (built in) power supply limits the machine's expandability. Compatibility with Commodore RAM Expansion Units varies. Early SX-64 power supplies cannot handle the extra power consumption from the REU. The physical placement of the cartridge port can prevent the REU from seating properly. The 1700 and 1750, 128K and 512K units intended for the C128, are said to work more reliably with the SX-64 than the 1764 unit that was intended for the regular C64. Some SX-64 owners modify Commodore REUs to use an external power supply in order to get around the power supply issues. A version of the SX-64 with dual floppy drives, known as the DX-64, was announced, but the press reported by early 1985 that plans for its release had been suspended. A few have been reported to exist , but it is very rare. Instead of an extra floppy drive, a modem could also be built in above the first drive. Some hobbyists installed a second floppy drive themselves in the SX-64's empty drive slot. Later models of the SX-64 use the larger power supply intended for use with the DX-64. A version with a monochrome screen called the SX-100 was announced but never released. History The SX-64 did not sell well, and its failure has been variously attributed to its small screen, excessive weight (10.5 kg or 23 lb), poor marketing, and smaller business software library than that of its competitors, which included the Osborne 1 and Kaypro II (Zilog Z80 CPU, CP/M OS) and Compaq Portable (16-bit CPU, MS-DOS). The exact number of SX-64 sold from 1984 to 1986, when it was discontinued, is unknown. The serial numbers of over 130 SX-64s from series GA1, GA2, GA4, GA5 and GA6, with serial numbers ranging over 49,000 for series GA1, 1,000 for GA2, 17,000 for GA4, 11,000 for GA5, and 7,000 for GA6 have been reported Some would-be buyers waited instead for the announced DX-64, which never became widely available due to the slow sales of the SX-64, creating a Catch 22 situation similar to that endured by Osborne after announcing an improved version of its computer. The SX-64 did however gain a following with user groups and software developers, who could quickly pack and unpack the machine to use for copying software or giving demonstrations. Reception Ahoy! favorably reviewed the SX-64, stating that the keyboard was better than the 64's, the monitor "isn't hard to read at all", and the disk drive was durable enough for travel. While criticizing the lack of any provision for internal or external battery power, the magazine concluded that the average $750-800 retail price was "worth every penny!". Technical information Like the Commodore 64, except for the following differences: Built-in storage: drive (internal version of the Commodore 1541) Built-in display: 5" inch () composite color monitor (CRT) Keyboard: Separate unit, connected by cord to CPU unit Cartridge port: Placed on top of CPU unit, w/spring-loaded fold-in lid, cartridges inserted vertically (vs horizontally into back of C64) I/O connectors: Serial "488" interface (rear) Video out connector (rear) User Port (rear) Cartridge Port (beneath two spring-loaded flaps on the case top) No Datassette interface No RF modulator & connector Non-standard 25-pin keyboard connector below right side of front panel. The connectors are similar but not identical to D-subminiature connectors and notoriously hard to find today Standard three-prong IEC C14 AC power connector (vs C64 DIN plug to "power brick" PSU) Power supply: Internal unit with transformer and rectifiers (vs external C64 PSU) Extra features: Floppy disk storage compartment above disk drive which could be used to build in an extra floppy drive or compatible sized modem References External links SX-64 Serial register SX-64 schematics (PDF format, zipped) Commodore SX-64 Paper Model Disk Preservation Project Preserving original C64 hardware and software Comm6 Commodore 64 Computer-related introductions in 1984

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Portable computer A portable computer is a computer designed to be easily moved from one place to another and included a display and keyboard together, with a single plug, much like later desktop computers called all-in-ones (AIO), that integrate the system's internal components into the same case as the display. The first commercially sold portable was the IBM 5100, introduced 1975. The next major portables were Osborne's CP/M-based Osborne 1 (1981) and Compaq's , advertised as 100% IBM PC compatible Compaq Portable (1983). These "luggable" computers still required a continuous connection to an external power source; this limitation was later overcome by the laptop. Laptops were followed by lighter models, so that in the 2000s mobile devices and by 2007 smartphones made the term almost meaningless. The 2010s introduced wearable computers such as smartwatches. Portable computers, by their nature, are generally microcomputers. Larger portable computers were commonly known as 'Lunchbox' or 'Luggable' computers. They are also called 'Portable Workstations' or 'Portable PCs'. In Japan they were often called from "bento". Portable computers, more narrowly defined, are distinct from desktop replacement computers in that they usually were constructed from full-specification desktop components, and often do not incorporate features associated with laptops or mobile devices. A portable computer in this usage, versus a laptop or other mobile computing device, have a standard motherboard or backplane providing plug-in slots for add-in cards. This allows mission specific cards such as test, A/D, or communication protocol (IEEE-488, 1553) to be installed. Portable computers also provide for more disk storage by using standard disk drives and provide for multiple drives. Early history SCAMP In 1973, the IBM Palo Alto Scientific Center developed a portable computer prototype called SCAMP (Special Computer APL Machine Portable) based on the IBM PALM processor with a Philips compact cassette drive, small CRT and full function keyboard. SCAMP emulated an IBM 1130 minicomputer in order to run APL\1130. In 1973, APL was generally available only on mainframe computers, and most desktop sized microcomputers such as the Wang 2200 or HP 9800 offered only BASIC. Because SCAMP was the first to emulate APL\1130 performance on a portable, single user computer, PC Magazine in 1983 designated SCAMP a "revolutionary concept" and "the world's first personal computer". The engineering prototype is in the Smithsonian Institution. Xerox NoteTaker Xerox NoteTaker, developed in 1976 at Xerox PARC, was a precursor to later portable computers from Osborne Computer Corporation and Compaq, though it remained a prototype and did not enter production. IBM 5100 Successful demonstrations of the 1973 SCAMP prototype led to the first commercial IBM 5100 portable microcomputer launched in 1975. The product incorporated an IBM PALM processor, CRT, full function keyboard and the ability to be programmed in both APL and BASIC for engineers, analysts, statisticians and other business problem-solvers. (IBM provided different models of the 5100 supporting only BASIC, only APL, or both selectable by a physical switch on the front panel.) IBM referred to its PALM processor as a microprocessor, though they used that term to mean a processor that executes microcode to implement a higher-level instruction set, rather than its conventional definition of a complete processor on a single silicon integrated circuit; the PALM processor was a large circuit board populated with over a dozen chips. In the late 1960s, such a machine would have been nearly as large as two desks and would have weighed about half a ton (). In comparison, the IBM 5100 weighed about 53 pounds (24 kg and very portable for that time). MIT Suitcase Computer The MIT Suitcase Computer, constructed in 1975, was the first known microprocessor-based portable computer. It was based on the Motorola 6800. Constructed in a Samsonite suitcase approximately and weighing approximately , it had 4K of SRAM, a serial port to accept downloaded software and connect to a modem, a keyboard and a 40-column thermal printer taken from a cash register. Built by student David Emberson in the MIT Digital Systems Laboratory as a thesis project, it never entered production. It is currently in the collection of Dr. Hoo-Min D. Toong. Micro Star or Small One An early portable computer was manufactured in 1979 by GM Research, a small company in Santa Monica, California. The machine which was designed and patented by James Murez. It was called the Micro Star and later the name was changed to The Small One. Although Xerox claims to have designed the first such system, the machine by Murez predated anything on the market or that had been documented in any publication at the time hence the patent was issued. As early as 1979, the U.S. Government was contracting to purchase these machines. Other major customers included Sandia Labs, General Dynamics, BBN (featured on the cover of their annual report in 1980 as the C.A.T. system) and several dozen private individuals and companies around the world. In 1979, Adam Osborne viewed the machine along with several hundred other visitors at the first computer show that was sponsored by the IEEE Westec in Los Angeles. Later that year the machine was also shown at the first COMDEX show. Portal R2E CCMC The portable micro computer; the "Portal" of the French company R2E Micral CCMC officially appeared in September 1980 at the Sicob show in Paris. The Portal was a portable microcomputer designed and marketed by the studies and developments department of the French firm R2E Micral in 1980 at the request of the company CCMC specializing in payroll and accounting. The Portal was based on an intel 8085 processor, 8-bit, clocked at 2 MHz. It was equipped with a central 64 KB RAM, a keyboard with 58 alpha numeric keys and 11 numeric keys (separate blocks), a 32-character screen, a floppy disk: capacity = 140 000 characters, of a thermal printer: speed = 28 characters / sec, an asynchronous channel, a synchronous channel, a 220 V power supply. Designed for an operating temperature of , it weighed and its dimensions were . It provided total mobility. Its operating system was Prolog. A few hundred were sold between 1980 and 1983. Osborne 1 The first mass-produced microprocessor-based portable computer released in 1981 was the Osborne 1, developed by Osborne, which owed much to the NoteTaker's design. The company had early success with the design and went public but later due to small screen sizes and other devices being released found trouble selling the Osborne. The Osborne 1 is about the size and weight of a sewing machine, and was advertised as the only computer that would fit underneath an airline seat. Kaypro Another early portable computer released in 1982 was named the Kaypro II, although it was the company's first commercially available product. Some of the press mocked its design—one magazine described Kaypro Corporation as "producing computers packaged in tin cans". Others raved about its value, as the company advertised the Kaypro II as "the $1595 computer that sells for $1595", some noting that the included software bundle had a retail value over $1000 by itself, and by mid-1983 the company was selling more than 10,000 units a month, briefly making it the fifth-largest computer maker in the world. It managed to correct most of the Osborne 1's deficiencies: the screen was larger and showed more characters at once, the floppy drives stored over twice as much data, the case was more attractive-looking, and it was also much better-built and more reliable. Grid Compass The Grid Compass ran its own operating system, GRiD-OS. Its specialized software and high price (US$8,000–10,000) meant that it was limited to specialized applications. The main buyer was the U.S. government. NASA used it on the Space Shuttle during the early 1980s, as it was powerful, lightweight, and compact. The military Special Forces also purchased the machine, as it could be used by paratroopers in combat. Post-IBM PC portables Compaq Portable and competitors Although Columbia Data Product's MPC 1600, "Multi Personal Computer" came out in June 1983, one of the first extensively IBM PC compatible computers was the Compaq Portable. Eagle Computer then came out with their offering. and Corona Data Systems's PPC-400., the "portable" Hyperion Computer System. Both Eagle Computer and Columbia were sued by IBM for copyright infringement of its BIOS. They settled and were forced to halt production. Neither the Columbia nor the Eagle were nearly as IBM PC DOS compatible as Compaq's offerings. Commodore SX-64 The first full-color portable computer was the Commodore SX-64 in January 1984. Atari STacy Originally announced in 1987, the Atari STacy was released to the public in December 1989 and was one of the first laptop-like portables. Apple Macintosh Apple Inc. introduced and released the Macintosh Portable in 1989, though this device came with a battery, which added to its substantial weight. The Portable has features similar to the Atari STacy, include integrated trackball and clamshell case. IBM PS/2 Portable After release of IBM PC Convertible in 1986, IBM still produced classic portable computers, include released in 1989 PS/2 P70 (with upgrade in 1990 to P75), and IBM produce portables for up to release of PS/2 Note and PS/55note notebook lines. Modern portables See also Bobst Graphic Scrib Portable DYSEAC, 1954, housed in a truck Handheld PC (palmtop) Laptop Mobile computing Mobile device Netbook Personal computer Personal digital assistant (PDA) Portal laptop computer Timeline of portable computers References External links Classes of computers History of computing hardware

laptop Form Factor and Weight

PowerBook 100 series The PowerBook 100 series is a line of laptop PCs produced by Apple Computer. In October 1991, Apple released the first three PowerBooks: the low-end PowerBook 100, the more powerful PowerBook 140, and the high end PowerBook 170, the only one with an active matrix display. These machines caused a stir in the industry with their compact dark grey cases, use of a trackball, and the clever positioning of the keyboard which left room for palmrests on either side of the pointing device. Portable PC computers at the time tended to have the keyboard forward towards the user, with empty space behind it, so this was a surprising innovation and set the standard layout all future notebook computers would follow. The PowerBook 140 and 170 were the original PowerBook designs, while the PowerBook 100 was the result of Apple having sent the schematics of the Mac Portable to Sony, who miniaturized the components. Hence the PowerBook 100's design does not match those of the rest of the series, as it was actually designed after the 140 & 170 and further benefited from improvements learned during their development. The PowerBook 100, however, did not sell well until Apple dropped the price substantially. Both the 100 and 200 series PowerBooks were intended to tie into the rest of the Apple desktop products utilizing the corporate Snow White design language incorporated into all product designs since 1986. However, unlike the Macintosh Portable which was essentially a battery-powered desktop in weight and size, the light colors and decorative recessed lines did not seem appropriate for the scaled down designs. In addition to adopting the darker grey colour scheme which co-ordinated with the official corporate look, they also adopted a raised series of ridges mimicking the indented lines on the desktops. The innovative look not only unified their entire product line, but set Apple apart in the marketplace and had the added benefit of masking fingerprints while the ridges provided added traction with which to grip the PowerBook. These early series would be the last to utilize the aging Snow White look, with the 190 adopting a new look along with the introduction of the 500 series. The first series of PowerBooks were hugely successful, capturing 40% of all laptop sales. Despite this, the original team left to work at Compaq, setting back updated versions for some time. When increasing processing power, Apple was hampered by the overheating problems of the 68040; this resulted in the 100-series PowerBook being stuck with the aging 68030 which could not compete with newer-generation Intel 80486-based PC laptops introduced in 1994. For several years, new PowerBook and PowerBook Duo computers were introduced which featured incremental improvements, including color screens, but by mid-decade, most other companies had copied the majority of the PowerBook's features, and Apple was unable to regain their lead. The original PowerBook 100, 140, and 170 were replaced by the 145 (updated to the 145B in 1993), 160, and 180 in 1992, with the 160 and 180 having video output allowing them to drive an external monitor. The PowerBook 180 had a superb-for-the-time active-matrix grayscale display, making it popular. In 1993, the PowerBook 165c was the first PowerBook with a color screen, later followed by the 180c. In 1994, the last true member of the 100-series form factor introduced was the PowerBook 150, targeted at value-minded consumers and students. The PowerBook 190, released in 1995, bears no resemblance to the rest of the PowerBook 100 series, and is in fact simply a Motorola 68LC040-based version of the PowerBook 5300, and the last PowerBook model to be manufactured using a Motorola 68k-family processor). However, like the 190, the 150 also used the 5300 IDE-based logic-board architecture. From the 100's 68000 processor, to the 190's 68LC040 processor, the 100 series PowerBooks span the entire Apple 68K line, with the 190 even upgradable to a PowerPC processor. The PowerBook Duo spanned the 68030 line of processors and sold through the PowerPC transition to the PowerPC 603e processor with the 2300, also based on the 5300's internal architecture. In February 2005, Mobile PC magazine named the PowerBook 100 its choice as the "#1 gadget of all time." References External links Apple-History 100 Computer-related introductions in 1991

laptop Form Factor and Weight

ThinkPad Tablet The ThinkPad Tablet is a tablet computer made by Lenovo as part of its series of Android-based tablet devices and is targeted towards business users. Lenovo's tablet offerings are available in both ThinkPad and IdeaPad variants. While the ThinkPad Tablets are designed for business, the IdeaPad tablets, like the laptops of the same name, are meant for home and personal use. These tablets are different from Lenovo's X Series tablets, which are laptop/tablet hybrids and which use Microsoft Windows as their operating system. Description Released in August 2011, the ThinkPad Tablet is the first in Lenovo's line of business-oriented Tablets with the ThinkPad brand. The tablet has been described by Gadget Mix as a premium business tablet. Since the Tablet is primarily business-oriented, it includes features for security, such as anti-theft software, the ability to remotely disable the tablet, SD card encryption, layered data encryption, and Cisco Virtual Private Network (VPN). Additionally, the ThinkPad Tablet is able to run software such as IBM's Lotus Notes Traveler. The stylus could be used to write notes on the Tablet, which also included software to convert this handwritten content to text. Another feature on the Tablet was a drag-and-drop utility designed to take advantage of the Tablet's touch capabilities. This feature could be used to transfer data between USB devices, internal storage, or an SD card. Slashgear summarized the ThinkPad Tablet by saying, "The stylus and the styling add up to a distinctive slate that doesn’t merely attempt to ape Apple’s iPad." The ThinkPad Tablet was discontinued upon the launch of the Windows 8-based ThinkPad Tablet 2 in October 2012. At the same time, Lenovo discontinued the use of Android on its ThinkPad-branded tablets; subsequent models, beginning with the Tablet 2, have exclusively used Windows as their operating system. Design and development David Hill of Lenovo said he believed the ThinkPad Tablet to be "the weapon of choice for business success". In his article on the development of the Tablet, he indicated that every design detail was subjected to multiple design reviews, including basic elements such as the placement of the logo. Digitizer pen A challenge was indicated to be designing and integrating a digitizer pen into the Tablet, which already had a "crowded interior". This required a study of pen barrel diameter and the balancing of batteries, digitizer technology components, ergonomics, and storage space constraints for the pen itself. Additionally, dowel rods were used for diameter studies and sharpened pencils were used to study the appropriate length with users. The final pen developed based on this was 120 mm long. Folio keyboard The ThinkPad Tablet was launched with an optional, dedicated . The folio offered a Lenovo keyboard and an optical trackpoint. The presence of this folio was appreciated by PC World as well, with the reviewer calling the folio the Tablet's best feature. The folio was designed to offer users of the ThinkPad Tablet a typing experience similar to that of a ThinkPad laptop, as well as cursor control. The full-size keyboard on the folio reputedly offered users the same typing experience as that of the ThinkPad X1. Using a standard strain gauge based TrackPoint would have increased the folio thickness, making it necessary for innovation in the implementation of cursor control. Optical sensor technology was chosen for this, providing capabilities for traditional TrackPoint placement as well as the familiarity of a Touchpad. ThinkPad Tablet Dock The ThinkPad tablet dock is useful to charge the tablet. It only supports the tablet in vertical mode. On the back side there in audio output port, microphone input port, a micro USB port and support for the Thinkpad 20V power adapter. On its side it has a full size USB port. Security According to Lenovo, eight major security vulnerabilities typical for tablet devices have been addressed in the ThinkPad Tablet. These are: Encryption: The ThinkPad Tablet's internal storage device and removable SD card are encrypted via functionality built into the Android OS used on the tablet. Anti-malware: The ThinkPad Tablet offers McAfee anti-malware preloaded, with options to upgrade to a corporate managed anti-malware solution. Data Leakage: Features on the Tablet allow the USB ports, SD card slot, camera and microphone to be disabled and controlled by an IT administrator. The Tablet is certified by Good Technology, which encrypts email as well and prevents email data from being copied from the Tablet. User authentication: In addition to Android's support for a user-defined PIN password, the ThinkPad Tablet also includes the capacity to lock the Tablet using Active Directory credentials. Application control: Lenovo offers preloaded images on the ThinkPad Tablet, allowing users to customize the applications on the Tablet. Additionally, IT departments can create customized App Shops to restrict the applications that can be downloaded and installed to the Tablet. The Tablet also included Citrix receiver, which allows businesses to host and run applications on their own servers. Anti-theft and recovery: The ThinkPad Tablet includes Absolute Computrace with Persistence, allowing Tablet data to be remotely wiped in case of loss or theft. Rooted device detection: The ThinkPad Tablet automatically detects if it has been rooted, sending a report to a company's IT department. This allows an IT department to determine if the Tablet should be retrieved from the user or if access to resources should be restricted. Business-grade features According to Matt Kohut, the ThinkPad Tablet is the industry's first business-class Tablet because Lenovo is "the only vendor who can provide a full suite of services to make our customers more productive and secure." He substantiated this by discussing the warranty on the ThinkPad Tablet, ThinkPad Protection, custom 'images' and asset tags. The warranty on the ThinkPad Tablet was a standard one year which could be upgraded to three years. This was indicated as being different from other Tablet warranties, which were anywhere between 90 days and a maximum of two years. ThinkPad Protection was described as being a method to protect the Tablet against common accidents. Again, Matt Kohut claimed that accidental damage protection was not on offer by many leading Tablet vendors, even at additional cost. The custom image allowed businesses to deploy Tablets that adhere to company security policies and with company applications preloaded. Finally, custom asset tags were also available and designed to attach to the bottom of the Tablet. Specifications The ThinkPad Tablet offered the following specifications: Processor: NVIDIA Tegra 2 Dual-Core 1 GHz processor Operating system: Android 3.1 (Upgradable to 4.0) Display: 10.1 inch, 1280x800, 16:10, IPS, multitouch display screen Weight: starting at Battery life: up to 8 hours Storage: up to 64GB storage Connectivity: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and 3G Ports: USB 2.0, micro-USB, mini-HDMI Speakers and Connectors: SD card reader, Mini-HDMI out, SIM card slot (on selected models), mic, headphone Card reader: 3 in 1 Camera: 2 megapixel (front), 5 megapixel (rear) Additional features: accelerometer, gyroscope, ambient light sensor Reviews In its review, PC World listed the pros of the ThinkPad Tablet as the full size USB port and SD card slot, the optional keyboard portfolio carry case, and the digitizer pen. The cons were listed as the thickness (14mm) and the bland design. The Tablet was described as serving "both work and play with key security and manageability features". The Corning Gorilla glass display uses IPS (in-plane switching) technology and offers a 178-degree viewing angle. Locked bootloader Some models of this tablet came with a locked bootloader. This means if the Android software and Recovery Menu fails, the tablet will brick with a software error without a way to recovering it. The only solution Lenovo offers is to replace the motherboard of the tablet. Lenovo has explained that this happens because the tablet contains DRM protected software and Lenovo proprietary code on the Android image. Hardware issues Users on different forums have reported that the following hardware components on this tablet are prone to failure: The on/off switch. The micro-USB port. References External links Official website Lenovo Tablet computers introduced in 2011 Android (operating system) devices Tablet computers

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Framework Computer Framework Computer Inc is an American laptop manufacturer. The company positions itself as a proponent of the electronics right to repair movement, and their laptops are designed to be easy to disassemble, with replaceable parts. The company's approach has earned them praise from Louis Rossmann and Linus Sebastian, the latter having invested $225,000 into the company. In November 2021, Time magazine listed the Framework Laptop on their list of the 100 Best Inventions. Products For the products repairability and upgradability, the company's website has the guide for the replacement and repair and the marketplace. Framework Laptop In July 2021, Framework Computer started to ship their first product Framework Laptop for the US and Canada. In December 2021, Framework Computer started the pre-order for the UK, Germany and France. In February 2022, pre-ordering became available for Ireland, Austria and The Netherlands. Framework Laptop received a 10 out of 10 in iFixit's repairability score. Framework Laptop has the pre-assembled edition, and Framework Laptop DIY Edition to customize, upgrade, and assemble like a desktop. Framework Laptop DIY Edition provides an option without a pre-installed operating system. Embedded controller firmware Framework Laptop is using the proprietary firmware BIOS and an open sourced embedded controller (EC) firmware, that is based on CrOS EC. In April 2021, the company mentioned "Open source firmware is well aligned to our mission of building products. We're currently focused on getting the Framework Laptop out into the world in a lower-risk path that uses an off the shelf proprietary BIOS, but we're looking forward to replacing that with an open alternative in the future.". In January 2022, the company open sourced their EC firmware. The company is developing their BIOS. The initially shipped BIOS version is 3.02. The latest version is 3.07 in Windows, and the beta version in Linux as of January 6, 2022. The support by the Linux Vendor Firmware Service (LVFS) with fwupd is expected. Currently it is in testing state. A company or individual driven projects The company launched the Expansion Card Developer Program to opening card development, released documentation, CAD templates, and reference designs for Expansion Cards, all under open source licenses to make it easy for both hardware companies and individual makers to create new card designs. There are a third party company or individual driven projects. Framework Laptop skins & wraps Screen protector film Arts & wallpapers Magnetic charger expansion card Dual USB-C expansion card LTE Cat 4 Cell modem expansion card Scroll wheels expansion card A cyberdeck-like keyboard PC that re-purposes the Framework Laptop's motherboard An EC tool that changes the colors of LEDs and the keyboard layout on the firmware level. Community relations The company has their official forum hosted on Discourse and community platform hosted on Discord. The company provided pre-release hardware to developers and maintainers at Fedora Project, elementary OS, NixOS, and Arch Linux to make the Linux experience as smooth as possible on Framework Laptop. Arch Linux has Framework Laptop page on their wiki site. Partner relations In January 2022, Intel introduced Framework Computer as one of their partners at the tech event, CES 2022. Framework Computer mentioned that they have a communication with the Intel Linux WiFi driver team, and the Framework Laptop's WiFi and Bluetooth stability to be good starting from Linux kernel version 5.17. Support The company supports by knowledge base articles, community forum, QR codes on the products, and inquiry form. Supported countries and regions Framework Laptop is available for order in the US and Canada and for pre-order in the UK, Germany and France. The company announced they will add additional countries in 2022, introducing their region selection page. In December 2021, the company announced that they chose the additional supported countries UK, Germany and France based on both the number of people who registered interest through the region selection page and on logistical complexity. In February 2022, pre-ordering became available for Ireland, Austria and The Netherlands. There are several threads about this topic on the community forum. The company recommended users waiting until the company officially launch in your region before ordering. The company commented "if an import service is used, we will not be able to support your laptop or warranty if something goes wrong hardware-wise or assist when it comes to international customs or VATs". Linux support In December 2021, the company released a statement asking users who are not using Ubuntu 21.04.3+ or Fedora 35 to troubleshoot with Framework's Linux community instead of contacting Framework support as no other Linux distribution has been verified by the company for hardware compatibility, mentioning that the company could troubleshoot general product usage issues on a supported OS, but could not troubleshoot OS related issues not related to the product functionality. Electronics right to repair movement Framework Laptop is on display as part of the Waste Age: What can Design Do? exhibition displayed at the Design Museum in London from October 2021 to February 2022. See also Ethical consumerism Fairphone Social enterprise System76 Purism Pine64 References External links Framework Laptop - ArchWiki, the Arch Linux wiki site Computer companies of the United States Consumer electronics brands American brands Netbook manufacturers Online retailers of the United States

laptop Form Factor and Weight

ThinkStation The ThinkStation products from Lenovo are professional workstations designed for high-end computing. In 2008, Lenovo expanded the focus of its "THINK" brand to include workstations, with the ThinkStation S10 being the first model released. In 2014, Lenovo introduced the P Series workstations. 2021 P350 P350 is the successor of model P340, with the 11th generation of Intel CPUs and PCIe4 storages. 2020 P340 P340 is the successor of model P330, with the 10th generation of Intel CPUs. 2019 2018 P330 Lenovo described the P330, available in three form factors, as "entry-level workstations". As the middle digit of the model number implied, these replacements for the 320 series represented a new generation of architecture and design language. The P330 series was available with 8th-generation (Coffee Lake) processors, including Xeon E Workstation CPUs. 2017 P520 and P520c Lenovo announced both of the P520 models in November 2017. The main notable difference beside versions is a RAM slots count (8 slots with maximum of a 256GB RAM in a P520 and 4 slots with only 128 GB in a P520c). P920 — Hi-end dual-socket solution. Official specs: Processors: 2x RAM: 1 (or 2) TB/512 GB (LRDIMM/RDIMM) ECC, DDR4-2666 (16 slots) Graphics: Storage: PSU: 1400W proprietary 2016 P510 — Hi-end single-socket solution. Official specs: Processor: Up to Intel Xeon E5-2600 v4 (22*2.2 GHz) RAM: Up to 256GB RDIMM 2400 MHz (8 slots) Graphics: 2x PCI-e x16 slots, up to NVIDIA Quadro P6000 or Tesla K40 in base Storage: PSU: 490 or 650 watt, proprietary P710 — Regular dual-socket solution. Official specs: Processors: 2x RAM: Graphics: Storage: PSU: P910 — Hi-end dual-socket solution. Official specs: Processors: 2x RAM: 896GB/512 GB (LRDIMM/RDIMM) ECC, DDR4-2400 (16 slots) Graphics: Storage: PSU: 1300W proprietary 2015 P310 The ThinkStation P310 is an "entry-level" workstation and replacement for the P300 ThinkStation. It comes standard with an Intel Xeon E3-1200v5 processor and an Nvidia GPU. It can accommodate up to 64 gigabytes of RAM, and supports Lenovo's FLEX drive system. P700 The P700 was introduced in November 2015. It has simple black case with red accents that includes numerous places on its front for headphones, a card reader, USB ports, etc. The side panel includes a keyed lock and can be removed by depressing a steel lever. All internal components are modular and designed to be removed and replaced without tools. The P700 uses Intel Xeon processors. Nvidia graphics cards come standard. Specifications Processor: Up to 2 x 18-Core E5-2699 v3 2.3/3.6GHz 45MB RAM: Up to 768GB LRDIMM (384GB RDIMM) 2133MHz – 2 x Quad Channel (12 x (64GB LRDIMM or 32GB RDIMM)) Power: 650W or 850W 2014 P Series Lenovo launched the P Series at SIGGRAPH 2014 in Vancouver, Canada. The P Series is designed for use in engineering, architecture, professional video, energy production, finance, and other computationally intensive industries. The series includes the P900, P700, P500, and P300 models. The P Series uses Xeon processors from Intel and Quadro video cards from NVIDIA in base. The P300 line uses Haswell-based Xeons and supports dual channel memory. The P500 uses single Haswell-E Xeons and quad channel memory. The P700 uses dual Haswell-E Xeons. The P900 is similar to the P700 but uses multi-PCIe and has enhanced IO. The P Series is ISV-certified for all applications. The P Series is based on Lenovo's "Flex" system of trays and connectors that are designed to enable toolless upgrades. The Flex Bay at the front of each unit can be configured with an optical drive or a variety of options such card readers and FireWire connections. Drives are installed using Flex Bays that come in 2.5" and 3.5" sizes. Each tray can handle one 3.5" drive or two 2.5" drives. The Flex Connector is a mezzanine card that links the motherboard via PCIe to SATA, SAS, and RAID devices without using up card slots. P500 — Hi-end single-socket solution. Official specs: Processor: Intel Xeon E5-2699 v3 (18*2.67 GHz) RAM: Up to 512/256GB LRDIMM/RDIMM 2133 MHz (8 slots) Graphics: 2x PCI-e x16 slots, up to NVIDIA Quadro M6000 or Tesla K20 in base. Storage: PSU: 490 or 650 watt, proprietary 2013 S30 The Lenovo ThinkStation S30 was introduced in 2013. It features Intel Sandy Bridge chipsets and processors and was later upgraded to Intel Ivy Bridge Core i5\i7 and Intel Xeon processors from four cores (e.g. Intel Xeon E5-1620 v2) up to 12-cores such as the high-end model Intel Xeon E5-2697 v2). E32 On August 21, 2013 Lenovo introduced the ThinkStation E32 series professional workstation that is available in either a tower or 12.9L small form factor chassis. The E32 incorporates the latest Intel Haswell chip set and supports the Intel Xeon E3 and 4th generation processors as well as the Intel Core i7 and Core i5 series processors. The E32 supports both on board Intel HD Graphics P4600 as well as NVIDIA NVS Business Graphics or Quadro 3D graphics cards up to the K4000. The E32 supports up to 32 GB of 1600 MHz, DDR3 ECC memory in both form factors and has USB 3.0 ports on the front and rear of the chassis for a total of six USB 3.0 ports. As are all Lenovo ThinkStations, the E32 is fully ISV certified for applications suites from Autodesk, Adobe, Dassault Systèmes, PTC, Siemens as well as others. The E32 makes it an ideal entry level platform for CAD and AEC users. Both the E32 tower and SFF workstations are reliable and green, offering 80 Plus Platinum certification with up to 92% power efficiency. Due to the integration of the Intel Haswell micro architecture and Microsoft officially ending support for the Windows XP operating system in April 2014, the E32 is the first workstation that does not support the installation of Windows XP. 2012 D30 The ThinkStation D30 is a full-sized traditional tower workstation released in 2012. As is typical for ThinkStations the front panel features a perforated honeycomb shaped pattern. The D30 can hold up to two Intel Xeon eight-core processors that feature hyperthreading in order to support the processing of up to 32 simultaneous streams of data. Video is powered by Nvidia Quadro graphics cards. The D30 scored a very high 25.31 points on the Cinebench test of 3D rendering. For comparison, the late 2012 Apple Mac Pro only scored 7.36 points on the same test. In a review of the D30 PC Magazine wrote, "Sometimes, you just need to bring out the big stick, and the Lenovo ThinkStation D30 is that big stick. The sheer power of the dual eight-core Xeon CPUs plus the ability to add on more powerful Nvidia Quadro cards means that this is a system to scorch project deadlines in minutes rather than hours, or hours instead of days. Our last dual-processor workstation Editors' Choice was the Lenovo ThinkStation C20, which amazed us by putting dual Xeon CPUs in a more compact chassis. The Lenovo ThinkStation D30 now usurps that mantle, as the dual-processor workstation Editors' Choice. It wins with power, expandability, and a ruthless devotion to get your project done before any of your rivals can." C30 The ThinkStation C30 is a high-end dual-processor workstation designed for use in video editing, engineering, and finance. The C30 is slightly smaller than a full-sized tower but still comes with two PCI slots, two free PCIe x16 card slots for graphics cards, a free PCIe x4 slot, and space for two free hard drive bays. Two Intel Xeon E5-2620 processors, 16GB of ECC DDR3 system memory, a Nvidia Quadro 4000 graphics card, and a 500GB hard drive come standard. There is an option to rack mount the C30. PC Magazine wrote, "The Lenovo ThinkStation C30 is a very good dual-processor workstation. It is a powerhouse for the space constrained financial, DCC, or engineering user in your organization. The system therefore comes highly recommended, but its roomier, more powerful, and more expensive big brother the Lenovo ThinkStation D30 holds on to the Editors' Choice for dual-processor workstations for the time being for having a lot more power and being more flexible for future upgrades." 2011 The ThinkStation workstation released by Lenovo in 2011 was the E30. E30 Announced in March 2011, the E30 workstation could be equipped with either Intel Core i or Intel Xeon processors. The workstation could be equipped with either 80GB or 160GB solid state drives. Discrete graphics were available on the workstation, in the form of NVIDIA Quadro or NVS graphics. When the E30 was launched, Tao Gu, the executive director and general manager of Lenovo’s Workstation Business Unit said, "We created the ThinkStation E30 workstation to offer extremely powerful processing on a software-certified solution at desktop prices." Detailed specifications of the workstation are as follows: Processor: up to 3.5 GHz Intel Xeon E3-1280 RAM: Up to 16GB DDR3 1333 MHz ECC (4 slots) Integrated Graphics: Intel HD 3000 or HD P3000 2D Graphics: up to NVIDIA Quadro NVS 450 (512MB) 3D Graphics: up to NVIDIA Quadro 2000 (1GB) Storage: Up to 2TB 7200RPM SATA Up to 600GB 10000RPM SATA Up to 160GB SSD Dimensions (mm): 412 x 175 x 420 Weight: 2010 The ThinkStation workstations released by Lenovo in 2010 were the C20 and E20. C20 The C20 workstation was compact, designed to be easy to mount on a rack. This compact size allowed up to 14 workstations to be stacked in a standard 42U rack. It also meant that users who used a single workstation were offered extra space either on or beneath their desk. Detailed specifications of the workstation are as follows: Processor: 2x 2.67 GHz Intel Xeon E5650 RAM: Up to 48GB 1066 MHz (6 slots) Graphics: NVIDIA Quadro FX 4800 (dual) Storage: 500GB Operating System: Windows 7 Professional (64 bit) Optical Drive: One 5.25" bay, with DVD- or Blu-ray reader/writer SLASHGEAR stated that they “had trouble slowing the C20 down – this isn’t a PC where opening a few dozen browser windows will cause lag – and it stayed admirably quiet too (though fan noise did ramp up as the system was stressed during benchmark testing)”. The reviewer also stated that the price would be far too high for most people to afford. The reviewer summed up the workstation by saying, “Graphics professionals, video editors or anyone looking to do vast amounts of crunching in minimal amounts of time, however – and without turning their office into a server farm – should definitely be considering the C20.” In addition, since the machine was designed as a workstation used by graphic professionals and video editors it was not intended to replace high end gaming machines. PCMag received the workstation positively saying, “The Lenovo ThinkStation C20 should be at the top of your list if you're looking for an ISV-certified Windows 7-based workstation.” The workstation was awarded 4 out of 5 stars by PCMag and given an Editor’s Choice award. The workstation has been certified by several ISVs, including: Autodesk: 3ds Max (2008/2009), Alias Studio 2008, AutoCad 2008, Maya (2008 Extension 2/2009/2010), Softimage 2010 Dassault Systèmes: Catia (V5R18/V5R19/V6R2009x), SolidWorks PTC: CoCreate Modeling, Pro/E Wildfire 4.0, Pro/E Wildfire 5.0 Siemens: NX 4, NX 5 E20 The E20 workstation was called ‘a “real” workstation for the price of a consumer PC’ by PCMag. It received the “Honorable Mention” award in PCMag’s “Best of the Year” 2010 awards. The workstation also included several environmentally friendly features. Among these were Energy Star 5.0 and GREENGUARD certifications. The workstation incorporated 66% recycled plastics, with several recycling programs available from Lenovo once the workstation reached end-of-life. Desktop Review received the workstation positively saying, “Quiet, capable and offering excellent build quality, the ThinkStation E20 is a good option for those in need of a workstation's benefits in a slimmer, more efficient package.” The workstation was awarded 4 out of 5 stars by Desktop Review. Detailed specifications of the workstation are as follows: Processor: 3.2 GHz Intel Core i5-650 RAM: base 4 GB (4 slots) Storage: 500 GB Graphics: NVIDIA Quadro FX 580 Optical Drive: Dual-Layer DVD+/-RW Operating System: Microsoft Windows 7 Professional The workstation has received certifications from several ISVs, including: Autodesk: AutoCad (2009-2011) Dassault Systèmes: Catia V5, SolidWorks (2009-2011) 2009 The ThinkStation workstations released by Lenovo in 2009 were the S20 and D20. S20 The S20 workstation was released by Lenovo in 2009 and had significant expansion options. The workstation included a PCI, PCIe x1, and two PCIe x16 slots. The workstation also included space for a second optical drive, and two additional 3.5 inch hard disk drive bays. There were also 10 USB ports and 1 eSATA port. However, there was no standard Firewire port. The S20 workstation also included several environmentally friendly certifications including EPEAT Gold, RoHS, Energy Star 5.0 and GREENGUARD. Detailed specifications of the workstation are given below: Processor: 2.93 GHz Intel Xeon W3540 RAM: 4 GB DDR3 ECC 1333, up to 24GB (6 slots) Storage: 500 GB Graphics: NVIDIA Quadro FX 4800 Optical Drive: Dual-Layer DVD reader/writer Operating System: Microsoft Windows Vista Business The S20, like other workstations in the ThinkStation product line, has been certified by multiple ISVs, including: Autodesk: 3ds Max (2008/2009), AutoCAD 2008, Inventor (2008/2009), Maya (2008 Extension 2/2009/2010), Softimage 2010 Dassault Systèmes: Catia (V5R18/V5R19/V6R2009x), SolidWorks (2007/2008/2009/2010) Siemens: NX 4, NX 5 D20 Also released in 2010 along with the S20, the D20 workstation was reported by Desktop Engineering as bearing a strong resemblance to the S20, although it was noticeably larger. According to Desktop Engineering, the D20 workstation delivered very high scores on their benchmark tests, both for Windows XP and Windows Vista. Despite the presence of several fans, the workstation was reported to be nearly silent after the initial boot. Detailed specifications for the workstation are as follows: Processors: Up to 2x 2.67 GHz Intel Xeon X5550 RAM: 8GB DDR3 SDRAM (1333 MHz) up to 96 GB (UDIMM) or 192GB (RDIMM) (12 slots) Graphics: NVIDIA Quadro FX 4800 Storage: two 500GB 7200RPM SATA (in RAID 0 array) Optical Drive: 16x dual-layer DVD reader/writer 2008 The ThinkStation workstations released by Lenovo in 2008 were the S10 and D10. S10 In its review of the S10, Trusted Reviews indicated that the workstation used a consumer chipset – while also saying, “Looking at the available specifications, there's nothing to raise suspicion that these machines may underperform.” Detailed specifications of the workstation are as follows: Processor: Up to Intel Core 2 Quad QX6850 RAM: Up to 8GB DDR3-1066 ECC (4 slots) Graphics: 2x PCI-e x16, 1x PCI-e x4. NVIDIA Quadro NVS 290 (256MB VRAM) NVIDIA Quadro FX 370 (256MB VRAM) NVIDIA Quadro FX 1700 (512MB VRAM) NVIDIA Quadro FX4600 (768MB VRAM) Storage: Up to 750GB 7200RPM SATA Up to 300GB 15000RPM SAS Optical Drive: Two 5.25" bays, DVD or Blu-ray Burner Form Factor: mid-tower Dimensions (mm): 426 x 175 x 483 Power supply: 650 Watt, ATX D10 For the D10 workstation, Lenovo incorporated server grade chipset and processors, as opposed to the S10. The Intel 5400a chipset used in the workstation supported two Intel Xeon processors and 64GB RAM. The size of the workstation’s motherboard necessitated a larger case to accommodate it. However, the increase in size offered additional drive bays. The case could also be mounted on a rack. The detailed specifications of the D10 workstation are as follows: Processors: Up to 2x Intel Xeon E5365 Chipset: Intel 5400a RAM: up to 64 GB DDR2-667 ECC FB-DIMM 240-pin Fully Buffered (8 slots) Graphics: 2x PCI-e x16 NVIDIA Quadro NVS 290 (256MB VRAM) NVIDIA Quadro FX 370 (256MB VRAM) NVIDIA Quadro FX 1700 (512MB VRAM) NVIDIA Quadro FX4600 (768MB VRAM) Storage: Up to 750GB 7200RPM SATA Up to 300GB 15000RPM SAS Optical Drive: Three 5.25" bays, DVD or Blu-ray Burner Form Factor: Tower Dimensions (mm): 434 x 210 x 602 Power supply: 1000 Watt Proprietary See also Dell Precision Mac Pro Fujitsu Celsius HP Z References Lenovo computers Computer workstations Computer-related introductions in 2008

laptop Form Factor and Weight

HP Slate 21 The HP Slate 21 is a computer developed by Hewlett-Packard that runs the Android operating system. It was announced on June 24, 2013, via HP's blog The Next Bench with a price of $, and released in September that year. It is described as either an all-in-one desktop computer or a large tablet computer. The device uses a 21.5-inch touchscreen and a Tegra 4 processor, but does not include a battery. It runs Android Jelly Bean as its operating system. It received mixed reviews from critics, with reviewers favoring the screen's wide viewing angles and Full HD resolution, while criticizing the lack of software optimization for the large display. Features Hardware and design The Slate 21 uses an Nvidia Tegra 4 system-on-chip running at 1.66 GHz. It includes 1 GB of DDR3 memory and 8 GB of internal flash storage, which can be expanded via an SD card slot. Connectivity support includes three USB 2.0 ports, a 10/100Mbit/s Ethernet socket, a 3.5 mm headphone jack, Bluetooth 3.0, and dual-band 802.11 n Wi-Fi. The Slate 21 uses a 21.5-inch IPS panel with a resolution of 1920×1080. The device includes a 2.1 megapixel front-facing camera capable of recording 720p video. It does not include an accelerometer, which meant that any Android games which use accelerometer controls cannot be played. The screen has a glossy surface. It is an optical touchscreen supporting two-point multi-touch via three cameras, unlike other tablets which use a capacitive touchscreen. The device uses a white plastic chassis, with an easel-like stand on the rear which allows adjusting the angle of its tilt between 15 and 70 degrees. The device can be fixed to a wall using a VESA mount if the hinge is unscrewed. A USB keyboard and mouse is bundled with the device. The keyboard includes shortcut keys for access to Android menus such as the home screen and music controls, replacing the usual function keys and Start/Escape keys. It does not contain an internal battery, requiring users to turn off the device when moving it between power sockets. Software The Slate 21 runs Android 4.2.2 Jelly Bean. Software bundled with the device include Google Chrome, HP's own media playback app, and the mobile version of Kingsoft Office. Reception Cherlynn Low of Tom's Guide gave a mixed review, saying that the Slate 21 was an inexpensive all-in-one for users who do not require a powerful computer. She appreciated the "family-friendly" price and the screen's quality. However, she criticized the device for its low internal storage and software limitations, including its inability to run two apps on the screen at once and lack of parental controls. Sascha Segan and Joel Santo Domingo of PC Magazine gave a score of 1 out of 5, saying that "using the Slate 21 is a painful experience" which is only suitable for few tasks. They noted that the touch sensor for the screen was laggy. They also pointing out that the web browser defaulted to mobile versions of websites where text was too large, and that 8 GB of storage and 1 GB of memory was insufficient. Dave Oliver of Wired UK gave a score of 7/10, concluding that while the Slate 21 could be "the logical next step" in theory, the lack of apps optimized for the large screen meant that the device was "not quite ready" to replace Windows computers. In a positive review, Alun Taylor of The Register described the device as "a rather good notion realised equally well". He praised the screen and speakers and recommended the device for "domestic web browsing, light computing duties, social networking and media consumption". Variants HP Slate 21 Pro The HP Slate 21 Pro was announced during CES 2014. It includes 16 GB of onboard storage and 2 GB of RAM, twice that of the Slate 21. Because it includes an HDMI input and an upstream USB port, it can be used as a touchscreen display when plugged into a conventional Windows computer. The device is preinstalled with Citrix Receiver. Michael Brown of PCWorld rated the Slate 21 Pro four out of five stars, saying that while it was designed for business users, it was a "far better value" than the Slate 21 for consumer usage, with features that are not included in the older model. References Slate 21 Android (operating system) devices Tablet computers introduced in 2013 Hewlett-Packard All-in-one computers

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Macintosh XL Macintosh XL is a modified version of the Apple Lisa personal computer made by Apple Computer, Inc. In the Macintosh XL configuration, the computer shipped with MacWorks XL, a Lisa program that allowed 64 K Macintosh ROM emulation. An identical machine was previously sold as Lisa 2/10 with the Lisa OS only. Hardware Macintosh XL has a 400K 3.5" floppy drive and an internal 10 MB proprietary "Widget" hard drive with provision for an optional 5 or 10 MB external ProFile hard drive with the addition of a parallel interface card. The machine uses a Motorola 68000 CPU, clocked at 5 MHz together with 512KB RAM. Macintosh XL was discontinued in April 1985. Upgrades Because of its roots as a Lisa — unlike all other Macintosh computers — the stock Macintosh XL used rectangular pixels. The resolution of Macintosh XL's 12-inch (30.5 cm) display was 720×364 pixels. Square pixels were available through the Macintosh XL Screen Kit upgrade that changed the resolution to 608×432 pixels. The CPU could be replaced with a new CPU board containing up to 8 MB RAM, called XLerator 18. The maximum upgraded RAM with conventional add-in RAM cards was up to 2 MB – quadruple the maximum capacity of earlier Macintosh computers. (With modifications to the CPU board, the XL could accommodate up to 4 MB of RAM). MacWorks MacWorks Plus was developed by Sun Remarketing as a successor to MacWorks XL in order to provide application compatibility with the Macintosh Plus computer. MacWorks Plus added support for an 800 KB 3.5" floppy disk and System software up through version 6.0.3. MacWorks Plus II extended that to the same System 7.5.5 limit imposed on all 68000 processors. History After two years of lackluster sales, Apple attempted to salvage Lisa by redesigning some hardware components and renaming it as Macintosh XL. Basing on the previous sale figures of Lisa, Apple ordered the limited number of parts as to last through 1985 before ending the production. The redesign has spurred a record number of orders for the newest addition to the Macintosh line, which caught Apple off-guard. Discontinuation Due to the limited number of parts ordered, Apple had sold its entire allocations of Macintosh XL for 1985 much earlier than anticipated. Had Apple continued to manufacture Macintosh XL as to meet the demand at lower price, the company would have lost even more money on each unit. Additionally, the cancellation was also due to the necessary consolidation of expenses and projects. In 1986, Apple offered the exchange program for the owners of Lisa and Macintosh XL. The owners could exchange their Lisa and Macintosh XL along with $1,495 US for the new Macintosh Plus and Hard Disk 20 (list price of $4,098 US). Sun Remarketing After Apple dropped the XL from their price list in September 1985, Sun Remarketing of Logan, Utah, bought a number of Apple's remaining inventory and continued to sell them under license with their updated version of MacWorks Plus, re-branding it as Macintosh Professional. Although no new Lisas were available for sale, development continued on MacWorks Plus to support the installed base of Lisas, making them as relevant as their closely-related cousin Macintosh Plus. Legacy Macintosh XL shares the same legacy as Lisa before it. However, the increased sales from the emulation of the Macintosh operating system proved that the Macintosh family badly needed a more professional environment which could support larger monitors, greater memory, and more expandability than Macintosh 512K offered. See also Macintosh 128K Macintosh 512K Macintosh Plus References XL XL Computer-related introductions in 1985

laptop Form Factor and Weight

3M computer 3M was a goal first proposed in the early 1980s by Raj Reddy and his colleagues at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) as a minimum specification for academic/technical workstations: at least a megabyte of memory, a megapixel display and a million instructions per second (MIPS) processing power. It was also often said that it should cost no more than a "megapenny" ($10,000). At that time a typical desktop computer such as an early IBM Personal Computer might have 1/8 of a megabyte of memory (128K), 1/4 of a million pixels (640x400 monochrome display), and run at 1/3 million instructions per second (5 MHz 8088). The concept was inspired by the Xerox Alto which had been designed in the 1970s at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. Several Altos were donated to CMU, Stanford, and MIT in 1979. An early 3M computer was the PERQ Workstation made by Three Rivers Computer Corporation. The PERQ had a 1 million P-codes (Pascal instructions) per second processor, 256 KB of RAM (upgradeable to 1 MB), and a 768×1024 pixel display on a display. While not quite a true 3M machine, it was used as the initial 3M machine for the CMU Scientific Personal Integrated Computing Environment (SPICE) workstation project. The Stanford University Network SUN workstation, designed by Andy Bechtolsheim in 1980, is another example. It was then commercialized by Sun Microsystems in 1982. Apollo Computer (in the Route 128 region) announced the Apollo/Domain computer in 1981. By 1986, CMU stated that it expected at least two companies to introduce 3M computers by the end of the year, with academic pricing of $3,000 and retail pricing of $5,000, and Stanford University planned to deploy them in computer labs. The first "megapenny" 3M workstation was the Sun-2/50 diskless desktop workstation with a list price of $8,900 in 1986. The original NeXT Computer was introduced in 1988 as a 3M machine by Steve Jobs, who first heard this term at Brown University. Its so-called "MegaPixel" display had just over 930,000 pixels (with 2 bits per pixel). However, floating point performance, powered with the Motorola 68882 FPU was only about .25 megaflops. Modern desktop computers exceed the 3M memory and speed requirements by many thousands of times, however screen pixels are only 2 (in the case of 1080p) to 8 (in the case of 4K) times larger (but full color so each pixel uses at least 24 times as many bits). References History of computing hardware Carnegie Mellon University Computer workstations

laptop Form Factor and Weight

MacBook Pro (Apple silicon) The MacBook Pro with Apple silicon is a line of Macintosh notebook computers introduced in November 2020 by Apple Inc. It is the higher-end model of the MacBook family, sitting above the consumer-focused MacBook Air, and is currently sold with 13-inch, 14-inch, and 16-inch screens. All models from the current lineup use variants of the Apple-designed M1 system on a chip. The first machine that was part of this family was a revision to the fourth generation of MacBook Pros; it featured the Apple M1. The fifth-generation MacBook Pro MacBook Pro was released in October 2021 in 14- and 16-inch sizes. Powered by either M1 Pro or M1 Max chips, they are the first to be available only with an Apple silicon system on a chip. In addition to being Apple Silicon-only, this generation re-introduced elements from the previous models which were removed at some point, such as MagSafe and function-keys. 4th generation (Touch Bar, Apple silicon) On November 10, 2020, Apple introduced a new generation of two-port 13-inch MacBook Pro with a brand new Apple-designed Apple M1 processor, launched alongside an updated MacBook Air and Mac Mini as the first Macs with Apple's new line of custom ARM-based Apple silicon processors. The MacBook Pro with Apple silicon retains the same form factor/ design while adding support for Wi-Fi 6, USB4, and 6K output to run the Pro Display XDR. The number of supported external displays was reduced to one, as the previous generation Intel-based models supported two 4K displays. The FaceTime camera remains 720p but Apple advertises an improved image signal processor for higher quality video. Technical specifications 5th generation (M1 Pro and M1 Max) Apple announced a new 14-inch MacBook Pro, replacing the high-end 13-inch Intel MacBook Pro, and a redesigned 16-inch MacBook Pro during an online event on October 18, 2021. They are equipped with the new Apple Silicon chips, M1 Pro and M1 Max, Apple's second ARM-based systems on a chip and their first professional-focused chips. This release addressed many criticisms of the previous generation by reintroducing hard function keys in place of the Touch Bar, an HDMI 2.0 port, a SDXC reader and MagSafe charging. Other additions include a Liquid Retina XDR display with thinner bezels and an iPhone-like notch, ProMotion supporting 120 Hz variable refresh rate, a 1080p webcam, Wi-Fi 6, 3 Thunderbolt 4 ports, and a six-speaker sound system supporting Dolby Atmos. The M1 Pro chip supports up to two external displays, both at 6K resolution, while the M1 Max chip supports up to four displays: three at 6K resolution, and one at 4K resolution. The 16-inch version is bundled with a 140 W GaN power supply that supports USB-C Power Delivery 3.1, though only MagSafe supports full-speed charging as the machine's USB-C ports are limited to 100 W. Design The M1 Pro and M1 Max MacBook Pro models feature a thicker and more-squared design than their immediate Intel-based predecessors. The keyboard features full-sized function keys, with the keyboard set in a "double anodized" black well. The MacBook Pro branding has been removed from the bottom of the display bezel and is engraved on the underside of the chassis instead. The models' appearance has been compared to the Titanium PowerBook G4 produced from 2001 to 2003. The choice between silver or space gray color introduced in the fourth generation continues in the fifth. Reception Reception to the 2021 MacBook Pro was generally positive. Online personalities such Justine Ezarik (iJustine), Anthony Young of Linus Tech Tips and Marques Brownlee praised the new design, the larger function keys, the new screen and M1 Pro and M1 Max. The Verge gave the models a 9.5/10 score, praising the increased speed and battery life, improved displays and speakers, and the removal of the Touch Bar, but criticized memory upgrade costs as "absurd" and noted only Apple's own apps seemed optimized for the GPUs. iFixit gave the models a repairability score of 4/10, saying battery replacements are likely easier as it is no longer glued in, and the display and most ports appear modular, though noted speakers are glued in and solid-state storage is permanently soldered. Technical specifications Software and operating systems The macOS operating system has been pre-installed on all Apple silicon MacBook Pro computers since release, starting with version macOS Big Sur. See also Comparison of current Macintosh models MacBook (12-inch) MacBook Air Notes References External links – official site Computer-related introductions in 2020 MacBook ARM Macintosh computers

laptop Form Factor and Weight

HP-150 HP-150 (aka HP Touchscreen or HP 45611A) was a compact, powerful and innovative computer made by Hewlett-Packard in 1983. It was based on the Intel 8088 and was one of the world's earliest commercialized touch screen computers. Despite running customized MS-DOS versions 2.01, 2.11 and 3.20, the machine was not IBM PC compatible. Its 8088 CPU, rated at 8 MHz, was faster than the 4.77 MHz CPUs used by the IBM PC of that period. Using add-on cards, main memory could be increased from 256 KB to 640 KB. However, its mainboard did not have a slot for the optional Intel 8087 math coprocessor due to space constraints. An HP-150 with an optional hard disk was called HP Touchscreen MAX. The computer's screen was a 9-inch Sony CRT surrounded by infrared emitters and detectors which detected the position of any non-transparent object that touched the screen. In the original HP-150, these emitters and detectors were placed within small holes located on the inside of the monitor's bezel (which resulted in the bottom series of holes sometimes filling with dust, causing the touchscreen to fail until the dust was vacuumed from the holes). Like the original Macintosh, HP-150 was packaged with the CRT display as a single unit, and made use of 3½-inch floppy disks. Unlike the Mac, however, HP-150 had no internal floppy drive; the machine sat atop the phone book-sized 9121D dual 3½-inch floppy (76 mm high, 325 mm wide, 285 mm deep) or similarly sized hard disk devices, connected by HP-IB. Invisible to the user, the HP 150 runs "Terminal Operating System" ("TOS", code-named "Magic" during development). This operating system generally runs only two tasks: the terminal emulator and MST (which is Microsoft DOS). Hardware Display Display resolutions: Text: 80 columns × 27 lines (720 × 378 pixels) Character size: 7 × 10 pixels Character cell size: 9 × 14 pixels Inherent HP Terminal emulation equivalent to HP 2623 Graphics Terminal Bit-map: 512 × 390 pixels Separate plane for text and graphics Monitor sensor grid: 40 (h) × 24 (v) HP-150's touch screen sensor grid is quite coarse. Its resolution is only two characters wide. Used mainly for rough cursor positioning and function key control, it could not be used to draw pictures. Processor unit Optional internal thermal printer HP 2647A (fax roll) Communication ports: Two RS-232 ports (one of them supported RS-422) HP-IB (IEEE-488) HP-HIL (standard on HP-150 II, but an optional add-on card on HP-150) Storage Supported HP-IB attached storage: Reception BYTE in November 1984 called HP-150 "an extremely flexible machine", but "difficult to program". Successors The two-CPU HP-120 (aka HP 45600A) Z80 CP/M machine also used the 9121 drives. HP-150 II (aka HP 45849A) replaced HP-150 in 1984. While still called HP Touchscreen II, the touchscreen was no longer standard, but rather a rarely-adopted option. The optional touchscreen bezel was superior to the original bezel, in that the emitters and detectors were now located behind a solid infrared-transparent plastic; thus removing the need to regularly clean the holes found in the original model. HP-150 II had the same footprint as HP-150, but came in a larger housing to accommodate its 12-inch screen, but could no longer accommodate an internal printer. HP-150 II had four expansion slots available (as opposed to two), and could accommodate an optional 8087 co-processor board. There were some minor compatibility problems between HP-150 and HP-150 II in the video subsystem. In 1985, HP introduced the Vectra, which InfoWorld stated was the company "responding to demands from its customers for full IBM PC compatibility". HP repositioned HP-150 as a workstation for the HP 3000 minicomputer. See also List of Hewlett-Packard products HP Roman-8 References Bibliography The Definitive HP150 Catalog. The 1991 Edition. Personalized Software External links HP-150 Hewlett-Packard HP-150 HP's Virtual Museum: 6-views of the HP-150 HP Computer Museum: 100 Series, also HP-150 Software 150 Touchscreens

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Lenovo IdeaCentre Horizon The Lenovo IdeaCentre Horizon is a table PC released at the 2013 International CES as part of IdeaCentre brand. The Horizon has a 27-inch screen and is designed for multiple simultaneous users. It was designed specifically with tabletop gaming in mind but can also serve as a desktop computer. Launch The Horizon is Lenovo's first table computer. Peter Hortensius, a senior Lenovo executive said, "We've seen technology shifts across the four screens, from the desktop to the laptop, tablet and smartphone, and yet … there is still room for technologies like Horizon that bring people together." The Horizon was announced at the International CES in Las Vegas. Lenovo started selling the Horizon early in the summer of 2013 at a starting price of US$1,699. Design and features The Horizon runs Windows 8 and has a 27-inch ten-point multitouch display with Aura, a software interface designed to support multiple simultaneous users. Touch based apps that can be launched with Aura include a photo browser, media players, games, and educational titles. The multitouch display, along with included detachable controllers in the form of joysticks, electronic dice, and air-hockey paddles, will facilitate game play, especially digital board games such as Monopoly. When the Horizon is placed flat a specialized user interface called a moon dial appears that allows interaction with the device from any direction. The unit can also be set upright via its rear kickstand to be used as conventional desktop computer paired with a keyboard and mouse. The Horizon has an internal battery to enable unplugged use but its size, weight of 17 pounds, and two-hour battery life it is clearly not intended to be a mobile device. The Horizon uses Intel Core i3 and Core i7 processors, can hold up to 8GB of DDR3 RAM, can be ordered with hard drives up to 1TB in size, and includes Nvidia's GeForce graphics chips. The Horizon comes with nine games pre-installed, each chosen in order to exploit the large screen and its multitouch capabilities. Major game and app developers such as Electronic Arts, FableVision, Open Labs, Ubisoft, and FilmOn TV have cooperated Lenovo to release software for the Horizon. Lenovo has launched an app store dedicated to the Horizon. Lenovo allows anyone to download the Horizon's software development kit. The Horizon was displayed with a four-wheel stand that is probably best suited for institutional environments. Lenovo also displayed the Horizon mounted flat in a coffee table with motorized sliding leaves that conceal the electronics entirely, making the table look like a normal piece of furniture. A set of motors in the table allows the screen to be raised and titled like a conventional desktop computer. Lenovo sells an optional rolling table for US$300. Reviews and awards The Horizon was named by CNET's editors "Best of CES PCs and Tablets" for 2013. CNET stated, "Lenovo's Horizon Table PC received the award in the PCs and tablets category because it offers multiple new ways to use a computer, including a new way to integrate a PC into your home. It inspires conversation and some new thinking, and for that the Horizon deserves recognition." In a review, Alex Roth of TechRader wrote, "When you like at it as an all-in-one, the Lenovo Horizon Table PC isn't so niche. Packing everything inside that 27-inch touch display for the sort of simple, elegant presentation we usually see from Apple. While the reclined mode is the most fun, it's also the least practical. If you've got the space, it would be a great way to share vacation photos or play a board game or two. The fact that Lenovo has garnered support from EA Games and Ubisoft, giants of the gaming space, has us hopeful that more apps will be designed for this unique device. Finally, it's not terribly expensive either, at least for the lower end version. i3 configurations start at only $999, so even if you're not running your own graphic design firm, the Horizon Table PC isn't out of your reach." In a review for the New York Times David Pogue wrote, "One thing the Horizon certainly is, though, is novel. The concept really is fresh. And it neatly dispenses with the common refrain that electronic entertainment encourages isolation and represents a step down from the olden days, when families gathered around the coffee table for game nights." Pogue also stated, "Sadly, game nights around the Horizon may not become as much of a tradition as the old board games made of wood or cardboard. First, because as clever as the Aura world is, the games are a little laggy. You can get a little frustrated playing the air hockey game. It’s just not as responsive as you’d like. Often, that sluggishness really saps some of the joy." References Lenovo Tablet computers Touchscreens

laptop Form Factor and Weight

IBM WorkPad IBM WorkPad was a line of portable devices, produced by Palm Inc. and branded by IBM. This line contained personal digital assistants (PDAs) and one subnotebook model (WorkPad Z50). Overview This line was released in 1997 and discontinued in 2002. After discontinuation of its self-branded line, IBM still offers the main Palm line on its site. This IBM-branded line of PDAs were PalmPilot clones, with only a few software improvements (easy sync for Lotus Notes, DB2 EveryPlace, and IBM Mobile Connect). Reception Early WorkPad PDAs were received positively, similar to parallel Palm models; but later this conservative business-oriented line lacked notability, and multimedia options of latest models were described as relatively poor. Models WorkPad Z50 - 1999, subnotebook/thin client, powered by Windows CE, equipped with an NEC MIPS processor and with an 8.2" screen. PDAs All WorkPad PDAs have a similar gray-scale screen (with better resolution and contrast for C series, but with same physical size and similar layout); only the c505 model has a color screen. The WorkPad 30X can be upgraded to a Japanese version, using the Open Extension slot. WorkPad - 1997, rebadged PalmPilot WorkPad 20X - 1998, rebadged Palm III WorkPad 30X - 1999, rebadged Palm IIIx WorkPad 30J - 1999, Japanese version of 30X WorkPad 31J - 2000, same as 30J, but with PHS broadband module. WorkPad 31A - 2000, version of 31J with locked phone operator. C series with new thin, sleek metal case: WorkPad c3 -1999/2000, rebadged Palm V/Vx; also known as WorkPad 40J and WorkPad 50J. WorkPad c500 -2001, rebadged Palm m500; also known as WorkPad 60U. WorkPad c505 -2001, rebadged Palm m505; also known as WorkPad 70J. Accessories Most WorkPad PDAs can use the same peripherals as the PalmPilot; for example, the external keyboard available for some models, and most WorkPads can be attached to a cradle for charging or connection to a PC; the WorkPad can be attached to a Palm cradle, and vice-versa. Some WorkPads (and sibling Palm models) can be attached to some ThinkPad laptops, using an Ultrabay cradle; This would be the Palm V, m500, m505, and the WorkPad c500 and c505 models. See also PDA ThinkPad laptops WatchPad smartwatches ChipCard phone List of Palm OS devices References Palm OS devices IBM products Computer-related introductions in 1997

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Elektronika MS 1504 Elektronika MS 1504 () was the first, and reportedly only, laptop computer to be manufactured in the Soviet Union. Produced by the "Integral" Scientific Production Association in 1991, it was a clone of the Toshiba T1100 Plus. References Ministry of the Electronics Industry (Soviet Union) computers

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Surface Laptop 3 The Surface Laptop 3 is a laptop computer developed by Microsoft. It is the third generation of Surface Laptop and was unveiled alongside the Surface Pro 7 and Surface Pro X on an event on 2 October 2019. It succeeds the Surface Laptop 2 that was released in October 2018. Surface Laptop 3 keeps the same form and design, but with an addition of a USB Type-C port, improved battery life, hidden antenna lines, and an AMD CPU for the 15-inch model—a first for a surface device. Microsoft now offers an aluminum keyboard deck as an option for some models alongside the traditional Alcantara material covering. The 15-inch models are only available with an aluminum keyboard deck. The device comes installed with Windows 10 Home but a free upgrade to Windows 11 is available. The 13.5-inch model's display is the same resolution as previous generations, but the new 15-inch model features increased display resolution to maintain high pixel density. The 13.5-inch model comes with a 2256 x 1504 resolution and the 15-inch model comes with a 2496 x 1664 resolution. Both models have a 3:2 aspect ratio and pixel density of 201 pixels per inch (ppi). The Surface Laptop 3 13.5-inch model starts at $1,000 and goes up to $2,400. The 15-inch model starts at $1,200 and goes up to $2,800. Configuration Surface Laptop 3 for consumer comes preloaded with Windows 10 HomeSurface Laptop 3 for business comes preloaded with Windows 10 Pro Features Windows Hello face authentication via integrated near infrared (IR) camera 10th Gen Intel Core i5 or i7 processor for the 13.5-inch model AMD Ryzen 5 or 7 Surface Edition processor for the 15-inch model Memory options are 32 GB, 16 GB and 8 GB Storage options are 1 TB, 512 GB, 256 GB and 128 GB A 3.5 mm headphone jack, USB-C (3.2 Gen 2 with USB-PD 3.0) and USB-A (3.2 Gen 2) ports All configurations can be upgraded to Windows 10 Pro for an additional $50. (Business models come pre-installed with Windows 10 Pro) Up to 11.5 hours battery life for either model Factory calibrated IPS-type sRGB display with 400 nits peak brightness and 1400:1 contrast ratio Hardware The Surface Laptop 3 is the 3rd addition to Surface Laptop lineup. The Surface Laptop 3 is aimed toward business professionals and the enterprise market. The device is available with either a 13.5-inch or 15-inch display touchscreen. The device features a full-body aluminum alloy construction alongside an Alcantara material on the keyboard deck. Between the 13.5" or 15" screen size options, while the resolutions differ, they both have the same pixel density of 201 pixels per inch. The Surface Laptop 3 features quad core Intel Core i7 1065G7 or an Intel Core i5 1035G7 CPU for the 13.5-inch consumer and business model and 15-inch business model. Custom Surface Edition AMD Ryzen 5 3580U and Ryzen 7 3780U CPUs for the 15-inch consumer model are offered. The Intel CPU variants come with an Intel Iris Plus G7 integrated GPU for both the 13.5-inch consumer and 15-inch business models, and a custom Surface Edition AMD Radeon Vega or AMD Radeon RX Vega GPU for the 15-inch consumer model. The device contains a USB-A port and a USB-C port with power delivery and a Surface Connect port. In addition to the 720p camera, a near IR sensor is included for Windows Hello face authentication. The keyboard's key travel is reduced to 1.3 mm, compared to 1.5 mm in the previous generation. Its touchpad is 20 percent larger than the previous generation as well. Like all the other Surface devices, the Surface Laptop 3 supports digital pen input. The laptop doesn't have a microSD or SD card slot; however, the company made the device's SSD upgradable and easier to access. Microsoft also made it possible to remove the keyboard plate to get all of the computer's internals making it easier to repair. Software Surface Laptop 3 models ship with a pre-installed 64-bit version of Windows 10 Home and a 30-day trial of Office 365. Users can opt for a Pro version of the OS for a fee. Windows 10 comes pre-installed with Mail, Calendar, People, Xbox, Photos, Movies and TV, Groove Music, Your Phone, Office and Edge. Timeline References 3 Computer-related introductions in 2019

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Acer Aspire 8920 The Acer Aspire 8920 is a series of notebooks released in 2008 Q1 by Acer Inc. and it was a part of the Gemstone series. It is the first 18.4" screen notebook created by Acer, and it is part of the Desktop replacement computer category. The laptop has a 16:9 display with a native resolution of 1920 x 1080. It was often described as the flagship of Acer Aspire models until it was surpassed by other 8900s series Desktop replacement computer laptop, such as the Acer Aspire 8930G, 8940 and 8942. Dimensions Note: Weight varies by configuration References Acer Inc. laptops

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Laptop cooler A laptop/notebook cooler, cooling pad, cooler pad or chill mat is an accessory for laptop computers that helps reduce their operating temperature, which is normally used when the laptop is unable to sufficiently cool itself. Laptop coolers are intended to protect both the laptop from overheating and the user from suffering heat related discomfort. A cooling pad may house active or passive cooling methods and rests beneath the laptop. Active coolers move air or liquid to direct heat away from the laptop quickly, while passive methods may rely on thermally conductive materials or increasing passive airflow. Active coolers Active coolers use small fans to generate additional airflow around the body of the laptop. This helps convect heat away from the device. The number of laptop cooler fans usually range from 1 to 6. Many cooler pads support the use of a power adapter, though they typically run on power drawn through one of the laptop's USB ports. Additionally, many cooler pads come with a built-in USB hub, so as not to consume one of the laptop's often limited number of USB ports. Some active coolers draw heat from the underside of the computer; others work in the opposite way – by blowing cool air towards the machine. The fan speed is adjusted manually or automatically on certain models and on others stays at a fixed speed. Poorly designed coolers may use fans which draw more current than allowed by the USB standard. Without correct protection, such devices can cause damage to the USB power supply. Inside the laptop, the USB power-supply has to output an additional amount of watts for the USB-powered fan, thus generating a small amount of additional heat. This additional heat generation is usually insignificant in relation to the amount of heat a fan moves away from the laptop. Some high-end active coolers have blowers instead of fans, with filters to stop dust from entering the laptop, and have seals between the cooler and laptop surfaces to prevent recirculation of hot air from entering the laptop. Passive coolers Typically, a conductive cooling pad allows for the cooling of a laptop without using any power. These "pads" are normally filled with an organic salt compound that allows them to absorb the heat from the laptop. They are good for a limited amount of time from around 6–8 hours of cooling. Other designs are simply a pad that elevates the laptop so that the fans in the laptop are allowed greater airflow. The conductive cooling pads are not advisable for laptops that have fan vents built into the bottom as the cooling pad blocks the vents leading to overheating or premature system failure. The best way to determine if a cooling pad would be suitable for a particular laptop would be to take a look at the bottom of the laptop and look for air vents or fan vents. If they are on the side and not on the bottom, it is usually safe to use the cooler pad; otherwise, it may not be safe to use a conductive cooler pad. The other variety that can be used simply has a hard resting surface that provides a gap between the cooler and the laptop is normally safer to use. Multi-surface cooler A type of passive cooler that allows both airflow between the laptop base and cooler, as well as, between the base of the cooler and the users's lap. These laptop coolers are well suited to laptops that have vents on its base because it prevents these vents from being blocked regardless of what ever surface the laptop is used on. Therefore, these multi-surface coolers are suitable for use on desk, lap and uneven/soft surfaces (couch, bed/duvet, carpet) and outdoors. Some laptop coolers also feature lights that are activated along with the operation of the cooling fans. They are useful for using the laptop / notebook in low light environments and also serve to decorate the equipment and make it visually interesting. Multipurpose coolers Recent advancements have brought forward coolers that are multipurpose. Features include card readers for various forms of media such as key drives, memory cards, and 2.5" laptop hard disk drives. In addition to the above coolers that are a combination of mini work desk with fans are a convenient addition to users that want to use the laptop on a bed or a couch – although they tend to be too heavy and bulky to be carried conveniently everywhere, limiting mobility. One variant is a cooler with writing pad having an area meant to be used for placing a book or a writing pad – designed with students in mind, although the bigger size limits its mobility and the weight usually results in tired legs for the user when used for a prolonged period of time. A recent addition to the above is an attachable laptop cooler and a comfort pad built into one. References Computer hardware cooling Cooler

laptop Form Factor and Weight

ThinkPad Twist The ThinkPad Twist is a 2-in-1 convertible tablet, that can function as a laptop and tablet released in 2012. The Twist is designed for business users and runs Microsoft's Windows 8 operating system. Features Design The Twist is built to Intel's Ultrabook specification. Its look and feel are consistent with other ThinkPad devices. The Twist has a flat smooth cover with a soft rubbery finish and a flourish of silver-colored material around the edge. The outer case has both Lenovo and ThinkPad logos. Notably, the dot in the ThinkPad logo's "i" pulses when the unit is powered on. The Twist weights 3.5 pounds and is .8 inches thick. While not backlit, the Twist's island-style keyboard is spill-resistant and has U-shaped chiclet-style keys in order to enhance user comfort. Specifications and performance The Twist has 12.5-inch multitouch display made with Gorilla Glass. Like the Lenovo IdeaPad Yoga, its display, with a resolution of 1366 by 768 pixels, is connected to the base of the machine by a sturdy hinge capable of rotating 180 degrees in every direction. The display has brightness of 350 nits. This hinge, along with Windows 8, allows the Twist to serve as both a laptop and a tablet. A lock button at the bottom of the screen allows users to override the built-in accelerometer. The Twist does not have a discrete graphics processor; its display is powered by Intel's HD 4000 integrated graphics processor. The Twist is available with a choice of three different Intel processors, up to 8GB of RAM, a choice of 7200RPM hard drives in 320GB and 500GB capacities or a much faster 128GB solid-state drive. An mSATA slot containing a 24GB SSD is used as cache for fast startup. The Twist also has two USB 3.0 ports, a mini-HDMI output, a mini DisplayPort, an Ethernet jack, a 3.5mm audio output, and a memory card reader. In a test conducted by Engadget the Twist's 43 watt-hour battery was able to support four hours and 18 minutes of video playback with Wi-Fi on and the display set at 65-percent brightness. Lenovo claims a similar battery life. Pre-installed software includes Evernote, Amazon's Kindle reader, Skype, AccuWeather, eBay, the streaming service rara.com, Microsoft Office, a trial of Norton Internet Security, Lenovo Support, and Lenovo Solutions for Small Business. Lenovo's proprietary support software includes a backup and restore utility, a USB blocker, software monitoring, power management tools, tune-up utilities, and Lenovo Cloud Storage, powered by SugarSync. Lenovo offers a free download of QuickLaunch, a utility that restores Windows' traditional Start Menu in order to avoid the new interface of Windows 8. Reception In a review for Gadling Gear Kraig Becker wrote,"If you're in the market for a new laptop and you're looking to harness the full potential of Windows 8, the Lenovo Twist is a fantastic choice. I found that once I started using a touch screen notebook it was incredibly difficult to go back to a standard model. Touch just seems like a natural way to interact with our devices now and anything less seems archaic in comparison. Aside from sub-par battery life, I found the Twist to be a great laptop for the average traveler's needs, providing the ability to communicate with friends and family, while staying productive on the road. It's lightweight and thin body make it highly portable and the touch screen simply makes it fun to use. When was the last time you could say that about your laptop?" In a review for TechRadar James Stables gave the device 4/5 stars and wrote, "The Lenovo ThinkPad Twist is well designed, sturdy and a strong performer. It'll also last you a good while, racking up over three and a half hours of battery use under moderate conditions. It's just as happy acting as a powerful tablet as it is a laptop, and while a little heavier than normal laptops, the versatility on offer makes it a machine worth considering if you're looking for a serious workhorse." In a review for Engadget Dana Wollman wrote, "Lately, we feel like all of our reviews of Windows 8 convertibles end the same way. The ThinkPad Twist has plenty going for it: a bright IPS display, a good port selection, an affordable price and an unrivaled typing experience. Like ThinkPads past, it also offers some useful software features for businesses lacking dedicated IT departments. All good things, but what's a road warrior to do when the battery barely lasts four hours? Something tells us the Twist will still appeal to Lenovo loyalists, folks who trust ThinkPad's build quality and wouldn't be caught dead using any other keyboard. If you're more brand-agnostic, though, there are other Windows 8 convertibles with comfortable keyboards -- not to mention, sharper screens, faster performance and longer battery life." A review published by the Financial Mail states, "The bang-up-to-date five-point multitouch screen measures 12.5 inches, with an HD resolution of 1366 x 768, topped with Gorilla Glass — protective and pretty. The screen looks great from all angles. My only complaint is the lost space: it has quite a thick bezel, and could have been that much more impressive with an edge-to-edge display." References External links Lenovo laptops Tablet computers Convertible laptops 2-in-1 PCs Twist

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Compaq Deskpro The Compaq Deskpro was a line of business-oriented personal computers manufactured by Compaq, then discontinued after the merger with Hewlett-Packard. Models were produced containing microprocessors from the 8086 up to the x86-based Intel Pentium 4. The original Compaq Deskpro (released in 1984), available in several disk configurations, was an XT-class PC equipped with an 8 MHz 8086 CPU and Compaq's unique display hardware that combined Color Graphics Adapter graphics with high resolution Monochrome Display Adapter text. As a result, it was considerably faster than the original IBM PC, the XT and the AT, and had a much better quality text display compared to IBM PCs which were equipped with either the IBM Monochrome Display Adapter or Color Graphics Adapter cards. It's hardware and BIOS were claimed to be 100% compatible with the IBM PC, like the earlier Compaq Portable. This compatibility had given Compaq the lead over companies like Columbia Data Products, Dynalogic, Eagle Computer and Corona Data Systems. The latter two companies were threatened by IBM for BIOS copyright infringement, and settled out of court, agreeing to re-implement their BIOS. Compaq used a clean room design reverse-engineered BIOS, avoiding legal jeopardy. In 1985, Compaq released the Deskpro 286, which looks quite similar to the IBM PC/AT. Then in September 1986, the Deskpro 386 was launched after Intel released its 80386 microprocessor, beating IBM by seven months on their comparable 386 computer, thus making a name for themselves. The IBM-made 386 machine reached the market almost a year later, PC Tech Journal honored the Deskpro 386 with its 1986 Product of the Year award. The Deskpro 386/25 was released August, 1988 and cost $10,299. The form factor for the Compaq Deskpro is mostly the desktop model which lies upon a desk, with a monitor placed on top of it. Compaq has produced many tower upright models that have been highly successful in sales, and are usually convertible to a desktop form factor. An SFF (small form factor) desktop version was also produced during the Deskpro's lifetime. The Deskpro was replaced by the Evo in 2001. Models The many different models include the: Deskpro 286e Deskpro 386 released as the first MS-DOS, PC-compatible 32-bit computer with 386 processor. Deskpro 386S (Second Generation 386 introducing 16-bit bus 386SX processors) Deskpro XE 486 ISA and IDE Deskpro XL High-End workstation with EISA and SCSI either and 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro Deskpro M 386, 486 and 586 early Pentium models Deskpro 2000 Pentium 1, Pentium Pro and Pentium 2 Deskpro 4000 Pentium 1 with MMX & Pentium 2 Deskpro 6000 Pentium 1, Pentium Pro and Pentium 2 and scsi Deskpro DX Deskpro EXD, SB , EN , ENL: Pentium III based Deskpro EVO500 series, the last of the range with Pentium 4 processors References Bibliography Compaq Computer Corporation. Reference Guide: Compaq Deskpro 2000 Series of Personal Computers. 3rd edition, January 1998. Part Number 278019-003. Compaq Computer Corporation. Reference Guide: Compaq Deskpro 4000 Series of Personal Computers/Compaq Deskpro 6000 Series of Personal Computers. 2nd edition, September 1997. Part Number 270844-002. Weblinks : NYT article about the DeskPro 386-20. Deskpro IBM PC compatibles

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Cloudbook A cloudbook is a small-storage laptop which depends on networked storage services (the cloud), which come packaged with the device. Examples include Google Chrome OS cloudbooks ("Chromebooks") installed with Google Drive and Windows OS cloudbooks bundled with Microsoft's OneDrive. References Classes of computers Laptops Personal computers

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Liu Chuanzhi Liu Chuanzhi (; born 29 April 1944) is a Chinese businessman and entrepreneur. Liu is the founder of Lenovo, the largest computer maker in the world. He remains one of the leaders of the company. Business activities Lenovo By the early 1980s, Liu had achieved relative success as a computer scientist but still felt frustrated with his career. While his work on magnetic data storage was important, it lacked direct practical applications. He said, "We were the top computer technology research organization in China. We developed the first electron-tube computer and the first transistor computer. But we only produced one of each. Then we went on to develop something different. The work was just filed away." Liu was also anxious about his economic circumstances; in 1984, Liu had a growing family but an income of only 100RMB per month. Liu founded Lenovo (originally called Legend), in 1984 with a group of ten other engineers in Beijing with 200,000 yuan and an office roughly 20 square yards in size. Liu came up with the idea to start Lenovo in response to a lack of funding at the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Liu's superior arranged for the academy to loan him and the other co-founders the afore-mentioned 200,000 yuan. Of this time, Liu said, "It wasn't easy. The lowest thing you could do in the early '80s, as a scientist, was to go into business. China had a strict planned economy and there was barely room for a freewheeling company like ours." Liu emphasized developing an effective working relationship with his superiors at the CAS from the very start. Despite its rhetoric of market-oriented reform, the Chinese government was reluctant to relax state control of the economy. Liu feared that his company might fail due to government micro-management. Liu also worried about dealing with local government officials and party cadres. He said, "We were totally immersed in the environment of a planned economy. I didn't care that the investment was small, but I knew I must have control over finances, human resources and decision-making." Liu's superiors immediately granted his request for autonomy. Lenovo's founders, all scientists and engineers, faced difficulty from their lack of familiarity with market-oriented business practices, traditional Chinese ambivalence towards commerce, and anti-capitalist communist ideology. During this period many Chinese intellectuals felt that commerce was immoral and degrading. The fact that in the 1980s entrepreneurs were drawn from lower classes, and often dishonest as well, made the private sector even more unattractive. This was readily apparent to Liu and his collaborators due to their proximity to Zhongguancun, where the proliferation of fly-by-night electronics traders lead to the area being dubbed "Swindlers Valley." Their first significant transaction, an attempt to import televisions, failed. The group rebuilt itself within a year by conducting quality checks on computers for new buyers. Lenovo soon invested money in developing a circuit board that would allow IBM PCs to process Chinese characters. This product was Lenovo's first major success. In 1990, Lenovo started to assemble and sell computers under its original brand name, Legend. Lenovo also tried and failed to market a digital watch. Liu said, "Our management team often differed on which commercial road to travel. This led to big discussions, especially between the engineering chief and myself. He felt that if the quality of the product was good, then it would sell itself. But I knew this was not true, that marketing and other factors were part of the eventual success of a product." Lenovo's early difficulties were compounded by the fact that its staff had little business experience. "We were mainly scientists and didn't understand the market," Liu said. "We just learned by trial-and-error, which was very interesting—but also very dangerous," said Liu. Liu received government permission to open a subsidiary in Hong Kong and was allowed to move there along with five other employees. Liu's father, already in Hong Kong, supported his son's ambitions through mentoring and facilitating loans. Liu moved to Hong Kong in 1988. In order to save money during this period, Liu and his co-workers walked instead of taking public transportation. In order to keep up appearances they rented hotel rooms for meetings. Lenovo became a publicly traded company after listing in Hong Kong in 1994, raising nearly US$30 million. Prior to Lenovo's IPO, many analysts were optimistic. The company was praised for its good management, strong brand recognition, and growth potential. Analysts also worried about Lenovo's profitability. Lenovo's IPO was massively over-subscribed. During the first day of trading the company's stock price hit a high of HK$2.07 and closed at HK$2.00. Proceeds from the offering were used to finance sales offices in Europe, North America, and Australia; expand and improve production and research and development; and increase working capital. Lenovo's Hong Kong and Mainland China business units conducted a merger and secondary offering in 1997. When Lenovo was first listed, its managers thought the only purpose of going public was to raise capital. They had little understanding of the rules and responsibilities that went along with running a public company. Before Lenovo conducted its first secondary offering in 1997, Liu proudly announced the company's intent to mainland newspapers only to have its stock halted for two days by regulators to punish his statement. This occurred several times until Liu learned that he had to choose his words carefully in public. The first time Liu traveled to Europe on a "roadshow" to discuss his company's stock he was shocked by the skeptical questions he was subjected to and felt offended. Liu later came to understand that he was accountable to shareholders. He said, "Before I only had one boss, but CAS never asked me anything. I relied on my own initiative to do things. We began to think about issues of credibility. Legend began to learn how to become a truly international company." Liu claims Hewlett-Packard as a key source of inspiration for Lenovo. In an interview with The Economist he said, "Our earliest and best teacher was Hewlett-Packard." For more than ten years, Lenovo served as Hewlett-Packard's distributor in China. Speaking about Lenovo's later acquisition of IBM's personal computer unit Liu said, "I remember the first time I took part in a meeting of IBM agents. I was wearing an old business suit of my father's and I sat in the back row. Even in my dreams, I never imagined that one day we could buy the IBM PC business. It was unthinkable. Impossible." Lenovo's later takeover of IBM's personal computing business made him the first Chinese CEO to lead the takeover of a major American firm. During an interview, Liu acknowledged the major risks involved with the IBM deal. "We had three serious risks. Number one: After the acquisition, would clients buy from the new owner? Number two: Would employees continue to work for the new owner? Number three: Would there be potential conflicts between the Chinese management and the Western management?" Business ethics were a key challenge for Liu in establishing and expanding Lenovo. Liu says that at first he behaved "like a kind of dictator" and spent much time yelling. He had five corrupt executives imprisoned. Being late for a meeting could be punished by having to stand in silence before the group, a punishment that Liu accepted three times himself. Lenovo's culture gradually changed and Liu was able to relax his authoritarian style. Lenovo became an employer of choice for Chinese engineers and managers with overseas education. Legend Holdings In June 2012, Liu stepped down as chairman of Legend Holdings, the parent company of Lenovo. In the years just prior to his resignation, Liu focused on improving Legend's growth, building-up its core assets, and conducting a public stock offering between 2014 and 2016. Legend's major assets include Lenovo, Legend Capital, a real-estate venture called Raycom, Digital China, and Hony Capital. In an interview with the BBC, Liu said that his vision for Legend was for it "to become an industry in its own right" and that he wants it "to become the top enterprise across industries...not only in China, but in the whole world." Liu said that he realized that his vision was extremely ambitious and may have to be left to his successors to implement. Liu said in an interview with Forbes that he hoped to diversify away from IT-related businesses and that Legend Holding's assets would be mainly concentrated in information technology, real estate, services, coal processing, and agriculture. He said agriculture "will become the next strategic development area for Legend Holdings." Liu said agriculture is just one part of what he sees as "huge" opportunities in sectors that cater to Chinese consumers. In the same interview, Liu said that Legend's focus would continue to remain on China. "Whatever we do has to fit into something we are doing in China," said Liu when referring to plans for overseas investment. Liu said in July 2012 that he plans to take Legend Holdings public with a listing in Hong Kong. Forbes speculated that Liu may be trying to "create a Chinese version of General Electric." Liu led an initial public offering for Legend on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 2015. The offering received regulatory approval in June of that year. Liu said in an interview that he planned to float Legend's stock on a domestic Chinese exchange before his retirement. In 2019, Liu Chuanzhi, the 75-year-old founder of Lenovo Group, has resigned as chairman of Legend Holdings, the parent company of the world's largest personal computer supplier. Joyvio Joyvio is Legend Holdings' vehicle for investment in the food industry. Legend has invested more than 1 billion yuan in Joyvio. Joyvio will pursue complete vertical integration from farming all the way to retailing. Joyvio's first product was blueberries. In November 2013, its product range was expanded to kiwifruit. The kiwifruit has been named "Liu Kiwi," in honor of Liu Chuanzhi. Liu is responsible for Legend's move into food. Since 2011, Joyvio has acquired farms around the world including blueberry fields in Shandong and Chile and kiwifruit plantations in Sichuan, Shaanxi, Henan, and Chile. The firm had plans to start selling cherries and grapes from the United States, Australia, and Chile by the end of 2013. Joyvio took advantage of Legend's experience in information technology to set up a tracking system to ensure the quality and safety of its products. Customers can scan codes on its packages in order to find out what farm the product came from, who supervised production, what tests were performed, and information on soil and water quality. The company is also applying the OEM business model common in the technology industry in order to work effectively with small family farms and agricultural cooperatives. Joyvio holds training exercises with farmers in order to prepare them to deal quickly and effectively with bad weather. Joyvio entered the imported wine business in late 2013. Joyvio announced on 30 March 2014 that it had acquired a 60 percent share of Hangzhou Longguan Tea Industrial Company for about 30 million yuan or about US$4.83 million. Longguan was previously a fully state-owned enterprise operating under the jurisdiction of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Longguan produces Hangzhou's famous Longjing tea. The company had sales of 32.45 million yuan in 2012. According to the company's annual report it has been growing 40 to 50 percent per year. Joyvio has taken over day-to-day control of Longguan. Liu Chuanzhi said he aims to bring innovation and commercial methods to the tea industry. Liu said that Joyvio would invest in other well-known tea brands and related products. Other positions As of 2013, Liu served as a senior advisor at Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Company. Education and early career After graduating from high school in 1962, Liu applied to be a military pilot and passed all the associated exams. Despite his father's revolutionary credentials, Liu was declared unfit for military service because a relative had been denounced as a rightist. In autumn of the same year, Liu entered the People's Liberation Army Institute of Telecommunication Engineering, now known as Xidian University. Due to his political and class background, Liu was deemed unsuitable for such sensitive subjects and assigned to study radar. During his studies Liu received an introduction to computing. Liu was labeled an "intellectual element" during the Cultural Revolution. In 1966, he told his classmates that the revolution was a terrible idea and was sent to a state-owned rice farm near Macau in Guangdong as a result. From there he was sent to a farm in Hunan dedicated to reform through hard labor. Liu returned to Beijing where he took up a post in 1970 as an engineer-administrator at the Computer Institute that had earlier developed the Number 104, Number 109, and Number 111 mainframe computers. Liu worked on the development of the Number 757 mainframe computer. In 1984, he resigned to become a cadre in the personnel office of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He remained there until he co-founded Legend in 1984. Political opinions Unlike many other Chinese business leaders, Liu has often spoken out on political issues. Liu has criticized others' tendency for silence. He said, "when it comes to the inappropriate actions the government takes, businessmen don't have the courage or capacity to go against them; second, they lack the social responsibility to care for the whole world and what they do is to 'mind their own business.'" During an interview with Caijing in October 2012, he advocated for what he called "elite selection" of political leaders. He said, "I'm not sure how practical it would be to have universal voting in the near future. I hope the country's leaders could be elected by the elites of the society." Liu is also deeply concerned with the rule of law. He said, "My biggest worry is an unlawful world. I tell my employees to be careful all the time; don't disrespect the government or bribe anyone - even so, I'm still not at peace because there are always some corrupt individuals coming along to cause problems." In December 2013 Liu expressed optimism about economic reform in China. He said, "Now if the market is to play a central role and the government only plays the referee, only you will decide if you are going to win the race." Public service and awards As of 2002, Liu served as vice-chairman of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce. Since 2004, Liu has served as director of the Computer Technology Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Liu was a delegate to the 16th National Congress of Communist Party of China and a deputy to the 9th and 10th sessions of the National People's Congress, China's highest legislative body. Liu has been named "Asian Businessman," one of the "Global 25 Most Influential Business Leaders," and many other awards. He received Second National Technology Entrepreneurs Gold Award in 1990. He was named a Model Worker and Man of Reform in China, both in 1995. He was named one of the "Ten Most Influential Men of the Commercial Sector" in China in 1996. Liu was named one of the "Stars of Asia" by BusinessWeek magazine in 2000. In 2001, Liu was selected by Time Magazine as one of the "25 Most Influential Global Executives." In 2012, Forbes named Liu one of the 10 most important business leaders in China. Liu is a member of the China Entrepreneurs Club (CEC). The CEC was founded in 2006. Its purpose is to strengthen the sense of social responsibility among China's young entrepreneurs. Family Liu was born in 1945 in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, where his paternal grandfather was head of a traditional Chinese bank. Liu's grandfather sent his father, Liu Gushu (), to study in Shanghai. Liu Gushu abandoned scholarship and passed an exam for employment with the Bank of China. Liu Gushu was a "patriotic capitalist" who worked secretly for the Communist Party before the revolution of 1949. He became a senior executive with the Bank of China and later became a patent lawyer and chairman of the China Technology Licensing Company. Liu Chuanzhi's maternal grandfather served as finance minister for the warlord Sun Chuanfang. After the Communist victory in 1949, Liu's family moved to Beijing, where they lived in a traditional courtyard home located on a hutong in the Wangfujing area. Liu's father continued his work with the Bank of China and joined the Chinese Communist Party. Liu's father developed a reputation as an honest and skilled banker. Liu is married and has three children. Liu's daughter Liu Qing () is an alumna of Peking University. Liu Qing joined Didi Chuxing as chief operating officer in July 2014 after working at Goldman Sachs for 12 years. See also Mary Ma, former CFO of Lenovo References External links Biography at China Vitae 1944 births Living people 20th-century Chinese businesspeople 21st-century Chinese businesspeople Businesspeople from Jiangsu Chinese computer scientists Chinese technology company founders Delegates to the 11th National People's Congress Lenovo people Scientists from Zhenjiang Zhongguancun Xidian University alumni

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Dell Inspiron desktop computers On June 26, 2007, Dell released the new Inspiron desktop series as a replacement to the Dell Dimension desktop computers. Inspiron Zino 300 Inspiron Zino HD 400 Launched online on November 12, 2009, the Inspiron 400, more commonly known as the Inspiron Zino HD, is an Ultra Small Form Factor desktop like the Studio Hybrid. It is in an 8" by 8" form factor and has a similar form factor to the Mac Mini and computers made by Shuttle. There are several customer reports about devices tending to overheat and shutting down randomly. Processors: AMD Athlon 64 2650e, 2680e or AMD Athlon 64 X2 3250e or 6850e. Memory: 2 GB, 3 GB, 4 GB, 6 GB, 8 GB, 32 MB of shared dual channel DDR2 SDRAM @ 800 MHz. Chipset: AMD RS780G. Graphics Processor: integrated ATI 3200 graphics or ATI Radeon HD 4330 with 512 MB of graphics memory. Hard Drive: 250 GB, 320 GB, 500 GB, 640 GB, 750 GB or 1 TB SATA at 7200 RPM. Optical Drive: 8X dual-layer DVD+/-RW drive or 2X Blu-ray Disc Combo drive. Wi-Fi Card: optional Dell 1397 802.11 b/g Wireless Card or Dell 1520 802.11 a/b/g/n Wireless Card. I/O ports: 4 USB 2.0 ports, 2 eSATA ports, 1 headphone jack, 1 microphone jack, 1 line-out connector, 1 gigabit ethernet port, 1 VGA output and 1 HDMI output. Inspiron Zino HD 410 Inspiron 518 and Inspiron 519 The Dell Inspiron 518 and Dell Inspiron 519 are similar machines with the main difference being that the Dell Inspiron 518 uses Intel central processing units while the Dell Inspiron 519 uses AMD central processing units. The Dell Inspiron 518 supports Intel Core 2 Quad, Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Pentium Dual-Core and Intel Celeron processors. The Dell Inspiron 519 supports AMD Athlon 64/ LE/ 64 X2/ X2 BE and AMD Phenom X2/ X4/ X2 GE/ triple core Both computers feature 2 USB 2.0 connectors on top of the computer. On the front, there is an optical-drive panel, optional optical-drive bay, 2 USB 2.0 connectors, headphone and microphone connector, drive activity light, power button and a FlexBay drive where a card reader can be installed. The inputs and outputs at the back consisted of an IEEE 1394 connector, network adapter connector which is an RJ-45 port that supports 10/100/1000 Mbit/s speeds, 4 USB 2.0 connectors, center/subwoofer connector, line-in connector, front left/right line-out connector, microphone jack, side left/right surround connector, back left/right surround connector and VGA video connector as well as a link integrity light and a network activity light. The power supply used for both the Dell Inspiron 518 and Dell Inspiron 519 is a 300w unit. Physically, the Dell Inspiron 518 and Dell Inspiron 519 are 379 (14.9 inches) in height, 17.0 cm (6.7 inches) in width, 43.5 cm (17.1 inches) in depth and 13.1 kg (28.9 lb) in weight. The motherboard or system board used in the Dell Insprion 518 and Dell Inspiron 519 both have 24 pin ATX power, 4 pin CPU power, 4 DDR2 memory module connector, PCI connector, 2 PCI Express x1 connector, a PCI Express x16 connector and 4 SATA connectors. Inspiron 530 Released on June 26, 2007, the Dell Inspiron 530 is Dell's first desktop to use the Inspiron name. The Inspiron 530 has an Intel Celeron 450, and can be customized up to an Intel Core 2 Quad Q9550. It has 2 GB of DDR2 SDRAM at 800 MHz, which can be upgraded up to 4 GB (standard bios) or 8GB (BIOS upgrade 1.0.18 needed). The desktop has a 320 GB 7200 RPM Serial ATA hard drive w/DataBurst Cache, which can be upgraded to 1 TB. There are also data recovery versions of the 320 and 500 GB hard drive sizes. The Inspiron 530 is customizable with a variety of DVD+/-RW and Blu-ray Disc drives. The Inspiron 530 has integrated Intel GMA 3100, and can be customized up to an ATI Radeon HD 4670 discrete graphics card. It has integrated 7.1 channel audio and can be customized up to a Sound Blaster X-Fi XtremeGamer sound card. The Inspiron 530 has no initial Wi-Fi card, but can be customized up to a Dell 1505 Wireless-N PCI-e card. The Inspiron 530 has two variants of motherboards, both made by Foxconn and based on the G33M series. The G33M02 which supports up to Core 2 Duo processors (the e8600 is the fastest compatible cpu) and the DG33M03, which supports up to Core 2 Quad processors. Inspiron 530 systems sold with Pentium Dual-Core or Core 2 Duo processors can not be upgraded to a standard Core 2 Quad processor without adding at least a 350W power supply and swapping motherboards to the DG33M03 motherboard, but unofficially,a "S" series Intel Core 2 Quad Processor (A true Quad Core with a TDP of 65W) can/will work in the G33M02 Motherboard which the Celeron/Pentium-Dual Core/Core 2 Duo variant of the Inspiron 530 shipped with. The reason the G33M02 doesn't support standard Core 2 Quad processors is because it only has 6 voltage regulator ICs, the DG33M03 has 11,which is the reason of it supporting all the CPU's the Core 2 Quad and the Celeron/Pentium-Dual Core/Core 2 Duo variant of the Inspiron 530 shipped with (and other CPU's in the family of CPU's the Inspiron 530 shipped with). Inspiron 530s The Inspiron 530s has the same design as the 530, but it is 41% slimmer. However, because of its design, it is not physically compatible with all desktop hardware, especially graphics cards (Dell only gives you the option of the ATI 2400 XT, which is not a high-performance card). The case used in the 530s can accommodate one 5.25" optical drive, one external 3.5" drive (either a 1.44  MB floppy or 19-in-1 card reader), and up to two standard 3.5" hard drives. The motherboard used in the 530s is the same as the motherboard used in the 530 edition, except for the fact that this motherboard only supports Dual-Core processors, and not any members of the Standard Quad-Core series like its twin, unless the motherboard is swapped to the DG33M03 motherboard used in the Inspiron 530, or a 65W TDP Core 2 Quad. While almost any low profile PCI-E x16 video card will physically fit in the 530s, the custom-sized Delta 250W power supply that the 530s is equipped with may seriously limit the potential for using higher-end cards, except if it is used in a different Standard ATX Case (Mid Tower and Full tower), then it is as capable as a 530 is (With the exception of the Case features in the standard 530). Inspiron 531/531s The Dell Inspiron 531 is Dell's AMD desktop counterpart to the Inspiron 530, and with exception of the CPU and motherboard, is virtually identical. Starting with the Athlon 64 X2 3800+ it can be customized up to an AMD Athlon 64 X2 6000+. The Athlon X2 7000, Phenom, Phenom II and Athlon II series are not supported. It uses 1 GB of DDR2 SDRAM at 667 MHz, which can be upgraded up to 8 GB 800 MHz under JEDEC DDR2 voltage specification. The model features the M2N61-AX OEM motherboard made by ASUS and uses nVidia GeForce 6150 integrated graphics with the nForce 430i chipset, and has two PCI slots, one PCI-e X1 and one PCI-e X16 1.0a slot. Due to the arrangement of the expansion slots, however, use of a double height video card renders the PCI-e X1 slot useless. The motherboard also features four SATA 1.0 Ports, one EIDE (floppy) plug, three USB plugs for front USB, a Firewire plug, and a front audio plug. Cooling is somewhat limited, as the motherboard only provides one 4-pin PWM CPU fan plug, and one 3-pin rear fan plug. Installation of a fan controller will be required to use additional fans. Recently, the 6.05 version of nVidia's System Performance Tools allows minor FSB overclocking, but does not allow voltage or multiplier adjustments, limiting overclocking potential. The case is Micro-ATX sized, lightweight aluminum and features one 92 mm Rear fan, one external 3" drive bay, two 5" bays and two vertical 3" internal drive bays. It also features a standard ATX sized 300 watt power supply with four SATA plugs, one 24-pin ATX12V 2.0 plug and one 4-pin P4 plug, oddly excluding any standard 4-pin Molex connectors. The I/O Shield is also part of the case, preventing the installation of third-party motherboards without modifications to the case. Inspiron 537 Released on Dell's website on May 12, 2009 the Inspiron 537 is a mini-tower desktop that replaces the Inspiron 530. The desktop has a black chassis, but the front shell can be customized with one of eight colors. Oddly, this model was replaced by the Inspiron 546, which uses AMD processors, after being available online for less than one month. Processors: Intel Celeron 450, Intel Celeron Dual-Core, Intel Pentium Dual-Core E5200, Intel Core 2 Duo E5300, E7500 or E8400 or Intel Core 2 Quad Q8200 or Q9400. Memory: 2 GB, 3 GB, or 4 GB of shared dual channel DDR2 SDRAM @ 800 MHz (upgradeable to 8 GB). Chipset: Intel G41 Express Chipset. Graphics Processor: integrated Intel GMA X4500 graphics or ATI Radeon HD 4350 with 512 MB of graphics memory. Hard Drive: 320 GB, or 500 GB SATA at 7200 RPM. Optical Drive: 8X dual-layer DVD+/-RW drive or 2X Blu-ray Disc Combo drive. Wi-Fi Card: Dell Wireless 1505 802.11n mini-card with external antenna. I/O ports: 4 USB 2.0 ports, 1 FireWire port (optional), 1 Fast Ethernet port, 1 56K modem (optional), 1 VGA output, 1 HDMI output (with ATI Radeon HD 4350), 1 headphone jack, 2 microphone jacks, 1 line-in connector, 1 line-out connector, 1 19-in-1 memory card reader (optional), and 1 power cable connector. Inspiron 537s The Inspiron 537s is simply the slim version of the Inspiron 537 with similar features. It replaces the Inspiron 530s. The Inspiron 537s is limited to an Intel Core 2 Quad Q8200, whereas the Inspiron 537 can be customized with up to a Core 2 Quad Q9400. Because of its slim form factor, it only has one optical drive. The other hardware configuration options are identical to those of the Inspiron 537. The memory is only upgradeble to 4 GB. Processors: Intel Celeron 450, Intel Celeron Dual-Core E5100, Intel Pentium Dual-Core E5200, Intel Core 2 Duo E5300, E7500 or E8400 or Intel Core 2 Quad Q8200. Memory: 2 GB, 3 GB, or 4 GB of shared dual channel DDR2 SDRAM @ 800 MHz. Chipset: Intel G41 Express Chipset. Graphics Processor: integrated Intel GMA X4500 graphics or ATI Radeon HD 4350 with 512 MB of graphics memory. Hard Drive: 640 GB SATA at 7200 RPM. Optical Drive: 8X dual-layer DVD+/-RW drive or 2X Blu-ray Disc Combo drive. Wi-Fi Card: Dell Wireless 1505 802.11n mini-card with external antenna. I/O ports: 4 USB 2.0 ports, 1 FireWire port (optional), 1 Fast Ethernet port, 1 56K modem (optional), 1 VGA output, 1 HDMI output (with ATI Radeon HD 4350), 1 headphone jack, 2 microphone jacks, 1 line-in connector, 1 line-out connector, 1 19-in-1 memory card reader (optional), and 1 power cable connector. Inspiron 545 The Inspiron 545 is a non-configurable mini-tower desktop that only retails at Best Buy and the Dell Outlet. Processors: Intel Core 2 Duo E7400, or Core 2 Quad Q8300, Q9300, or Q9400 Memory: 2 GB, 3 GB, 4 GB, 6 GB or 8 GB of shared dual channel DDR2 SDRAM @ 800 MHz. Chipset: Intel G31 Express Chipset. Graphics Processor: integrated Intel GMA 3100 graphics, ATI Radeon HD 4350 or Nvidia GeForce GT220. Hard Drive: 750 GB or 1 TB SATA at 7200 RPM. Optical Drive: 8X dual-layer DVD+/-RW drive. Wi-Fi Card: Dell Wireless 1505 802.11n mini-card with external antenna. (no card in Australia) I/O ports: 6 USB 2.0 ports, 1 Fast Ethernet port, 1 56K modem, 1 VGA output, 1 HDMI output, 1 19-in-1 memory card reader, 1 headphone jack, 2 microphone jacks, 1 line-in connector, 1 line-out connector and 1 power cable connector. Inspiron 545s The Inspiron 545s is the slimmer version of the Inspiron 545. Like its mini-tower cousin, the Inspiron 545s is non-configurable and only retails at Best Buy and the Dell Outlet. Processors: Intel Core 2 Duo E7400. Memory: 2 GB, 3 GB, 4 GB or 6 GB of shared dual channel DDR2 SDRAM @ 800 MHz. Chipset: Intel G33 Express chipset. Graphics Processor: integrated Intel GMA 3100 graphics or ATI Radeon HD 4350 or a Nvidia GT 220. Hard drive: 250 GB, 500 GB or 750 GB SATA at 7200 RPM. Optical drive: 8× dual-layer DVD+/-RW drive. Wi-Fi card: none. I/O ports: six USB 2.0 ports, one Fast Ethernet port, one 56K modem, one VGA output, one headphone jack, two microphone jacks, one line-in connector, one line-out connector and one power cable connector. Inspiron 546 This model quietly went on sale on Dell's website and replaced the Inspiron 537. It features AMD processors. Processors: AMD Sempron LE-1300, AMD Athlon LE-1660, AMD Athlon X2 7550, AMD Phenom X3 8650 or 8750 or AMD Phenom X4 9750. Memory: 2 GB, 3 GB, 4 GB, 6 GB or 8 GB of shared dual channel DDR2 SDRAM @ 800 MHz. Chipset: AMD 780G chipset Graphics Processor: integrated ATI Radeon 3200 graphics, ATI Radeon HD 3450, HD 4350 or nVidia GeForce GT 220. Hard Drive: 320 GB, 500 GB, 640 GB, 750 GB or 1 TB SATA at 7200 RPM or 640 GB, 750 GB or 1 TB SATA @ 7200 RPM w/DataSafe. Optical Drive: 16X dual-layer DVD+/-RW drive, 2X Blu-ray Disc Combo drive or Blu-ray Disc Burner. Wi-Fi Card: Dell Wireless 1505 802.11n mini-card with external antenna. I/O ports: 4 USB 2.0 ports, 1 FireWire port (optional), 1 Fast Ethernet port, 1 56K modem (optional), 1 VGA output, 1 HDMI output (with ATI Radeon HD 4350), 1 headphone jack, 2 microphone jacks, 1 line-in connector, 1 line-out connector, 1 19-in-1 memory card reader (optional), and 1 power cable connector. Inspiron 560 and Inspiron 570 The Dell Inspiron 560 and Dell Inspiron 570 are similar machines with the main difference being that the Dell Inspiron 560 uses Intel central processing units while the Dell Inspiron 570 uses AMD central processing units. The Dell Inspiron 560 supports Intel Core 2 Quad, Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Pentium Dual-Core and Intel Celeron processors. The Dell Inspiron 570 supports AMD Sempron, AMD Athlon II X2/X3/X4 and AMD Phenom™ II X2/X3/X4 processors. The Dell Inspiron 560 uses Intel G43 chipset and Intel GMA X4500 integrated graphics while the Dell Inspiron 570 uses AMD 785G chipset and ATI Radeon HD 4200 integrated graphics. Both Dell Inspiron 560 and Inspiron 570 feature four internally-accessible DDR3 DIMM sockets. Also both Dell Inspiron 560 and Inspiron 570 uses 300w power supplies and a 3-V CR2032 lithium coin-cell battery. Physically, the Dell Inspiron 560 and Dell Inspiron 570 are 375.92 mm (14.80 inches) in height, 176.02 mm (6.93 inches) in width, 442.98 mm (17.44 inches) in depth and 7.9 kg (17.4 lb) in weight. The motherboard or system board used in the Dell Insprion 560 and Dell Inspiron 570 both have 24 pin ATX power, 4 pin CPU power, 4 DDR3 memory module connector, PCI connector, 2 PCI Express x1 connector, a PCI Express x16 connector and 4 SATA connectors. The inputs and outputs at the back consisted of a network adapter connector which is an RJ-45 port that supports 10/100/1000 Mbit/s speeds, 4 USB 2.0 connectors, center/subwoofer connector, line-in connector, front left/right line-out connector, microphone jack, side left/right surround connector, rear left/right surround connector and a network activity light. The Insprion 560 only had a VGA connector however the Insprion 570 added HDMI alongside VGA. Inspiron 580 and Inspiron 580s The Dell Inspiron 580 and Dell Inspiron 580s offer similar configurations with the main difference being that the Dell Inspiron 580s uses a small form factor case where the 580 is a tower. The motherboard used in both models is based around the Intel H57 chipset, and uses Intel Core i3, Intel Core i5 and Intel Pentium processors. The motherboard features four internally-accessible DDR3 DIMM sockets. The system board connectors consists of four 240-pin connectors for memory, one 124-pin for PCI, two 36-pin connectors for PCI Express x1, one 164-pin connector for PCI Express x16, one 24-pin EPS 12V connector (ATX-compatible) for power, one 4-pin connector for the processor fan, one 3-pin connector for the chassis fan, two 9-pin connectors for front/internal USB connector, one 9-pin connector for 2-channel stereo sound and microphone for the front audio connector, and four 7-pin connectors for SATA. Both computers uses 3-V CR2032 lithium coin-cell battery. The back panel connectors for both the Dell Inspiron 580 and Dell Inspiron 580s consists off a HDMI connector, a VGA connector, 4 USB 2.0 connectors, rear left/right surround connector, side left/right surround connector, microphone connector, front left/right line-out connector, line-in connector, center/subwoofer connector and a network connector with light. Both the Dell Inspiron 580 and Dell Inspiron 580s have one 5.25-inch bay for an optical drive, one 3.5-inch FlexBay for an optional Media Card Reader and two 3.5-inch bays for SATA hard drives that are internally accessible. The Dell Inspiron 580 uses a 300W power supply while the Dell Inspiron 580s uses a 250w power supply. Physically, the Dell Inspiron 580 is 375.92 mm (14.80 inches) in height, 176.02 mm (6.93 inches) in width, 442.98 mm (17.44 inches) in depth and 7.9 kg (17.4 lb) in weight. Physically, the Dell Inspiron 580s is 375.3 mm (14.77 inches) in height, 175.9 mm (6.92 inches) in width, 440.4 mm (17.34 inches) in depth and 8.7 kg (19.2 lb) in weight. Inspiron 620 and Inspiron 620s The Dell Inspiron 620 and Inspiron 620s are pre-built desktop computers manufactured by Dell. Both units come with 2nd generation intel core i3 and core i5 processors. the units also come with windows 7 home basic and windows 7 home premium operating systems Inspiron Micro Desktop (3050) Inspiron Small Desktop (3252) Inspiron Desktop (Intel) (3650) Inspiron Desktop (AMD) (3656) Inspiron Desktop (Intel) (3668) The Dell Inspiron Desktop (Intel) (3668) features a power button, 5-in-1 multi-card reader, audio combo jack, 2 USB 3.0 ports, an optical drive and an air vent on the front of the computer. At the back of the computer there is line in/out & mic, VGA, HDMI, 4 USB 2.0 ports, ethernet port, security-cable slot and padlock rings. The 5-in-1 multi-card reader supports SD card, SD High Capacity (SDHC) card, SD Extended Capacity (SDXC) card, MultiMediaCard (MMC) and MultiMediaCard Plus (MMC Plus). The motherboard uses the Intel H110 chipset and supports Intel Core i3, Intel Core i5, Intel Core i7, Intel Celeron and Intel Pentium processors. The motherboard has 2 DDR4 U-DIMM memory-module slots, 2 PCI Express x1 connector, 1 PCI Express x16 connector, 4 SATA connector, 4 pin CPU power connector and 6 pin motherboard power connector. The audio controller used is the Realtek ALC3820. Physically, the Dell Inspiron (Intel) (3668) is 352.90 mm (13.90 inches) in height, 154 mm (6.06 inches) in width, 303 mm (11.93 inches) in depth and 5.90 kg (13.01 lb) in weight. Inspiron Desktop (Intel) (3880, 3881, and 3891) Dell Inspiron 3880, 3881, and 3891 offer similar configurations, which the 3880 and 3881 models support 10th gen Intel Celeron, Pentium, and Core i3/i5/i7. On the front of the PC there were 2 USB 2.0 ports and 2 USB 3.2 ports, as well as an SD card reader and a headphone jack. There were air vents on the left side cover and on the front of the computer, and on the back there is a VGA, HDMI 1.4b, 2 USB 2.0 ports, 2 USB 3.2 ports, a line out port, an ethernet port, security-cable slot and padlock rings. It includes two DDR4-2666/2933 slots holding a maximum of 64 GB, one M.2 SSD, and 1 3.5 inch hard drive. These PCs include WiFi and Bluetooth, and options for 200- or 260-watt power supply. These power supplies only handle up to Nvidia GeForce GT 1030, but it's possible to put an Nvidia GeForce 1650 in this PC. Dell Inspiron 3891 is newer than 3880 and 3881, with support for 11th gen Intel Core i5/i7, as well as 10th gen Intel CPUs. There were similar specs, but the 3891 has two USB 2.0 ports, one USB 3.2 ports, and one USB-C port, which the Dell Inspiron 3880 and 3881 lacked. The F versions of 10th and 11th gen Intel CPUs doesn't have VGA or HDMI ports and requires a low end Nvidia GPU to run like the GT 1030. Inspiron Gaming Desktop (5675) Offered with AMD Ryzen 7 1700X, 5 1600X, 5 1400, 3, 7th Generation AMD A10-9700 or AMD A12-9800 quad core APU with Radeon R7 Graphics and AMD RX 560 or AMD RX 570, RX 580 or Nvidia GeForce GTX 1060 dedicated graphics. References Inspiron desktops

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Ultra-mobile PC An ultra-mobile PC (ultra-mobile personal computer or UMPC) is a miniature version of a pen computer, a class of laptop whose specifications were launched by Microsoft and Intel in spring 2006. Sony had already made a first attempt in this direction in 2004 with its Vaio U series, which was only sold in Asia. UMPCs are generally smaller than subnotebooks, have a TFT display measuring (diagonally) about , are operated like tablet PCs using a touchscreen or a stylus, and can also have a physical keyboard. There is no clear boundary between subnotebooks and ultra-mobile PCs, but UMPCs commonly have form factors other than the common clamshell laptop design, such as having small keys on either side of the screen, or having a slide-out keyboard. The first-generation UMPCs were simple PCs running Linux or an adapted version of Microsoft's tablet PC operating system. With the announcement of the UMPC, Microsoft dropped the licensing requirement that tablet PCs must support proximity sensing of the stylus, which Microsoft termed "hovering". Second-generation UMPCs used less electricity and therefore could be used for longer (up to five hours) and also had support for Windows Vista. Originally code-named Project Origami, the project was launched in 2006 as a collaboration between Microsoft, Intel, Samsung, and a few others. After largely being supplanted by tablet computers, production of ultra-mobile PCs was discontinued in the early 2010s. History In February 2006, a viral marketing campaign was quietly launched for the UMPC, then still referred to by its codename, "Project Origami". Speculation over "what is Origami?" and pictures of the rumored prototypes were passed around and covered extensively on Engadget, Scobleizer, Thatedeguy and other technology sites. Finalization of the Origami project was announced in time for CeBIT. Much speculation had positioned Origami as a portable gaming device that would directly compete with Nintendo's DS and Sony's PlayStation Portable. This rumor gained credibility after videos were leaked showing Halo: Combat Evolved being played on a UMPC. While the movie was quickly taken down from its original source, mirrors still existed on many other sites. Later in the week, the Associated Press confirmed that "Origami" was actually to be a regular PC with "limited gaming capabilities". First devices The first UMPCs on the market were AMtek's T700 and Samsung's Q1. The AMtek T700 was sold in the US as the TabletKiosk eo v7110, agoPC ago7, and Azentek GB-810, in Europe as the PaceBlade EasyBook P7 and its Label Origami, and in Australia the TabletKiosk eo v7110 and the Pioneer DreamBook UMPC 700 and in Japan the PBJ SmartCaddie. Sony made a first attempt in this direction in 2004 with its Vaio U series. OQO also sold UMPCs. The OQO model 01 and OQO model 01+ were launched prior to the ultra-mobile PC era, but its specifications were very similar to those of most UMPC models. 2006 In July 2006, Sony released the VAIO UX, including a model which contained a solid state drive (SSD). Because of this, the VAIO UX was the first flash-memory SSD based PC available. Sony continued releasing and selling VAIO UX models until early 2009. In late August 2006, TabletKiosk launched a line of Intel-based UMPCs, the eo i7210 and i7209. It followed this up in March 2007 with a ruggedized VIA based UMPC, the eo TufTab v7112XT. In September 2006, Raon Digital launched the Vega running an AMD Geode LX800, 256 MB of RAM, and a 30 GB hard drive. It had a screen, a 500 MHz processor, and a battery life of 5.5 hours. It ran Microsoft Windows XP Home Edition and retailed for 680,000 Korean won (US$700–750). However it did not have WiFi capability. In early October 2006 Samsung quietly launched the Q1B, bringing the ultra-mobile platform closer to the vision that Microsoft created. The Q1b featured a VIA C7-M ULV processor running at 1 GHz, up to five hours of battery life, and a lower price than the Samsung Q1. It also featured optional modules for HSDPA or WiBro for ubiquitous internet connectivity in major cities around the world. AMtek also released their T770, a Windows Vista powered device with a 1200 MHz processor and 1024 MB of RAM. It had a 40 GB hard disk (or 60 GB on another cheaper brand, and also the same device) and a screen. It was available for 899 € (the cheaper brand was 849 €). 2007 Wibrain launched their first UMPC models, B1E and B1H, in December 2007. In 2007, Bill Gates introduced the OQO model 02 in his keynote at CES 2007. The OQO model 02 shipped with a screen, EV-DO WWAN, Bluetooth, 802.11 a/b/g Wi-Fi, running Windows XP and Vista. OQO won the Guinness World Records recognition of its model 02 as the world's smallest fully functional computer (where a 'computer' means ability to run Windows). In August 2007, Raon Digital launched their second UMPC 'Everun' which had built in Wi-Fi and HSDPA. It used the AMD Geode LX900. Later, Everun was introduced as the UMPC with the longest battery life—as much as 6–7 hours with its standard battery and 12 hours with a large battery. Unlike the previous model, Everun had a full QWERTY keypad, aesthetically similar to a smartphone of the time. On September 17, 2007, OQO launched the model e2 for the European market with a localized keyboard, 1.6 GHz VIA C7-M processor, 120 GB hard drive or a 32 GB SSD option. In October 2007 the Asus Eee PC (model 701) was launched. With a 7-inch screen, full keyboard and Wi-Fi, running Linux, it started the netbook revolution. 2008 HTC launched the Shift in January 2008. It ran both Windows Vista and a PDA mode called SnapVUE simultaneously. The Windows Vista half ran on an Intel A110 Stealey CPU at 800 MHz, with 2 GB of RAM, Intel GMA 950, and a 40/60 GB HDD. The PDA mode ran on an ARM11 CPU with 64 MB of RAM. The two operating systems shared quadband GSM, triband UMTS, Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g, and Bluetooth 2.0 radios as well as a single 800x480 touchscreen display. Input could be selected with a single hardware button, with the Windows Mobile half limited to 640x480. Behind the display was a sliding and tilt mechanism, similar to that seen on the HTC TyTN II, to reveal a full QWERTY keyboard. Wibrain launched the second models of B1L series with Ubuntu Linux on February 27, 2008. The starting price was around $500.00. Wibrain UMPC featured a touch enabled LCD screen at 1024x600 resolution, a 1.0 GHz or 1.2 GHz VIA C7M CPU, 512 MB or 1 GB of memory, a 30 GB or 60 GB harddisk, a full QWERTY keyboard and built-in WiFi (802.11b/g). Around the same date, CHIP.DE featured an article about the R2H and R50A from ASUS, which ran a Windows Tablet PC edition OS on its Intel Celeron system. It had a VGA-TV output, GPS, 3 USB ports, 60 GB hard drive and 512 MB RAM. It also offered wired/wireless network capabilities. In September 2008 Nova Mobility announced its second generation Side Arm 2 Industrial UMPC. It was designed around the Intel Atom processor and was the first industrial grade UMPC released on that platform. It had GPS, WiFi and Bluetooth standard and 3G as an option. EVDO was also available via the PCI Express card slot in the top of the unit. Two USB ports, a touch screen and QWERTY keyboard were available. The device weighed less than and offered up to ten hours of battery life. 2009–2010 Yukyung introduced the Viliv S5 in mid-2009 followed by Viliv X70 models. In July 2010, the Viliv N5 was introduced. The N5 was a small notebook-style UMPC whereas the S5 and X70 were tablets. They featured GPS, Wifi, Bluetooth, 3G availability, SSD options with Intel Z520 processors and integrated GMA500 graphics with hardware acceleration for H264 HD video playback. The starting prices were around US$599 with a battery life of five hours or longer. Also in 2009, Panasonic introduced the Toughbook U1 UMPC, what was then the world's first fully rugged UMPC on the market. After Microsoft Several companies developed handheld personal computers in very small sizes after Microsoft ended its UMPC marketing effort in the early 2010s. In 2010, Ocosmos announced the OCS1, a gaming UMPC with the latest CPU from Intel, which featured Windows 7 Home Premium and front and rear-facing cameras. It, along with several other models introduced by Ocosmos, were never released. In early 2015, Ockel Computers developed the Ockel Sirius B. Ockel introduced its successor, the Ockel Sirius B Black Cherry, in November 2016. Ockel was also working on a UMPC, which included a 6’’ touchscreen. The Ockel Sirius A was launched mid-2016 as a crowdfunding campaign on Indiegogo. In 2017 the company started shipping the device to backers. GamePad Digital (GPD) released the GPD Win, an x64 Windows 10-powered handheld gaming PC, in October 2016. In May 2018, GPD released the GPD Win 2 as a successor to the GPD Win. In January 2021, GPD announced the GPD Win 3. Unlike previous models, which relied on low-power Intel Atom or Intel Core-M processors, the Win 3 is available with higher power Core i5 and Core i7 processors with Intel's Iris Xe Graphics. The Win 3 also dropped the clamshell form-factor in favor of a sliding screen. GPD also released the GPD Pocket, a 7-inch PC which included an aluminum casing and a full keyboard. It was released in mid-2017 after receiving more than $3 million in crowdfunding. While not branded as UMPCs, several 7–8 inch Windows tablets with Intel Atom SoCs such as the HP Stream 7 were released between 2014 and 2016 running either Windows 8.1 or Windows 10. Features Project Origami defined a specification for computers with a 20 cm (8-inch) or smaller touch sensitive screen at a minimum resolution of 800 × 480. To make it more suited for the small form factor, Windows XP Tablet PC Edition was originally used with slight tweaks to the interface and a software add-on known as the Touch Pack Interface to make the interface more suitable for use of a stylus as well as hands. When the UMPC was disclosed at CeBIT 2006, Samsung, Asus, and Founder had near-complete devices on display. The UMPC initiative also included later Windows versions. UMPCs with Windows XP installed are able to run any software that has been written for the Windows XP platform, though the small form factor often mandates some changes to the interface. The standard Windows XP interface is the default, though a choice of having an interface more suited for the small form factor is available with the Touch Pack Interface. As the units are so small, many UMPCs do not feature a physical keyboard, but an on-screen virtual keyboard provided in the Touch Pack Interface (such as the DialKeys, below). Since the devices have standard USB 2.0 connectivity, external keyboards and mice can also be attached. UMPC devices included either Intel or VIA processors, 256 MB to 2 GB of RAM, and a 30 to 160 GB hard disk, depending on the manufacturer. Other ultra mobile devices featured AMD or Transmeta Crusoe CPUs. Some ultra-mobile PCs also featured Global Positioning System (GPS) devices, webcams, fingerprint readers, stereo speakers, TV tuners, and memory card readers. Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Ethernet and WWAN connections were sometimes included as well. UMPCs had enough processing power to support audio, video, and gaming at the time, in addition to rich support for browsing the internet as well as for other communication and networking applications. Windows Media Player was included with a special skin designed to provide a better experience on the small screen. The devices also featured DirectX 9–class graphics. In 2006, UMPC prices were approximately $1000 in the United States, and although Microsoft made efforts to push down prices for the 2006 holiday season, they were not expected to reach the US$500 range market analysts felt was necessary to achieve mainstream success. Most UMPCs were available with Windows 7, although many later UMPCs came with the option to have XP or Linux installed, as some devices were too sluggish to run the Vista kernel on which Windows 7 is based. One example of this is the Samsung Q1 Ultra which originally launched with only Vista versions, but subsequently launched Windows XP versions. This is largely because UMPC hardware at the time was too close to the minimum Vista requirements to be comfortably used. DialKeys A new text input method was implemented for ultra-mobile PCs. Consisting of two rings of keys around the lower corners of the screen, DialKeys was intended for use with the thumbs. Accessories Several companies developed accessories exclusively for the 7" UMPC platform. These included carry cases, screen protectors, styli, protective bump cases and docking stations. In addition, several prototypes of "mounting solutions" were previewed which permitted the UMPC device to be mounted in the car, on the wall or attached to an adjustable arm. User interface software was created enabling UMPCs to become portable infotainment devices. There were touch-friendly, voice-controlled, user interface software platforms designed to run on Windows XP and Vista-based UMPCs allowing users to control Windows without the need of a mouse and keyboard. Programs Microsoft Office OneNote GO Corporation EverNote Stardraw Control See also CrunchPad Handheld PC Mobile Internet device Netbook Palmtop PC Picoprojector; together with a webcam and laser projector, this can be used to eliminate keyboard and screen of a UMPC, making the UMPC significantly smaller. Subnotebook References Further reading External links Microsoft's official ultra-mobile PC website UMPC comparison website Annotated bibliography of references to handwriting recognition and pen computing Notes on the History of Pen-based Computing (YouTube) Microsoft initiatives Microsoft Tablet PC Personal computers

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Psion MC series The Psion MC (Mobile Computer) series is a line of laptop computers made by Psion PLC. They were made from 1989 to 1991, measure , and weigh . History The A4-sized, elegant notebook had an excellent 640 × 400 pixel liquid crystal display (LCD) and, at a time when Microsoft Windows was still at version 2.11 (without window management, multitasking), a graphical user interface with multitasking. Instead of a mouse, this model has a touchpad. This was uncommon in 1989: the Gavilan SC was the only widely known model with a touchpad, and they were not used again until years later. The newly developed EPOC16 (SIBO) operating system allowed hot swapping of the flash memory cards in the 4 memory slots, and with the two hardware expansion slots, the device seemed ready for all future developments. But it turned out differently. For one, the prices were quite high, with the MC200 at , MC400 at , and MC600 at , and the memory cards were very costly. Also, the software was not yet fully developed for market launch: the word processing was disappointing, the Open Programming Language (OPL) was adopted almost unchanged from the Organizer II and did not support the graphics abilities of the device, and professional developers had to wait over a year for the software development kit (SDK). The announced voice compression module was never finished, and apart from a parallel port, there were no hardware enhancements. Further, the press accused the device of incompatibility with the then standard IBM PC compatibles. Sales were weak, and SIBO Version 2, released in 1990 as a free update, changed nothing, although it came up with a Microsoft Word-like word processor and a significantly improved OPL version. The slimmed-down MC200 version with a blue and white, half as high screen and 128 kB RAM (instead of 256 kB) sold even worse. The MC600 was just as hastily released into the market. This used MS-DOS as the operating system, likely in reaction to press criticism, and had 768 kB of random-access memory (RAM) and a 1 MB RAM drive, which raised the price again. The touchpad was dropped in favor of a function key bar, and the screen resolution was only 640 × 200 pixels according to the Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) standard. The machine was a flop from the start. Models Psion MC200 The version of MC400 model with lower cost display and less RAM (a 256K memory and a 640 x 200 green-blue screen). Psion MC400 The Psion MC400 is a laptop released in 1989. The main power is provided by eight AA batteries, or by an external 12V AC adapter power source. The MC400 was of the same generation as the Psion Series 3, but it has a larger size screen (640 x 400 pixels). The MC400 could be programmed using OPL much like the Series 3. Unlike the Series 3, the MC400 has 4 bays for removable solid-state disk drives compared to 2 on Series 3 devices. The serial port also provides PC connectivity if used with the separately available PsiWin software using the lead designed for the Series 3 or 3A. Psion MC400 Word Psion MC600 DOS-equipped version of MC400. References Psion devices Computer-related introductions in 1989 Laptops

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Samsung Q1 The Samsung Q1 was a family of Ultra-Mobile PCs produced by Samsung with a 7" (18 cm) LCD and exists in several different versions with either Windows XP Tablet PC Edition or Windows Vista Home Premium. Variations Q1 series Samsung Q1 Intel Celeron M ULV (Ultra Low Voltage) 353 running at 900 MHz 40 GB 1.8" Hard Drive (ZIF interface) 512MB DDR2 533 Max memory 2GB DDR2 533 Mobile Intel 915GMS Express Chipset 7 inch WVGA (800×480) resistive (single-touch) touch screen (using finger or stylus) with the included "Easy Display Manager" software allowing the user to downscale from 1024×600 and 1024×768 with a few button presses. VGA port Weighs 0.78 kg 3-cell battery (up to 3 hours) or 6-cell battery (up to 6 hours) WLAN 802.11b/g LAN port 100 mbit CompactFlash port Type II Stereo speakers Array mics AVS mode using Windows XP embedded Bluetooth enabled Digital Multimedia Broadcasting 2 USB ports The Q1 is one of the first ultra-mobile computers (UMPC) produced under Microsoft's "Origami" project. The Q1 can boot into two different modes: typical Windows XP (OS can be replaced), and AVS mode running Windows XP Embedded. AVS mode runs in a separate partition and boots directly to a music, photo, and video player with no Windows Explorer interface. The AVS feature is unique to the Q1. Samsung Q1 SSD The SSD version is identical to the Q1 except that the 40 GB hard disk drive has been replaced by Samsung's 32 GB solid-state drive. At release, the SSD version was about twice as expensive as the normal Q1. Samsung Q1b The Q1b was Samsung's second UMPC device, with a much improved battery life and 30% brighter screen compared to the Q1. The CF card slot and the Ethernet port were removed on this version. It also had a mono speaker and a single microphone. VIA C7-M ULV @ 1 GHz 5 Hour Battery Life (using standard 3-cell battery) 30% Brighter Screen (LED backlight) Wi-Fi (802.11 b/g support) Bluetooth v2.0 512 MB DDR RAM 40 GB Hard Drive Optional WiBro Module Optional HSDPA cellular Module Samsung Q1F (Pentium M) Manufacturer Part #: NP-Q1-F000 This is almost identical to the original Q1 but with a faster 1 GHz Intel Pentium M processor (723) which enables SpeedStep technology for better battery usage. It is possible to buy a 6-cell battery instead of the default 3-cell to double the time on all these devices. The Pentium edition also has: 1 GB DDR2 RAM 40 or 60 GB Hard Drive Microsoft Windows Vista Q1 Ultra series The Q1 Ultra series differed greatly from the original Q1 series with more features, including: Split keyboard SD card slot (replacing the CF card slot on its predecessor) Higher-resolution screen(1024×600 compared to 800×480) Front-facing camera The ability to use the joystick as a mouse. Samsung Q1 Ultra The Ultra model runs on a 600/800 MHz Intel A100/A110 (Stealey) processor and includes dual cameras, a 40GB/60GB hard disk, HSDPA and just like its predecessor, it comes installed with either Windows XP or Vista. All Q1U models offer a new split keyboard, 1GB of RAM (user upgradeable to 2GB), SD card slot and 1024×600 screen. A GPS accessory is also offered, which may be used with the included mapping software. the base modele q1u-el (with windows vista doesn't have sd card slot and bluetooth. Samsung Q1 Ultra Premium Uses an Intel Core Solo U1500 processor at 1330 MHz. 1GB of RAM upgradeable to 2GB. This was the last and highest performance machine in the Q1 and Q1 Ultra series. See also OQO Tablet PC Sony Vaio UX Micro PC Fujitsu Lifebook U Series VIA NanoBook Nokia 770 Internet Tablet Nokia N800 Pepper Pad Raon Digital Everun References External links Official Samsung Q1 Specifications (archived) Official Samsung Q1b Specifications Official Samsung Q1P Specifications (archived) Mobile computers Q1

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Epson HX-20 The Epson HX-20 (also known as the HC-20) was the first "true" laptop computer. It was invented in July 1980 by Yukio Yokozawa, who worked for Suwa Seikosha, a branch of Japanese company Seiko (now Seiko Epson), receiving a patent for the invention. It was announced in 1981 as the HC-20 in Japan, and was introduced by Epson in North America as the HX-20 at the 1981 COMDEX computer show in Las Vegas, where it drew significant attention for its portability. It had a mass-market release in July 1982, as the HC-20 in Japan and as the Epson HX-20 in North America. The size of an A4 notebook and weighing 1.6 kg, it was hailed by BusinessWeek magazine as the "fourth revolution in personal computing". Features Epson advertised the HX-20 with a photograph and photo editing of the computer on two facing magazine pages with the headline "Actual size". With about the footprint of an A4 size page, the Epson HX-20 features a full-transit keyboard, rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries, a built-in 120 × 32-pixel LCD which allowed 4 lines of 20 characters, a calculator-size dot-matrix printer, the EPSON BASIC programming language, two CPUs at which is essentially an enhanced Motorola 6801, RAM expandable to , two RS-232 ports at a maximum of for the first 8-pin DIN connector intended for modem or serial printer with the second port capable of using a 5-pin DIN connector which was mainly for use with external floppy drive and video display an early concept of docking station, a acoustic coupler was available, built-in microcassette drive, barcode reader connector. Uses a proprietary operating system, which consists of the EPSON BASIC interpreter and a monitor program, and weighs approximately . Known colours of the machine are silver and cream, while some prototypes were dark grey. The HX-20 was supplied with a grey or brown carry case. An external acoustic coupler, the CX-20, was available for the HX-20, as was an external floppy disk drive, the TF-20, and an external speech synthesis Augmentative Communication Device (ACD), 'RealVoice'. Another extension was the serially connected character video. It used a special protocol, EPSP, which was also used by the external floppy disk drive. The battery life of the HX-20 was approximately running BASIC and less using the microcassette, printer or RS-232. Data integrity could be preserved in the range. The power supply was rated for . Operating and charging it would tolerate . Data integrity could be preserved at . The HX-20 could be stored between . The later, more popular TRS-80 Model 100 line, designed by Kyocera, owed much to the design of the HX-20. Reception BYTE in September 1983 wrote that the HX-20, available in the United States for about a year, had been unsuccessful because of the lack of software or accessories. The review noted that Epson had included the formerly $160 microcassette drive in the standard $795 configuration, as well as bundling a simple word processor. BYTE praised the printer as "nothing short of amazing", but criticized the lack of an operating system for cassette storage and said that compared to the TRS-80 Model 100's display, "the HX-20 looks primitive". LCD The LCD is 120×32 pixels and is controlled by six μPD7227 LCD controller ICs each responsible for 40×16 pixels of the LCD. The μPD7227 uses a serial protocol and has two memory banks for switching between rows 0-7 and 8-15. It features multiple modes, including "Write", "Read", "AND", "OR" and "Character". The "character" mode draws characters from a built-in character map. Each bank is 40 bytes with bit 6 of the address determining the bank and even though the address can be up to 127, nothing will happen when trying to access data outside the banks. If the pointer action in a command is set to decrement and the pointer is at 0, the pointer will wrap to 127. Monitor The Monitor program can be accessed via the main menu on startup by pressing 1, by typing the command "MON" in BASIC or by causing a trap, i.e. writing/reading to/from protected addresses or executing an illegal instruction. In the case of a trap, "Trap!" will be displayed in the Monitor and the user can use it for debugging. When entering Monitor it shows a prompt on the first line, "Trap!" on the second line (if entered via a trap) and the CPU registers as they were right before the Monitor was entered on the third and fourth lines. These registers are A (Accumulator A), B (Accumulator B), X (Index Register), C (Condition Code Register), S (Stack Pointer) and P (Program Counter). Monitor can be used for reading and writing memory, modifying CPU registers, running code at specific addresses in memory, saving/loading memory to/from a plugin option, etc. This is very useful for debugging programs written in machine code in difference to programs written in the EPSON BASIC programming language. Commands Memory map ROM #0 and #1 are known as the I/O ROMs, handling system reset and providing functions for using the LCD, keyboard, clock, printer, speaker, serial communication, etc. The I/O ROMs are equivalent to the BIOS in modern PCs. ROM #0 also contains the interrupt vector table at FFF0-FFFF. FFFE-FFFF determines what the program counter should be set to on power up or reset. In the standard set of ROMs for the HX-20, this value is E000, the start of ROM #0. ROM #2 and #3 contains the BASIC interpreter. If the BASIC ROMs are removed from the motherboard, the BASIC option in the main menu will disappear, leaving only MONITOR. This is because ROM #3 contains a program header which is detected by the menu routines. This works the same for all user-created programs, except the program type is different. The Expansion unit added up to 16 kByte of RAM and two ROM sockets. The latter could only be used by switching off the internal BASIC ROMS. Similar Epson models HC-80 (Japanese version of the PX-8) HC-88 (Japanese version of the PX-8) HX-40 (American version of the PX-4) HX-45 (American version of the PX-4) KX-1 PX-16 (IBM PC compatible portable, cartridges compatible with PX-4) PX-4 (successor of the HX-20, with larger screen and CP/M compatible like the PX-8) PX-8 (Geneva) EHT-30, EHT-40 See also Epson ActionNote References External links Epson HX-20 documentation, photos and software Epson's HX-20 manual and additional material HX-20 utility and game programs 'HXTape' program to read and write tapes via a soundcard old-computers.com article on the HX-20 1983 Epson HX-20 computer., (evaluation) David H. Ahl., CREATIVE COMPUTING VOL. 9, NO. 3 / MARCH 1983 / PAGE 101 vintage-computer.com article about the HX-20 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-F_hL1bZsw The World's First Laptop - Epson HX-20 / HC-20 flashx20: Simulation of HX-20 external floppy disk drives and external monitor on a PC HX-20 History of computing hardware Japanese inventions

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Timeline of portable computers See also History of laptops References External links sdsu.edu – Early portable laptops Portable computers Laptops History of computing hardware portable computers

laptop Form Factor and Weight

PowerBook Duo 230 The PowerBook Duo 230 is a subnotebook personal computer introduced on October 19, 1992 by Apple Computer, Inc. Priced at US $2,610, the PowerBook Duo 230 was the high end model of the two simultaneously released PowerBook Duos, the lower end being the US $2,250 PowerBook Duo 210. With a 33 MHz Motorola 68030 microprocessor, 4 MB of RAM and an 80 or 120 MB SCSI hard disk drive, the PowerBook Duo 230 was nearly identical to the simultaneously released PowerBook 180 except for the smaller 9.1 inch greyscale "supertwist" passive-matrix LCD and the lack of a 68882 floating-point unit. With the October 1993 introduction of the PowerBook Duo 250 and 270c, the 230 replaced the 210 in the entry level, eventually being discontinued entirely on July 27, 1994 shortly after the introduction of the 68040-based PowerBook Duo 280 and 280c. Duo 230 Computer-related introductions in 1992

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Smartbook A smartbook was a class of mobile device that combined certain features of both a smartphone and netbook computer, produced between 2009 and 2010. Smartbooks were advertised with features such as always on, all-day battery life, 3G, or Wi-Fi connectivity and GPS (all typically found in smartphones) in a laptop or tablet-style body with a screen size of 5 to 10 inches and a physical or soft touchscreen keyboard. A German company sold laptops under the brand Smartbook and held a trademark for the word in many countries (not including some big markets like United States, China, Japan, or India). It acted to preempt others from using the term smartbook to describe their products. Smartbooks tended to be designed more for entertainment purposes than for productivity and typically targeted to work with online applications. They were projected to be sold subsidized through mobile network operators, like mobile phones, along with a wireless data plan. The advent of much more popular tablets like Android tablets and the iPad, coupled with the prevailing popularity of conventional desktop computers and laptops have displaced the smartbook. History The smartbook concept was mentioned by Qualcomm in May 2009 during marketing for its Snapdragon technology, with products expected later that year. Difficulties in adapting key software (in particular, Adobe's proprietary Flash Player) to the ARM architecture delayed releases until the first quarter of 2010. Smartbooks would have been powered by processors which were more energy-efficient than traditional ones typically found in desktop and laptop computers. The first smartbooks were expected to use variants of the Linux operating system, such as Google's Android or Chrome OS. The ARM processor would have allowed them to achieve longer battery life than many larger devices using x86 processors. In February 2010, ABI Research projected that 163 million smartbooks would ship in 2015. In many countries the word Smartbook was a trademark registered by Smartbook AG. In August 2009 a German court ruled Qualcomm must block access from Germany to all its webpages containing the word Smartbook unless Smartbook AG is mentioned. Smartbook AG defended its trademark. A February 2010 ruling prevented Lenovo from using the term. By the end of 2010, Qualcomm CEO Paul Jacobs admitted that tablet computers such as the iPad already occupied the niche of the smartbook, so the name was dropped. In February 2011 Qualcomm won its legal battle when the German patent office ruled the words "smart" and "book" could be used. However, several trademarks have been registered. Designs Always Innovating Touch Book In March 2009 the Always Innovating company announced the Touch Book. It was based on the Texas Instruments OMAP 3530 which implemented the ARM Cortex-A8 architecture. It was originally developed from the Texas Instruments Beagle Board. It had a touchscreen and a detachable keyboard which contained a second battery. The device came with a Linux operating system and the company offered to license their hardware designs. Sharp Netwalker Sharp Electronics, introduced their PC-Z1 "Netwalker" device in August 2009 with a promised ship date of October 2009. It featured a 5.5" touchscreen, runs Ubuntu on an ARM Cortex-A8 based Freescale i.MX515 and was packaged in a small clamshell design. Sharp reported the device weighs less than 500 grams and will run 10 hours on one battery charge. The device is said to run 720p video, and have both 2D and 3D graphics acceleration. It comes with Adobe Flash Lite 3.1 installed. Pegatron prototype Pegatron, an Asus company, showed a working prototype of a smartbook in August 2009. It consisted of an ARM Cortex-A8 based Freescale i.MX515 supports 2D/3D graphics as well as 720p HD video, 512 MB DDR2 RAM, 1024x600 8.9" LCD screen, Bluetooth 2.0, 802.11g and run off a SD card. It also featured one USB and one micro USB port, a VGA port as well as a card reader. The smartbook ran Ubuntu Netbook 9.04 and contained a version of Adobe Flash Player which was out of date. The bill of materials for the Pegatron smartbook prototype was $120. In November 2009 Pegatron said it had received a large number of orders for smartbooks that would launch in early 2010. The devices were rumored to sell for about $200 when subsidized. Asus announced plans to release their own smartbook in the first quarter of 2010. Lenovo Skylight Qualcomm was expected to announce a smartbook on November 12, 2009 at an analyst meeting. A Lenovo device concept was shown, and announced in January 2010. In May 2010 the Skylight was cancelled. Compaq Airlife 100 In late January 2010 a U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) listing featured a device from HP that was referred as smartbook, while a prototype of the same device was already shown earlier. In beginning February on Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, HP announced it will bring this device to market. The specifications will most likely be following: CPU: 1 GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon processor Operating system: Android Display: 10.1 inch touchscreen Storage: 16 GB SSD Networking: 3G and Wi-Fi Battery: up to 12 hours, 10 days in standby mode In the end of March 2010 the smartbook made an appearance at FCC again, this time listing its 3G capabilities. According to FCC, the device will support GSM 850 and 1900, as well as WCDMA II and V bands. These WCDMA bands may indicate the usage in AT&T network in the United States. Details of the product is now available on the HP website. Toshiba AC100 In June 2010, a smartbook device from Toshiba was announced. It features Nvidia Tegra processor and is able to remain in stand-by mode for up to 7 days. The device was officially available at the Toshiba United Kingdom site. Originally delivered with Android v2.1 (upgradable to v2.2 since 2011 ) it can also be modified to run a customized Linux distribution. In Japan, was sold as "Dynabook AZ". Genesi Efika MX The Genesi company announced an MX Smartbook as part of their Efika line in August 2010. It was originally priced at US$349, and some reviewers questioned if it was small enough to fit this definition. It is ostensibly a derivative of the above-mentioned Pegatron design. Others In September 2009, Foxconn announced it is working on smartbook development. In November 2009, a Quanta Computer pre-production Snapdragon powered sample smartbook device that ran Android was unveiled. Companies like Acer Inc. planned to release a smartbook, but due to the popularity of tablets, MacBook Air and Ultrabooks, plans were scrapped. See also Mobile internet device Ultra-mobile PC Virtual keyboard Netbook Subnotebook References External links ARM Community Blogs on Smart Mobile Devices News stories Smartbook Playing Field Wide Open for Linux ARM architecture Classes of computers Japanese inventions History of telecommunications History of computing hardware

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Amiga models and variants This is a list of models and clones of Amiga computers. Development The first Amiga computer was the "Lorraine" developed using the Sage IV system. It consisted of a stack of breadboarded circuit boards. Production timeline Commodore Amiga models PowerPC-based AmigaOS models (post Commodore) Note these models are not hardware compatible with the 68k Amigas. Video chipsets Chipsets with introduction year in parenthesis (AAA, AA+, Hombre chipset and Amiga Ranger chipset) were planned but never fabricated. Other AmigaOS compatible computers Some computers were released by other companies which were AmigaOS compatible. DraCo: Released by MacroSystem in 1994. This was a high end machine which ran AmigaOS 3.1, but did not include the Amiga chipset, instead using a graphics card. A second version was known as the Draco Vision. A newer model, the Draco Casablanca, was released in 1997. The machines featured a 68040 or 68060 CPU. The Access: Released by Index Information in 1998. This was an Amiga compatible similar to the A1200, but on a motherboard which could fit into a standard 5 1/4" drive bay. It featured either a 68020 or 68030 CPU, with a redesigned AGA chipset, and ran AmigaOS 3.1. Minimig is a hardware compatible open source re-implementation of an Amiga 500 using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). Vampire V4 Standalone, released by Apollo Team in 2019, provides ECS/AGA chipset re-implementation, plus "68080" CPU and "Super AGA" graphics, also using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The Pegasos II and Sam440ep can run AmigaOS 4. Unreleased models Prototypes: A3500: Prototype of the Amiga 3000T, it was housed in a Commodore PC60-III tower case. Due to management turmoil, some viable Amiga models under development were cancelled prior to release: A3000+: Prototyped in 1991, it used the AGA chipset and had an AT&T DSP3210 chip, high-fidelity audio, telephone line interface, and 2.5 Mbit/s RS-485 network port. A1000+: Intermediate in price and features between the A1200 and A3000+, it would have been a detached keyboard system with expansion slots (two Zorro slots, video slot, CPU slot). Unreleased models (after Commodore) A number of new Amiga models were announced after the end of the Commodore model era. However, very few of them were ever produced beyond simple prototypes (if they even got that far). Some of these were announced by companies who later owned, or sought to own, the Amiga rights. Others were unofficial machines which would run AmigaOS, whilst others still were intended to run an operating system compatible with Amiga software. Some models that were never produced include: The Amiga Walker: Announced early 1996 by Amiga Technologies, this was supposed to be a new, compact Amiga computer. Its case design was very weird: The metallic grey case, about the size of a games console, was curved at the rear. Jokes were made comparing the shape to that of a vacuum cleaner. There were two more-or-less working prototypes of the Walker and it was never released into the mass market. The A\box, pre\box and AMIRAGE K2: These were PowerPC-based machines announced by the German company Phase5. The A\box, announced in 1996, was to feature a new custom graphics chipset named Caipirinha, and a new Amiga-compatible operating system. This was replaced in 1998 by the announcement of the pre\box, which was to feature four PowerPC processors, and was to run AmigaOS 3.1. Finally, in 1999 the AMIRAGE K2 was announced, based on the QNX operating system. The Amiga 40x0L models: QuikPak announced a range of machines while they were planning to purchase rights to the Amiga during late 1996 and early 1997. These were models with a 68030, 68040 or 68060 processor, and included portable "luggable" versions. Some models were planned to be fitted with NewTek's Video Toaster Flyer. QuikPak were a manufacturer for the Amiga 4000T. The A5000 and A6000: These were new models announced by Power Computing in 1997. They originally featured a 68030 or 68040 for the A5000, and a 68060 for the A6000. The BoXeR: Designed by Mick Tinker at Access Innovations, and announced in 1997, the BoXeR was to be a new motherboard based on a Motorola 68040 or 68060 processor. Amongst other improvements over the Commodore motherboards of the time, it incorporated the aging AGA chipset into one chip. Sadly it never got far beyond the advanced prototyping stage. Tinker was also responsible for the Access, which was basically an Amiga 1200 that was re-jigged to fit into a full length 5.25" drive bay. The Amiga Multimedia Convergence Computer: Announced by Gateway in 1999. This was to feature a new operating system known as Amiga OE. See also Amiga Sidecar References External links Amiga Models Marketed Commodore Amiga models (table) Amiga

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Pixelbook The Pixelbook (codenamed Eve during development) is a portable laptop/tablet hybrid computer developed by Google which runs Chrome OS. It was announced on October 4, 2017 and was released on October 30. Unlike most typical Chromebook devices, the Pixelbook's retail price is much higher at around $1,000, comparable with laptops such as the Microsoft Surface Laptop. History A rumored Pixel-branded Chromebook was anticipated to be launched at Google's annual fall hardware event in 2017 as a successor to the Chromebook Pixel; it was potentially a spinoff from the prior year's Project Bison, which was anticipated to be a laptop that could convert into a tablet mode. Google developed and launched a similar tablet with a detachable keyboard in 2018 (codenamed 'Nocturne') as the Pixel Slate. The Pixelbook was planned as the next generation of Google laptops after the Chromebook Pixel laptop was discontinued in 2016. The company realised the Chromebook line had become successful after a slow start, obtaining a market share of 58% of schools in the US, and designed the Pixelbook as a serious industry player that can compete with Apple and Microsoft in this field. Limited details, the name, and preliminary pricing for the Pixelbook leaked ahead of the official announcement; in addition, a stylus accessory would also be available. The Pixelbook was officially announced on October 4, 2017, at prices starting at . The Pixelbook Go was announced in October 2019 as a Chromebook with similar performance as the Pixelbook and also equipped with a touchscreen, but the Go dropped tablet mode and stylus support. By September 19, 2020, Google had de-listed all models of the original Pixelbook from its online store, effectively marking its discontinuation. Features The Pixelbook features a touchscreen design, allowing the device to be used like a tablet. The device also features Google Assistant with a dedicated button. It runs Chrome OS and can launch Android applications natively. There is a front-facing camera capable of recording video at 720p, 30 frames per second. The hinge allows nearly a full 360° range of motion, enabling the computer to operate in "laptop", "tent", or "tablet" modes, depending on the opening angle. It features instant tethering; if a wifi signal is dropped, the Pixelbook will automatically connect to a suitable smartphone signal. Either of the computer's two USB-C ports may be used for charging; using the provided 45 W charger, charging takes up to two hours. The 41 W-hr battery has a claimed life of 10 hours. The top-end version with a Core i7 processor was exclusive to the Google Store and availability lagged the other models; it was not available to order until December 2017, with first shipments in January 2018. Accessories The device is compatible with Pixelbook Pen, a stylus designed for Pixelbook and sold separately for $99/£99. The stylus is pressure- and angle-sensitive, and features latency of just 10 ms. It is powered by a AAAA battery. Response The Pixelbook had a mixed response from the press, who praised the build quality but questioned the market for the device given the price. A review by The Verge said "Just like the iPad Pro, the Pixelbook is an incredibly nice and powerful machine that can handle most of your computing tasks — but probably not all of them." A review in The Guardian said "the king of Chromebooks is pricey but first rate." A review in Engadget described it as "a premium Chromebook that's worth the price." A review in Wired suggested that "I'm not sure anyone will buy one" in October 2017. The Financial Times published a positive review of the new Pixelbook, saying there was more functionality offline than in prior models, among other fixed problems. References Pixelbook Computer-related introductions in 2017 Google Pixel Google hardware

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Surface Laptop 4 The Surface Laptop 4 is a laptop computer made by Microsoft. It is the fourth generation of Surface Laptop which launched on 13 April 2021. It succeeds the Surface Laptop 3 that was released in 2019. Surface Laptop 4 keeps the same form design and ports as its predecessor. The machine ships with an Intel 11th gen or AMD processor. There are models with an aluminum finish alongside models with the traditional Alcantara fabric covering. The displays are also the same as the previous models. The 13.5 inch model comes with a 2256 x 1504 resolution and the 15 inch model comes with a 2496 x 1664 resolution. Both models have the same 3:2 aspect ratio and 201 ppi. Configuration Surface Laptop 4 for consumers comes preloaded with Windows 10 Home Surface Laptop 4 for business comes preloaded with Windows 10 Pro Features An 11th Gen Intel Core i5 or i7 processors An AMD Ryzen 5 or 7 Surface Edition processors Storage options are 1 TB, 512 GB and 256 GB, removable Windows Hello with IR camera for facial recognition login A headphone jack, a USB-C port Up to 19 hours battery life for either model 150 nits screen brightness Timeline References 4 Computer-related introductions in 2021

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Lenovo Lenovo Group Limited, often shortened to Lenovo ( , Chinese: ), is a Chinese-American multinational technology company specializing in designing, manufacturing, and marketing consumer electronics, personal computers, software, business solutions, and related services. Products manufactured by the company include desktop computers, laptops, tablet computers, smartphones, workstations, servers, supercomputers, electronic storage devices, IT management software, and smart televisions. Its best-known brands include IBM's ThinkPad business line of laptop computers, the IdeaPad, Yoga, and Legion consumer lines of laptop computers, and the IdeaCentre and ThinkCentre lines of desktop computers. As of January 2021, Lenovo is the world's largest personal computer vendor by unit sales. Lenovo was founded in Beijing on 1 November 1984 as Legend by a team of engineers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Initially specializing in televisions, the company migrated towards manufacturing and marketing computers. Lenovo grew to become the market leader in China and raised nearly US$30 million in an initial public offering on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (SEHK). Since the 1990s, Lenovo has increasingly diversified from the personal computer market and made a number of corporate acquisitions, with the most notable being acquiring and integrating most of IBM's personal computer business and its x86-based server business as well as creating its own smartphone. Lenovo has operations in over 60 countries and sells its products in around 180 countries. Its main and global headquarters are located in Hong Kong and Beijing respectively. It also has research centers in Beijing as well as in other Chinese cities such as Chengdu, Shanghai, Shenzhen, as well as internationally in Yamato, Kanagawa, Japan, Lorong Chuan, Singapore and Morrisville, North Carolina, United States. Lenovo identifies its facilities in Beijing, China, Morrisville, U.S., and Lorong Chuan, Singapore as its "key location addresses", where its principal operations occur. There is also Lenovo NEC Holdings, a joint venture with Japan's NEC that produces personal computers for the Japanese market. History 1984–1993: Founding and early history Liu Chuanzhi, along with a group of ten experienced engineers, officially founded Lenovo in Beijing on November 1, 1984, with 200,000 yuan. The Chinese government approved Lenovo's incorporation on the same day. Jia Xufu (贾续福), one of the founders of Lenovo, indicated that the first meeting in preparation for starting the company was held on October 17 the same year. Eleven people, the entirety of the initial staff, attended. Each of the founders was a member of the Institute of Computing Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). The 200,000 yuan used as start-up capital was approved by Zeng Maochao (曾茂朝). The name for the company agreed upon at this meeting was the Chinese Academy of Sciences Computer Technology Research Institute New Technology Development Company. The organizational structure of the company was established in 1985 after the Chinese New Year. It included a technology, engineering, administrative, and office departments. The group first attempted to import televisions but failed. It rebuilt itself as a company doing quality checks on computers. It also tried and failed to market a digital watch. In 1990, Lenovo started to manufacture and market computers using its own brand name. In May 1988, Lenovo placed its first recruitment advertisement on the front page of the China Youth News. Such ads were quite rare in China at the time. Out of the 500 respondents, 280 were selected to take a written employment exam. 120 of these candidates were interviewed in person. Although interviewers initially only had authority to hire 16 people, 58 were given offers. The new staff included 18 people with graduate degrees, 37 with undergraduate degrees, and three students with no university-level education. Their average age was 26. Yang Yuanqing, the current chairman and CEO of Lenovo, was among that group. Liu Chuanzhi received government permission to form a subsidiary in Hong Kong and to move there along with five other employees. Liu's father, already in Hong Kong, furthered his son's ambitions through mentoring and facilitating loans. Liu moved to Hong Kong in 1988. To save money during this period, Liu and his co-workers walked instead of taking public transportation. To keep up appearances, they rented hotel rooms for meetings. Some of the company's early successes included the KT8920 mainframe computer. It also developed a circuit board that allowed IBM-compatible personal computers to process Chinese characters. 1994–1998: IPO, second offerings and bond sales Lenovo (known at the time as Legend) became publicly traded after a 1994 Hong Kong IPO that raised nearly US$30 million. Prior to the IPO, many analysts were optimistic about Lenovo. On its first day of trading, the company's stock price hit a high of HK$2.07 and closed at HK$2.00. Proceeds from the offering were used to finance sales offices in Europe, North America and Australia, to expand and improve production and research and development, and to increase working capital. By 1996, Lenovo was the market leader in China and began selling its own laptop. By 1998 it held 43 percent of the domestic computer market share in China, selling approximately one million computers. Lenovo released its Tianxi () computer in 1998. Designed to make it easy for inexperienced Chinese consumers to use computers and access the internet, one of its most important features was a button that instantly connected users to the internet and opened the Web browser. It was co-branded with China Telecom and it was bundled with one year of Internet service. The Tianxi was released in 1998. It was the result of two years of research and development. It had a pastel-colored, shell-shaped case and a seven-port USB hub under its screen. As of 2000, the Tianxi was the best-selling computer in Chinese history. It sold more than 1,000,000 units in 2000 alone. 1999–2010: IBM purchase and sale of smartphone division To fund its continued growth, Lenovo issued a secondary offering of 50 million shares on the Hong Kong market in March 2000 and raised about US$212 million. It rebranded to the name Lenovo in 2003 and began making acquisitions to expand the company. Lenovo acquired IBM's personal computer business in 2005, including the ThinkPad laptop and tablet lines. Lenovo's acquisition of IBM's personal computer division accelerated access to foreign markets while improving both Lenovo's branding and technology. Lenovo paid US$1.25 billion for IBM's computer business and assumed an additional US$500 million of IBM's debt. This acquisition made Lenovo the third-largest computer maker worldwide by volume. Lenovo's purchase of the Think line from IBM also led to the creation of the IBM/Lenovo partnership which works together in the creation of Think-line of products sold by Lenovo About the purchase of IBM's personal computer division, Liu Chuanzhi said in 2012: "We benefited in three ways from the IBM acquisition. We got the ThinkPad brand, IBM's more advanced PC manufacturing technology and the company's international resources, such as its global sales channels and operation teams. These three elements have shored up our sales revenue in the past several years." The employees of the division, including those who developed ThinkPad laptops and Think Centre desktops, became employees of Lenovo. Despite Lenovo acquiring the "Think" brand from IBM, IBM still plays a key indirect, background role in the design and production of the Think line of products. IBM today is responsible for overseeing servicing and repair centers and is considered an authorized distributor and refurbisher of the Think line of products produced by Lenovo. IBM also acquired a 50% share of Lenovo in 2005 as part of Lenovo's purchase of IBM's personal computing division. Mary Ma, Lenovo's chief financial officer from 1990 to 2007, was in charge of investor relations. Under her leadership, Lenovo successfully integrated Western-style accountability into its corporate culture. Lenovo's emphasis on transparency earned it a reputation for the best corporate governance among mainland Chinese firms. All major issues regarding its board, management, major share transfers, and mergers and acquisitions were fairly and accurately reported. While Hong Kong-listed firms were only required to issue financial reports twice per year, Lenovo followed the international norm of issuing quarterly reports. Lenovo created an audit committee and a compensation committee with non-management directors. The company started roadshows twice per year to meet institutional investors. Ma organized the first-ever investor relations conference held in mainland China. The conference was held in Beijing in 2002 and televised on China Central Television (CCTV). Liu and Ma co-hosted the conference and both gave speeches on corporate governance. Lenovo sold its smartphone and tablet division in 2008 for US$100 million in order to focus on personal computers and then paid US$200 million to buy it back in November 2009. , the mobile division ranked third in terms of unit share in China's mobile handset market. Lenovo invested CN¥100 million in a fund dedicated to providing seed funding for mobile application development for its LeGarden online app store. As of 2010, LeGarden had more than 1,000 programs available for the LePhone. At the same time, LeGarden counted 2,774 individual developers and 542 developer companies as members. 2011–2013: Re-entering smartphone market and other ventures On January 27, 2011, Lenovo formed a joint venture to produce personal computers with Japanese electronics firm NEC. The companies said in a statement that they would establish a new company called Lenovo NEC Holdings, to be registered in the Netherlands. NEC received US$175 million in Lenovo stock. Lenovo was to own a 51% stake in the joint venture, while NEC would have 49%. Lenovo has a five-year option to expand its stake in the joint venture. This joint venture was intended to boost Lenovo's worldwide sales by expanding its presence in Japan, a key market for personal computers. NEC spun off its personal computer business into the joint venture. As of 2010, NEC controlled about 20% of Japan's market for personal computers while Lenovo had a 5% share. Lenovo and NEC also agreed to explore cooperating in other areas such as servers and tablet computers. Roderick Lappin, chairman of the Lenovo–NEC joint venture, told the press that the two companies will expand their co-operation to include the development of tablet computers. In June 2011, Lenovo announced that it planned to acquire control of Medion, a German electronics manufacturing company. Lenovo said the acquisition would double its share of the German computer market, making it the third-largest vendor by sales (after Acer and Hewlett-Packard). The deal, which closed in the third quarter of the same year, was claimed by The New York Times as "the first in which a Chinese company acquired a well-known German company." This acquisition will give Lenovo 14% of the German computer market. Gerd Brachmann, chairman of Medion, agreed to sell two-thirds of his 60 percent stake in the company. He will be paid in cash for 80 percent of the shares and will receive 20 percent in Lenovo stock. That would give him about one percent of Lenovo. In September 2012, Lenovo agreed to acquire the Brazil-based electronics company Digibras, which sells products under the brand-name CCE, for a base price of 300 million reals (US$148 million) in a combination of stock and cash. An additional payment of 400 million reals was made dependent upon performance benchmarks. Prior to its acquisition of CCE, Lenovo already established a $30 million factory in Brazil, but Lenovo's management had felt that they needed a local partner to maximize regional growth. Lenovo cited their desire to take advantage of increased sales due to the 2014 World Cup that would be hosted by Brazil and the 2016 Summer Olympics and CCE's reputation for quality. Following the acquisition, Lenovo announced that its subsequent acquisitions would be concentrated in software and services. In September 2012, Lenovo agreed to acquire the United States-based software company Stoneware, in its first software acquisition. The transaction was expected to close by the end of 2012; no financial details have been disclosed. Lenovo said that the company was acquired in order to gain access to new technology and that Stoneware is not expected to significantly affect earnings. More specifically, Stoneware was acquired to further Lenovo's efforts to improve and expand its cloud-computing services. For the two years prior to its acquisition, Stoneware partnered with Lenovo to sell its software. During this period Stoneware's sales doubled. Stoneware was founded in 2000. As of September 2012, Stoneware is based in Carmel, Indiana and has 67 employees. Lenovo re-entered the smartphone market in 2012 and quickly became the largest vendor of smartphones in mainland China. Entry into the smartphone market was paired with a change of strategy from "the one-size-fits-all" to a diverse portfolio of devices. These changes were driven by the popularity of Apple's iPhone and Lenovo's desire to increase its market share in mainland China. Lenovo surpassed Apple Inc. to become the No. 2 provider of smartphones in the domestic Chinese market in 2012. However, due to there being about 100 smartphone brands sold in China, this second only equated to a 10.4% market share. In May 2012, Lenovo announced an investment of US$793 million in the construction of a mobile phone manufacturing and R&D facility in Wuhan, Hubei. In 2013, Lenovo created a joint venture with EMC named LenovoEMC. The venture took over Iomega's business and rebranded all of Iomega's products under the LenovoEMC brand, and designed products for small and medium-sized businesses that could not afford enterprise-class data storage. Lenovo has since retired all of the LenovoEMC products on their product page advising that the products are no longer available for purchase on lenovo.com. 2014–present: Purchase of IBM server lines and other acquisitions IBM sold its x86-based server lines, including IBM System x and IBM BladeCenter, to Lenovo in 2014. Lenovo says it will gain access to more enterprise customers, improve its profit margins, and develop a closer relationship with Intel, the maker of most server processors, through its acquisition of IBM's x86-based server business. On 1 October 2014, Lenovo closed its acquisition of IBM's server division, with the final price put at $2.1 billion. Lenovo said this acquisition came in at a price lower than the previously announced $2.3 billion partially because of a change in the value of IBM inventories. The deal has been already approved by Europe, China and the United States. The United States Department of Treasury Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) was reportedly the last hurdle for Lenovo, since the United States has the strictest policies. According to Timothy Prickett-Morgan from Enterprise Tech, the deal still awaits "approval of regulators in China, the European Commission, and Canada". After closing, Lenovo said that its goal was to become the world's largest maker of servers. Lenovo also announced plans to start integrating IBM's workforce. The acquisition added about 6,500 new employees to Lenovo. Lenovo said that it has no immediate intent to cut jobs. Lenovo said that positions in research and development and customer-facing roles such as marketing would be "100% protected", but expected "rationalization" of its supply chain and procurement. On 29 January 2014, Google announced it would sell Motorola Mobility to Lenovo for US$2.91 billion. As of February 2014, Google owned about 5.94% of Lenovo's stock. The deal included smartphone lines like the Moto X, Moto G, Droid Turbo, and the future Motorola Mobility product roadmap, while Google retained the Advanced Technologies & Projects unit and all but 2,000 of the company's patents. Lenovo received royalty free licenses to all the patents retained by Google. Lenovo received approval from the European Union for its acquisition of Motorola in June 2014. The acquisition was completed on 30 October 2014. Motorola Mobility remained headquartered in Chicago, and continued to use the Motorola brand, but Liu Jun, president of Lenovo's mobile device business, became the head of the company. In April 2014, Lenovo purchased a portfolio of patents from NEC related to mobile technology. These included over 3,800 patent families in countries around the world. The purchase included standards-essential patents for 3G and LTE cellular technologies and other patents related to smartphones and tablets. In May 2015, Lenovo revealed a new logo at Lenovo Tech World in Beijing, with the slogan "Innovation Never Stands Still" (). Lenovo's new logo, created by Saatchi, can be changed by its advertising agencies and sales partners, within restrictions, to fit the context. It has a lounging "e" and is surrounded by a box that can be changed to use a relevant scene, solid color, or photograph. Lenovo's Chief Marketing Officer David Roman said, "When we first started looking at it, it wasn't about just a change in typography or the look of the logo. We asked 'If we really are a net-driven, customer-centric company, what should the logo look like?' We came up with the idea of a digital logo first [...] designed to be used on the internet and adaptable to context." In early June 2015, Lenovo announced plans to sell up to US$650 million in five-year bonds denominated in Chinese yuan. The bonds were sold in Hong Kong with coupon ranging from 4.95% to 5.05%. This is only the second sale of bonds in Lenovo's history. Financial commentators noted that Lenovo was paying a premium to list the bonds in yuan given relatively low costs for borrowing in US dollars. Lenovo said that its x86 servers will be available to all its channel partners. Lenovo plans to cut prices on x86 products in order to gain market share. This goes in alliance with IBM's vision of the future around cloud technologies and their own POWER processor architecture. Lenovo's acquisition of IBM's businesses is arguably one of the greatest case studies on merging massive international enterprises. Though this acquisition in 2005 ultimately resulted in success, the integration of the businesses had a difficult and challenging beginning. Lenovo had employees from different cultures, different backgrounds, and different languages. These differences caused misunderstandings, hampering trust and the ability to build a new corporate culture. At the end of its first two years, Lenovo Group had met many of its original challenges, including integrating two disparate cultures in the newly formed company, maintaining the Think brand image for quality and innovation, and improving supply chain and manufacturing efficiencies. However, Lenovo had failed to meet a key objective of the merger: leveraging the combined strength of the two companies to grow volume and market share. In order to achieve success, Lenovo embraced diversify at multiple levels- business model, culture, and talent. By 2015, Lenovo grew into the world's number 1 PC maker, number 3 smartphone manufacturer and number 3 in the production of tablet computers. In March 2017, Lenovo announced it was partnering with Fort Lauderdale, Florida-based software storage virtualization company DataCore to add DataCore's parallel I/O-processing software to Lenovo's storage devices. The servers were reportedly designed to outperform Storage Area Network (SAN) SAN arrays. In 2017, Lenovo formed a joint venture with Fujitsu and the Development Bank of Japan (DBJ). In the joint venture, Fujitsu would sell Lenovo a 51% stake in Fujitsu Client Computing Limited. DBJ would acquire a 5% stake. In September 2018, Lenovo and NetApp announced about strategic partnership and joint venture in China. As part of strategic partnership Lenovo started two new lines of storage systems: DM-Series and DE-Series. Both storage systems using Lenovo hardware and NetApp software: DM-Series using ONTAP OS and DE-Series SANtricity OS. In 2018, Lenovo became the world's largest provider for the TOP500 supercomputers. In 2020, Lenovo became a preferred data center innovation provider for DreamWorks Animation starting with Trolls World Tour. Name "Lenovo" is a portmanteau of "Le-" (from Legend) and "novo", Latin ablative for "new". The Chinese name () means "association" (as in "association of ideas"), "associative thinking", or "connected thinking". It also implies creativity. "Lianxiang" was first used to refer to a layout of Chinese typewriters in the 1950s organized into groups of common words and phrases rather than the standard dictionary layout. For the first 20 years of its existence, the company's English name was "Legend". In 2002, Yang Yuanqing decided to abandon the Legend English name to expand beyond the Chinese home market. "Legend" was already in use worldwide by many businesses whose products and services may or may not have to do with technology, making it impossible to register in many jurisdictions outside China. In April 2003, the company publicly announced its new English name, "Lenovo", with an advertising campaign including huge billboards and primetime television ads. Lenovo spent 18 million RMB on an eight-week television advertising campaign. The billboards showed the Lenovo logo against blue sky with a slogan that read, "Transcendence depends on how you think." By the end of 2003, Lenovo had spent a total of 200 million RMB on rebranding. Products and services Lenovo is a manufacturer of personal computers, smartphones, televisions, and wearable devices. Some of the company's earliest products included the KT8920 mainframe computer and a circuit board that allowed IBM-compatible personal computers to process Chinese characters. One of its first computers was the Tianxi (), released in 1998 in the Chinese market. It became the best selling computer in Chinese history in 2000. Personal and business computing Lenovo markets the ThinkPad, IdeaPad, Yoga, Legion and Xiaoxin (; Chinese market only) lines of laptops, as well as the IdeaCentre and ThinkCentre lines of desktops. It expanded significantly in 2005 through its acquisition of IBM's personal computer business, including its ThinkPad and ThinkCentre lines. As of January 2013, shipments of THINK-branded computers have doubled since Lenovo's takeover of the brand, with profit margins thought to be above 5%. Lenovo aggressively expanded the THINK brand away from traditional laptop computers in favor of tablets and hybrid devices such as the ThinkPad Tablet 2, ThinkPad Yoga, ThinkPad 8, ThinkPad Helix, and ThinkPad Twist; the shift came as a response to the growing popularity of mobile devices, and the release of Windows 8 in October 2012. Lenovo achieved significant success with this high-value strategy and in 2013 controlled more than 40% of the market for Windows computers priced above $900 in the United States. ThinkPad The ThinkPad is a line of business-oriented laptop computers known for their boxy black design, modeled after a traditional Japanese bento. The ThinkPad was originally an IBM product developed at the Yamato Facility in Japan by ; they have since been developed, manufactured and sold by both IBM and Lenovo after early 2005, following its acquisition of IBM's personal computer division. The ThinkPad has been used in space and were the only laptops certified for use on the International Space Station. ThinkCentre The ThinkCentre is a line of business-oriented desktop computers which was introduced in 2003 by IBM and since has been produced and sold by Lenovo since 2005. ThinkCentre computers typically include mid-range to high-end processors, options for discrete graphics cards, and multi-monitor support. Similar to the ThinkPad line of computers, there have been budget lines of ThinkCentre branded computers in the past. Some examples of this include: M55e series, A50 series, M72 series. These "budget" lines are typically "thin clients" however, meaning they are not standalone computers, rather, they are access points to a central server. ThinkServer, followed by ThinkSystem The ThinkServer product line began with the TS100 from Lenovo. The server was developed under agreement with IBM, by which Lenovo would produce single-socket and dual-socket servers based on IBM's xSeries technology. An additional feature of the server design was a support package aimed at small businesses. The focus of this support package was to provide small businesses with software tools to ease the process of server management and reduce dependence on IT support. On June 20, 2017, Lenovo's Data Center Group relaunched the ThinkServer product line as ThinkSystem, which consisted of 17 new machine type models, in the catalog formate containing form factors such as Tower, 1U/2U, Blades, Dense and 4U Mission Critical Intel-based servers. Also within this relaunch contained a portfolio of Storage Arrays and of Fibre Channel SAN Switches and Directors. To further incorporate industry-leading partnerships into its portfolio, Lenovo struck an agreement with the processor company, AMD, to be able to supply customers with a choice of options between both Intel and AMD powered appliances. In August, 2019, the first two ThinkSystem platforms were introduced to the market containing a single AMD EPYC processor, the SR635 (1U) and the SR655 (2U). Again, in May 2020, Lenovo DCG further expanded its AMD offerings to incorporate 2-proc systems, the SR645 and the SR665, continuing tio exemplify its approach to being the Most Trusted Data Center Advisor in the market. ThinkStation Lenovo ThinkStations are workstations designed for high-end computing. In 2008, IBM/Lenovo expanded the focus of its THINK brand to include workstations, with the ThinkStation S10 being the first model released. ThinkVision displays High-end monitors are marketed under the ThinkVision name. ThinkVision displays share a common design language with other THINK devices such as the ThinkPad line of laptop computers and ThinkCentre line of desktop computers. At the 2014 International CES, Lenovo announced the ThinkVision Pro2840m, a 28-inch 4K display aimed at professionals. Lenovo also announced another 28-inch 4K touch-enabled device running Android that can function as an all-in-one PC or an external display for other devices. At the 2016 International CES, Lenovo announced two displays with both USB-C and DisplayPort connectivity. The ThinkVision X24 Pro monitor is a 24-inch 1920 by 1080 pixel thin-bezel display that uses an IPS LCD panel. The ThinkVision X1 is a 27-inch 3840 by 2160 pixel thin-bezel display that uses a 10-bit panel with 99% coverage of the sRGB color gamut. The X24 includes a wireless charging base for mobile phones. The X1 is the first monitor to receive the TUV Eye-Comfort certification. Both monitors have HDMI 2.0 ports, support charging laptops, mobile phones, and other devices, and have Intel RealSense 3D cameras in order to support facial recognition. Both displays have dual-array microphones and 3-watt stereo speakers. IdeaPad The IdeaPad line of consumer-oriented laptop computers was introduced in January 2008. The IdeaPad is the result of Lenovo's own research and development; Unlike the ThinkPad line, its design and branding were not inherited from IBM nor are they designed/developed by IBM. The IdeaPad's design language differs markedly from the ThinkPad and has a more consumer-focused look and feel. On September 21, 2016, Lenovo confirmed that their Yoga series is not meant to be compatible with Linux operating systems, that they know it is impossible to install Linux on some models, and that it is not supported. This came in the wake of media coverage of problems that users were having while trying to install Ubuntu on several Yoga models, including the 900 ISK2, 900 ISK For Business, 900S, and 710, which were traced back to Lenovo disabling and removing support for the AHCI storage mode for the device's Solid State Drive in the computer's BIOS, in favor of a RAID mode that is only supported by Windows 10 drivers that come with the system. Lenovo has since released an alternative firmware that has restored the AHCI mode to the drive controller to allow installation of Linux operating systems. IdeaCentre All IdeaCentres are all-in-one machines, combining processor and monitor into a single unit. The desktops were described by HotHardware as being "uniquely designed". The first IdeaCentre desktop, the IdeaCentre K210, was announced by Lenovo on 30 June 2008. While the IdeaCentre line consists only of desktops, it shares design elements and features with the IdeaPad line. One such feature was Veriface facial recognition technology. At CES 2011, Lenovo announced the launch of four IdeaCentre desktops: the A320, B520, B320, and C205. In the autumn of 2012, the firm introduced the more powerful IdeaCentre A720, with a 27-inch touchscreen display and running Windows 8. With a TV tuner and HDMI in, the A720 can also serve as a multimedia hub or home theater PC. In 2013, Lenovo added a table computer to the IdeaCentre line. The Lenovo IdeaCentre Horizon Table PC, introduced at the 2013 International CES is a 27-inch touchscreen computer designed to lay flat for simultaneous use by multiple people. Thanks to its use of Windows 8, the Horizon can also serve as a desktop computer when set upright. Legion Legion is a series of laptop from Lenovo targeting gaming performance. The first Legion brand laptops was revealed at CES 2017, the Legion Y520 and the Legion Y720. On June 6, 2017, a high-performance model, the Legion Y920, equipped with Intel's seventh-generation quad-core i7-7820HK and Nvidia GTX 1070 discrete graphics, was launched. At E3 2018, Lenovo announced three new laptops with new redesigned chassis, Y530, Y730 and Y7000. In 2020, Lenovo launched Legion 3, 5, and 7, where Legion 7 is the highest specification of the series. In 2021, Lenovo launched Legion 5 pro with AMD 5th series CPU and Nvidia 30,s GPU. Smartphones As of January 2013, Lenovo only manufactured phones that use the Android operating system from Google. Numerous press reports indicated that Lenovo planned to release a phone running Windows Phone 8, According to J. D. Howard, a vice president at Lenovo's mobile division, the company would release a Windows Phone product if there is market demand. Lenovo has implemented an aggressive strategy to replace Samsung Electronics as Mainland China market's top smartphone vendor. It has spent $793.5 million in Wuhan in order to build a plant that can produce 30 to 40 million phones per year. Data from Analysys International shows that Lenovo experienced considerable growth in smartphone sales in China during 2012. Specifically, it saw its market share increase to 14.2% during 2012's third quarter, representing an increase when compared to 4.8% in the same quarter of 2011. IDC analysts said that Lenovo's success is due to its "aggressive ramping-up and improvements in channel partnerships." Analysys International analyst Wang Ying wrote, "Lenovo possesses an obvious advantage over rivals in terms of sales channels." The company's CEO, Yang Yuanqing, said, "Lenovo does not want to be the second player ... we want to be the best. Lenovo has the confidence to outperform Samsung and Apple, at least in the Chinese market." According to IHS iSuppli, Lenovo was a top-three smartphone maker in China with a 16.5% market share in the first quarter of 2012. According to a May report released by IDC Lenovo ranks fourth in the global tablet market by volume. As of November 2012, Lenovo was the second largest seller of mobile phones in China when measured by volume. In May 2013, Lenovo CEO Yang Yuanqing indicated that the company had aimed to release smartphones in the United States within the next year. Later in October, Lenovo expressed interest in acquiring the Canadian smartphone maker BlackBerry Ltd. However, its attempt was reportedly blocked by the Government of Canada, citing security concerns due to the use of BlackBerry devices by prominent members of the government. An official stated that "we have been pretty consistent that the message is Canada is open to foreign investment and investment from China in particular but not at the cost of compromising national security". In January 2014, Lenovo announced a proposed deal to acquire Motorola Mobility to bolster its plans for the U.S. market. Microsoft officially announced that Lenovo had become the hardware partner of Windows Phone platform at the Mobile World Congress 2014. In January 2016, Lenovo announced at CES that the company would be producing the first Project Tango phone. Lenovo plus Motorola was the 3rd largest producer of smartphones by volume in the world between 2011 and 2014. Since Lenovo's acquisition of Motorola Mobility, the combined global market share of Lenovo plus Motorola has fallen from 7.2% in 2014 to 3.9% in the third quarter of 2016. A number of factors have been cited as the cause of this reduced demand, including the fact that Lenovo relied heavily on carriers to sell its phones, its phones lacked strong branding and unique features to distinguish them in the competitive Chinese market where a weak economy and saturated market is slowing demand and the culture clash between a more hierarchical PC company and the need to be nimble to sell rapidly-evolving smartphones. In response to the weak sales, Lenovo announced in August 2015 that it would lay off 3,200 employees, mostly in its Motorola smartphone business. In the reorganization which followed, Lenovo was uncertain how to brand its Motorola smartphones. In November 2015, members of Lenovo management made statements that Lenovo would use the Motorola brand for all its smartphones. Then, in January 2016, Lenovo announced that it would be eliminating the Motorola brand in favor of "Moto by Lenovo". The company reversed course in March 2017 and announced that the Motorola brand name would be used in all regions in future products. "In 2016, we just finished transforming ourselves," Motorola Chairman and President Aymar de Lencquesaing said in an interview, "We have clarity on how we present ourselves." Smart televisions In November 2011, Lenovo said it would soon unveil a smart television product called LeTV, expected for release in the first quarter of 2012. "The PC, communications and TV industries are currently undergoing a 'smart' transformation. In the future, users will have many smart devices and will desire an integrated experience of hardware, software and cloud services." Liu Jun, president of Lenovo's mobile-Internet and digital-home-business division. In June 2013 Lenovo announced a partnership with Sharp to produce smart televisions. In March 2014, Lenovo announced that it projected smart television sales surpassing one million units for 2014. The same month Lenovo released its flagship S9 Smart TV. Wearables Rumors that Lenovo was developing a wearable device were confirmed in October 2014 after the company submitted a regulatory finding to the Federal Communications Commission. The device, branded a "Smartband", has a battery life of seven days. It has an optical heart-rate monitor and can be used to track distance and time spent running and calories burned. It can also notify the user of incoming calls and texts. It can also unlock computers without the use of a password. The Smartband went on sale in October 2014. Lenovo started offering the device for sale on its website without a formal product announcement. IoT / Smart Home In 2015 Lenovo launched a strategic cooperation with IngDan (), a subsidiary of Chinese electronics e-commerce company Cogobuy Group, to penetrate into the intelligent hardware sector.  Lenovo wanted to procure High-Tech hardware in the then newly emerging Internet of Things (IoT) economy and formed a strategic partnership with Cogobuy in which it previously primarily bought IC components from. Cogobuy's supply chain was utilised by Lenovo to procure consumer devices and bridge gaps in their proprietary hardware and software development. At the IFA 2018, Lenovo launched several smart home products. Lenovo Connect At the Mobile World Congress in 2016, Lenovo introduced Lenovo Connect, a wireless roaming service. This service works across devices, networks, and borders for customers in China and EMEA (Europe, the Middle East and Africa). Lenovo Connect eliminates the need to buy new SIM cards when crossing borders. Lenovo Connect started service for phones and select ThinkPad laptops in China in February 2016. Operations Lenovo's principal facilities are in Beijing, China; Morrisville, North Carolina, United States; and Lorong Chuan], Singapore; with research centers in Beijing, Morrisville, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Xiamen, Chengdu, Nanjing, Wuhan and Yamato (Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan). Lenovo operates manufacturing facilities in Chengdu and Hefei in China, and in Japan. A global flagship store opened in Beijing in February 2013. Lenovo's manufacturing operations are a departure from the usual industry practice of outsourcing to contract manufacturers. Lenovo instead focuses on vertical integration in order to avoid excessive reliance on original equipment manufacturers and to keep down costs. Speaking on this topic, Yang Yuanqing said, "Selling PCs is like selling fresh fruit. The speed of innovation is very fast, so you must know how to keep up with the pace, control inventory, to match supply with demand and handle very fast turnover." Lenovo benefited from its vertical integration after flooding affected hard-drive manufacturers in Thailand in 2011, as the company could continue manufacturing operations by shifting production towards products for which hard drives were still available. Lenovo began to emphasize vertical integration after a meeting in 2009 in which CEO Yang Yuanqing, and the head of Lenovo's supply chain, analyzed the costs versus the benefits of in-house manufacturing, and decided to make at least 50% of Lenovo's manufacturing in-house. Lenovo Chief Technology Officer George He said that vertical integration is having an important role in product development. He stated, "If you look at the industry trends, most innovations for" PCs, smartphones, tablets and smart TVs are related to innovation of key components—display, battery and storage. Differentiation of key parts is so important. So we started investing more ... and working very closely with key parts suppliers." Previously, lack of integration due to numerous foreign acquisitions and an excessive number of "key performance indicators" (KPIs) was making Lenovo's expansion expensive and creating unacceptably slow delivery times to end-customers. Lenovo responded by reducing the number of KPIs from 150 to 5, offering intensive training to managers, and working to create a global Lenovo culture. Lenovo also doubled-down on vertical integration and manufacturing near target markets in order to cut costs at time when its competitors were making increased use of outsourcing off-shoring. By 2013, Lenovo ranked 20th on Gartner's list of top 50 supply chains, whereas in 2010 the company was unranked. In 2012, Lenovo partially moved production of its ThinkPad line of computers to Japan. ThinkPads will be produced by NEC in Yamagata Prefecture. , president of Lenovo Japan, said, "As a Japanese, I am glad to see the return to domestic production and the goal is to realize full-scale production as this will improve our image and make the products more acceptable to Japanese customers." In October 2012, Lenovo announced that it would start assembling computers in Whitsett, North Carolina. Production of desktop and laptop computers, including the ThinkPad Helix began in January 2013. , 115 workers were employed at this facility. Lenovo has been in Whitsett since 2008, where it also has centers for logistics, customer service, and return processing. In 2015, Lenovo and Hong Kong Cyberport Management Company Limited, a government-sponsored business park for technology firms, reached a deal to "jointly build a cloud service and product research and development center". Lenovo's Asia Pacific data center will also be housed in Cyperport. Lenovo assembles smartphones in Chennai, India through a contract manufacturing agreement with Flextronics. In November 2015, Lenovo announced that it would start manufacturing computers in Pondicherry. Accusations of slave labor by supplier In August 2020, The Intercept reported that Lenovo imported about 258,000 laptops from the Chinese manufacturer Hefei Bitland Information Technology, a company, among others, accused by the Australian Strategic Policy Institute of using Uyghur forced labor. In July 2020, the United States Commerce Department added 11 companies, including Hefei Bitland, implicated in human rights abuses on the Entity List. Lenovo took some shipments out of the distribution, but other shipments were distributed to consumers. In late July, Lenovo informed its customers it had stopped manufacturing with Bitland and was moving production of related devices to other suppliers. Corporate affairs Alongside Beijing and Singapore, the company also has an executive headquarters in Morrisville, North Carolina, near Raleigh in the Research Triangle metropolitan area, in the United States to focus on its North American bussinesses.. As of October 2012, the facility has about 2,000 employees. Lenovo identifies its facilities in Morrisville, Beijing, and Singapore as its "key location addresses", where its principal operations occur. The company stated that "by foregoing a traditional headquarters model and focusing on centers of excellence around the world, Lenovo makes the maximum use of its resources to create the best products in the most efficient and effective way possible". The company registered office is on the 23rd floor of the Lincoln House building of the Taikoo Place in Quarry Bay, Hong Kong. Previously the company's U.S. headquarters were in Purchase, Harrison, New York. About 70 people worked there. In 2006, Lenovo announced that it was consolidating its U.S. headquarters, a logistics facility in Boulder, Colorado, and a call center in Atlanta, Georgia, to a new facility in Morrisville. The company received offers of over $11 million in incentive funds from the local Morrisville, North Carolina, area and from the State of North Carolina on the condition that the company employs about 2,200 people. In early 2016, Lenovo carried out a comprehensive restructuring of its business units. Financials and market share In the third quarter of 2020, Lenovo commands a leading market share of 25.7 percent of all PCs sold in the world. In March 2013, Lenovo was included as a constituent stock in the Hang Seng Index. Lenovo replaced the unprofitable Aluminum Corporation of China, a state-owned enterprise, on the list of 50 key companies on the Hong Kong stock exchange that constitute the Hang Seng Index. The inclusion of Lenovo and Tencent, China's largest internet firm, significantly increased the weight of the technology sector on the index. Being added to the Hang Seng Index was a significant boon for Lenovo and its shareholders as it widened the pool of investors willing to purchase Lenovo's stock. For instance, index funds pegged to the Hang Seng and pension funds that consider index inclusion now have the opportunity to invest in Lenovo. In November 2013 Lenovo reported that they had achieved double-digit market share in the United States for the first time. Ownership In 2009, China Oceanwide Holdings Group, a private investment firm based in Beijing, bought 29% of Legend Holdings, the parent company of Lenovo, for 2.76 billion yuan. , 65% of Lenovo stock was held by the general public, 29% by Legend Holdings, 5.8% by Mr. Yang, and 0.2% by other directors. Responding to claims that Lenovo is a state-owned enterprise CEO Yang Yuanqing said: "Our company is a 100% market oriented company. Some people have said we are a state-owned enterprise. It's 100% not true. In 1984 the Chinese Academy of Sciences only invested $25,000 in our company. The purpose of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to invest in this company was that they wanted to commercialize their research results. The Chinese Academy of Sciences is a pure research entity in China, owned by the government. From this point, you could say we're different from state-owned enterprises. Secondly, after this investment, this company is run totally by the founders and management team. The government has never been involved in our daily operation, in important decisions, strategic direction, nomination of the CEO and top executives and financial management. Everything is done by our management team." As of 2014, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, owns 11.7% of Lenovo. and IBM owns 37.8% In early 2006, the U.S. State Department was harshly criticized for purchasing 16,000 computers from Lenovo. Critics argued that Lenovo was controlled by the Chinese government and a potential vehicle for espionage against the United States. Yang spoke out forcefully and publicly to defend Lenovo. He said, "We are not a government-controlled company." He pointed out that Lenovo pioneered China's transition to a market economy and that in the early 1990s had fought and beaten four state-owned enterprises that dominated the Chinese computer market. Those firms had the full backing of the state while Lenovo received no special treatment. The State Department deal went through. Yang worried that fears about Lenovo's supposed connections to the Chinese government would be an ongoing issue in the United States. Yang worked to ease worries by communicating directly with Congress. Yang dramatically increased his ownership stake by acquiring 797 million shares in 2011. As of June 2011, Yang owned an 8 percent stake in Lenovo. He previously owned only 70 million shares. In a statement, Yang said, "While the transaction is a personal financial matter, I want to be very clear that my decision to make this investment is based on my strong belief in the company's very bright future. Our culture is built on commitment and ownership – we do what we say, and we own what we do. My decision to increase my holdings represents my steadfast belief in these principles." Corporate culture Lenovo's senior executives rotate between the three head offices at Beijing, Morrisville, and Singapore, as well as Lenovo's research and development center in Japan. Leadership Yang Yuanqing Yang Yuanqing is the chairman and chief executive officer of Lenovo. One of his major achievements was leading Lenovo to become the best-selling personal computer brand in China since 1997. In 2001, Business Week named him one of Asia's rising stars in business. Yang was president and CEO of Lenovo until 2004, when Lenovo closed its acquisition of IBM's PC division, after which Yang was succeeded as Lenovo CEO by IBM's Stephen M. Ward, Jr. Ward was succeeded by Bill Amelio on 20 December 2005. In February 2009, Yang replaced Amelio as CEO and has served in that capacity ever since. Yang was chairman of Lenovo's board from 2004 to 2008, and returned as chairman in 2012 alongside his role as CEO. In 2012, Yang received a $3 million bonus as a reward for record profits, which he in turn redistributed to about 10,000 of Lenovo's employees. According to Lenovo spokesman, Jeffrey Shafer, Yang felt that it would be the right thing to, "redirect [the money] to the employees as a real tangible gesture for what they done." Shafer also said that Yang, who owns about eight percent of Lenovo's stock, "felt that he was rewarded well simply as the owner of the company." The bonuses were mostly distributed among staff working in positions such as production and reception who received an average of 2,000 yuan or about US$314. This was almost equivalent to a monthly salary of an average worker in China. Yang made a similar gift of $3.25 million again in 2013. According to Lenovo's annual report, Yang earned $14 million, including $5.2 million in bonuses, during the fiscal year that ended in March 2012. In 2013, Barron's named Yang one of the "World's Best CEOs". Liu Chuanzhi Liu Chuanzhi is the founder and chairman of Lenovo. Liu was trained as an engineer at a military college and later went on to work at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Like many young people during the Cultural Revolution, Liu was denounced and sent to the countryside where he worked as a laborer on a rice farm. Liu claims Hewlett-Packard as a key source of inspiration. In an interview with The Economist he stated that "Our earliest and best teacher was Hewlett-Packard." For more than ten years, Lenovo was Hewlett-Packard's distributor in China. In reference to Lenovo's later acquisition of IBM's personal computer unit Liu said, "I remember the first time I took part in a meeting of IBM agents. I was wearing an old business suit of my father's and I sat in the back row. Even in my dreams, I never imagined that one day we could buy the IBM PC business. It was unthinkable. Impossible." Board of directors In early 2013, Lenovo announced the addition of Yahoo founder Jerry Yang to its board. Lenovo's CEO Yang Yuanqing said, "Jerry's appointment as an observer to our board furthers Lenovo's reputation as a transparent international company." Just prior to the appointment of Jerry Yang, Tudor Brown, the founder of British semiconductor design firm ARM, was also appointed to Lenovo's board. Speaking of both men Yang Yuanqing said, "We believe that they will add a great deal to our strategic thinking, long-term direction and, ultimately, our ability to achieve our aspirations in the PC plus era." Marketing and sponsorships In 2009, Lenovo became the first personal computer manufacturer to divide countries into emerging markets and mature markets. Lenovo then developed a different set of strategies for each category. Lenovo's competitors have widely adopted the same approach In 2012, Lenovo made a major effort to expand its market share in developing economies such as Brazil and India through acquisitions and increased budgets for marketing and advertising. Celebrity sponsorships and endorsements In October 2013, Lenovo announced that it had hired American actor Ashton Kutcher as a product engineer and spokesman. David Roman, Lenovo's chief marketing officer, said, "His partnership goes beyond traditional bounds by deeply integrating him into our organization as a product engineer. Ashton will help us break new ground by challenging assumptions, bringing a new perspective and contributing his technical expertise to Yoga Tablet and other devices." Kobe Bryant became an official ambassador for Lenovo smartphones in China and Southeast Asia in early 2013. Bryant appeared in a social campaign titled "The Everyday Kobe Challenge" for the launch of Lenovo IdeaPhone K900 in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines in the same year. Sporting sponsorship Lenovo was an official computer sponsor of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, and the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. When asked about Lenovo's brand Yang Yuanqing said, "The Beijing Olympics were very good for brand awareness in countries like the US and Argentina, but not good enough." The NFL has been a Lenovo customer since 2007. In July 2012, Lenovo and the National Football League (NFL) announced that Lenovo had become the NFL's "Official Laptop, Desktop and Workstation Sponsor." Lenovo said that this was its largest sponsorship deal ever in the United States. NFL stars Jerry Rice, DeAngelo Williams, and Torry Holt were on hand for the announcement and a celebration with 1,500 Lenovo employees. Lenovo's sponsorship will last at least three years. Lenovo also become technology partner for Ducati Corse in MotoGP since 2018. And for the 2021 MotoGP it will become main sponsor for the Bolognese. Lenovo is also an official partner of the NHL's Carolina Hurricanes who play in nearby Raleigh, North Carolina. Lenovo and FC Internazionale, in 2019, have signed a multi-year sponsorship agreement that makes Lenovo the Global Technology Partner of the Nerazzurri company. In May 2021, Lenovo and Motorola Mobility decided to celebrate with a limited edition of Razr 5G totally customized and produced in 2021 numbered pieces, to honor Inter who won their 19th Scudetto. In July 2021 there was the launch of the new Inter Home shirt for the 2021-22 season, they unveiled the introduction of Lenovo as a sponsor on the back of the shirt. Television, internet, and other media Lenovo used a short-film entitled The Pursuit in its "For Those Who Do" campaign launched in 2011. The film depicted a mysterious young woman using the IdeaPad Yoga 13 to stay one-step-ahead of her evil pursuers. Martin Campbell, who previously worked on action movies and James Bond films such as GoldenEye and the remake of Casino Royale, shot this film. Lenovo was the first Chinese company to make use of such marketing techniques. In May 2015, Lenovo hosted its first ever "Tech World" conference in Beijing. ZUK, a separate company formed by Lenovo in 2014, announced several products at Tech World, These included slim power banks, 3D printers that can print food such as chocolate, an outdoor sound box, and a Wi-Fi based control system for home automation. China In its home market China, Lenovo has a vast distribution network designed to make sure that there is at least one shop selling Lenovo computers within 50 kilometers of nearly all consumers. Lenovo has also developed close relationships with its Chinese distributors, who are granted exclusive territories and only carry Lenovo products. As of July 2013, Lenovo believes that urbanization initiatives being pushed by Premier Li Keqiang will allow it to sustain sales growth in China for the foreseeable future. Speaking at Lenovo's annual general meeting in Hong Kong in 2013, Yang Yuanqing said: "I believe urbanisation will help us further increase the overall [domestic] PC market." Yang also stressed the opportunity presented by the China's relatively low penetration rate of personal computers. Lenovo previously benefited from the Chinese government's rural subsidies, part of a wider economic stimulus initiative, designed to increase purchases of appliances and electronics. That program, which Lenovo joined in 2004, ended in 2011. Lenovo enjoys consistent price premiums over its traditional competitors in rural markets and a stronger local sales and service presence. India Lenovo has gained significant market share in India through bulk orders to large companies and government agencies. For example, the government of Tamil Nadu ordered a million ThinkPad's from IBM/Lenovo in 2012 and single-handedly made the firm a market leader. Lenovo distributes most of the personal computers it sells in India through five national distributors such as Ingram Micro and Redington. Given that most smartphones and tablets are sold to individuals Lenovo is pursuing a different strategy making use of many small state-centric distributors. Amar Babu, Lenovo's managing director for India, said, "To reach out to small towns and the hinterland, we have tied up with 40 regional distributors. We want our distributors to be exclusive to us. We will, in turn, ensure they have exclusive rights to distribute Lenovo products in their catchment area." As of 2013, Lenovo had about 6,000 retailers selling smartphones and tablets in India. In February 2013, Lenovo established a relationship with Reliance Communications to sell smartphones. The smartphones carried by Reliance have dual-SIM capability and support both GSM and CDMA. Babu claims that the relative under penetration of smartphones in India represents an opportunity for Lenovo. Lenovo has assembled a team of senior managers familiar with the Indian market, launched mobile phones at all price points there, and worked on branding to build market share. As of February 2014, Lenovo claims that its sales of smartphones in India have been increasing 100% per quarter while the market is only growing 15–20% over the same period. Lenovo did marketing tests of its smartphones in November 2012 in Gujarat and some southern cities, where Lenovo already had a strong presence. Lenovo's strategy has been to create awareness, maintain a broad selection of phones at all price points, and develop distribution networks. Lenovo partnered with two national distributors and over 100 local distributors. As of February 2014, more than 7,000 retail outlets in India sold Lenovo smartphones. Lenovo has also partnered with HCL in order to set up 250 service centres in 110 cities. In India, Lenovo grants distributors exclusive territories but allows them to sell computers from other companies. Lenovo uses its close relationships with distributors to gain market intelligence and speed up product development. Lenovo reported a year-on-year increase of about 951% in tablet sales in India for the first quarter of 2014. Canalys, a market research firm, said Lenovo took market share away from Apple and Samsung in the country. Africa Lenovo first started doing business in South Africa, establishing a sales office, and then expanded to East African markets such as Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Uganda, and Rwanda. West Africa followed when Lenovo set-up a Nigerian legal office and then expanded to Ghana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Botswana. According to Lenovo's general manager for Africa, Graham Braum, Lenovo's strategy is to put "great emphasis on products that sell well in Africa" and roll out "products alongside different African governments' rolling out of wireless technology". Products such as the Lenovo Yoga series are popular in Africa because of their long battery life, as many areas have unreliable electrical supply. Other popular products include the Lenovo netbooks, which were introduced in 2008. Lenovo picked Nigeria in 2013 to release its smartphone because unlike South Africa and other African countries, there is no requirement to partner with a local telecom firm to sell its phones. In the long term, according to Braum, "Lenovo in Africa will focus on continuing to consistently supply personal computer products and allow this market to grow, while moving into new territory such as mobile and enterprise." Singapore Lenovo has had a presence in Singapore as early as its foundation, and it is the location of one of its three operational centres. Registered as Lenovo (Singapore) Pte. Ltd., it is located at the New Tech Park in the Lorong Chuan district of the North-East Region of Singapore. United States In the United States, Lenovo began the "For Those Who Do" marketing campaign in 2010, created by the ad agency Saatchi & Saatchi. It was part of Lenovo's first-ever global branding campaign, beyond its domestic market in China. "For Those Who Do" was designed to appeal to young consumers in the 18- to 25-year-old demographic by stressing its utility to creative individuals that Lenovo's advertising refers to as "doers". Lenovo began manufacturing products in North Carolina, United States for the American market in 2013. Goodweird Lenovo launched a multi-year advertising campaign called "Goodweird" in the last half of 2015. Goodweird is designed to convey the idea that designs that seem strange initially often become familiar and widely accepted. The Goodweird campaign includes a video with famous images of early attempts to fly with the aid of homemade wings and a bicycle that transitions to a modern-day shot of a man soaring across mountains in a wingsuit before transitioning again to a shot of the Stealth Bomber. Lenovo worked with three agencies on Goodweird: London-based DLKW Low, We Are Social, and Blast Radius. Goodweird is part of Lenovo's wider strategy to appeal to millennials with an emphasis on design trendsetters. A portion of the funding for Goodweird is being directed to prominent YouTubers and Viners. BuzzFeed has been engaged to create relevant content. Security and privacy incidents Superfish In February 2015, Lenovo became the subject of controversy for having bundled software identified as malware on some of its laptops. The software, Superfish Visual Discovery, is a web browser add-on that injects price comparison advertising into search engine results pages. To intercept HTTPS-encrypted communications, the software also installed a self-signed digital certificate. When the Superfish private key was compromised, it was also discovered that the same private key was used across all installations of the software, leaving users vulnerable to security exploits utilizing the key. Lenovo made between US$200,000 to US$250,000 on its deal with Superfish. In 2017 Lenovo agreed to pay $3.5 million as part of a settlement with the US Federal Trade Commission. and announced an apology to its customers and stock holders The head of Superfish responded to security concerns by saying the vulnerability was "inadvertently" introduced by Komodia, which built the application. In response to the criticism, Lenovo detailed that it would cease further distribution and use of the Superfish software, and offered affected customers free six-month subscriptions to the McAfee LiveSafe software. Lenovo issued a promise to reduce the amount of "bloatware" it bundles with its Windows 10 devices, promising to only include Lenovo software, security software, drivers, and "certain applications customarily expected by users". Salon tech writer David Auerbach compared the Superfish incident to the Sony DRM rootkit scandal, and argued that "installing Superfish is one of the most irresponsible mistakes an established tech company has ever made." Lenovo Service Engine From October 2014 through June 2015, the UEFI firmware on certain Lenovo models had contained software known as "Lenovo Service Engine", which Lenovo says automatically sent non-identifiable system information to Lenovo the first time Windows is connected to the internet, and on laptops, automatically installs the Lenovo OneKey Optimizer program (software considered to be bloatware) as well. This process occurs even on clean installations of Windows. It was found that this program had been automatically installed using a new feature in Windows 8, Windows Platform Binary Table, which allows executable files to be stored within UEFI firmware for execution on startup, and is meant to "allow critical software to persist even when the operating system has changed or been reinstalled in a 'clean' configuration"; specifically, anti-theft security software. The software was discontinued after it was found that aspects of the software had security vulnerabilities, and did not comply with revised guidelines for appropriate usage of WPBT. On 31 July 2015, Lenovo released instructions and UEFI firmware updates meant to remove Lenovo Service Engine. Lenovo Customer Feedback program At a third time in 2015, criticism arose that Lenovo might have installed software that looked suspicious on their commercial Think-PC lines. This was discovered by Computerworld writer Michael Horowitz, who had purchased several Think systems with the Customer Feedback program installed, which seemed to log usage data and metrics. Further analysis by Horowitz revealed however that this was mostly harmless, as it was only logging the usage of some pre-installed Lenovo programs, and not the usage in general, and only if the user allowed the data to be collected. Horowitz also criticized other media for quoting his original article and saying that Lenovo preinstalled spyware, as he himself never used that term in this case and he also said that he does not consider the software he found to be spyware. Lenovo Accelerator As of June 2016, a Duo Labs report stated that Lenovo was still installing bloatware, some of which leads to security vulnerabilities as soon as the user turns on their new PC. Lenovo advised users to remove the offending app, "Lenovo Accelerator". According to Lenovo, the app, designed to "speed up the loading" of Lenovo applications, created a man-in-the-middle security vulnerability. U.S. Marine network security breach In February 2021, Bloomberg Business reported that U.S. investigators found in 2008 that military units in Iraq were using Lenovo laptops in which the hardware had been altered. According to a testimony from the case in 2010, "A large amount of Lenovo laptops were sold to the U.S. military that had a chip encrypted on the motherboard that would record all the data that was being inputted into that laptop and send it back to China". See also List of computer system manufacturers Lists of Chinese companies References Further reading External links Official Website Chinese brands Chinese companies established in 1984 Companies based in Beijing Companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange Computer companies established in 1984 Computer companies of Hong Kong Computer hardware companies Consumer electronics brands Display technology companies Electronics companies established in 1984 Mobile phone manufacturers Multinational companies headquartered in China Netbook manufacturers Supercomputing in China Videotelephony Zhongguancun

laptop Form Factor and Weight

IBM Palm Top PC 110 The Palm Top PC 110 is a handheld personal computer that was developed jointly by IBM's Japanese subsidiary and Ricoh. It was released exclusively in Japan in September 1995. It used the Intel 80486SX microprocessor and was available in three different configurations. It used a Japanese keyboard, could be used in a docking station, and had a modem connection. During the development phase, the size was decreased. After the release, it was received positively for the number of features, but negatively for the small keyboard. Specifications The Palm Top PC 110 measured high. Despite the chassis being constructed out of duralumin, the PC 110 weighed with the battery inserted. Unlike other handheld PCs in its range, the battery of the PC 110 was a standard 7.2 V lithium-ion pack (NP500 series) commonly used by Video8 camcorders manufactured by companies such as Sony and Panasonic. The 89-key keyboard was laid out in the JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) format for the Japanese market. Above it is a small digitizer that allows the user to make handwritten notes on the computer with a stylus or ballpoint pen. On both sides of the digitizer are mouse buttons for left- and right-clicking. IBM provided only one TrackPoint pointing stick, however, on the left side. Two PC Card slots, both Type I and II—the two could be combined into one Type III slot for cards occupying both slots—were put on the main unit. IBM offered an expansion dock that added the standard suite of ports for the time, including those for keyboard, mouse, parallel and serial. As the PC 110 lacks an internal 3.5-in floppy disk drive, IBM offered an external drive; however, this drive could only be inserted into the optional expansion dock. The PC 110 ran on the Intel 486SX which was based on the i486 that was released in 1989, with a clock speed of 33 MHz. The dual-scan passive-matrix LCD measured 4.7 inch (11.9 cm) diagonally with a resolution of 640 × 480 and was capable of displaying 256 colors. The Chips and Technologies 65535 display controller supported a resolution of 800 × 600 with 16 colors when supplied an external monitor. In lieu of a traditional hard disk drive, the PC 110 contained 4 MB of flash memory, preinstalled with the Japanese version of PC DOS 7.0 and Personaware, a basic graphical operating system developed by IBM Japan exclusively for the PC 110. In addition to this internal flash chip, the PC 110 included one Compact Flash card slot for external storage. IBM offered the PC 110 in three configurations. The first and least expensive configuration supplied 4 MB of RAM, while the last two doubled that amount. The last and most expensive configuration supplied a 260 MB hard drive with a Type III PC Card header that occupied both PC Card slots in the unit. Manufactured by Integral Peripherals, this hard drive initially came preinstalled with the Japanese version of Windows 3.1; IBM later configured it with Windows 95. The PC 110 came equipped with a speaker and microphone, both powered by a Sound Blaster-compatible chip. It also had a built-in voice–data modem with a swing-out modem jack engineered jointly by IBM, Ricoh and Hosiden. This modem supported voice communication with the PC 110's speaker and microphone, which could be repurposed as a receiver and transmitter respectively, effectively turning the PC 110 into a handset. Voice communication could also be achieved via headset. To add to its multimedia capabilities, IBM commissioned Canon to manufacture an optional webcam that connects to the PC 110 via the PC Card slot. Development IBM Japan commissioned optical imaging company Ricoh to co-develop the Palm Top PC 110, with Tetsuya Kaku as its chief engineer. The PC 110 was designed to be a successor to their popular ThinkPad 200 subnotebook line. The first prototypes were roughly the size of a VHS cassette. The engineers soon adjusted the case to be much narrower and thicker both because they observed testers using their thumbs to type with the built-in keyboard and to accommodate the size of the camcorder battery used to power the machine when not plugged in. The process of miniaturizing each component in the computer meant that the cost of production was relatively high for handheld PCs in its class. Kaku and company strove to reuse parts where possible; for example, the 4.7 in screen was the same panel used in color-capable GPS receivers of its day. A version of the PC 110 with a CT2-capable cellular modem was planned but never released. Marketing and reception The PC 110 was released exclusively in Japan in September 1995. In Japan, IBM used the tokusatsu superhero character Ultraman under license from Tsuburaya as an advertising mascot for the Palm Top PC 110. While the Palm Top PC 110 was lauded for integrating many features in such a small package, the compact layout of the keyboard as well as the minuscule size of its individual keys was poorly received by both Japanese users and Western journalists. Steven Myers for Computing Japan called it "difficult to use unless the unit is lying flat on a table—and virtually impossible to use while standing." Stephen Manes in The New York Times agreed, though he was able to invent some "halfway-decent" hunt-and-peck typing styles with practice—allowing him to write his review on the PC 110 itself. Aside from this, reviewers were generally impressed with the capability the manufacturers were able to squeeze in such a small package. Myers praised the high resolution and readability of the LCD, especially in comparison to the monochrome displays featured in contemporaneous handheld devices such as the Sharp Zaurus. For Manes, the fact that the PC 110 was fundamentally compatible with IBM PC software including Windows positioned it firmly ahead of the competition from Sharp and Psion, though the 486SX processor ran newer software slowly. Manes recommended IBM incorporate the "butterfly keyboard" mechanism of the ThinkPad 701 and that they add an additional PC Card slot in the main unit to allow for further expansion when the PC Card hard drive is installed. IBM silently discontinued the PC 110 in 1999 with the release of the WorkPad Z50, a Windows CE-powered handheld PC. Celebrating the 10th anniversary of the ThinkPad brand in 2002, Hideo Ishii of PC Watch called the PC 110 "ahead of its time". See also PC Open Architecture Developers' Group References External links Japanese documentation: Palm Top PC 110 brochure Palm Top PC 110 on ThinkWiki.org Palm Top PC 110 on ThinkWiki.de Computer-related introductions in 1995 Handheld personal computers IBM laptops

laptop Form Factor and Weight

IBM ThinkPad 365 The IBM ThinkPad 365 is a notebook computer series developed by IBM as a part of the ThinkPad brand of notebook computers. It was released in North America in November 1995. It was the successor of the ThinkPad 360 series and was succeeded in 1997 by the ThinkPad 380 series. The series had 8 models that were released before being discontinued. History Introduction On November 7th of 1995, the 365 series was introduced with the 365CS, C, CSD, and CD models. It started at $1,999 for a entry-level 365CS which had a Cyrix 75 Mhz 486 processor, 10.4-inch DSTN screen, 8 MB of ram, and a 540 MB hard disk drive, going up to $3,099. The introductory price was originally going to be $2,300 but IBM reduced it in order to compete more with Toshiba's Satellite line with even cheaper systems. IBM earlier in the year had a 27% market share for portable computers while Toshiba had 23%. E/ED and X/XD Introduction In March of 1996, Cyrix 100 MHz 5x86 and Pentium I 365 series ThinkPad's were announced to be in the works, which would later become the E/ED and X/XD models. The E/ED would be directed towards consumers and sold through retailers, while the X/XD would be for use in corporations. They were rumored to release the following month in April, and after that the 486 model 365 ThinkPad's, the CS, C, CSD, and CD would be discontinued. The release of the E/ED and X/XD ended up being in May of 1996, with the CS, C, CSD, and CD being discontinued in June. Discontinuation In February of 1997, IBM started to reduce prices on 365 series ThinkPads due to the introduction of new 365 and 560 series notebooks that would be coming out the following month, and because Intel at this time cut OEM prices for their desktop and notebook processors. Prices for the series dropped by up to $400, starting at $1,799 for a base model. A 365 model coming out next month with a 120 MHz Pentium I and 1 GB Hard Drive would cost less than $2,000. In April of 1997, IBM cut prices even more on their older ThinkPad models, including the 365 series.This was because of the introduction of new ThinkPad models, the 760XD and XL. A ThinkPad 365X with a 120 MHz Pentium I, 8 MB memory, 1GB hard drive, and 10.4in TFT display cost $1,862 versus $4,734 for a 760EL with a 133 MHz Pentium I, 16 MB memory, 2.1 GB hard drive, and 12.1in TFT display. Reception Reception of the series was fairly positive, with reviewers saying it has a "seductive price" along with a good screen quality and colors. Early models of the series were however criticized for having a "weak" 75 MHz processor and dual-speed CD-ROM drive, which was said to give it 486 performance. Models and specifications 365CS/C In November of 1995, IBM released the first models in the series, the 365CS and 365C. They were based on the 75 MHz Cyrix Cx486DX4 processor, and had 8 MB of 70 ns, non-parity, 72 pin SO-DIMM memory in a slot on the motherboard. Included was a NiHM battery that was claimed by IBM to last up to 9 hours. The 365CS had a 10.4in 640x480 dual scan color screen run by a Chips and Technologies 65545 with 512 KB of video memory, while the 365C had a 10.4in 640x480 TFT active matrix color screen and 1 MB of video memory. Aside from a hard drive which came in options of 340 or 540 MB, both had a built-in 3.5in 1.44 floppy disk drive that was non-removable. For software the 365CS and C had the options of having IBM DOS 7.0, Windows 3.11, OS/2 Warp 3.0 or Windows 95 preinstalled. Both the 365CS and C had 2 PCMCIA 2.1 slots, and a serial, parallel, infrared, and port replicator ports, along with a TrackPoint III device. If the user wanted to upgrade their device, there was a few options. For memory, it is installed in a slot on the motherboard, which can be easily accessed and removed. This let the user upgrade the memory to a maximum size of 24 MB. Additionally, the hard drive used a standard Parallel ATA EIDE connector at the time, allowing it to be easily replaced with a maximum capacity of 8.9 GB due to a bios INT 13 limitation. 365CSD/365CD The 365CSD and 365CD models were released alongside the 365CS and C. They had a few notable differences, such as having a 5.25in double-speed CD-ROM drive installed in place of the floppy disk drive, with a external floppy disk drive port on the back to compensate. The CSD and CD also had audio support, with a internal speaker and ES1688 16 bit audio chip. A built in microphone, input and output stereo jack, a microphone jack, and a joystick/MIDI port were also included. 365E/ED In May of 1996 IBM released the 365E and ED models, which were based on the 100 MHz IBM/Cyrix 5x86c processor with 8 MB of ram like the previous models. They had a NiHM battery that was claimed to last up to 2.5 hours, a 540 MB hard disk drive, and a 10.4in 640x480 dual scan color screen using the Chips and Technologies 65545 with 1 MB of video memory. The 365E had a built in 3.5in 1.44 floppy disk drive while the ED had a 5.25in 4x speed CD-ROM drive. For software the 365E and ED had Windows 95 preinstalled. The 365E had no audio support and ports like the CSD and CD but the ED did. Both the E and ED had a TrackPoint III device. 365X/XD Alongside the 365E/ED, IBM released the X/XD models. The series used Socket 3 IBM/Cyrix processors up until the X and XD models, where they began switching to Intel Pentium I integrated processors running from 100 to 133 MHz. Additionally IBM switched to using their own BIOS, IBM BIOS, and changed the ram type to EDO. The 365X was based on the 100 MHz Intel Pentium I with 8 MB of ram, a NiHM battery that lasted up to 2.5 hours, a 810 MB hard disk drive, and a 3.5in 1.44 MB floppy disk drive. The 365X had the option of a 10.4in 640x480 dual scan color screen or a 10.4in 640x480 or 800x600 active matrix color screen run by a Trident Microsystems Cyber 9320 with 1 MB of video memory. The 365X came with audio support, the same as the previous models but without a joystick port. For software the 365X also came with Windows 95 preinstalled. For ports, they had the same as the previous ED and a TrackPoint III device. The 365XD was the same as the X, but with the options of the Pentium I running at 100 or 120 MHz, a 810 MB or 1.08 GB hard disk drive, and a 4x speed CD-ROM drive. Along with the 10.4in dual scan or active matrix display options, the 365XD had a 11.3in 640x480 or 800x600 dual scan or active matrix display option. For software Windows 95 or OS/2 WARP was offered. In the fall of 1996 IBM offered another upgraded model of the X and XD models, with 120 or 133 MHz processor speed options for both. For the 365XD a 4, 6, or 8X speed CD-ROM drive was available, a 1.35 GB hard disk drive, and Windows 95 OSR2 was an option given. The 365X and XD could be upgraded to 40 MB of ram maximum with a 144-pin EDO SO-DIMM slot inside the device. Later on this size increased to 72 MB. If the user wanted to upgrade their hard drive capacity past 1.35GB, the BIOS had a hard drive capacity limitation of 8.9 GB because of BIOS INT 13H. Comparison Trivia In July of 1997, the Santa Cruz Sheriff's office purchased 29 IBM ThinkPad 365X's to be used in patrol cars by officers. This was said to be more efficient by allowing more time for officers to deal with problems and reduce time hand writing reports by up to 2 hours a day. The ThinkPad's were purchased through a grant of over $59,000. References External links IBM ThinkPad 365X, 365XD Windows 95, 98 Drivers, Software IBM ThinkPad 365 1996 Commercial Advertisement IBM ThinkPad 365X/XD Part Replacement Guides IBM laptops ThinkPad

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Compaq Portable The Compaq Portable is an early portable computer which was one of the first IBM PC compatible systems. It was Compaq Computer Corporation's first product, to be followed by others in the Compaq Portable series and later Compaq Deskpro series. It was not simply an 8088-CPU computer that ran a Microsoft DOS as a PC "work-alike", but contained a reverse-engineered BIOS, and a version of MS-DOS that was so similar to IBM's PC DOS that it ran nearly all its application software. The computer was also an early variation on the idea of an "all-in-one". It became available two years after the similar, but CP/M-based, Osborne 1 and Kaypro II. Columbia Data Products' MPC 1600 "Multi Personal Computer" had come out in June 1982. Other "work-alikes" included the MS-DOS and 8088-based, but not entirely IBM PC software compatible, Dynalogic Hyperion, Eagle Computer's Eagle 1600 series, including the Eagle Spirit portable, and the Corona personal computer The latter two companies were threatened by IBM for BIOS copyright infringement, and settled out of court, agreeing to re-implement their BIOS. There was also the Seequa Chameleon, which had both 8088 and Z80 CPUs to alternately run MS-DOS or CP/M OSes. Unlike Compaq, many of these companies had previously released computers based on Zilog's Z80 and Digital Research's CP/M operating system. Like Compaq, they recognized the replicability of the IBM PC's off-the-shelf parts, and saw that Microsoft retained the right to license MS-DOS to other companies. Only Compaq was able to fully capitalize on this, by aiming for complete IBM PC and PC-DOS software compatibility, while reverse-engineering the BIOS to head off copyright legal claims. Other contemporary systems include the portable Commodore SX-64, also known as the Executive 64, or VIP-64 in Europe, is a briefcase/suitcase-size "luggable" version of the popular Commodore 64 home computer built with an 8-bit MOS 6510 (6502-based) CPU microprocessor, and the first full-color portable computer. Like the Z80 and "work-alike" portables, its sales fell into insignificance in the face of the Compaq Portable series. Production and sales The Compaq Portable was announced in November 1982 and first shipped in March 1983, priced at US$2,995 () with a single half-height " 360 kB diskette drive or US$3,590 for dual, full-height diskette drives. The Compaq Portable folded up into a luggable case the size of a portable sewing machine. IBM responded to the Compaq Portable with the IBM Portable, developed because its sales force needed a comparable computer to sell against Compaq. Compaq sold 53,000 units in the first year with a total of US$111 million in revenue, an American Business record. In the second year revenue hit US$329 million setting an industry record. Third year revenue was at US$503.9 million, another US business record. Design The Compaq Portable has basically the same hardware as an IBM PC, transplanted into a luggable case (specifically designed to fit as carry-on luggage on an airplane), with Compaq's BIOS instead of IBM's. All Portables shipped with 128 KB of RAM and 1-2 double-sided double-density 360 KB disk drives. Like the non-portable IBM PC, the Compaq Portable runs on power from an AC outlet only; it has no battery. The machine uses a unique hybrid of the IBM MDA and CGA which supports the latter's graphics modes, but contains both cards' text fonts in ROM. When using the internal monochrome monitor the 9×14 font is used, and the 8×8 one when an external monitor is used (the user switches between internal and external monitors by pressing ). The user can use both IBM video standards, for graphics capabilities and high-resolution text. With a larger external monitor, the graphics hardware is also used in the original Compaq Deskpro desktop computer. Compaq used a "foam and foil" keyboard from Keytronics, with contact mylar pads that were also featured in the Tandy TRS-80, Apple Lisa 1 and 2, Compaq Deskpro 286 AT, some mainframe terminals, SUN Type 4, and some Wang keyboards. The foam pads the keyboards used to make contact with the circuit board when pressed disintegrate over time, due to both the wear of normal use and natural wear. The CRT display also suffered from a low refresh rate and heavy ghosting. Software Compaq's efforts were possible because IBM had used mostly off-the-shelf parts for the PC and published full technical documentation for it, and because Microsoft had kept the right to license MS-DOS to other computer manufacturers. The only difficulty was the BIOS, because it contained IBM's copyrighted code. Compaq solved this problem by producing a clean room workalike that performed all documented functions of the IBM PC BIOS, but was completely written from scratch. Although numerous other companies soon also began selling PC compatibles, few matched Compaq's achievement of essentially-complete software compatibility with the IBM PC (typically reaching "95% compatibility" at best) until Phoenix Technologies and others began selling similarly reverse-engineered BIOSs on the open market. The first Portables used Compaq DOS 1.10, essentially identical to PC DOS 1.10 except for having a standalone BASIC that did not require the IBM PC's ROM Cassette BASIC, but this was superseded in a few months by DOS 2.00 which added hard disk support and other advanced features. Aside from using DOS 1.x, the initial Portables are similar to the 16 KB – 64 KB models of the IBM PC in that the BIOS was limited to 544 KB of RAM and did not support expansion ROMs, thus making them unable to use EGA/VGA cards, hard disks, or similar hardware. After DOS 2.x and the IBM XT came out, Compaq upgraded the BIOS. Although the Portable was not offered with a factory hard disk, users commonly installed them. Starting in 1984, Compaq began offering a hard disk-equipped version, the Portable Plus, which also featured a single half-height floppy drive. The hard disk offered would be 10 to 21 megabytes, although bad sectors often reduced the space available for use. In 1985, Compaq introduced the Portable 286, but it was replaced by the more compact Portable II in a redesigned case within a few months. The Portable 286 featured a full height hard disk, and the options of one half-height floppy drive, two half-height floppy drives, or a half-height floppy drive and a tape backup drive. Reception BYTE wrote, after testing a prototype, that the Compaq Portable "looks like a sure winner" because of its portability, cost, and high degree of compatibility with the IBM PC. Its reviewer tested IBM PC DOS, CP/M-86, WordStar, Supercalc, and several other software packages, and found that all worked except one game. PC Magazine also rated the Compaq Portable very highly for compatibility, reporting that all tested applications ran. It praised the "rugged" hardware design and sharp display, and concluded that it was "certainly worth consideration by anyone seeking to run IBM PC software without an IBM PC". Successors Upgrades of Compaq Portable Compaq Portable Plus Released in 1983 upgraded version; The Compaq Portable Plus simply had a hard drive to replace one floppy disk drive, and logos and badges with gold backgrounds instead of silver. Independent computer stores were previously doing this upon request of users, and Compaq saw this as a lost revenue opportunity. Compaq Portable 286 The Compaq Portable 286, Compaq's version of the PC AT, was offered in the original Compaq Portable chassis; it was equipped with a 6/8 MHz 286 and a high-speed 20 MB hard drive. Compaq Portable series The Compaq Portable machine was the first of a series of Compaq Portable machines. The Compaq Portable II was smaller and lighter version of Compaq Portable 286; it was less expensive but with limited upgradability and a slower hard drive, The Compaq Portable III, Compaq Portable 386, Compaq Portable 486 and Compaq Portable 486c were later in the series. References External links Old Computers - Compaq Portable CED in the History of Media Technology - Compaq Portable Obsolete Computer Museum - Compaq Portable description Computer-related introductions in 1983

laptop Form Factor and Weight

HP Envy The HP Envy (stylized as HP ENVY) is a line of consumer-oriented high-end laptops, desktop computers and printers manufactured and sold by HP Inc. They started as a high-end version of the HP Pavilion line. History HP originally launched the line on October 15, 2009 with two high-performance models, the Envy 13 and the Envy 15. These models replaced the Voodoo Envy when HP and VoodooPC merged. After that, Hewlett-Packard expanded the series with the addition of the Envy 14 and Envy 17 models. The Envy mainly competes against computers such as Acer's Aspire, Dell's Inspiron and XPS, Lenovo's IdeaPad, Samsung's Sens and Toshiba's Satellite. In 2010 HP released only 14 and 17 Envy models. In 2012, HP discontinued their traditional Envy 13, 14, 15 and 17 models by rebranding their Pavilion line of computers as the new Envy lineup. The new Envy line had a starting price of US$499, and consisted of the (rebranded Pavilion) Envy notebook line and the hybrid HP Envy x2. The rebranded Pavilion laptops continued with Beats Audio branded speakers and dedicated Nvidia graphic processors. In 2014 the naming changed again, and Envy laptops had a 13, 14, 15 and 17 model. HP has branded desktops and even printers with the Envy label. Notebook models There are three Ultrabooks in the early 2013 Envy lineup – the Envy 4 TouchSmart, Envy 4, and Envy 6. Current models Envy x2 The HP Envy x2 refers to two generations of 2-in-1 PCs. The first generation Envy x2, introduced in 2012, is a compact laptop-tablet hybrid. It consists of a detachable 11.6-inch screen with a resolution and active stylus support, together with a keyboard dock equipped with two USB 2.0 ports, a full-size HDMI connector, and a standard SD card slot. The device runs Windows 8 on a 1.8GHz Intel Atom Z2760 processor. It is upgradable to Windows 10 Home, but Microsoft does not support the latest Windows features in the Creators Update due to incompatibility. It will, however, continue receiving security and reliability updates until 2023. The second generation Envy x2 was announced in 2017, and is a Windows 10-powered hybrid tablet with a 12.3-inch display, an included active stylus, and a detachable keyboard attachment not unlike Microsoft's Surface Pro. Touting 20 hours of battery life on a single charge and 4G LTE network capability, there are two processor and operating system options: the ARM-based Snapdragon 835 from Qualcomm with Windows 10 S (and the ability to upgrade to Windows 10 Pro), and seventh-generation Intel Core i-series processors with Windows 10 Home. Physical connectivity on both versions is limited to a single USB-C 3.1 port and a microSD card reader. Envy 13 The 2009's Envy 13 – uses a mobile 1.86GHz CULV Core 2 Duo processor with 3GB of DDR3 memory and the entry-level ATI Radeon Mobility 4330 graphics. The 13 has a 13.1-inch HP LED Ultra BrightView Infinity display with a resolution. Available as an upgrade was the highly praised HP Radiance Infinity Display with a resolution. At launch it had a price of $1,799, though it has been dropped to $1,299. 2017 model – with an 8th generation Intel Core i7-8565U chip, 16GB of DDR4 RAM, NVIDIA GeForce MX250 dedicated graphics card, and a 512GB SSD, and aluminum chassis. 2020 model – 13.3-inch FHD display, 10th generation Intel Core CPU; 8GB RAM, 512GB SSD; Dimensions: 307 x 195 x 16.9 mm, Weight: 1.3kg. Envy 14 The 2010's Envy 14 has a 14.5" HP BrightView Infinity LED display at a resolution. It is powered by Intel's Core series of processors and a mid-level ATI Radeon Mobility 5650. The dynamic swapping GPUs come in handy when gaming or using graphic demanding programs. The 14 also provides longer battery life with an 8 Cell Li-Ion battery. Unlike the 13 and 15 models, the Envy 14 also comes with a backlit keyboard, a standard Intel Wireless-N Card with Bluetooth and a slot-loading DVD+-R/RW drive. The base price for the Envy 14 is $999. The Envy 14 also comes in a special Beats edition, which is in an all-black design with a red back-lit keyboard, starting at $1,099. In mid 2011, HP released the 2nd Gen Envy 14, and the basic configuration comes with a 2nd Gen Intel Core i5 @ 2.4GHz and is upgradable up to the quad-core i7 @ 2.3GHz. Standard configurations come with 6GB DDR3 RAM installed, but the system can handle up to 16GB (2 slots). The same backlit keyboard and 8-cell battery comes standard on all laptops, along with the same 8X slot-loading DVD-R/RW drive. The GPU is upgraded to the dual Intel GMA 3000 and AMD Radeon HD 6630M, although the screen resolution was reduced to a more entry-grade resolution of . The base price of the system remains the same as the first generation, starting at around $999. HP Envy x360 Envy 15 The Envy 15 uses mobile Intel Core i7 and Core i5 processors (4 and 2 cores respectively) and can hold a maximum of 16GB of RAM housed in 4 DIMM slots (2 of which are user accessible). The 15 makes use of the 40nm ATI Mobility Radeon HD 5830 with 1GB of dedicated graphics memory. The 15 ships with a 15.6-inch HP LED display with (TN) or (IPS) resolution. The webcam on the Envy 15 is night-vision capable with infra-red sensor. The Envy 15 is designed to house a single 2.5" Serial ATA drive, or two 1.8" SATA drives, with two 160GB solid state drives configuration available. This model had a price of $1,999 at launch but has been dropped to $1,299. New generation of HP Envy m6 model, called as HP ENVY m6-1225dx release in January, 2013. This model had a price of $699 with a 2.6GHz Intel Core i5-3230M Dual Core processor (up to 3.2GHz via Turbo Boost) and Microsoft Windows 8. The 15.6" Full HD "Radiance" display panel which was sold with this laptop has an issue in which the color red displays closer to orange. In response, HP had issued a software utility called MyDisplay, but does not appear to completely correct the problem with some users saying all it does is mask a problem which is actually hardware based and not software. Starting May 2013, HP has released its new line of HP Envy laptops that come with the 4th generation Haswell Core i7 processors. These laptops come with an optional upgrade to Nvidia GT 740M graphic cards with 2GB of dedicated graphics memory. Whether HP uses the GK107 or GK208 variant in the 740M is undisclosed. The laptops also offer a hybrid 1TB hard drive, and the line starts from the price of $799. Envy 17 The 2010's Envy 17 comes with a Blu-ray option, and, similar to the Envy 14, come equipped with a backlit keyboard. It has also an optional display resolution, option for dual hard-disk or SSD and Supports Eyefinity by which it can be connected to 3 displays via VGA, Mini DisplayPort, and HDMI out supported by ATI 5850 GDDR5 Graphics. Envy 17 3D The Envy 17 comes with all basic features of Envy 17 plus a 3D display and HP 3D glasses. The 2020's Envy 17 has a 10gen or 11gen Intel Core CPU and up to GeForce MX330 graphics. Discontinued models As of October 2012 the Envy 13, 14, 15, and 17 have been temporary discontinued. The first of these models was originally released on October 15, 2009. All models have a standard battery that fits in the chassis as well as an optional slice battery that fits below the chassis, in each case promised by HP to more than double the battery life. Both machines are also constructed from layered magnesium and aluminum etched with a subtle design pattern. The slice battery adds about 1.5 inches to the laptop's height and 680g of mass. However, it more than doubles the battery life. The AC adapter is also of considerable size since it must power the laptop and charge both batteries. Envy Dv5 Envy Dv6 The Envy Dv6 is a 15.6-inch laptop starting at ≈US$700–1300 that resembles the previous Pavilion dv6 and is replacement to the successful HP Envy 15. It weighs ~, has a mostly aluminum chassis and can be customized to accommodate a 1080p matte display, multi-touch touchpad, and up to 1.5TB HDD. The HP Envy Dv6 runs Windows 8 and can be configured to have an Up to Nvidia GTX 650M graphics, backlit keyboard and comes with Beats audio. There are two main variants of the Dv6, the Dv6 comes with AMD processors while the Dv6t come with Intel Core i7 Mobile processors. In November 2015, HP released a new Envy Dv6. It accommodates a FHD display and 1.5TB HDD. The new Dv6 comes with Windows 10 and can be configured with up to an Intel Core i7 processor, Nvidia GeForce GT900M graphics and a "lifted" hinge design. It also comes with B&O Play. Envy Dv7 For 2013 the series are now named Envy 17t. Intel Haswell (Lynx Point) processors are offered with Intel HD 4600 graphics, and optional Nvidia GT 740M graphics along with Blu-ray optical drives. The Envy Dv7 is a high-end 17.3-inch laptop priced at ~US$800–1600 (depending on the configuration) that resembles the previous Pavilion Dv7. It weighs ≈ and can be customized to accommodate a matte TN LCD display, multi-touch touchpad, and can hold two hard drives (up to 1TB each when purchased from HP). The HP Envy Dv7 runs Windows 8 and is replacement to the successful HP Envy 17. The Dv7 can be configured to have an Intel Core i7 Mobile processor, up to Nvidia GT 650M graphics and a backlit keyboard. The Dv7 comes with Beats Audio and has an aluminum chassis. There are two main variants of the Dv7, the Dv7z has AMD processors while the Dv7t come with more powerful Intel processors. Envy 14 Spectre The Envy 14 Spectre is a 14-inch ultrabook starting at US$1399.99. It weighs four pounds and includes a radiance display, a gorilla glass screen and palm rest, a buttonless multi-touch touchpad, an NFC chip and solid-state drive. The HP Envy 14 Spectre runs Windows 7. The 14 Spectre was removed from HP's 2013 Envy lineup. Envy Spectre XT The Envy Spectre XT is a 13-inch ultrabook starting at US$999.99, released in 2012 and removed from HP's 2013 Envy lineup. It weighs and includes a display, buttonless multi-touch touchpad, and solid-state drive. The HP Envy Spectre XT runs Windows 7. Envy Spectre XT Pro Same model with Tpm module and windows 7 Pro. Desktop models There have been several series of Envy desktops, including Envy H8, Envy 700, Envy H9, Envy Phoenix 800, Envy Phoenix 860 and Envy Phoenix H9. A wide variety of features differentiate the individual models. As a result, they range from mainstream through gamer-oriented. All-in-One desktop models This line includes the ENVY 32, ENVY 34 Curved and ENVY 27 All-in-One PCs. Printers There are many all-in-one printers with the Envy brand, including Envy 100, Envy 110, Envy 120, Envy 4500, Envy 4520 and Envy 5530. HP continues to bring out new printers for the Envy brand with over 50 models now in circulation. References External links HP Envy website HP Envy 4 1046tx Review by Vinzit.com, 25 Jul 2012 HP laptops Consumer electronics brands Convertible laptops Ultrabooks Computer-related introductions in 2009

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Merlin M4000 The BT Merlin M4000 was a Personal computer sold by British Telecom during the 1980s as part of the Merlin range of electronic machinery for businesses. It was not developed by BT but was a rebadged Logica VTS-2300 Kennet, and a completely different machine from the Merlin Tonto which was a rebadged ICL OPD. Merlin M4000 was designed as a general purpose computer but was not IBM PC compatible, and so could not run the major business applications around at the time as these were tied to the IBM PC hardware. Hardware Merlin M4000 computers were packaged inside a substantial and heavy steel desktop case weighing approximately 12 kg. Inside the case was the main board, power supply, floppy and hard drives, and expansion cards. The design was reasonably modular as the case and main board were able to accommodate expansion cards and additional memory. A separate keyboard with 114 keys connected to the main unit using a reversed British telephone plug with the clip on the left hand side. Most monitors were amber monochrome but later colour screens were sold. An 8086 CPU was used. The maximum RAM was 768 KB, made up of 256 KB on the main board plus two additional 256 KB RAM cards. A security socket was located on the rear of the main unit although it is unclear how it was used in practice. Networking was accomplished using ARCNET or Cambridge Ring (computer network) LAN cards. An RS-232 optical fibre modem was also available. The M4204T and M4213T computers were TEMPEST certified to BTR/01/202(4). Storage media The M4204T had two internal 720 kB 5¼-inch floppy drives and the M4213T had one internal 720 kB 5¼-inch floppy drive and one internal hard drive with a capacity of either 10 MB or 20 MB. An external 76 MB hard drive and/or a 150 MB Tandberg QIC tape drive could also be connected to the M4000. Software The CP/M-86 and Concurrent DOS (CDOS) operating systems were developed for Merlin M4000 computers. PC DOS and MS-DOS applications could not be run directly, but it was practical for vendors to cross-port their applications, if there was sufficient demand. Wordstar was available and Prospero Pascal was a popular development platform. Most Merlin M4000 computers were used to run bespoke software rather than off the shelf applications software. A few applications software packages were commercially available including: Lex9b word processor. MerlinWord word processor. A rather neat telephone directory / database program that was mainly used by switchboard operators. Software development tools including an 8086 assembler and COBOL compiler. An Asteroids game - initially as a demonstration of the bitmapped graphics. Usage Merlin M4000 computers were commonplace in the United Kingdom during the 1980s, although most were sold to the public sector as large contracts as opposed to the private sector. Major customers included the Royal Navy as part of the OASIS II project, with sales of subsequent models as part of the Oasis 4 project, and the Department of Health and Social Security, with sales also being made to HM Customs and Excise and the Forestry Commission. Merlin M4000 computers were installed in DSS offices across the country where they were used for Case Paper location (tracking files as they moved from one room to another) and calculating benefits. Some M4000 computers were used internally by BT although it is not clear if they were ever used in conjunction with System X telephone exchanges. Many theatres in the UK used Merlin M4000 computers running the RITA booking software that was written either by or in conjunction with the Royal Shakespeare Company. Successor The M4204T and M4213T computers were available in 1990 from the TEMPEST division of BT which sold TEMPEST certified computer equipment for high security applications. They were replaced by the M5000 range of IBM PC compatible TEMPEST certified computers running MS-DOS. References External links Merlin M4000 page at old-computers.com Computers designed in the United Kingdom BT Group Personal computers

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Dell XPS Dell XPS ("eXtreme Performance System") is a line of consumer-oriented high-end laptop and desktop computers manufactured by Dell. Overview The XPS name dates back to 1990 when Dell was more focused on corporate business than consumers. Gateway was number one in the high-end consumer market. In early 1993, there was a staff meeting to address how to pursue this emerging market. At this time, Dell's annual revenue was less than $500 million and Michael Dell was involved in most decisions. At this meeting, it was decided to launch a new high-end product line to compete with Gateway. Vernon Weiss was assigned as product manager to spearhead and manage the marketing of the new product. He worked with Brian Zucker who led the architecture and engineering effort. In September 1993, the first two versions of the XPS line were announced. The first generation of the XPS system was available as either a desktop or a tower case. This new product line was so far ahead of the competition that it was featured on the cover of the October 1993 issue of PC/Computing. For the next three years, with Vernon Weiss and Brian Zucker continuing to evolve the product line, the XPS systems beat the competition in over 100 magazine reviews and covers, being the first to adopt the latest PC technology available and bring it to the consumers at an attractive price. The XPS mainly competes against computers such as Acer's Aspire, HP's Pavilion and Envy, Lenovo's X1, Samsung's Sens, and Apple MacBook Pro. From 1997 to 2001, as Dell grew into a large corporation, the XPS line lost its position as the leading-edge performance machines and became essentially just a line for fast computers. In 2005 Dell revamped the XPS line to compete with Alienware (now owned by Dell) and Falcon Northwest. In 2005, Dell separated its home desktop systems into two lines: Dell Dimension and XPS. Consumer notebooks were also separated into two lines: Inspiron and XPS. While the XPS designation used to mean the hardware was high-end and well suited for gaming, that is no longer the case. For example, the XPS 200 is limited to extremely low-end video cards, while the XPS M140 is only configurable with Intel video, thus making both systems unsuited for gaming or high-end usage. Dell had considered buying Alienware from 2002, but did not take any action until March 22, 2006 when they purchased the company. Alienware maintained its autonomy in terms of design and marketing. However, Alienware's access to Dell's supply chain management, purchasing power, and economies of scale lowered its operating costs. The XPS line initially had the same specifications as those offered by the Alienware division. In 2008, Dell introduced "Studio XPS" and Dell advertised it as a performance computer line while Alienware was being advertised for gaming. On June 2, 2009, The M17x was introduced as the First Alienware/Dell branded system. XPS Tower 8000 series XPS Tower (8940) The 2020 Dell XPS 8940 features Intel's 10th-generation i5, i7 and i9 CPUs. XPS Tower (8930) The 2017 Dell XPS 8930 features Intel's 8th-generation i5 and i7 CPUs on an LGA 1151 socket. XPS Tower (8910) Dell XPS Towers were released in July 2016. Three systems were introduced: the XPS Tower, XPS Tower VR, and the XPS Tower Special Edition. All systems are introduced with 6th-generation (Skylake) i5 and i7 CPUs, at least 8 GiB of DDR4 memory, and are designed with an easy to open chassis for simple expandability. One of the main differences from the 8900 is that now the m.2 connector supports 4 PCI-E lanes instead of 1. The VR and Special Edition meet and exceed the minimum recommended specifications for running virtual reality and the Special Edition passed testing for the Oculus Ready and HTC Vive Optimized certification programs. XPS 8900 The Dell XPS 8900 was released in October 2015. It is designed for moderate to heavy gaming and high-end workstation performance. It features Intel's 6th-generation (Skylake) i5 and i7 CPUs on an LGA 1151 socket. It also includes an upgrade to higher-bandwidth DDR4 memory. XPS 8700 The Dell XPS 8700 was released in 2013. It was designed for moderate to heavy gaming and high-end workstation performance. It features a Dell 0KWVT8 motherboard with an LGA-1150 socket. It comes with a quad-core Intel Core i7 processor and an Nvidia Geforce GTX 660. A special edition is available with an AMD Radeon R9 270. System specifications Memory: Type: unbuffered, non-ECC, dual-channel DDR3 (Up to 1600 MHz) Maximum: 32 GiB, with 2, 4 or 8 GiB in base Video: Integrated: Intel HD Graphics 4600 (Up to 1.7 GiB system) Additional: Nvidia Geforce GTX 660 (1.5 GiB GDDR5) AMD Radeon R9 270 (2 GiB GDDR5) Communications: Network Adapter: 10/100/1000 Mbit/s integrated network card Wireless: Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n and Bluetooth 4.0 WLAN options (The DW1520 card, and the DW1501 card are IEEE 802.11n certified): Chip: Broadcom BCM4313 (b/g/n (2.4 GHz) 150 Mbit/s) + FCC ID: QDS-BRCM10 50 + "Dell Wireless 1501 WLAN Half Mini-Card" Chip: Broadcom BCM4322 (a/b/g/n-draft (2.4 or 5 GHz) 300 Mbit/s) + FCC ID: QDS-BRCM10 31 + "Dell Wireless 1510 Wireless-N WLAN Mini-Card" Chip: Broadcom BCM43224 (a/b/g/n (2.4 or 5 GHz) 300 Mbit/s) + FCC ID: QDS-BRCM10 41 + "Dell Wireless 1520 Wireless-N WLAN Mini-Card" Motherboard: Dell 0KWVT8 CPU: Intel Core i7 4790 (8 MiB L3 Cache;3.6 GHz Base Clock, Turbo to 4.0 GHz) Integrated Graphics — Intel HD 4600 XPS 8500 Released on May 2, 2012, the Dell XPS 8500 is the first version in this series to have the third-generation Intel Quad Core i5 and i7 processor added to it. This version of the XPS's motherboard uses the Intel Chipset H77 with socket LGA 1155 and has USB 3.0 ports built into the front. The "Special Edition" version of this desktop, (starting price $999 as of Jan '13), comes standard with such advanced features as an Intel Core i7, Blu-ray drive and a 32 GiB Intel mSATA SSD mounted on the motherboard to enhance the operational speed of the traditional hard disk. System specifications Memory: Type: unbuffered, non-ECC, quad-channel DDR3 (Up to 1600 MHz) Maximum: 32 GiB, with 2/4/8 GiB in base Video: Integrated: Intel HD Graphics 2500/4000 (Up to 1 GiB system) Additional: Nvidia Geforce GT 620 – 1 GiB GDDR5 Nvidia Geforce GT 640 – 1 GiB GDDR5 Nvidia Geforce GTX 660 – 1.5 GiB GDDR5 AMD Radeon HD 7570 – 1 GiB GDDR5 AMD Radeon HD 7770 – 2 GiB GDDR5 AMD Radeon HD 7870 – 2 GiB GDDR5 Communications: Network Adapter: 10/100/1000 Mbit/s integrated network card Wireless: Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n; Bluetooth 4.0 XPS 8300 This series uses Intel H67 socket 1155 Sandy bridge CPU's, such as i5-2320 and i7-2600K. Motherboard: Dell 0Y2MRG (DH67M01 TB0420) Memory: Type: unbuffered, non-ECC, quad-channel DDR3 Maximum: 32 GiB, with 2/4/8 GiB in base WLAN options (The DW1520 card, and the DW1501 card are IEEE 802.11n certified): Chip: Broadcom BCM4313 (b/g/n (2.4 GHz) 150 Mbit/s) + FCC ID: QDS-BRCM10 50 + "Dell Wireless 1501 WLAN Half Mini-Card" Chip: Broadcom BCM4322 (a/b/g/n-draft (2.4 or 5 GHz) 300 Mbit/s) + FCC ID: QDS-BRCM10 31 + "Dell Wireless 1510 Wireless-N WLAN Mini-Card" Chip: Broadcom BCM43224 (a/b/g/n (2.4 or 5 GHz) 300 Mbit/s) + FCC ID: QDS-BRCM10 41 + "Dell Wireless 1520 Wireless-N WLAN Mini-Card" XPS 8100 Released in 2010, the Dell Studio XPS 8100 was a mid-range, all-purpose PC aimed at home users. It had a Core i5-650 processor, 4 GiB of DDR3 RAM, 1 TB of hard drive space and an NVIDIA GTS 240 graphics card as standard. XPS One 27" The Dell XPS One 27" is an all-in-one PC that, hence its name, features a 27-inch screen with a resolution of 2560 pixels wide and a height of 1440 pixels. It is the recipient of CNET's 2012 Editor's Choice Award, and it was also awarded as PCMag's best all-in-one PC of 2012. CNET editor Rich Brown, who authored the review awarding the XPS One 27" the Editor's Choice Award, noted that it "boasts the highest-display resolution among Windows 8 all-in-ones, and at an aggressive price." On its page discussing PCMag's selections for the best products of the year, it said that the all-in-one "manages to put almost every technology and feature we're looking for in a compact stylish chassis." There are reports from many buyers complaining of a quality control issue on the screen. There are dust particles trapped between the screen and the touch panel. Some buyers even received several exchanges or screens replacements and the issue still remains. Some people may not notice but turning the brightness up will show these spots. They look like dead pixels. Studio XPS The Studio XPS, also referred to as Studio XPS 435MT, was released November 16, 2008. This is a PC with performance somewhat between the XPS 420 and 630. Its processor is the Intel Core i7. The current Studio XPS models, however, are not as gamer-oriented, with only one PCIe x16 slot and a 475 watt power supply. It has RAID0/1 support, however, as well as the capability of up to 24 GB of RAM. Later this model was renamed to the Studio XPS 9000, later succeeded by a newer version, the Studio XPS 9100. XPS One 20 and XPS One 24 Released on November 19, 2007, the Dell XPS One is an all-in-one desktop designed for "minimal fuss and maximum cordless connectivity", and ships with the power cord, and a wireless keyboard with a touchpad and wireless mouse prepared to the system. The XPS One comes in 20-inch (XPS One 20) and 24-inch (XPS One 24) models. The 20-inch model has an Intel Core 2 Duo E4500, while the 24-inch model has an Intel Core 2 Quad Q8200. The 20-inch model has 2 GB of dual-channel DDR2 SDRAM @ 667 MHz, while the 24-inch model has 4 GB of dual-channel DDR2 SDRAM @ 800 MHz. The XPS One 20 has integrated Intel GMA 3100 graphics, while the XPS One 24 has integrated Intel GMA X4500HD graphics, and can be customized with an nVidia GeForce 9600M GT graphics card when chosen with PRODUCT (RED). The XPS One 20 has a WSXGA (1680×1050) resolution with 16.7 million colors, a 1000:1 contrast ratio, an 80° viewing angle, and a 5 ms response time. The XPS One 24 has a WUXGA (1900×1200) resolution with 16.7 million colors, a 1200:1 contrast ratio, an 89° viewing angle, and a 6 ms response time. The 20-inch model has integrated High Definition Audio and 10 watt stereo speakers, while the 24-inch model has SoundBlaster Audigy HD software with 25 watt premium JBL speakers with an integrated subwoofer. The XPS One 20 and XPS One 24 were subsequently discontinued by Dell. XPS 18 The Dell XPS 18 was announced in April 2013. It is an all-in-one computer that also functions as a large tablet. It has a screen size of 18.4 inches. XPS H Series A system that came out circa 1996/97. It contained an Intel Pentium II (Klamath) CPU, EDO DRAM, and an i440FX chipset. XPS D series A system that came out in 1997. It contained an Intel Pentium II (Klamath) CPU, SDRAM, and an i440LX chipset. XPS R series A system that was introduced in 1998. It contained an Intel Pentium II (Deschutes) CPU, SDRAM, and an i440BX chipset. XPS T series A system that was introduced in 1999. It contained an Intel Pentium III CPU, SDRAM, and an i440BX chipset. An "r" suffix was used for Socket 370 versions, while no suffix was used for Slot 1 versions. XPS B series A system that was introduced in 2000. It contained an Intel Pentium III CPU, 128 MB of RDRAM, an ATi RAGE graphics card, and an i820 chipset. An "r" suffix was used for Socket 370 versions, while no suffix was used for Slot 1 versions. Later models (especially the "R" series) had a built in DVD drive. XPS Gen 2 Included Pentium 4 processor with Hyper-Threading Technology (3.4 GHz, 800 MHz Bus, Microsoft Windows XP Professional, 400 MHz dual-channel DDR SDRAM (400 MHz), Supports SATA and IDE hard drives, 1 AGP Slot, 4 PCI slots, Sound Blaster Audigy², and Dell Wireless Keyboard and Mouse. Video Card included was ATI Radeon 9800 Pro (AGP x8). It was powered by a 460 watt proprietary power supply and featured decorative LEDs on the front of the case that the user could change the colors of in the BIOS. XPS Gen 3 Base configuration had a Pentium 4 processor at a speed of 3.0 GHz or higher, 512 MiB of DDR, 400 MHz memory, a single 80 GB 7200 RPM hard drive, an ATI Radeon X800 XT graphics card, and a Sound Blaster Audigy² audio card. It came pre-installed with Windows XP Home Edition. XPS Gen 4 Base configuration had a Pentium 4 processor at a speed of 3.0 GHz or higher, 512 MiB of DDR2, 533 MHz memory, a single 160 GB 7200 RPM hard drive, an NVIDIA GeForce 6800 graphics card, and a Sound Blaster Audigy² audio card. It came pre-installed with Windows XP Home Edition. XPS Gen 5 Used a Pentium 4 HT processor with 512 KiB, 1 MiB, or 2 MiB of L2 Cache. It can support up to 8 GiB of DDR2 memory @ 533 MHz or 667 MHz. XPS 200 series XPS 200 This model was available from late 2005 to the end of the third quarter of 2006. It was replaced by the XPS 210, which is nearly identical to its predecessor. The main exception in this case is the upgrade to an Intel Core 2 Duo processor and other minor adjustments. XPS 210 A small-form-factor case that is 67% smaller than the XPS 410. It does not use full-size PCI slots. The XPS 200 is aimed at being a low-impact machine, meaning it blends in better with the room's features. It is more of a multimedia computer than an actual gaming machine, despite the XPS name. The main difference between the XPS 210 and its predecessor, the XPS 200, is the upgrade to the Intel Core 2 Duo processor line. This makes the XPS 210 faster than the XPS 200. XPS 400 series XPS 400 This model was available during late 2005 and the first half of 2006. It was replaced by the XPS 410, which is nearly identical with the exception of an optional Intel Core 2 Duo processor and slightly different audio and video card options XPS 410 The former intermediate model of the XPS series and bigger brother to the Dimension E520. It features a base configuration of an Intel Core 2 Duo processor, and a 2.4 GHz Core 2 Quad is also available as an option. Other base options include the Nvidia GeForce 7300LE, 7200RPM SATA-300 hard drive, and dual-channel DDR2 RAM. The case is nearly identical to that of the Dimension E520, with an additional 3.5-inch drive bay being added. The case is physically taller because of this. The power supply is also slightly more powerful than the Dimension E520 (375 W vs 305 W, respectively and has an added 6 pin PCIe power cable). The XPS 410 replaced the XPS 400. It was replaced by the XPS 420. XPS 410 units were also sold as the Dimension 9200, allowing Dell to continue selling remaining units after the XPS 410 was discontinued. In an odd twist, the Dimension 9200 was the final desktop in the Dimension line, effectively making an XPS unit the last in the Dimension family. XPS 420 Now discontinued, it features similar components to the XPS 410, but it used different case design and new features. This was Dell's media based computer featuring the Dell Xcelerator (a simple and effective Video Recorder), and an LCD screen in the case, running Windows Vista SideShow. As usual with the 4XX Line of XPS's, it did not allow for SLI Graphics. The XPS 420 added support for 45 nm Core2 Duo/Quad/ and Extreme CPUs up to the QX9650. XPS 430 Similar to 420, with DDR3 RAM and without the LCD on the computer chassis. Studio XPS 435T (or Studio XPS 9000/9100), Studio XPS 435MT The Dell XPS 435T was a mid-tower desktop that originally shipped with a Nehalem-based Intel Core i7 processor. The system's motherboard used Intel's X58 chipset, allowing for 3 memory channels over 6 available DIMM slots. The XPS 435T is able to support Westmere-based Core i7 and Xeon processors (supporting up to 6 cores) with the latest BIOS update. The XPS435MT was a smaller Mini Tower version that shared the X58 chipset. Unlike the 435T, the 435MT's BIOS was never updated to support Westmere-based Core i7 or Xeon chips. The motherboard is a variation of the MSI 7591 MicroATX. XPS 600 series XPS 600 The former flagship model of the XPS series that features an Intel dual-core Pentium D 950 processor, dual Nvidia GeForce 7900GTX in SLI mode, 7200 RPM SATA hard drive, and dual-channel DDR2 RAM. This case has not changed significantly over the past several generations, with the large aluminum plate on the front. Discontinued a few days after XPS 700 launch and succeeded by the XPS 700. XPS 625 A version of the XPS 630 but with AMD Phenom II chips and ATI Graphics. XPS 630 This 2008's desktop at one time filled the gap between the media-oriented XPS 420/430 and the high-end XPS 730x. There is no physical difference(s) between the 630 and the 630i. The marketing concept was to use an "i" to designate systems installed with an Intel chipset, and an "a" for systems with AMD-installed chipsets, but since Intel-based chipsets were the only models ever sold, this designation holds little significance. The 630 features a Dell-modified Nvidia nForce 650i chipset that supports both SLI and CrossFire configurations, but lacks ESA certification (the only ESA-certified component in the 630i is Dell's "Master Input/Output" (or "MIO") printed circuit board). The XPS 630 at one time came standard with an Intel Core 2 Quad Q6600 CPU and dual Nvidia GeForce 8800GT graphics cards. Problems and solutions There were several issues with the XPS 630 including problems with the chassis fan control, chassis LED lights, and non-shipment of the LightFX 2.0 lightshow control software. limited PCIe slot configuration (8,8,1,1 unlike OEM Nvidia 650i SLI motherboards which also offer the 16,1,1,1 configuration), constant HDD LED activity, and a reliability issue due to a problem inherent in the Nvidia 650i SLI chipset that can surface when overclocking with 4 or more gigabytes of RAM. The problems resulted in PC PRO revoking their Recommended award for the system. The July 22, 2009 release of a Softex Media Plug-in has provided some of the features originally advertised in LightFX. BIOS updates were issued to patch the constant HDD LED activity. Some 630i owners have bypassed the aforementioned problems by swapping out the Dell-modified 650i motherboard with OEM motherboards such as the EVGA nForce 780i SLI FTW. The motherboard has 8 lanes wired for each PCIe slot, which can restrict performance if using a single high-performance graphics card. Performance is equivalent to other systems with 650i chipset motherboards when using two graphics cards in SLI mode. XPS 700 series XPS 700 Targeted at the gaming community, this model featured the Intel Pentium D Extreme processors in speeds up to 3.7 GHz with dual nVidia GeForce 7900 GTX in SLI mode, a 7200RPM SATA hard drive and dual-channel DDR2 RAM. This desktop was advertised as being overclockable but was not. Dell would later offer a free XPS 720 motherboard upgrade program to all XPS 700 and 710 owners so that these machines could be overclocked with the bios. The aluminum case featured a distinctive "leaning" design. The XPS 700 used significantly larger power supplies (750 watt and 1 kilowatt) than the other XPS models to accommodate higher-end video cards and overclocked CPUs. Unlike its forerunners, it used a BTX motherboard, thereby limiting upgradability. It was replaced by the XPS 710 and many customers were offered a free motherboard upgrade to XPS 720 specification following complaints about the system. XPS 710 The formal flagship model of the XPS series that features the new Intel Core 2 Duo and Core 2 Extreme processors, as well as Core 2 Quad processors. Other features include dual nVidia GeForce 7950 GX2 in Quad SLI mode, 7200RPM SATA hard drive, dual-channel DDR2 RAM. The XPS 710 uses significantly larger power supplies than the other XPS models to accommodate higher-end video cards and overclocked CPUs. It was replaced by the XPS 720. XPS 720, XPS 720 H2C Announced on November 24, 2007, the XPS 720 is the same as the XPS 720 H2C, except it does not have the "dual-stage radiator cooling technology." It comes in two versions, the Red Special Edition, which is the same as the Black normal one, they both come with a 1 kW power supply. The H2C edition computer has included a dual-stage radiator cooling technology, and a motherboard capable of overclocking its quad core Intel Core 2 Extreme QX6800. The H2C comes standard with dual Nvidia GeForce 8800GTX cards running in SLI at a price of $6,780. The XPS 720 H2C uses slightly higher quality parts than other XPS classes. At the time it was one of the most powerful and fastest pre-built systems an individual could purchase by a significant margin. XPS 730 H2C The 730 H2C had H2C (a high-performance cooling system) as standard, which was ideal for gaming and overclocking. Its motherboard, the Nvidia nForce 790i Ultra, was capable of overclocking its quad core Intel Core 2 Extreme QX9770 up to 3.64 GHz. Dual channel DDR3 SDRAM system memory was available in United States and UK. There was a choice of colors also at some outlets. The basic model specs of the PC were: Intel Core 2 Extreme Processor QX9650 (3.46 GHz Overclocked), DUAL 1 GiB ATI Radeon 3870 X2 Crossfire X Graphics Card, 2 GiB Memory, 1 TB 7200rpm Dual HDD. The base price in the UK was £2,499. The system also came with an improved H2C cooling device, seen on ultra high gaming computers. This has since been replaced by the XPS 730x (see above). XPS 730X, XPS 730X H2C Released on November 16, 2008, the XPS 730X is essentially an XPS 730 with the new Intel Core i7 which also used the new Intel X58 chipset Motherboards. The XPS 730X H2C was the higher-end version of the 730X that made use of H2Ceramic cooling and often shipped with factory-overclocked Core i7 Extreme Edition processors. The 730X also integrates Alienware's AlienFX and a new theatre lighting system. The internals of the 730X have also been redone for ease of upgrades, although most of the inside remains the same. The 730X supported a Tri-Channel of 6 GB of DDR3. The graphics card support was either a dual or single NVIDIA Geforce GTX 285, or a single ATI Radeon HD 4870 X2. The 730X originally shipped with Windows Vista, but eventually offered Windows 7 near the end of its availability. Dell internally discontinued the XPS 730X and XPS 730X H2C in its US online store on August 1, 2009 and cancelled any remaining orders after August 15, 2009. It has been mentioned that this was done to focus more attention for customers seeking gaming computers, such as Alienware. The desktop was officially discontinued on September 17, 2009 (see Dell XPS 730x). Dell returned to develop their XPS performance line. The three new laptops, released in October 2010, have many new features and specifications from the old models. They feature JBL speakers with Waves MaxxAudio 3 technology, and have integrated 3D graphics. The line is the first to be Skype-certified for video chat. They have Intel i5 and i7 processors. The X-Fi upgrade offered by Dell is not actually a hardware upgrade but a software-based processing package which "provides premium audio quality, effects and features". XPS 11 XPS 11 (9P33) Dell announced the XPS 11 in June 2013. It features an 11.6-inch screen that can be folded backwards almost 360 degrees to act as a tablet. It shipped with Windows 8.1 and a "Haswell" Intel Core i5 processor. XPS 12 XPS 12 (9Q23) The XPS 12 is a convertible laptop. The convertible mirrors the general aesthetic of the Dell XPS 13 ultrabook and other models in the XPS lineup, although the hybrid swaps out its predecessors' aluminum look for a carbon-fiber exterior. The lid and exterior edge are framed by a machined aluminum edge, while the interior consists of a magnesium-alloy palm rest coated in matte black paint. The Dell XPS 12's body was made with a fingerprint-resisting coating. It possesses a hinged, flip-screen LCD. Applying a push to the top of the screen frees the 12.5 inches, 1920×1080 resolution, 400-nit brightness display from the magnetic locks that hold it in place. The convertible's 1.7 GHz Core i5-3317U processor sports Intel HD Graphics 4000 integrated graphics, which combine with 4 GiB of RAM and a 128 GB solid-state drive and Core i5 processor, but ups the memory to 8 GiB and the storage to 256 GB. Some models configuration includes the Core i7 processor, 8 GiB of RAM, and the 256 GB SSD. XPS 12 (9Q33) In July 2013, Dell released its XPS 12 with Intel Haswell (4th Generation) processor. This upgrade came as a boost in the Ultrabook's performance as well as battery life. Dell also added near field communication in this device. XPS 12 (9250) In 2015, Dell released a new XPS 12 with Intel Skylake Core M processors. The hinge system was removed and replaced with a fully detachable display. The device has a 4K Ultra HD (3860×2160) display, a kickstand and an 8MP rear camera and a 5MP front camera. The new XPS 12 has an all-metal build from the new XPS 13. XPS 13 XPS 13 (L321X, Early 2012) The Dell XPS 13 was unveiled at CES 2012. It is the company's first Ultrabook, a term coined by Intel. The XPS 13 features a 13.3-inch screen (1366×768 Non-Touch Corning Gorilla Glass) and uses flash memory to help with fast booting. The XPS 13 features certain unique design elements. The edges are rounded and the bottom is made of carbon fibre, with a gentle silicone surface treatment. A battery level indicator was also present, and is functional when powered off. Note: Intel Chipset is 2nd generation I series. Dell also offers a developer's version of the XPS 13 running Ubuntu Linux. XPS 13 (L322X, Early 2013) The slightly heavier, revised version of L321X. Difference with the previous version include: 4-8 DDR3L RAM, up to 1600 MHz, Mobile Intel 7 series express chipset QS77 (Panther Point, 3rd generation I series), Intel HD 4000 graphics instead of 3000, two USB 3.0 ports, an upgraded wireless card, and a 13.3-inch HD WLED, HD/FHD TrueLife with Gorilla glass LCD. XPS 13 (9333, Late 2013) Released in 2013. Includes a 13.3" LED backlit touch screen display with 1920×1080 resolution and Corning Gorilla Glass, Intel Core fourth generation i5-4200U or i7-4500U processor (with integrated chipset and Intel HD 4400 Graphics), Windows 8.1 (64-bit), 4 or 8 GiB Dual Channel DDR3 1600 MHz RAM, 128 or 256 GB mSATA SSD, Intel Dual Band Wireless-AC 7260 + Bluetooth wireless, and 55 WHr 6-Cell Battery. However, Dell has not fixed the issue with this generation – a high pitched noise emitting from the keyboard area to the right. XPS 13 (9343, Early 2015) Announced at CES and released in January 2015, the latest XPS 13 comes with the new Intel Broadwell processors and a renovated 3200×1800 touchscreen of 13.3" set in a very thin frame, and claims up to 15 hours of battery life and many other XPS 13 (9350, Late 2015) Released in October 2015, the 9350 is similar to the 9343 but with the new Intel Skylake processor (6th generation I series) and a Thunderbolt 3 (with USB 3.1 Gen 2 support) in lieu of the mini-DisplayPort. There was also another model with i7-6560 CPU and Iris 540 graphics released later for better graphics performance. One of the biggest improvements was an increase in available integrated RAM memory to 16 GiB DDR3L (in highest versions). It was criticized for the placement of the webcam in the bottom bezel. XPS 13 (9360, Late 2016 and Late 2017) Released in October 2016, the 9360 is similar to the 9350 but with the new Intel Kaby Lake processor (7th generation U series) or, in some models from late 2017 onwards, Intel's 8th generation (Kaby Lake-R) U series processors. The XPS 13 Developer Edition comes preloaded with Ubuntu 18.04 LTS. XPS 13 2-in-1 (9365, Early 2017) The 9365 is similar to the late 2016 XPS 13 (9360) but with a flexible hinge allowing it to fold over into tablet mode. The laptop also features face recognition to login. XPS 13 (9370, Early 2018) Released in January 2018, the 9370 has an entirely new design refresh, with a smaller footprint and lighter chassis. The battery capacity dropped from 60 watt-hours to 52 watt-hours, most likely due to the smaller form factor. This refresh has Intel's 8th generation Core i5 and Core i7 processors, and starts at $USD999, $USD200 more than the 9360. Dell has dropped the barrel-style connector, previously used to charge the device, and now includes two Thunderbolt 3, a micro SD card reader, one USB-C port and one headphone jack. Dell is also offering a model in white, which uses a different palm rest material than the previous carbon fiber palm rest and deck on the 9360. XPS 13 (9380, Early 2019) Released in January 2019, the 9380 has the webcam back at the top of its monitor. Dell again includes two Thunderbolt 3, a micro SD card reader, one USB-C port and one headphone jack. This refresh has Intel's 8th generation Core i3-8145U, i5-8265U, and Core i7-8565U processors, codenamed Whiskey Lake. The base i3 model starts at $949 (USD) but with only 4 GB of RAM, and goes up all the way to $1,659 (USD) with the i7 model. XPS 13 2-in-1 (7390, Mid 2019) The XPS-13 2-in-1 is one of the first in the line-up to be offered with a 10th generation 10 nm Intel Ice Lake processor with Intel Iris Plus integrated graphics. It has a new 13.4 inch screen with aspect ratio of 16:10, and was launched in August 2019. This model has a soldered SSD which cannot be upgraded, and unlike the 2017 model which is silent and fanless, this model does have two fans for active cooling. XPS 13 (7390, Late 2019) Following the launch of the XPS 13 2-in-1, the refreshed XPS was offered with a new 10th generation 14 nm Comet Lake processor up to an 6-core i7-10710U with Intel UHD integrated graphics. It is physically identical to the early 2019 XPS 13 9380. XPS 13 (9300, Early 2020) The XPS 13 (9300), like the 2-in-1 7390 updates to the new 10th generation 10 nm Intel Ice Lake processors up to an i7-1065G7, features a new 13.4" inch screen with an aspect ratio of 16:10 and a front-facing webcam supporting Windows Hello facial recognition. Compared to the previous XPS 13 7390, it has a better battery life, larger touchpad and larger keys albeit with slightly reduced travel. It was launched during CES 2020. XPS 13 (9310, Late 2020) The XPS 13 (9310) was released on September 30, 2020 in USA and Canada. It has the same chassis as the previous generation and features Intel's new 11th generation 10 nm Tiger Lake processors along with support for Thunderbolt 4. XPS 13 2-in-1 (9310, Late 2020) The XPS 13 2-in-1 (9310) was released on September 30, 2020 in USA and Canada along with the 9310. It has almost the same build as the late 2019 2-in-1; the weight has decreased, at 2.8 pounds from 2.9, and the keyboard layout was tweaked. It features Intel's new 11th generation 10 nm Tiger Lake processors, which use Intel's improved Intel Iris Xe integrated graphics. XPS 13 (9305, Mid 2021) The XPS 13 (9305) returns to a 16:9 aspect ratio screen based upon the Intel 11th gen i5 and i7 processors. While similar to the 9310, the 9305 includes an additional USB-C port (3 in total) and utilizes an earlier generation chassis with a narrower keyboard (2019 era). The 9305 is intended to be a lower cost model; the screen only comes in 1080p resolution and the maximum hard drive and memory sizes are 512GB and 16GB respectively. XPS 14 XPS 14 (L401X) This XPS was released in the summer of 2011 and is a 14-inch HD WLED screen with resolution up to 1366×768 (touch screen iCESs optional) bundled in Intel Core i3-360M processor (2.4 GHz, 2Core/4Threads, 3M cache), 4 GiB 1333 MHz DDR3 SDRAM. Its base-price at release is $USD999 and comes with i3 360 m . it can be customized up to the intel core i7 740Qm . It is equipped with a 2011 1 GiB NVIDIA GeForce GT 420M Graphics (for Core-i5 processors) and GT 425M (for Core-i7 processors). It can also be customized with up to 8 GiB of DDR3 memory. The computer can either have a 500 GB 7200 RPM SATA hard drive, or a 256 GB solid state drive. This laptop has a sleek anodized aluminium LCD back cover. It also had World's first camera with Hi-Definition Video Streaming with Skype (2.0MP, H.264 Camera), JBL 2.0 Speakers with Waves MaxxAudio v3.0 enhancement for a 6-Way audio performance, Biometric – Fast Access facial recognition system. XPS 14 (L421X) The XPS 14 was released in the summer of 2012 and is a 14-inch laptop. Its base-price at release is $USD999 and it can be customized up to the third generation Intel Core i7. It is equipped with a 2012 NVIDIA GT 630M (on higher models) or Intel HD graphics 4000 (on the base model), and can be customized with up to 8 GiB of DDR3 memory. The computer can either have a 500 GB 7200 RPM SATA hard drive, or a 256 GB SSD. This laptop is an ultrabook featuring a long battery life (claimed to be 9hours) and a sleek aluminium unibody shell. XPS 15 XPS 15 (L501X/L502X, October 2010 ) The XPS 15 was released in October 2010 and is a 15.6-inch laptop. Its base-price at release is $849 and it can be customized up to the Intel Core i7. It is equipped with a 2010 NVIDIA GT 435M or 420M video card, and can be customized with up to 8 GiB of DDR3 memory. This made it a good gaming laptop for its time. The base model comes with 500 GB 7200 rpm SATA hard drive, but options include a 640 GB 7200 RPM SATA hard drive, or a 256 GiB SSD. It also contains a 16x DVD/Blu-ray reader/burner, and a 9-in-1 media card reader. The screen resolution is either 1366×768 or 1920×1080. The Nvidia graphics card used in Dell 15 (L501x) turns off or on automatically for specific applications demanding dedicated graphics. It has integrated JBL 2.1 Speakers + Waves MaxxAudio enhancement. It is equipped with 2 MP webcam. It has two USB 3.0 ports and one eSATAp port. The following year the XPS 15 (L502x) had both its processor and graphics card upgraded, with the processor being upgraded from the Arrandale to the Sandy Bridge chipset and the graphics upgraded to either a Nvidia 525M or 540M with 1 or 2 GiB of RAM respectively. XPS 15 (L521X, Summer 2012) The Dell XPS 15 L521X was first released in Summer 2012. Includes a 15.6-inch screen (1920x1080 Corning Gorilla Glass FHD WLED with TrueLife) and was much thinner than its predecessor. Its design was similar to Dell XPS 13 L321X and Dell XPS 14 L421X: the edges are rounded and the bottom is made of carbon fiber, with a gentle silicone surface treatment. It features Intel HM77 Express Chipset with Intel Core i5/i7 (3rd generation, up to i7-3632QM) CPU, from 4 to 16 GiB replaceable DDR3 memory (2 slots), GeForce GT630M / GT640M with 1 GiB / 2 GiB of GDDR5 and one mSATA mini card slot paired with classic 2.5 inch SATA slot. XPS 15 (9530, October 2013) The Dell XPS 15 Touch Screen laptop (9530, using Haswell) was first released in October 2013, is a high-end notebook. It was the fourth generation XPS 15, which has taken many of the design elements of the Ivy Bridge Edition XPS 15 but fixes the cooling/throttling, adds a Haswell CPU and an updated GeForce GT 750M, no optical drive, and a relatively high-resolution 3200×1800 display. The XPS 15 shipped with Windows 8.1. Worth mention is that there are three different models of the new XPS 15 available right now. The base model XPS 15 comes with a 1920×1080 touchscreen display (it is unclear if this is a TN panel or not), 500 GB HDD with 32 GiB msata SSD cache, dual-core i5-4200H CPU, 8 GiB RAM, integrated HD 4400 Graphics, and a 61Wh battery. A mid-range model has a quad-core i7-4702HQ CPU, 3200×1800 PPS (similar to IPS) touchscreen, 16 GiB RAM, GT 750M GDDR5 GPU, a 1 TB HDD with 32 GiB SSD cache, and a 61 Wh battery. The high-end edition is mostly the same as the mid-range model but replaces the HDD with a 512 GB mSATA SSD and adds a larger 91 Wh battery in place of the 2.5" drive. There is also higher resolution 4k 3840x2160, slightly better CPU - i7-4712HQ. The 9530 has been criticized for the instability of 802.11ac Wi-Fi. Currently this model has an issue with respect to an annoying electrical/hissing noise called 'Coil Whine'. XPS 15 (9550, October 2015) On October 8, 2015, Dell refreshed the XPS 15 (9550) with the Skylake microarchitecture. A 15.6-inch UltraSharp™ InfinityEdge display is included to fit into the body of a relatively small notebook that responds well to standard Windows 8.1 swipes and commands. Edge-to-edge Gorilla Glass NBT covers the screen. The chiclet-keys of backlight keyboard are matte black and feature a slightly concave surface area. This redesigned model offers PCIe SSDs up to 1 TB, up to 32 GiB of DDR4 RAM through two SODIMM slots, GeForce GTX 960M with 2 GiB GDDR5, a 3×3 802.11ac Wi-Fi card, and featuring Thunderbolt 3 through Type-C, though this port is only able to achieve Thunderbolt 2 speeds. XPS 15 (9560, Early 2017) A slightly updated model 9560 was released in February 2017. The new model aligned with the previous model 9550 in terms of dimension and exterior ports, but inside the CPU and GPU were upgraded to Kaby Lake and GTX 1050, respectively. This model suffered from many thermal issues at high work loads, causing the computer to not be able to use all of its power. XPS 15 2-in-1 (9575, Early 2018) The XPS 15 2-in-1 (9575) is similar to the XPS 15 (9560) but with a flexible hinge allowing it to fold over into tablet mode. This convertible laptop features the 8th Generation Intel mobile processors with AMD GPUs integrated into the chip package. It was announced at CES 2018. This XPS 15 utilizes LPDDR3 RAM, which is soldered and not upgradable. XPS 15 (9570, May 2018) The XPS 15 (9570) is the updated version of the XPS 15 (9560) model. This new model brings options for the new Coffee Lake quad-core Core i5, hexa-core Core i7 and Core i9 processors, with the option for the latter, the eight-core Core i9-8950HK, being clocked at 2.9 GHz, with a boost clock of 4.8 GHz and the ability to be overclocked as well. This new model also comes with an option for the NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1050Ti graphics card, and has the optional fingerprint scanner integrated into the power button. The webcam placement has also been shifted to be underneath the DELL logo on the bottom of the display. The non-touch Full HD variant also now offers 100% sRGB color space coverage on its IPS display, and its Thunderbolt 3 port now supports all four PCIe lanes, unlike the previous models, which only had support for two lanes. XPS 15 (7590, 2019) The XPS 15 (7590) was released with an OLED display option (the UltraSharp 4K Ultra HD (3840 x 2160)). It features 9th Gen Intel Core processors (up to Core i9-9980HK), Wi-Fi 6 technology, and optional NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1650 GPU. It supports up to 64 GiB of memory with a bandwidth of 2666 MHz, as well as 2 TB PCIe SSD storage. Launched on 27 June. As of 2019, Dell has revamped their naming code system. 7xxx= 7 series being the most premium offer. 5xxx= 5 series being the premium offer after 7xxx series. XPS 15 (9500, 2020) The biggest changes in XPS 15 (2020) are that Dell goes all USB-C and 16:10 display aspect ratio. The XPS 15 also got a smaller and higher resolution webcam of 720p, and more powerful speakers that aim up out of the laptop. It also got updated inside, including 10th Gen Intel Comet Lake CPU, up to 64 GiB DDR4 RAM, up to 2 TB PCIe3 x4 SSD storage, Intel UHD Graphics + Nvidia GTX 1650 Ti GPU. DELL also offers two types of 15.6-inch Infinity Edge display (1920 x 1200 or 3840 x 2400), and two different capacity batteries (56 Wh or 86 Wh). Size: 13.57 x 9 x 0.7 inches, Weight: 4 pounds (non-touch, 56Whr battery), 4.5 pounds (touch, 86Whr battery). That makes it thinner and lighter than the previous version. XPS 15 (9510, 2021) The 2021 XPS 15 comes equipped with up to the Intel’s 11th Gen Tiger Lake Core i9-11900H and 3050 Ti. It features up to 64GB of DDR4-3200 and up to 4TB of m.2 SSD storage, but it can be upgraded to hold a maximum of two 4TB SSDs. The XPS 15 offers display options for either a 4K UHD+ (3840x2400) InfinityEdge touch display with a VESA DisplayHDR400 certification, or FHD (1920 x 1200) panels, plus a 3.5K (3456 x 2160) InfinityEdge OLED touch display option. Ports have also been upgraded, the XPS 15 offers two Thunderbolt 4 ports and a regular USB 3.2 Gen 2 Type-C port. Comparison XPS 15z XPS 15z (L511Z) The XPS 15z was released in May 2011 and is a 15.6-inch laptop. It is branded as the thinnest 15 inch PC on the market. It is noted for having a very similar design to the current generation Apple Macbook Pro computer, and even sported a silver aluminum casing. Its base-price at release is US$999 (A$1399) and it can be customized up to the dual-core Intel Core i7. it is equipped with a NVIDIA GeForce GT 525M 1 GiB video card (Australian version is equipped with 2 GiB video RAM), and can be customized up to 8 GiB of DDR3 memory. The computer can either have a 750 GB 7200 RPM hard drive or a 256 GB solid state drive. It also contains a 8x slot-loading CD/DVD reader/burner. The American version has a base screen resolution of 1366×768, while the Australian release is 1920×1080 pixels. On 6 September 2011, Dell upgraded the choices for the optional extra Core i5 and i7 processors. Throughout its production, the XPS 15z was plagued with DCP latency related sound spikes due to faulty network drivers provided by Dell. The solution was to use third party drivers, as discovered by a community of forum users. Another chronic issue was the lower right corner of the LCD going dim at random times. Replacement of the entire LCD assembly would only temporarily solve this problem. Production of the XPS 15z ceased in the first half of 2012, but its design was carried on by the XPS 14z. XPS 17 XPS 17 (L701X) The Dell XPS 17, released in October 2010, was a desktop replacement laptop in the XPS Laptop line. It was priced at $949 for the base configuration, but can be customized heavily. Options include a processor upgrade up to the new Intel Core i7-840QM (Nehalem-based), an Nvidia GeForce GT 555 3 GiB graphics card, up to 16 GiB of DDR3 RAM memory, 1.28 TB Hard Drive space (2×0.64 TB @ 7200 RPM), a 17.3-inch 1600×900 resolution screen, and a Blu-ray Disc drive. It also has an LCD upgrade of 1920×1080 (Full HD) and 3D display kit. XPS 17 (L702X) Same as L701X, except this model contains the second-generation Intel Core i7 (Sandy Bridge-based) processors and capability for Full HD Display and Full HD 3D Display. Also, the discrete graphics have been improved to Nvidia GeForce GT 550M 1 GiB or GT 555M 3 GiB graphics card for Full HD 3D Display; Can be customized with up to 16 GiB of DDR3 RAM (8 GiB × 2) or 32 GiB (4 slots @ 8 GiB) of RAM with the 3D model only Model: HMT41GS6MFR8C (Hynix) Issues have been reported with the charging port and the charger falling out with the only slight movements. XPS 17 (9700, 2020) On May 14, 2020, Dell reintroduced a new XPS 17, with thinner bezels and new thermal designs. It offers Intel's latest 10th Gen Core i9 45 W processors, 64 GiB of RAM, and 2 TB of storage. XPS 17 (9710, 2021) In May 2021 Dell introduced an updated XPS 17. It now offers Intel's latest 11th Gen Core i5, i7, i9 processors. XPS M1730 The XPS M1730 was announced on October 5, 2007 as the newest 17-inch XPS laptop computer. Compared to its predecessor, the XPS M1710, the model M1730 was physically redesigned with a completely new chassis available in a grey, white, blue, or red. Like the M1710, the M1730 offered unique user- and software-changeable LED lighting in the touchpad, fan outlets/inlets, as well as the lid and speaker grilles. Also like its predecessor, it featured a 17-inch widescreen. From the components angle, it supported overclockable Intel Core 2 Extreme processors (2.8 GHz to 3.4 GHz overclocked via the X7900 or X9000 Processor), dual NVIDIA GeForce 9800M GTX video cards in SLI, up to two 7200 RPM SATA hard drives available in RAID, and up to 8 GiB DDR2 SDRAM . A Blu-ray Disc Drive was an option in some models. New with this latest version was a built in optional AGEIA physics card to enable PhysX enhanced titles take advantage of hardware accelerated physics, the option for 64 GB solid state drives, a back lit keyboard including a number pad, and a Logitech gaming LCD display above the keyboard. Criticism The M1730 has been criticized for its increase in weight and size compared to previous models, and for having only marginal performance gains in select games. The last complaint is likely due to a late Nvidia release of a mobile version of the 8800M video card which Dell added to the list of options following the release of the M1730. Upgrades Following the initial release of the M1730, the option to have dual 8800M GTX graphics cards in SLI was made available. This is said to have a 174% power increase (as quoted by Dell) over the dual 8700M GTs in SLI which were previously the highest available option. More recently an option to have dual 9800M GT and 9800M GTX graphics cards in SLI has been added to the line. The 9800M GTX SLI is currently the highest supported graphics card with 1 GiB GDDR3 VRAM for the M1730, as opposed to the 9800M GT SLI and 8800M GTX SLI only with 512 MB of available Video Memory and slightly higher amount of stream processors. Thus, performs slightly better than the 9800M GT and 8800M GTX cards. The availability of the 9800M GTX SLI is rare, and may only be purchased in limited Dell direct outlets and on eBay. And in most cases, they are either out of stock, not on sale any longer or selling the previous 9800M GT and 8800M GTX graphics cards. XPS M1530 This 15.4-inch laptop, released on November 28, 2007, features the Santa Rosa platform. The XPS M1530 is almost identical in design to the XPS M1330 except that it has 4 different colors (blue, black, pink and red) and it is a bit thicker and heavier with a 15.4-inch CCFL or LED screen. It can be configured with Intel Core 2 Duo mobile processors up to T7800 (2.6 GHz) / T9500 (2.6 GHz, 6 MiB L2 cache) / X9000 (2.8 GHz), up to 8 GiB DDR2 SDRAM at 667 MHz, up to 320 or 500 GB 5400 rpm or with faster 160, 240 or 320 GB 7200 rpm hard drive or an optional 128 GB SSD, and can be configured with a 128 MiB DDR2 Geforce 8400GS or 256 MiB DDR3 8600M GT GPU. Wireless draft-n is also available (802.11n). The XPS M1530 includes a biometric fingerprint reader and a 2 MP webcam. Another option for this laptop is a glossy 1920×1200 display, even though it is 9 inches smaller than Dell's 24 inch monitor. The system weight starts at 2.62 kg (5.78 lbs) and is dependent upon configuration. The laptop contains an internal slot for a Dell mobile broadband card. XPS M1530 is no longer available for purchase on Dell's website as of early August 2009. Dell became aware that the problem was limited to Nvidia chip production, the BIOS was updated to A12 which improves thermal control but does not prevent it from reoccurring. The problem associated with Nvidia GPU's was the chip material used could not stand high temperatures. XPS M1330 This 13.3-inch high-end laptop, released on June 26, 2007, features the Santa Rosa platform. This 13.3-inch screen either with CCFL or WLED; the WLED-backlit version has a 0.3 MP camera, as opposed to the 2 MP camera with the CCFL screen, but the model with WLED screen is thinner and brighter than the previous XPS 1210 version. Moreover, XPS 1330 can also feature a biometric fingerprint reader, usually found in business class laptops like the Latitude series. The XPS M1330 also offers the NVIDIA GeForce Go 8400M GS graphics card as an option. Originally, it could only be configured with Intel Core 2 Duo mobile processors up to T7700 (2.4 GHz), but could later be configured with processors up to the Intel Core 2 Duo T9500. Noted for its light weight of only 1.8 kg, the XPS M1330 is also available in the product red line along with other Dell computers. XPS M1330 is no longer available for purchase on Dell's USA website as of early August 2009. It has been replaced by the M1340 (Studio XPS 13). Problems The most reported issue with M1330 laptops has been overheating. Dell became aware of the problem and found that it was limited to Nvidia chip production G84- and G86-GPU's, as a result, the BIOS was updated to A12, which improves thermal control but does not prevent it from reoccurring. The problem associated with Nvidia GPU's was the chip material used could not stand high temperatures. This problem was exacerbated by poor thermal contact between the chip and the heat pipe (the gap is too big). Some people have overcome the graphics chip over-heating problem by fashioning a heat sink using a copper plate and thermal paste to fill the gap between the heat pipe and the graphics chip. Also, there have been several cases reported involving M1330 laptops to be cosmetically defective in manufacture, such as loose hinge covers and unusually and uneven gaps between plastic parts, as well as customer complaints concerning "CPU whine". Studio XPS 13 (M1340) Similar to the Studio XPS 16 but trimmed down into a 13.3-inch 720p 16:10 aspect ratio screen, it has an illuminated QWERTY keyboard and includes leather accents on the lid. Its full body is piano black and silver. The Studio XPS graphics offerings are currently the integrated Nvidia 9400M G (same as used in MacBook Air and 13-inch MacBooks) and the more powerful Nvidia GeForce 9500M GE (which is composed of an integrated GeForce 9400M G and discrete GeForce 9200M GS with 256 MB of GDDR3 memory). When configured with the 9500M GE you are able to switch between the 9400M G running standalone and the 9400M G with the 9200M GS in Windows Vista, without logging out and back in like you must with Apple products due to the availability of Hybrid SLI. Although this model is still available in Europe with the 512 MB nVidia GeForce 210M graphics card and the NVIDIA GeForce MCP79MX Chipset. Processor: Intel Core 2 Duo P7350, P8600, P8700, P8800, P9500, P9600 or P9700. Memory:3, 4, 6, or 8 GiB of shared dual channel DDR3 SDRAM @ 1066 MHz. Chipset: Nvidia 730i Graphics: integrated Nvidia GeForce 9400M G with 256 MB of graphics memory, or integrated 9400M + discrete GeForce 9200M (referred to officially as a "9500M"). Display: 13.3" Edge-to-Edge with CCFL-backlit, 1280×800 resolution or 13.3" Edge-to-Edge with LED-backlit, 1280×800 resolution and TrueLife. Storage: 1 x SATA (250 GB, 320 GB or 500 GB HDD at 7200 RPM or 256 GB Solid State Drive) Optical Drive: 8X slot-load dual-layer DVD+/-RW drive or 2X tray-load Blu-ray Disc Combo drive. Battery: 6-cell (56 Wh) or 6-cell (56 Wh) w/additional 9-cell (85 Wh) Lithium-ion battery. Camera: 1.3 MP or 2 MP webcam. Wi-Fi Card: Dell Wireless 1510 802.11a/b/g/draft/n half-mini card. Bluetooth: Dell Wireless Bluetooth Internal 370 (2.1 EDR). I/O ports: 1 USB 2.0 port, 1 USB/eSATA Combo port, 1 Gigabit Ethernet port, 1 VGA output, 1 HDMI output, 1 DisplayPort output, 2 headphone jack, 1 microphone jack, 1 54 mm Express Card slot, 1 8-in-1 memory card reader, 1 IR receiver and 1 power adapter connecter. XPS M1340 is no longer available for purchase on Dell's USA website as of March 2010. No replacement 13-inch Studio XPS has been announced. Studio XPS 16 Studio XPS 16 (M1640) Released early January 2009, it features a 15.6-inch 720p or a 16.0-inch 1080p 16:9 aspect ratio screen. It is equipped with either a 512 MiB ATI Radeon HD 3670 or 1024 MiB ATI Radeon HD 4670 graphics card, an Intel Core 2 Duo processor, a DVD+/- RW or a Blu-ray ROM combo drive, and Windows Vista or Windows 7. It has an illuminated QWERTY keyboard and leather accents on the lid are optional. Its full body is onyx black and silver. Studio XPS 16 (M1645) Same as above, featuring a quad core Intel Core i7 Clarksfield processor on an intel PM55 chipset mainboard and a 1 GB ATI Mobility Radeon HD 4670 or 5730. Some of these XPS systems were found to have throttling issues when demanding applications like games were run on them. Dell was able to provide a fix for the issue with the help of community input. The fix involved bios updates and a more powerful AC adapter. Other laptops were also found to suffer from the same throttling issue. Studio XPS 16 (M1647) Same as above, featuring a dual core Intel Core i5 or Intel Core i7 Clarksfield processor. The M1647 motherboard still uses the Intel PM55 chipset (as the M1645) but overall the motherboard uses less power than its predecessor. Gen 3 XPS M2010 The XPS M2010 was announced on May 31, 2006 as a top-of-the-line briefcase-styled mobile desktop with a 20.1-inch widescreen with a WSXGA+ resolution and TrueLife. The outside of the case had a leather-like appearance. The XPS M2010 used an ATI Mobility Radeon X1800 graphics with 256 MiB of graphics memory and had support for dual hard drives. The laptop could be customized with an Intel Core 2 Duo T2500, T5600, T7400 or T7600 and 1 GiB, 2 GiB or 4 GiB of DDR2 SDRAM @ 667 MHz (Although machine can take 2x2 GiB @ 677 MHz RAM, it will only operate at 3.25 GiB @ 500 MHz due to chipset limitation as well as FSB limitation). The laptop expanded to a full desktop set, including a detachable bluetooth keyboard, bluetooth mouse, and radio-frequency Media Center remote. It was praised for the high quality sound system which included 8 separate ¾" speakers below the screen and a 1¾" subwoofer on the bottom of the machine, ported to the right hand side. While the computer could be folded and carried as a briefcase with its built-in carrying handle, at 18.3 lb it was generally considered too heavy to be a true desktop replacement. XPS M1710 The XPS M1710 was announced on April 18, 2006 as a higher-end 17-inch WUXGA TrueLife widescreen XPS desktop replacement available in black or red. The system was marketed to gamers, sharing a chassis design and many components with the lower end Inspiron E1705/9400 and the Precision M90 mobile workstation. The base design featured an Intel Core Duo processor, NVIDIA GeForce Go 7900GS or 7900 GTX, 7200 RPM SATA hard drive, DDR2 SDRAM, a magnesium alloy case including a 1 inch subwoofer complimenting the two treble heavy stereo speakers. User configurable multicolor LED lighting was present in the touchpad, fans, speakers and lid with the ability to have them change color/intensity via Dell QuickSet software or via QuickSet plugins to music with bass giving more red-shifted changes and treble more blue-shifted (an SDK developer kit for custom dynamic link libraries could be obtained for integration to many system processes and even games). Technical support was segregated for the XPS line with access to an "exclusive" XPS-branded segment of DELL's business support division. The unit was built on the foundation of a Precision M90 chassis. Later models offered the Core 2 Duo processor, the Nvidia GeForce 7950GTX GPU, and optional Blu-ray and/or an unlocked Core 2 Duo processor, which could be overclocked "officially" to 3.16 GHz, although at least 3.5Ghz has been reported as possible. As the mainboard used the Intel 945 chipset, the XPS M1710 could not address more than 3.25 GiB of RAM though Dell specified "up to 4 GB RAM". This computer was replaced by the XPS M1730. The chipset although capable of AHCI operation was never implemented by Dell, leaving any future SATA hard drive upgrade paths crippled to IDE legacy operation, protocols, and bandwidth. Further evidence of untapped capacity involves the use of replacing the video cards with a Dell Precision Quadro FX 1600M (essentially an 8700M GT with comparable performance to the flagship DX9 7950 Go GTX card), allowing for DirectX 10 functionality in a laptop not designed to do so (with the card being unidentified, but the LCD verified by the BIOS, leaving argument that some design foresight was in place for at least a path to using the Quadro FX 1600 and even FX 3600M in this machine in a BIOS revision). Note that there are severe overheating problems with the graphics card in this model., and just like the Precision M90, GPU failures due to cracking in the type of solder used on the Nvidia chipsets to bind them to the substrate were common, and settled via a class-action lawsuit with Nvidia in later years. XPS M1210 A high performance ultra-portable (12.1-inch screen) notebook featuring a new case design, Intel Core Duo processor technology, an optional dedicated NVIDIA GeForce 7400 Go video card and an optional integrated web camera (1.3 megapixel). The M1210 also has optional WWAN (wireless wide area networking) features supporting 3G broadband services. With the standard battery, the laptop weights 1.9 kilograms. Unlike other 12-inch notebook computers, the M1210 features a built-in optical drive rather than an external. This model was discontinued as of July 31, 2007. Gen 2 Inspiron XPS Gen 2/XPS M170 – This successor to the Inspiron XPS, had replaced the desktop Pentium 4 with a Pentium M processor, which provided almost the same level of performance as the desktop Pentium 4 and reduced the weight from 9.06 lb to 8.6 lb. It featured a 17-inch widescreen display at the same resolution as the first generation. Due to the use of a mobile processor, this laptop was thinner and lighter than most other high performance gaming notebooks of its time. It has a design very similar to the XPS M1710. It was initially given the Nvidia GeForce 256 MiB 6800 Ultra Go GPU which was a Dell exclusive at the time. The laptop was rebranded as XPS M170 soon after the GeForce Go 7800 GTX was incorporated. The Inspiron 9300 was based on it, being substantially the same laptop with an ATI Mobility Radeon X300 in the base model. XPS M140 – The lower end model XPS computer that has a chassis identical to a Dell Inspiron E1405 laptop. This model features a choice of several Intel mobile processors, 14.1-inch widescreen and between 512 MiB to 2 GiB of RAM. This model being more media-oriented than gaming currently does not feature a dedicated graphics card. This model has been replaced by the E1405, a 14.1-inch laptop physically similar the M140. It features the newer Intel Core Duo processors and Intel's 945 chipset. It is no longer classified as an XPS laptop, however. Gen 1 Inspiron XPS – The first XPS laptop, which was a rebranded Inspiron 9100, was a very heavy desktop-replacement laptop starting at 9.06 pounds without power supply (which added an additional 2.5 pounds). This was because it was offered with either a 3.4 GHz desktop Pentium 4 HT "Prescott" processor, or the 3.4 GHz "Gallatin" Pentium 4 Extreme Edition processor at the same clock speed, which gave off tremendous amounts of heat due to their high clock speeds and inefficient microarchitecture, despite a very large copper-based heatsink that spanned the width of the unit with three fans. Other features included a 1920×1200 15.4-inch LCD, and subwoofer integrated into the bottom of the battery casing, with the 12-cell battery (the 16-cell battery does not include a subwoofer.) Earlier models came with an ATI Mobility Radeon 9700 with 128 MB of memory, and later models with the Mobility Radeon 9800 with 256 MB of memory. The Mobility Radeon 9800 was based on the R420 core, the same as early ATI Radeon X700 and X800 desktop graphics cards, but with half the pixel pipelines disconnected. A popular modification to the GPU was to bridge two traces in the top right corner of the PCB surrounding the exposed core with a conductive pen to unlock these pipelines. This could only be done on cores made before week 43 of 2004. Dell promised graphics card upgradeability, but only delivered the arguably small 9700 to 9800 step for 9700 owners (at a rather steep $399 price tag, including technician to install it), and never delivered the promised upgrade to the 9800 owners. This model also suffers from a whine on the headphone and microphone jacks that are located on the left of the unit. This is because of shared space with the leftmost fan, and the spinning of said fan causes interference. There is no known fix than to otherwise use a USB, FireWire/1394 or PCMCIA-based audio device or card for sound output. XPS 10 The XPS 10 was an ARM-based convertible tablet with a keyboard stand, similar to Microsoft's Surface RT. The tablet, which ran Windows RT, was unveiled on August 30, 2012 and discontinued in September 2013. Special Editions Dell has introduced a handful of "speciality" models which were based upon particular models in the XPS series, but had unique characteristics. These included custom cases and higher-performance parts (processors, video cards, etc.). Some of these models are considerably rare because they were produced in limited quantities and were either extremely expensive or give-away only (as was the case of the XPS X-Men Edition, see below). XPS 600 Renegade The first example of a special edition in Dell's XPS series was the XPS 600 Renegade released in early 2006, which included an Intel Pentium D Extreme Edition 965 processor that was overclocked at the factory from 3.73 GHz to 4.26 GHz. Despite the overclock, Dell honored Intel's warranty for the processor. The case featured an air-brush paint job completed by Mike Lavallee. Most notably, the machine was the first commercially available system to feature a Quad-SLI configuration, with four custom NVIDIA GeForce 7900GTX graphics cards with 512 MiB of memory. It also included a Western Digital hard drive spinning at 10,000 RPM. The XPS 600 Renegade had an introduction price of $9,930. XPS X-Men Give Away In 2007 Dell announced a special X-Men version XPS desktop system that was going to be given away. The system had a value of around $10,000 and featured a one-of-a-kind quad NVIDIA video cards and Intel Pentium 965 Extreme Edition processor. The case resembled a standard XPS 710 series with X-Men artwork on the side. W.O.W. M1730 At CES in 2008, Dell announced a World of Warcraft edition of the M1730 laptop. This version of the M1730 cost around $4,500 and featured an overclockable Intel Extreme Edition Core 2 Duo processor, NVIDIA SLI DX10 graphics cards, PhysX card, with a Full HD 17-inch widescreen. It also came pre-loaded with World of Warcraft and Burning Crusade expansion, as well as other limited edition merchandise including a custom backpack. (PRODUCT)RED In March 2008, Dell introduced the XPS RED as a part of the (PRODUCT)RED line of products. A portion of the profits made on this special edition are being put towards research for a cure for the AIDS virus. Awards The Dell XPS 13 and 15 laptops won the COMPUTEX d&i awards in 2016 Dell XPS 15 (9500): Best in Class, Rated 5/5 "The Dell XPS 15 is easily the best 15-inch laptop on the market, and in a lot of ways it's the best laptop period." — TechRadar Dell XPS 17 (9700): Editor's Choice, Rated 4.5/5 "If you were waiting for a bigger screen with this design, you’re finally getting one (and getting the performance to match)." — Tom's Hardware Dell XPS 15 7590: The best laptops for 2020 "The XPS 15 is easily the best all-around 15-inch laptop on the market today, making it the ultimate video-editing laptop too." — Digital Trends References External links Official Dell XPS Website Official Dell E3 Product Page (Requires Flash) Dell M2010 US Business configurator – may expire/change Dell UK store configurator; different options available. May expire/change Dell XPS Generation 2 FAQ. Subject to change Service manuals Dell M1730 Dell M2010 Dell XPS 7590 Service manual XPS 15 9500 Service Manual Dell XPS M1730 product details Dell XPS M1330 product Details XPS XPS Consumer electronics brands Convertible laptops Ultrabooks Computer-related introductions in 2008

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Sony Tablet S The Tablet S (formerly named S1) is the first modern tablet computer released by Sony. Featuring a "unique asymmetric design", the Tablet S runs Google's Android Ice Cream Sandwich 4.0 operating system and features a multitouch display, 1 GHz Nvidia Tegra 2 dual core processor, Wi-Fi ability, front- and rear-facing cameras, Bluetooth, and an infrared sensor. It is also configured with access to the Sony Entertainment Network and is PlayStation Certified and Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA) compatible. Tablet S was first released in September 2011. It was succeeded by the Xperia Tablet S, which would be created by Sony's new subsidiary Sony Mobile. Design The main distinguishing feature of the Tablet S is its "unique asymmetric design" in which the thickness of the device tapers from . This "wrap" effect is intended to evoke an "open paperback stuffed into the back pocket, or a magazine folded backward upon itself such that only a single page is visible to read," and reduces the amount of torque while being held. Sony claims that this "off-center of gravity design realizes stability and ease of grip as well as a sense of stability and lightness, offering comfortable use for hours." Hardware The Tablet S features a , 1280×800 pixel resolution, TFT LCD using Sony's proprietary TruBlack Display—the same technology as that used in the company's Bravia range of televisions. It uses the Nvidia Tegra T20 system on a chip (SoC), which consists of a 1 GHz ARM Cortex-A9 dual core processor and a ULP GeForce graphics processing unit (GPU), with 1 GB RAM and either 16 or 32 GB internal storage and support for SD memory cards up to 32 GB. Other onboard features include an accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, magnetometer (digital compass), GPS receiver, 802.11b/g/n Wi-Fi, Bluetooth v2.1 + EDR, infrared, Micro USB, microphone, 3.5 mm headphone jack and 0.3 MP front-facing and 5 MP rear-facing cameras. Like other Android devices, the Tablet S has no hardware navigation buttons, which are all implemented via persistent on-screen buttons. The only physical buttons present on the device are the power button and volume rocker located in the recessed area on one side. The tablet uses a proprietary power connector. Software The Tablet S1 was initially launched with Android 3.1 Honeycomb, but a 3.2 update was made available soon after its release. Also, it received an upgrade to Android 4.0.3 at the end of April (in Japan and the US). It uses a customized version of the operating system. Features and applications unique to the Sony device include: A customizable row of most frequently used icons on the top-left of the screen A "Favourites" bar at the top-right A customized version of the Android web browser A universal remote control app for the built-in IR transmitter Apps for accessing Sony Entertainment Network (Music Unlimited and Video Unlimited) An app for Sony Reader eBooks Social Feed Reader—an application that aggregates Facebook and Twitter social media status updates Crash Bandicoot and Pinball Heroes PlayStation Store games Although Sony Tablet S is a PlayStation Certified device, an update to the PlayStation Store disabled all such devices from being able to purchase PS one classics. Instead, only original content will be available for purchase by Tablet S owners. In September 2012, Sony Tablet S received a major update to Android 4.0.3 Release 5a, which brought the following notable changes: Added Guest mode (before Google announced multiple-user accounts would be supported on Android 4.2 tablets) Added Small Apps and supports widgets, and support for Support Development Kit Added macro functionality to Remote Control App and skin change Added input languages for Japanese (Hand-writing), Korean, Arabic, Thai, and Greek Replaced Social Feed Reader Cloud app with Socialife Replaced DLNA, Video Player and Music Player apps with Walkman, Album and Movies. Renamed PersonalSpace to PlayMemories Online Renamed Select to Sony select Removed Favorite app Added xLOUD and Clear Phase audio enhancers. The Sony Tablet S was confirmed for an update to Android 4.1 Jelly Bean, which would have arrived in February 2013. However, the Jelly Bean 4.1 update was unofficially cancelled when Sony posted (and later removed) in their community message board stating "we do not have a roadmap to release the Jelly Bean update for the 1st Generation Tablet (Sony Tablet S)." Reception Reviewers have largely been positive towards the Sony Tablet S, praising its unique ("thoroughly renovated") design. The Wall Street Journal said that "the Tablet S will appeal to buyers who would like a distinctive tablet from a trusted company that doesn't look like an iPad wannabe" while PC World said "[Sony] has not lost its design mojo over the years, as this model brings Sony's originality and flair to a tablet market that desperately needs both." Asher Moses from the Sydney Morning Herald called it "best Android tablet yet." Negative comments are directed at the device's high price and poor build quality. Tech blog Gizmodo called it "plasticky" and pointed out that Sony's use of inferior materials to save on weight led to their unit getting "seriously scratched during a totally routine photo shoot" and commented that it would "smash into a million pieces" if dropped. Time observed that the Tablet S falls short of Sony's aspirations to compete with the iPad, with reviewer Jared Newman quoting Sony CEO Howard Stringer's comments, and saying "if the Tablet S is what Stringer has in mind, I weep for Sony’s future." The ExpertReviews wrote that the absence of video output was an annoying drawback. Some reviewers criticize the tablet for Low-res screen and ageing software. Recognition The Tablet S was an honoree in the Consumer Electronics Association's CES Innovation Design and Engineering Awards 2012, in the "Tablets, E-Readers and Netbooks" category. See also Sony Tablet Tablet computer Comparison of tablet computers Sony Reader, e-reader Sony Vaio UX Micro PC, an older line that were sometimes called "tablets" References Tablet computers Android (operating system) devices Tablet computers introduced in 2011 Sony products

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Asus Fonepad Asus Fonepad is a series of 6", 7" and 8" tablet computers with mobile cellular telephony capability (and is therefore considered a "phablet") developed by ASUS. The first model, the Fonepad ME371MG, was launched on April 24, 2013 in India, and April 26 in UK. Six months later, in September 2013, the Asus Fonepad 7 2014 Edition was launched, followed by the Fonepad 8, and an upgraded 7, in June 2014. On August 26, 2014, Asus launched the Asus Fonepad 7 2014 edition (FE7530CXG), which is a 3G phone calling tablet with an Intel Atom Z3560 processor, 1GB RAM, a 7-inch 1280x800 screen, and Android 4.4 Kitkat OS. In 2014 Asus appointed PT Dragon Computer & Communication and PT Metrodata Electronics to distribute Asus Fonepad devices in Indonesia. References External links Fonepad Asus mobile phones Android (operating system) devices Phablets Mobile phones introduced in 2013 Portable media players Products introduced in 2013 Tablet computers

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Portable desk The portable desk had many forms and is an ancestor of the portable computer, the modern laptop an atavistic grandchild of the 19th-century lap desk. Medieval era and Renaissance All desks were portable to some extent, from medieval times to the end of the Renaissance, with the exception of built-in tables and inclined ranks of desks found in places such as the scriptorium or library of a monastery. This was due to the itinerant nature of medieval kingship and the similar conditions that prevailed in lesser administrations under dukes or counts. There was rarely a single capital for a kingdom, and the monarch and his (or her) court would travel periodically between several seats of power during the year, taking precious goods and much of their furniture with them. A good example of this is Henry VIII's writing desk. The traditional French words for furniture – le mobilier and les meubles – reflect this. They describe those goods that are "mobile", in contrast to those that are not: les immeubles, that is, buildings. The desks in medieval woodcuts and other illustrations of the period were massive affairs, but could be hauled by several men. Some were made of pieces that could be knocked down for transport. The trestle desk was a common form for the period. It was usually fitted with a slanted top. In the homes of lesser nobles and certain members of the merchant classes the portable furniture never travelled very far. Most domestic life took place in a single large hall. Furniture was constantly shifted around, stored and often disassembled to suit the role the great room was playing at a particular time in the day or the month. Varguenos, bible boxes and other chests There are two survivors of these medieval and renaissance forms: the rather large Bargueño desk or Vargueno, a chest desk from 16th-century Spain, and the relatively small Bible box, which probably had a later origin. These two forms are usually not employed as portable desks any more, but they are bought and sold as antiques or as reproductions and usually valued as much for their monetary worth or their aesthetic appeal as for their practical use. The lap desk appeared sometime in the 17th century and became a stylish accessory for travelling gentlemen. Like the Bible box, the lap desk was usually small enough to be carried on a horse or by a gentleman's butler or valet. From the 18th century onward, however, it grew in size and became too heavy to be used comfortably on a lap. Several regional variations, such as the French escritoire, were developed. At the other end of the scale, the 17th century saw the appearance of several other kinds of "chest" desks, such as those destined for use in ships or for getting paperwork done during a military campaign. These were usually known as the campaign desk and the field desk. Decline Most portable desks gradually disappeared during the 19th century, as useful day-to-day writing tools. The introduction of mass literacy during that period, the invention of cheaper and more efficient writing implements, and the mass production of furniture made most portable desks redundant. With the advent of clean writing surfaces in every home or place of business and of the small and clean pocket fountain pen and the pencil, a gentleman did not need to include a lap desk in his luggage. There was no need for a container for the quill, the blotter, and the sand tray or for the writing surface this container could offer. Ships eventually were constructed with built-in desks, making the portable desk obsolete in maritime environments. The only modern survivors of all the antique forms of the portable desk are the bed variants of the lap desk and a series of standardized forms (following NATO specifications or others) of the field desk. See also Bible box, a portable desk specifically for holding a Bible List of desk forms and types Desks Space-saving furniture

laptop Form Factor and Weight

S5P4418 S5P4418 is a system-on-a-chip (SoC) based on the 32-bit ARMv7-A architecture for tablets and cell-phones. Introduction S5P4418 uses the ARM Cortex-A9 in a quad core configuration, the latter provides a 50% overall performance boost over the earlier Cortex-A8 core. The SoC memory controller supports a maximum memory bandwidth of 6.4GB/s for heavy traffic operations such as 1080p video encoding and decoding, 3D graphics display and high resolution image signal processing with a Full HD display. The application processor supports dynamic virtual address mapping, which helps software engineers to fully utilize the memory resources with ease. The S5P4418 features the Mali-400MP graphics processing unit which supports OpenGL ES 1.1 and 2.0. The native dual display, in particular, supports Full HD resolution of a main LCD display and 1080p 60 frame HDTV display throughout HDMI, simultaneously. Specifications 28 nm HKMG process. Quad-core ARM Cortex-A9 at 1.4 GHz ARM Mali-400MP GPU Full-HD Multi Format Video Codec Supports MLC/SLC NAND Flash with Hardwired ECC algorithm (4/8/12/16/24/40/60-bit) Dual Display up to 2048x1280, TFT-LCD, LVDS, HDMI 1.4a, MIPI-DSI output Supports various memory types: x32 LPDDR3 up to 667 MHz (TBD), Low Voltage DDR3 , DDR3 up to 800 MHz 3 channel ITUR.BT 656 Parallel Video Interface and MIPI-CSI Security functions (AES, DES/TDES, SHA-1, MD5 and PRNG) and Secure JTAG Related products ARTIK530 — ARTIK530 is Samsung IoT module optimized for IoT gateway or devices with modest video and processing requirements. MINI4418 — MINI4418 module is the Computer-on-Module that Boardcon designed for embedded solutions. EM4418 — A single board computer features Samsung S5P4418 processor with 1GB RAM and 4GB eMMC Flash. System on a chip

laptop Form Factor and Weight

Lenovo IdeaTab Lynx The Lenovo IdeaTab Lynx is an 11.6" Atom-based Windows 8 tablet computer with keyboard dock released in late 2012. Launch The IdeaTab Lynx was released in the United States in December 2012. The Lynx tablet sold for $599 and its Accutype keyboard base was priced at $149. Features Design The Lynx is an 11.6-inch tablet. The Lynx without the dock is 11.85 × 7.4 × 0.37 inches and weighs . The keyboard dock weighs for a total . Specifications and performance The Lynx runs the full-version of Windows 8 as opposed to Windows RT. The Lynx uses a 1.8 GHz dual-core Clovertrail Intel Atom Z2760 processor, 2GB of memory, and either 32GB or 64GB of eMMC flash storage. The 11.6-inch in-plane switching display has a resolution of 1,366 x 768 resolution and supports five-point capacitive multitouch. Micro-USB and micro-HDMI ports and a microSD card slot are on Lynx table. The keyboard dock has two standard USB 2.0 ports. The Lynx also has Bluetooth 4.0, 802.11b/g/n Wi-Fi networking, stereo speakers, dual microphones, a 2-megapixel front-facing webcam. Reviews In its review of the Lynx, CNET wrote: "The real question is, how will the Lynx stand out? One answer might be its weight. Despite its 11.6-inch screen, the tablet felt shockingly light when we held it at Lenovo's launch event. Although Lenovo says it's 1.44 pounds, the Lynx's tablet portion is closer in feel to a Kindle than an iPad, but with a larger display than either. The keyboard dock takes away from the Lynx's airiness, of course, although the two at least feel solidly linked when you use them together. The latch is so secure that you don't have to worry about accidentally dislodging the screen. We were also happy with the responsiveness of the Lynx's touchscreen, although we didn't get a chance to really challenge it during our five minute hands-on." In a review for Financial Express Nandagopal Rajan wrote, "The best part of the Lynx has to be the1366x768p display IPS display, which despite not being Full HD still is very clear and bright. The overall performance is good, as long as you don’t really push your luck. After all, this is powered by anIntel Atom Z2760 processor, which is just not made for heavy duty stuff. Try opening a high resolution picture and you will see what I am talking about. But then this is a great device for content consumption thanks to the screen and multimode utility." References Tablet computers Personal computers

laptop Form Factor and Weight