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hls_merra2_gppFlux

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Dataset Summary:

This dataset consists of Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 multispectral reflectance imagery and MERRA-2 observations centered around eddy covariance flux towers and the corresponding Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) data at the towers. Its purpose is to serve as a finetuning dataset for geospatial foundation models for the task of regressing GPP flux observations from HLS and MERRA-2 data.

Dataset Structure:

The dataset consists of:
(1) HLS 6-band Tiff files of dimension 50x50x6, with the center of the chip colocated with flux tower locations,
(2) 10-dimensional vector of MERRA-2 variables for each chip (1x1x10) recording temperature, soil moisture, heat flux, radiation, precipitation at the flux towers,
(3) Daily GPP data derived from the eddy covariance measurements using the night-time partitioning approach at 37 flux tower sites distributed globally spanning 2018 to 2021. There are a total of 975 instances. MERRA-2 data and GPP flux observations are recorded as csv files, with a row corresponding to each HLS chip.

HLS Band Order:

1, Blue, B02
2, Green, B03
3, Red, B04
4, NIR, B8A
5, SW 1, B11
6, SW 2, B12

MERRA-2 observations:

  1. [M2T1NXSLV] T2MIN,
  2. [M2T1NXSLV] T2MAX,
  3. [M2T1NXSLV] T2MEAN,
  4. [M2T1NXSLV] TSMDEWMEAN,
  5. [M2T1NXLND] GWETROOT,
  6. [M2T1NXLND] LHLAND,
  7. [M2T1NXLND] SHLAND,
  8. [M2T1NXLND] SWLAND,
  9. [M2T1NXLND] PARDFLAND,
  10. [M2T1NXLND] PRECTOTLAND

Data Splits:

The dataset consists of 975 chips and we split the dataset based on years to create train test splits. Given the relatively small size of the dataset, we use a leave-one-year-out-cross-validation approach to train and evaluate. The number of observations vary across years. In this repo, we have used three years for training and one year as test.

Dataset Creation:

The flux observation sites guide our HLS and MERRA-2 data preparation process. HLS data is preselected with a 25% maximum cloud threshold and 75% minimum spatial threshold. We note the lat/long of the flux stations and extract 50x50 size HLS chips around each station and retain scenes with less than 2% snow cover and less than 5% cloud cover. HLS reflectance is transformed by the scaling factor. We record the daily hourly mean of each abovementioned MERRA-2 data at each of the flux location sites. We then apply a quality check on the daily GPP data and retain those with at least 60% of high quality hourly and half-hourly data for temporal aggregation. We further removed data with large negative GPP values (GPP <= -0.1gCm-2s-1) indicative of poor data quality. After matching the corresponding input HLS and MERRA-2 data for each GPP record, we removed instances that had large negative Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) values (EVI <= -0.1), indicative of cloud/snow impacts. EVI values were computed as the spatial average of the HLS chips.

Source data:

  1. HLS Imagery is from V2.0 of HLS. A full description and access to HLS may be found at https://hls.gsfc.nasa.gov/
  2. MERRA-2 data is from V5.12.4. Full description and to the MERRA-2 datasets can be found at https://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/reanalysis/MERRA-2/data_access/
  3. Eddy covariance data were obtained from the AmeriFlux FLUXNET (https://ameriflux.lbl.gov/data/data-policy/) and ICOS Warm Winter 2020 datasets (https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-products/2G60-ZHAK). (List of eddy covariance flux sites used in the study and the respective references can be found below).
Site ID IGBP Citation
BE-Lcr DBF (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022)
CA-DB2 WET (Knox, 2022)
DK-Gds ENF (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022)
FI-Ken ENF (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022)
FI-Qvd CRO (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022)
FR-Tou GRA (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022)
GL-Dsk OSH (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022)
IE-Cra WET (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022)
IT-BFt DBF (Warm Winter 2020 Team, 2022)
PE-QFR WET (Griffis and Roman, 2021)
US-BZo WET (Euskirchen, 2022)
US-CS1 CRO (Desai, 2022a)
US-CS2 ENF (Desai, 2022b)
US-CS3 CRO (Desai, 2022c)
US-CS4 CRO (Desai, 2022d)
US-DFC CRO (Duff and Desai, 2023)
US-DS3 CRO (Desai, 2022c)
US-HB1 WET (Forsythe et al., 2021)
US-HB2 ENF (Forsythe et al., 2023a)
US-HB3 ENF (Forsythe et al., 2023b)
US-Mo2 GRA (Schreiner-McGraw, 2023)
US-RGA CRO (Schuppenhauer et al., 2023b)
US-RGB CRO (Schuppenhauer et al., 2023a)
US-RGo CRO (Schuppenhauer et al., 2023c)
US-Snf GRA (Kusak et al., 2022)
US-Tw5 WET (Valach et al., 2022)
US-xAB ENF (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023a)
US-xBA WET (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023b)
US-xBL DBF (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023c)
US-xBN ENF (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023d)
US-xDJ ENF (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023e)
US-xJR OSH (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023f)
US-xSC DBF (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023g)
US-xSJ SAV (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023h)
US-xSL CRO (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023i)
US-xWD GRA (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023j)
US-xYE ENF (NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network), 2023k)

Flux Dataset References

  1. Desai, A.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-CS1 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States), https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881576, 2022a.

  2. Desai, A.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-CS2 Tri county school Pine Forest, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States), https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881577, 2022b.

  3. Desai, A.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-CS3 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States), https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881578, 2022c.

  4. Desai, A.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-CS4 Central Sands Irrigated Agricultural Field, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States), https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881579, 2022d.

  5. Duff, A. and Desai, A.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-DFC US Dairy Forage Research Center, Prairie du Sac, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; University of Wisconsin Madison; US Dairy Forage Research Center, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2006975, 2023.

  6. Euskirchen, E.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-BZo Bonanza Creek Old Thermokarst Bog, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881571, 2022.

  7. Forsythe, J. D., Kline, M. A., and O’Halloran, T. L.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-HB1 North Inlet Crab Haul Creek, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Clemson Univ., SC (United States), https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1832160, 2021.

  8. Forsythe, J. D., Kline, M. A., and O’Halloran, T. L.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-HB2 Hobcaw Barony Mature Longleaf Pine, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Clemson Univ., SC (United States), https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229377, 2023a.

  9. Forsythe, J. D., Kline, M. A., and O’Halloran, T. L.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-HB3 Hobcaw Barony Longleaf Pine Restoration, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Clemson Univ., SC (United States), https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229378, 2023b.

  10. Goldstein, A.: FLUXNET2015 US-Blo Blodgett Forest, https://doi.org/10.18140/FLX/1440068, 2016.

  11. Griffis, T. and Roman, T.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F PE-QFR Quistococha Forest Reserve, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (United States); USDA-Forest Service, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1832157, 2021.

  12. Knox, S.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F CA-DB2 Delta Burns Bog 2, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; The University of British Columbia, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881564, 2022.

  13. Kusak, K., Sanchez, C. R., Szutu, D., and Baldocchi, D.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-Snf Sherman Barn, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States), https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1854371, 2022.

  14. NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network): AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xAB NEON Abby Road (ABBY), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229403, 2023a.

  15. NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network): AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xBA NEON Barrow Environmental Observatory (BARR), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229404, 2023b.

  16. NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network): AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xBL NEON Blandy Experimental Farm (BLAN), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229405, 2023c.

  17. NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network): AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xBN NEON Caribou Creek - Poker Flats Watershed (BONA), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229406, 2023d.

  18. NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network): AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xDJ NEON Delta Junction (DEJU), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229407, 2023e.

  19. NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network): AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xJR NEON Jornada LTER (JORN), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229408, 2023f.

  20. NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network): AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xSC NEON Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (SCBI), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229409, 2023g.

  21. NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network): AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xSJ NEON San Joaquin Experimental Range (SJER), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229410, 2023h.

  22. NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network): AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xSL NEON North Sterling, CO (STER), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229411, 2023i.

  23. NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network): AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xWD NEON Woodworth (WOOD), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229412, 2023j.

  24. NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network): AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xYE NEON Yellowstone Northern Range (Frog Rock) (YELL), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; National Ecological Observatory Network, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1985459, 2023k.

  25. Schreiner-McGraw, A.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-Mo2 LTAR CMRB Tucker Prairie (CMRB TP), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; USDA Agricultural Research Service, Cropping Systems & Water Quality Research Unit, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2229383, 2023.

  26. Schuppenhauer, M., Biraud, S. C., and Chan, S.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-RGB Butte County Rice Farm, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Arva Intelligence Corp, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2204874, 2023a.

  27. Schuppenhauer, M. R., Biraud, S. C., and Chan, S.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-RGA Arkansas Corn Farm, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Arva Intelligence Corp., https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2204873, 2023b.

  28. Schuppenhauer, M. R., Biraud, S. C., and Chan, S.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-RGo Glenn County Organic Rice Farm, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Arva Intelligence Corp., https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/2204875, 2023c.

  29. Valach, A., Kasak, K., Szutu, D., Verfaillie, J., and Baldocchi, D.: AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-Tw5 East Pond Wetland, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). AmeriFlux; Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States), https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1881595, 2022.

  30. Warm Winter 2020 Team: Warm Winter 2020 ecosystem eddy covariance flux product for 73 stations in FLUXNET-Archive format—release 2022-1 (Version 1.0), https://doi.org/10.18160/2G60-ZHAK, 2022.

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