hackercup / 2022 /quals /second_second_meaning.md
wjomlex's picture
2022 Problems
f7ba5f2 verified

Note: The only difference between this problem and problem C1 is that here, the length of each output codeword may be at most 10.

Morse code is a classic way to send messages, where each letter in an alphabet is substituted with a codeword: a unique sequence of dots and dashes. However, ignoring spaces, it's possible for a coded message to have multiple meanings. For example, ".....--.-.-.-..-.-.-...-.--." can be interpreted as either "HACKER CUP" or "SEE META RENT A VAN":

{{PHOTO_ID:569216148234749|WIDTH:700}}

Beyond Morse code, a general set of codewords is an unambiguous encoding if any possible sequence of dots and dashes corresponds to either zero or exactly one sequence of codewords.

Given one codeword (C_1) from a set of (N) distinct codewords, your task is to generate another (N - 1) codewords (C_2, ..., C_N) to yield an unambiguous encoding. It can be shown that an answer always exists. If there are multiple answers, you may print any one of them.

Constraints

(1 \le T \le 95) (2 \le N \le 100) The length of (C_1) is between (1) and (100), inclusive. The length of each (C_2, ..., C_N) must be between (1) and (\mathbf{10}), inclusive.

Input Format

Input begins with an integer (T), the number of test cases. For each case, there is first a line containing a single integer (N). Then, there is a line containing the codeword (C_1).

Output Format

For the (i)th case, output a line containing only "Case #i:", followed by (N - 1) lines, the codewords (C_2, ..., C_N), one per line.

Sample Explanation

In the first case, it can be shown that the codewords {".-.", "...", "---"} are an unambiguous encoding. Any sequence of dots and dashes can be interpreted if and only if it has a length that's a multiple of 3, and can be broken up into instances of the three length-3 codewords.

In the second case, it can be shown that the codewords {"-", "...", ".-", "..-"} are an unambiguous encoding. For instance, ".." has no possible interpretation, and ".-...--" can only be interpreted as ".- ... - -".

In the third case, it can be shown that the codewords {"..", "-", ".-"} are an unambiguous encoding. For any sequence of dots and dashes:

  • every odd group of dots followed by a dash can only be interpreted as repeated ".."s followed by a final ".-"
  • every even group of dots followed by a dash can only be interpreted as repeated ".."s followed by a final "-"
  • every group of dots not followed by a dash (i.e. at the end of the sequence), is interpretable if and only if there is an even number of dots
  • this leaves only groups of dashes, interpreted only as repeated "-"s