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Clinical NLP Lab 22

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia during low dose intermittent dobutamine treatment in a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure . ### Output Text:

Torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia during low dose intermittent <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> treatment in a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The authors describe the case of a 56 - year - old woman with chronic , severe heart failure secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy and absence of significant ventricular arrhythmias who developed QT prolongation and torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia during one cycle of intermittent low dose ( 2 . 5 mcg / kg per min ) dobutamine . ### Output Text:

The authors describe the case of a 56 - year - old woman with chronic , severe heart failure secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy and absence of significant ventricular arrhythmias who developed QT prolongation and torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia during one cycle of intermittent low dose ( 2 . 5 mcg / kg per min ) <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: This report of torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia during intermittent dobutamine supports the hypothesis that unpredictable fatal arrhythmias may occur even with low doses and in patients with no history of significant rhythm disturbances . ### Output Text:

This report of torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia during intermittent <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> supports the hypothesis that unpredictable fatal arrhythmias may occur even with low doses and in patients with no history of significant rhythm disturbances .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The mechanisms of proarrhythmic effects of Dubutamine are discussed . ### Output Text:

The mechanisms of proarrhythmic effects of <span class="chemical">Dubutamine</span> are discussed .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Positive skin tests in late reactions to radiographic contrast media . ### Output Text:

Positive skin tests in late reactions to radiographic <span class="chemical">contrast media</span> .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: In the last few years delayed reactions several hours after the injection of radiographic and contrast materials ( PRC ) have been described with increasing frequency . ### Output Text:

In the last few years delayed reactions several hours after the injection of radiographic and <span class="chemical">contrast materials</span> ( <span class="chemical">PRC</span> ) have been described with increasing frequency .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The authors report two observations on patients with delayed reactions in whom intradermoreactions ( IDR ) and patch tests to a series of ionic and non ionic PRC were studied . ### Output Text:

The authors report two observations on patients with delayed reactions in whom intradermoreactions ( IDR ) and patch tests to a series of ionic and non ionic <span class="chemical">PRC</span> were studied .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: After angiography by the venous route in patient n degree 1 a biphasic reaction with an immediate reaction ( dyspnea , loss of consciousness ) and delayed macro - papular rash appeared , whilst patient n degree 2 developed a generalised sensation of heat , persistent pain at the site of injection immediately and a generalised macro - papular reaction after 24 hours . ### Output Text:

After angiography by the venous route in patient n degree 1 a biphasic reaction with an immediate reaction ( dyspnea , loss of consciousness ) and delayed macro - papular rash appeared , whilst patient n degree 2 developed a generalised sensation of heat , persistent pain at the site of injection immediately and a generalised macro - papular reaction after 24 hours .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The skin tests revealed positive delayed reactions of 24 hours and 48 hours by IDR and patch tests to only some PRC with common chains in their structures . ### Output Text:

The skin tests revealed positive delayed reactions of 24 hours and 48 hours by IDR and patch tests to only some <span class="chemical">PRC</span> with common chains in their structures .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The positive skin tests are in favour of immunological reactions and may help in diagnosis of allergy in the patients . ### Output Text:

The positive skin tests are in favour of immunological reactions and may help in diagnosis of allergy in the patients .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Risk of transient hyperammonemic encephalopathy in cancer patients who received continuous infusion of 5 - fluorouracil with the complication of dehydration and infection . ### Output Text:

Risk of transient hyperammonemic encephalopathy in cancer patients who received continuous infusion of <span class="chemical">5 - fluorouracil</span> with the complication of dehydration and infection .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: From 1986 to 1998 , 29 cancer patients who had 32 episodes of transient hyperammonemic encephalopathy related to continuous infusion of 5 - fluorouracil ( 5 - FU ) were identified . ### Output Text:

From 1986 to 1998 , 29 cancer patients who had 32 episodes of transient hyperammonemic encephalopathy related to continuous infusion of <span class="chemical">5 - fluorouracil</span> ( <span class="chemical">5 - FU</span> ) were identified .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: None of the patients had decompensated liver disease . ### Output Text:

None of the patients had decompensated liver disease .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Onset of hyperammonemic encephalopathy varied from 0 . 5 to 5 days ( mean : 2 . 6 + / - 1 . 3 days ) after the initiation of chemotherapy . ### Output Text:

Onset of hyperammonemic encephalopathy varied from 0 . 5 to 5 days ( mean : 2 . 6 + / - 1 . 3 days ) after the initiation of chemotherapy .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Plasma ammonium level ranged from 248 to 2387 microg % ( mean : 626 + / - 431 microg % ) . ### Output Text:

Plasma <span class="chemical">ammonium</span> level ranged from 248 to 2387 microg % ( mean : 626 + / - 431 microg % ) .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Among the 32 episodes , 26 ( 81 % ) had various degrees of azotemia , 18 ( 56 % ) occurred during bacterial infections and 14 ( 44 % ) without infection occurred during periods of dehydration . ### Output Text:

Among the 32 episodes , 26 ( 81 % ) had various degrees of azotemia , 18 ( 56 % ) occurred during bacterial infections and 14 ( 44 % ) without infection occurred during periods of dehydration .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Higher plasma ammonium levels and more rapid onset of hyperammonemia were seen in 18 patients with bacterial infections ( p = 0 . 003 and 0 . 0006 , respectively ) and in nine patients receiving high daily doses ( 2600 or 1800 mg / m2 ) of 5 - FU ( p = 0 . 0001 and < 0 . 0001 , respectively ) . ### Output Text:

Higher plasma <span class="chemical">ammonium</span> levels and more rapid onset of hyperammonemia were seen in 18 patients with bacterial infections ( p = 0 . 003 and 0 . 0006 , respectively ) and in nine patients receiving high daily doses ( 2600 or 1800 mg / m2 ) of <span class="chemical">5 - FU</span> ( p = 0 . 0001 and < 0 . 0001 , respectively ) .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: In 25 out of 32 episodes ( 78 % ) , plasma ammonium levels and mental status returned to normal within 2 days after adequate management . ### Output Text:

In 25 out of 32 episodes ( 78 % ) , plasma <span class="chemical">ammonium</span> levels and mental status returned to normal within 2 days after adequate management .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: In conclusion , hyperammonemic encephalopathy can occur in patients receiving continuous infusion of 5 - FU . ### Output Text:

In conclusion , hyperammonemic encephalopathy can occur in patients receiving continuous infusion of <span class="chemical">5 - FU</span> .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Azotemia , body fluid insufficiency and bacterial infections were frequently found in these patients . ### Output Text:

Azotemia , body fluid insufficiency and bacterial infections were frequently found in these patients .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: It is therefore important to recognize this condition in patients receiving continuous infusion of 5 - FU . ### Output Text:

It is therefore important to recognize this condition in patients receiving continuous infusion of <span class="chemical">5 - FU</span> .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The effects of quinine and 4 - aminopyridine on conditioned place preference and changes in motor activity induced by morphine in rats . ### Output Text:

The effects of <span class="chemical">quinine</span> and <span class="chemical">4 - aminopyridine</span> on conditioned place preference and changes in motor activity induced by <span class="chemical">morphine</span> in rats .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: 1 . ### Output Text:

1 .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The effects of two unselective potassium ( K ( + ) - ) channel blockers , quinine ( 12 . 5 , 25 and 50 mg / kg ) and 4 - aminopyridine ( 1 and 2 mg / kg ) , on conditioned place preference and biphasic changes in motor activity induced by morphine ( 10 mg / kg ) were tested in Wistar rats . ### Output Text:

The effects of two unselective <span class="chemical">potassium</span> ( <span class="chemical">K</span> ( + ) - ) channel blockers , <span class="chemical">quinine</span> ( 12 . 5 , 25 and 50 mg / kg ) and <span class="chemical">4 - aminopyridine</span> ( 1 and 2 mg / kg ) , on conditioned place preference and biphasic changes in motor activity induced by <span class="chemical">morphine</span> ( 10 mg / kg ) were tested in Wistar rats .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Quinine is known to block voltage - , calcium - and ATP - sensitive K ( + ) - channels while 4 - aminopyridine is known to block voltage - sensitive K ( + ) - channels . ### Output Text:

<span class="chemical">Quinine</span> is known to block voltage - , <span class="chemical">calcium</span> - and <span class="chemical">ATP</span> - sensitive <span class="chemical">K</span> ( + ) - channels while <span class="chemical">4 - aminopyridine</span> is known to block voltage - sensitive <span class="chemical">K</span> ( + ) - channels .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: 2 . ### Output Text:

2 .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: In the counterbalanced method , quinine attenuated morphine - induced place preference , whereas 4 - aminopyridine was ineffective . ### Output Text:

In the counterbalanced method , <span class="chemical">quinine</span> attenuated <span class="chemical">morphine</span> - induced place preference , whereas <span class="chemical">4 - aminopyridine</span> was ineffective .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: In the motor activity test measured with an Animex - activity meter neither of the K ( + ) - channel blockers affected morphine - induced hypoactivity , but both K ( + ) - channel blockers prevented morphine - induced secondary hyperactivity . ### Output Text:

In the motor activity test measured with an Animex - activity meter neither of the <span class="chemical">K</span> ( + ) - channel blockers affected <span class="chemical">morphine</span> - induced hypoactivity , but both <span class="chemical">K</span> ( + ) - channel blockers prevented <span class="chemical">morphine</span> - induced secondary hyperactivity .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: 3 . ### Output Text:

3 .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: These results suggest the involvement of quinine - sensitive but not 4 - aminopyridine - sensitive K ( + ) - channels in morphine reward . ### Output Text:

These results suggest the involvement of <span class="chemical">quinine</span> - sensitive but not <span class="chemical">4 - aminopyridine</span> - sensitive <span class="chemical">K</span> ( + ) - channels in <span class="chemical">morphine</span> reward .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: It is also suggested that the blockade of K ( + ) - channels sensitive to these blockers is not sufficient to prevent morphine - induced hypoactivity whereas morphine - induced hyperactivity seems to be connected to both quinine - and 4 - aminopyridine - sensitive K ( + ) - channels . ### Output Text:

It is also suggested that the blockade of <span class="chemical">K</span> ( + ) - channels sensitive to these blockers is not sufficient to prevent <span class="chemical">morphine</span> - induced hypoactivity whereas <span class="chemical">morphine</span> - induced hyperactivity seems to be connected to both <span class="chemical">quinine</span> - and <span class="chemical">4 - aminopyridine</span> - sensitive <span class="chemical">K</span> ( + ) - channels .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Nociceptin / orphanin FQ and nocistatin on learning and memory impairment induced by scopolamine in mice . ### Output Text:

<span class="chemical">Nociceptin</span> / <span class="chemical">orphanin FQ</span> and <span class="chemical">nocistatin</span> on learning and memory impairment induced by <span class="chemical">scopolamine</span> in mice .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: 1 . ### Output Text:

1 .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Nociceptin , also known as orphanin FQ , is an endogenous ligand for the orphan opioid receptor - like receptor 1 ( ORL1 ) and involves in various functions in the central nervous system ( CNS ) . ### Output Text:

<span class="chemical">Nociceptin</span> , also known as <span class="chemical">orphanin FQ</span> , is an endogenous ligand for the orphan opioid receptor - like receptor 1 ( ORL1 ) and involves in various functions in the central nervous system ( CNS ) .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: On the other hand , nocistatin is recently isolated from the same precursor as nociceptin and blocks nociceptin - induced allodynia and hyperalgesia . ### Output Text:

On the other hand , <span class="chemical">nocistatin</span> is recently isolated from the same precursor as <span class="chemical">nociceptin</span> and blocks <span class="chemical">nociceptin</span> - induced allodynia and hyperalgesia .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: 2 . ### Output Text:

2 .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Although ORL1 receptors which display a high degree of sequence homology with classical opioid receptors are abundant in the hippocampus , little is known regarding their role in learning and memory . ### Output Text:

Although ORL1 receptors which display a high degree of sequence homology with classical opioid receptors are abundant in the hippocampus , little is known regarding their role in learning and memory .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: 3 . ### Output Text:

3 .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The present study was designed to investigate whether nociceptin / orphanin FQ and nocistatin could modulate impairment of learning and memory induced by scopolamine , a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist , using spontaneous alternation of Y - maze and step - down type passive avoidance tasks in mice . ### Output Text:

The present study was designed to investigate whether <span class="chemical">nociceptin</span> / <span class="chemical">orphanin FQ</span> and <span class="chemical">nocistatin</span> could modulate impairment of learning and memory induced by <span class="chemical">scopolamine</span> , a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist , using spontaneous alternation of Y - maze and step - down type passive avoidance tasks in mice .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: 4 . ### Output Text:

4 .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: While nocistatin ( 0 . 5 - 5 . 0 nmol mouse - 1 , i . c . v . ) administered 30 min before spontaneous alternation performance or the training session of the passive avoidance task , had no effect on spontaneous alternation or passive avoidance behaviours , a lower per cent alternation and shorter median step - down latency in the retention test were obtained in nociceptin ( 1 . 5 and / or 5 . 0 nmol mouse - 1 , i . c . v . ) - treated normal mice . ### Output Text:

While <span class="chemical">nocistatin</span> ( 0 . 5 - 5 . 0 nmol mouse - 1 , i . c . v . ) administered 30 min before spontaneous alternation performance or the training session of the passive avoidance task , had no effect on spontaneous alternation or passive avoidance behaviours , a lower per cent alternation and shorter median step - down latency in the retention test were obtained in <span class="chemical">nociceptin</span> ( 1 . 5 and / or 5 . 0 nmol mouse - 1 , i . c . v . ) - treated normal mice .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: 5 . ### Output Text:

5 .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Administration of nocistatin ( 1 . 5 and / or 5 . 0 nmol mouse - 1 , i . c . v . ) 30 min before spontaneous alternation performance or the training session of the passive avoidance task , attenuated the scopolamine - induced impairment of spontaneous alternation and passive avoidance behaviours . ### Output Text:

Administration of <span class="chemical">nocistatin</span> ( 1 . 5 and / or 5 . 0 nmol mouse - 1 , i . c . v . ) 30 min before spontaneous alternation performance or the training session of the passive avoidance task , attenuated the <span class="chemical">scopolamine</span> - induced impairment of spontaneous alternation and passive avoidance behaviours .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: 6 . ### Output Text:

6 .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: These results indicated that nocistatin , a new biologically active peptide , ameliorates impairments of spontaneous alternation and passive avoidance induced by scopolamine , and suggested that these peptides play opposite roles in learning and memory . ### Output Text:

These results indicated that <span class="chemical">nocistatin</span> , a new biologically active peptide , ameliorates impairments of spontaneous alternation and passive avoidance induced by <span class="chemical">scopolamine</span> , and suggested that these peptides play opposite roles in learning and memory .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Meloxicam - induced liver toxicity . ### Output Text:

<span class="chemical">Meloxicam</span> - induced liver toxicity .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: We report the case of a female patient with rheumatoid arthritis who developed acute cytolytic hepatitis due to meloxicam . ### Output Text:

We report the case of a female patient with rheumatoid arthritis who developed acute cytolytic hepatitis due to <span class="chemical">meloxicam</span> .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Recently introduced in Belgium , meloxicam is the first nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug with selective action on the inducible form of cyclooxygenase 2 . ### Output Text:

Recently introduced in Belgium , <span class="chemical">meloxicam</span> is the first nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug with selective action on the inducible form of cyclooxygenase 2 .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The acute cytolytic hepatitis occurred rapidly after meloxicam administration and was associated with the development of antinuclear antibodies suggesting a hypersensitivity mechanism . ### Output Text:

The acute cytolytic hepatitis occurred rapidly after <span class="chemical">meloxicam</span> administration and was associated with the development of antinuclear antibodies suggesting a hypersensitivity mechanism .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: This first case of meloxicam related liver toxicity demonstrates the potential of this drug to induce hepatic damage . ### Output Text:

This first case of <span class="chemical">meloxicam</span> related liver toxicity demonstrates the potential of this drug to induce hepatic damage .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Induction of apoptosis by remoxipride metabolites in HL60 and CD34 + / CD19 - human bone marrow progenitor cells : potential relevance to remoxipride - induced aplastic anemia . ### Output Text:

Induction of apoptosis by <span class="chemical">remoxipride</span> metabolites in HL60 and CD34 + / CD19 - human bone marrow progenitor cells : potential relevance to <span class="chemical">remoxipride</span> - induced aplastic anemia .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The antipsychotic agent , remoxipride [ ( S ) - ( - ) - 3 - bromo - N - [ ( 1 - ethyl - 2 - pyrrolidinyl ) methyl ] - 2 , 6 - dimethoxybenz amide ] has been associated with acquired aplastic anemia . ### Output Text:

The antipsychotic agent , <span class="chemical">remoxipride</span> [ <span class="chemical">( S ) - ( - ) - 3 - bromo - N - [ ( 1 - ethyl - 2 - pyrrolidinyl ) methyl ] - 2 , 6 - dimethoxybenz amide</span> ] has been associated with acquired aplastic anemia .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: We have examined the ability of remoxipride , three pyrrolidine ring metabolites and five aromatic ring metabolites of the parent compound to induce apoptosis in HL60 cells and human bone marrow progenitor ( HBMP ) cells . ### Output Text:

We have examined the ability of <span class="chemical">remoxipride</span> , three <span class="chemical">pyrrolidine</span> ring metabolites and five aromatic ring metabolites of the parent compound to induce apoptosis in HL60 cells and human bone marrow progenitor ( HBMP ) cells .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Cells were treated for 0 - 24 h with each compound ( 0 - 200 microM ) . ### Output Text:

Cells were treated for 0 - 24 h with each compound ( 0 - 200 microM ) .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Apoptosis was assessed by fluorescence microscopy in Hoechst 33342 - and propidium iodide stained cell samples . ### Output Text:

Apoptosis was assessed by fluorescence microscopy in <span class="chemical">Hoechst 33342</span> - and <span class="chemical">propidium iodide</span> stained cell samples .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Results were confirmed by determination of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation using gel electrophoresis for HL60 cell samples and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase assay in HBMP cells . ### Output Text:

Results were confirmed by determination of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation using gel electrophoresis for HL60 cell samples and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase assay in HBMP cells .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The catechol and hydroquinone metabolites , NCQ436 and NCQ344 , induced apoptosis in HL60 and HBMP cells in a time - and concentration dependent manner , while the phenols , NCR181 , FLA873 , and FLA797 , and the derivatives formed by oxidation of the pyrrolidine ring , FLA838 , NCM001 , and NCL118 , had no effect . ### Output Text:

The <span class="chemical">catechol</span> and <span class="chemical">hydroquinone</span> metabolites , <span class="chemical">NCQ436</span> and <span class="chemical">NCQ344</span> , induced apoptosis in HL60 and HBMP cells in a time - and concentration dependent manner , while the <span class="chemical">phenols</span> , NCR181 , FLA873 , and <span class="chemical">FLA797</span> , and the derivatives formed by oxidation of the <span class="chemical">pyrrolidine</span> ring , FLA838 , NCM001 , and NCL118 , had no effect .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: No necrosis was observed in cells treated with NCQ436 but NCQ344 had a biphasic effect in both cell types , inducing apoptosis at lower concentrations and necrosis at higher concentrations . ### Output Text:

No necrosis was observed in cells treated with <span class="chemical">NCQ436</span> but <span class="chemical">NCQ344</span> had a biphasic effect in both cell types , inducing apoptosis at lower concentrations and necrosis at higher concentrations .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: These data show that the catechol and hydroquinone metabolites of remoxipride have direct toxic effects in HL60 and HBMP cells , leading to apoptosis , while the phenol metabolites were inactive . ### Output Text:

These data show that the <span class="chemical">catechol</span> and <span class="chemical">hydroquinone</span> metabolites of <span class="chemical">remoxipride</span> have direct toxic effects in HL60 and HBMP cells , leading to apoptosis , while the <span class="chemical">phenol</span> metabolites were inactive .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Similarly , benzene - derived catechol and hydroquinone , but not phenol , induce apoptosis in HBMP cells [ Moran et al . , Mol . Pharmacol . , 50 ( 1996 ) 610 - 615 ] . ### Output Text:

Similarly , <span class="chemical">benzene</span> - derived <span class="chemical">catechol</span> and <span class="chemical">hydroquinone</span> , but not <span class="chemical">phenol</span> , induce apoptosis in HBMP cells [ Moran et al . , Mol . Pharmacol . , 50 ( 1996 ) 610 - 615 ] .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: We propose that remoxipride and benzene may induce aplastic anemia via production of similar reactive metabolites and that the ability of NCQ436 and NCQ344 to induce apoptosis in HBMP cells may contribute to the mechanism underlying acquired aplastic anemia that has been associated with remoxipride . ### Output Text:

We propose that <span class="chemical">remoxipride</span> and <span class="chemical">benzene</span> may induce aplastic anemia via production of similar reactive metabolites and that the ability of <span class="chemical">NCQ436</span> and <span class="chemical">NCQ344</span> to induce apoptosis in HBMP cells may contribute to the mechanism underlying acquired aplastic anemia that has been associated with <span class="chemical">remoxipride</span> .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological investigations of 1 - ( 1 , 2 - dihydro - 2 - acenaphthylenyl ) piperazine derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotic agents in mice . ### Output Text:

Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological investigations of <span class="chemical">1 - ( 1 , 2 - dihydro - 2 - acenaphthylenyl ) piperazine</span> derivatives as potential atypical antipsychotic agents in mice .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: In research towards the development of new atypical antipsychotic agents , one strategy is that the dopaminergic system can be modulated through manipulation of the serotonergic system . ### Output Text:

In research towards the development of new atypical antipsychotic agents , one strategy is that the dopaminergic system can be modulated through manipulation of the serotonergic system .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The synthesis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of a series of potential atypical antipsychotic agents based on the structure of 1 - ( 1 , 2 - dihydro - 2 - acenaphthylenyl ) piperazine ( 7 ) is described . ### Output Text:

The synthesis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of a series of potential atypical antipsychotic agents based on the structure of <span class="chemical">1 - ( 1 , 2 - dihydro - 2 - acenaphthylenyl ) piperazine</span> ( 7 ) is described .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Compound 7e , 5 - { 2 - [ 4 - ( 1 , 2 - dihydro - 2 - acenaphthylenyl ) piperazinyl ] ethyl } - 2 , 3 - dihy dro - 1H - indol - 2 - one , from this series showed significant affinities at the 5 - HT1A and 5 - HT2A receptors and moderate affinity at the D2 receptor . ### Output Text:

Compound 7e , <span class="chemical">5 - { 2 - [ 4 - ( 1 , 2 - dihydro - 2 - acenaphthylenyl ) piperazinyl ] ethyl } - 2 , 3 - dihy dro - 1H - indol - 2 - one</span> , from this series showed significant affinities at the 5 - HT1A and 5 - HT2A receptors and moderate affinity at the D2 receptor .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: 7e exhibits a high reversal of catalepsy induced by haloperidol indicating its atypical antipsychotic nature . ### Output Text:

7e exhibits a high reversal of catalepsy induced by <span class="chemical">haloperidol</span> indicating its atypical antipsychotic nature .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Sub - chronic inhibition of nitric - oxide synthesis modifies haloperidol - induced catalepsy and the number of NADPH - diaphorase neurons in mice . ### Output Text:

Sub - chronic inhibition of <span class="chemical">nitric - oxide</span> synthesis modifies <span class="chemical">haloperidol</span> - induced catalepsy and the number of <span class="chemical">NADPH</span> - diaphorase neurons in mice .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: RATIONALE : NG - nitro - L - arginine ( L - NOARG ) , an inhibitor of nitric - oxide synthase ( NOS ) , induces catalepsy in mice . ### Output Text:

RATIONALE : <span class="chemical">NG - nitro - L - arginine</span> ( <span class="chemical">L - NOARG</span> ) , an inhibitor of <span class="chemical">nitric - oxide</span> synthase ( NOS ) , induces catalepsy in mice .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: This effect undergoes rapid tolerance , showing a significant decrease after 2 days of sub - chronic L - NOARG treatment . ### Output Text:

This effect undergoes rapid tolerance , showing a significant decrease after 2 days of sub - chronic <span class="chemical">L - NOARG</span> treatment .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Nitric oxide ( NO ) has been shown to influence dopaminergic neurotransmission in the striatum . ### Output Text:

<span class="chemical">Nitric oxide</span> ( <span class="chemical">NO</span> ) has been shown to influence dopaminergic neurotransmission in the striatum .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Neuroleptic drugs such as haloperidol , which block dopamine receptors , also cause catalepsy in rodents . ### Output Text:

Neuroleptic drugs such as <span class="chemical">haloperidol</span> , which block <span class="chemical">dopamine</span> receptors , also cause catalepsy in rodents .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: OBJECTIVES : To investigate the effects of subchronic L - NOARG treatment in haloperidol - induced catalepsy and the number of NOS neurons in areas related to motor control . ### Output Text:

OBJECTIVES : To investigate the effects of subchronic <span class="chemical">L - NOARG</span> treatment in <span class="chemical">haloperidol</span> - induced catalepsy and the number of NOS neurons in areas related to motor control .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: METHODS : Male albino Swiss mice were treated sub - chronically ( twice a day for 4 days ) with L - NOARG ( 40 mg / kg i . p . ) or haloperidol ( 1 mg / kg i . p . ) . ### Output Text:

METHODS : Male albino Swiss mice were treated sub - chronically ( twice a day for 4 days ) with <span class="chemical">L - NOARG</span> ( 40 mg / kg i . p . ) or <span class="chemical">haloperidol</span> ( 1 mg / kg i . p . ) .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Catalepsy was evaluated at the beginning and the end of the treatments . ### Output Text:

Catalepsy was evaluated at the beginning and the end of the treatments .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate - diaphorase ( NADPH - d ) histochemistry was also employed to visualize NOS as an index of enzyme expression in mice brain regions related to motor control . ### Output Text:

Reduced <span class="chemical">nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate</span> - diaphorase ( <span class="chemical">NADPH</span> - d ) histochemistry was also employed to visualize NOS as an index of enzyme expression in mice brain regions related to motor control .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: RESULTS : L - NOARG sub - chronic administration produced tolerance of L - NOARG and of haloperidol - induced catalepsy . ### Output Text:

RESULTS : <span class="chemical">L - NOARG</span> sub - chronic administration produced tolerance of <span class="chemical">L - NOARG</span> and of <span class="chemical">haloperidol</span> - induced catalepsy .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: It also induced an increase in the number of NADPH - d - positive cells in the dorsal part of the caudate and accumbens nuclei compared with haloperidol and in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus compared with saline . ### Output Text:

It also induced an increase in the number of <span class="chemical">NADPH</span> - d - positive cells in the dorsal part of the caudate and accumbens nuclei compared with <span class="chemical">haloperidol</span> and in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus compared with saline .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: In contrast , there was a decrease in NADPH - d neuron number in the substantia nigra , pars compacta in both haloperidol - treated and L - NOARG - treated animals . ### Output Text:

In contrast , there was a decrease in <span class="chemical">NADPH</span> - d neuron number in the substantia nigra , pars compacta in both <span class="chemical">haloperidol</span> - treated and <span class="chemical">L - NOARG</span> - treated animals .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : The results give further support to the hypothesis that NO plays a role in motor behavior control and suggest that it may take part in the synaptic changes produced by antipsychotic treatment . ### Output Text:

CONCLUSIONS : The results give further support to the hypothesis that <span class="chemical">NO</span> plays a role in motor behavior control and suggest that it may take part in the synaptic changes produced by antipsychotic treatment .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Prolonged left ventricular dysfunction occurs in patients with coronary artery disease after both dobutamine and exercise induced myocardial ischaemia . ### Output Text:

Prolonged left ventricular dysfunction occurs in patients with coronary artery disease after both <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> and exercise induced myocardial ischaemia .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: OBJECTIVE : To determine whether pharmacological stress leads to prolonged but reversible left ventricular dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease , similar to that seen after exercise . ### Output Text:

OBJECTIVE : To determine whether pharmacological stress leads to prolonged but reversible left ventricular dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease , similar to that seen after exercise .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: DESIGN : A randomised crossover study of recovery time of systolic and diastolic left ventricular function after exercise and dobutamine induced ischaemia . ### Output Text:

DESIGN : A randomised crossover study of recovery time of systolic and diastolic left ventricular function after exercise and <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> induced ischaemia .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: SUBJECTS : 10 patients with stable angina , angiographically proven coronary artery disease , and normal left ventricular function . ### Output Text:

SUBJECTS : 10 patients with stable angina , angiographically proven coronary artery disease , and normal left ventricular function .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: INTERVENTIONS : Treadmill exercise and dobutamine stress were performed on different days . ### Output Text:

INTERVENTIONS : Treadmill exercise and <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> stress were performed on different days .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Quantitative assessment of systolic and diastolic left ventricular function was performed using transthoracic echocardiography at baseline and at regular intervals after each test . ### Output Text:

Quantitative assessment of systolic and diastolic left ventricular function was performed using transthoracic echocardiography at baseline and at regular intervals after each test .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: RESULTS : Both forms of stress led to prolonged but reversible systolic and diastolic dysfunction . ### Output Text:

RESULTS : Both forms of stress led to prolonged but reversible systolic and diastolic dysfunction .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: There was no difference in the maximum double product ( p = 0 . 53 ) or ST depression ( p = 0 . 63 ) with either form of stress . ### Output Text:

There was no difference in the maximum double product ( p = 0 . 53 ) or ST depression ( p = 0 . 63 ) with either form of stress .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: After exercise , ejection fraction was reduced at 15 and 30 minutes compared with baseline ( mean ( SEM ) , - 5 . 6 ( 1 . 5 ) % , p < 0 . 05 ; and - 6 . 1 ( 2 . 2 ) % , p < 0 . 01 ) , and at 30 and 45 minutes after dobutamine ( - 10 . 8 ( 1 . 8 ) % and - 5 . 5 ( 1 . 8 ) % , both p < 0 . 01 ) . ### Output Text:

After exercise , ejection fraction was reduced at 15 and 30 minutes compared with baseline ( mean ( SEM ) , - 5 . 6 ( 1 . 5 ) % , p < 0 . 05 ; and - 6 . 1 ( 2 . 2 ) % , p < 0 . 01 ) , and at 30 and 45 minutes after <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> ( - 10 . 8 ( 1 . 8 ) % and - 5 . 5 ( 1 . 8 ) % , both p < 0 . 01 ) .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Regional analysis showed a reduction in the worst affected segment 15 and 30 minutes after exercise ( - 27 . 9 ( 7 . 2 ) % and - 28 . 6 ( 5 . 7 ) % , both p < 0 . 01 ) , and at 30 minutes after dobutamine ( - 32 ( 5 . 3 ) % , p < 0 . 01 ) . ### Output Text:

Regional analysis showed a reduction in the worst affected segment 15 and 30 minutes after exercise ( - 27 . 9 ( 7 . 2 ) % and - 28 . 6 ( 5 . 7 ) % , both p < 0 . 01 ) , and at 30 minutes after <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> ( - 32 ( 5 . 3 ) % , p < 0 . 01 ) .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The isovolumic relaxation period was prolonged 45 minutes after each form of stress ( p < 0 . 05 ) . ### Output Text:

The isovolumic relaxation period was prolonged 45 minutes after each form of stress ( p < 0 . 05 ) .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : In patients with coronary artery disease , dobutamine induced ischaemia results in prolonged reversible left ventricular dysfunction , presumed to be myocardial stunning , similar to that seen after exercise . ### Output Text:

CONCLUSIONS : In patients with coronary artery disease , <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> induced ischaemia results in prolonged reversible left ventricular dysfunction , presumed to be myocardial stunning , similar to that seen after exercise .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Dobutamine induced ischaemia could therefore be used to study the pathophysiology of this phenomenon further in patients with coronary artery disease . ### Output Text:

<span class="chemical">Dobutamine</span> induced ischaemia could therefore be used to study the pathophysiology of this phenomenon further in patients with coronary artery disease .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Anorexigens and pulmonary hypertension in the United States : results from the surveillance of North American pulmonary hypertension . ### Output Text:

Anorexigens and pulmonary hypertension in the United States : results from the surveillance of North American pulmonary hypertension .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: BACKGROUND : The use of appetite suppressants in Europe has been associated with the development of primary pulmonary hypertension ( PPH ) . ### Output Text:

BACKGROUND : The use of appetite suppressants in Europe has been associated with the development of primary pulmonary hypertension ( PPH ) .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Recently , fenfluramine appetite suppressants became widely used in the United States but were withdrawn in September 1997 because of concerns over adverse effects . ### Output Text:

Recently , <span class="chemical">fenfluramine</span> appetite suppressants became widely used in the United States but were withdrawn in September 1997 because of concerns over adverse effects .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: MATERIALS AND METHODS : We conducted a prospective surveillance study on patients diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension at 12 large referral centers in North America . ### Output Text:

MATERIALS AND METHODS : We conducted a prospective surveillance study on patients diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension at 12 large referral centers in North America .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Data collected on patients seen from September 1 , 1996 , to December 31 , 1997 , included the cause of the pulmonary hypertension and its severity . ### Output Text:

Data collected on patients seen from September 1 , 1996 , to December 31 , 1997 , included the cause of the pulmonary hypertension and its severity .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Patients with no identifiable cause of pulmonary hypertension were classed as PPH . ### Output Text:

Patients with no identifiable cause of pulmonary hypertension were classed as PPH .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: A history of drug exposure also was taken with special attention on the use of antidepressants , anorexigens , and amphetamines . ### Output Text:

A history of drug exposure also was taken with special attention on the use of antidepressants , anorexigens , and <span class="chemical">amphetamines</span> .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: RESULTS : Five hundred seventy - nine patients were studied , 205 with PPH and 374 with pulmonary hypertension from other causes ( secondary pulmonary hypertension [ SPH ] ) . ### Output Text:

RESULTS : Five hundred seventy - nine patients were studied , 205 with PPH and 374 with pulmonary hypertension from other causes ( secondary pulmonary hypertension [ SPH ] ) .