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10282_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | A bandeira nacional do Reino Unido da Grã-Bretanha e da Irlanda do Norte, também conhecida por Bandeira da União (), é resultado da sobreposição desses elementos:
A cruz de São Jorge, da bandeira da Inglaterra (vermelha, no meio, com fundo branco);
A cruz de Santo André, da bandeira da Escócia (branca, em formato de X, com fundo azul);
A cruz de São Patrício, que representa a Ilha da Irlanda (vermelha em formato de X, com fundo branco).
O País de Gales, a outra nação britânica, por sua vez, nunca foi representado na bandeira do Reino Unido, tendo sido neste sentido considerado, juntamente com a Cornualha, como uma região da Inglaterra, portanto também representado na bandeira da União pela bandeira inglesa, da cruz de São Jorge. Os galeses, cuja bandeira oficial constitui-se em um dragão vermelho sobre fundo horizontalmente dividido entre as cores branca (metade superior) e verde (inferior), também têm sua própria cruz, a de São Davi (amarela, no meio, sobre fundo preto).
Em 1 de maio de 1707, ocorreu a união das coroas da Inglaterra e Escócia, dando origem ao Reino da Grã-Bretanha, cuja bandeira uniu a cruz de São Jorge à cruz de Santo André. A União da Irlanda com a Grã-Bretanha, e consequente adição da cruz de São Patrício, só se realizaria em 1801, dando origem ao Reino Unido da Grã-Bretanha e Irlanda.
A bandeira ficaria inalterada mesmo com a independência da maior parte da Irlanda, que tornou-se em 1922 um país reconhecidamente independente com o nome oficial de Estado Livre Irlandês, fazendo o Reino Unido alterar seu nome oficial para o atual em 1927.
Comunidade Britânica
As antigas bandeiras coloniais britânicas ocasionalmente embutiam nelas mesmas a bandeira do Reino Unido, normalmente no canto superior esquerdo, situação ainda corrente em territórios ainda pertencentes ao país. Muitas ex-possessões britânicas, ao adquirirem independência, alteraram não só seus nomes, como também suas bandeiras de forma que a referência à Union Flag foi retirada do pavilhão nacional, para simbolizar o fim dos tempos coloniais.
Entretanto, alguns países soberanos ainda utilizam a bandeira do Reino Unido, todos da Oceania: notadamente Austrália e Nova Zelândia - cujas dependências de Niue e Ilhas Cook também utilizam a bandeira britânica -, além de Fiji e Tuvalu. Por muito tempo também a África do Sul, mesmo após a independência em 1910, usou bandeiras que incluíam referências à britânica. O Canadá tornou-se independente em 1931, mas continuou a utilizar a bandeira adotada dez anos antes até 1957, quando outra bandeira que também exibia o símbolo britânico passou a ser utilizada. Esta perdurou até 1965, quando foi trocada pela atual.
A Rodésia do Sul, quando declarou em 1964 independência não-reconhecida, tornando-se então simplesmente Rodésia (pois a Rodésia do Norte, independentemente reconhecida, mudara de nome para Zâmbia), também procurou apagar o registro colonial em sua bandeira de facto, embora a bandeira de jure ainda carregasse o símbolo britânico. Só quando tornou-se reconhecidamente o Zimbábue, quinze anos depois, é que a bandeira oficial do país ficaria sem a marca britânica.
O Havaí, atualmente estado dos Estados Unidos, também comporta a bandeira britânica na parte superior esquerda de sua bandeira, desde a época em que foi ocupado pelos britânicos. É o único Estado dos EUA a fazer referência ao Reino Unido na bandeira.
Também aparece nos estados australianos de Nova Gales do Sul, Queensland, Austrália Meridional, Austrália Ocidental, Vitória e Tasmânia; e nas províncias canadenses de Colúmbia Britânica, Ontário e Manitoba.
Países soberanos
Dependências
Estados-membros de países
Antigas bandeiras coloniais
América
Eurásia
África
Oceania
Ver também
Bandeira da Grã-Bretanha
Pavilhões Britânicos (vexilologia)
Referências
Reino Unido.
|
https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Communication/gl | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Comunicación
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52/pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr-tel-03201656-document.txt_6 | French-Science-Pile | Various open science | Le flux thermique peut passer à travers l'espace de deux solides en contact par l'interface solidesolide et aussi par le fluide interstitiel (l'air) dans l'espace disponible entre les points de contact. Le rayonnement à travers les espaces ouverts peut être important dans l'environnement sous vide ou pour des températures élevées. La chaleur transférée à travers une interface réelle est la somme des chaleurs passant par le contact solide-solide caractérisé par une conductivité thermique d'interface hc, à travers le fluide dans les espaces caractérisés par une conductivité thermique par convection hg et par rayonnement
hr
.
hj = hc + hg + hf (W/m2K) 4.11
En général, la chaleur transférée par convection et par rayonnement est négligeable par rapport à la chaleur transférée par le contact solide-solide, pour cette raison elle ne sera pas prise en compte dans ce calcul. Plusieurs équations de la conductance thermique de contact entre deux surfaces hc ont été publiées. La première fois par Cooper et al [124] en 1969, puis révisée par Mikic en 1974 [125] et par Yovanovich et Antonetti [126] en 1988. L'équation originale de Cooper de 1969 [124] était définie comme suit:
hc = 1,45 ks me σe P ( )0,985 4.12
H où P représente la pression de contact entre les métaux, H la dureté du matériau le plus doux, σe la rugosité de la surface et me la pente des rugosités par rapport à la surface moyenne et ks la moyenne harmonique de la conductivité thermique pour les pièces en contact définie par Cooper et al [124] : ks =
2k
1k2 k1+k2 (W/m.K) Il existe différentes équations pour définir la
pente
des rugosités: me = 0,208 σe 0,4 Tanner et Fahoum [127] me = 0,124 σe 0,743 pour des σ ≤ 1,6 μm Anton
etti et al [1
28] me = 0,076 σe 0,52
Lambert et Fletcher [1
29] 4.13
4.14 Où
σe
est exprimé
en μm
et
me en radian. La rugosité de surface effective a été définie par Cooper et al [124] comme une combinaison des valeurs de rugosité de surface des deux matériaux en contact : σe = √σ12 + σ22
4.15
La valeur
de la
rugosité pour
tout
es les surfaces est
de 0,1 μ
m
. 5.8.4 Calcul de pression de contact et des valeurs des conductivités électrique et thermique
Pour modéliser le passage de courant et le passage du flux thermique dans la structure, les pressions de contact entre l'élément chauffant et le média et entre le média et la gaine ont été étudiées. Elles sont considérées comme des contacts solide-solide à travers lesquels le courant électrique et la chaleur sont respectivement transférés par conduction électrique et thermique. La résistance électrique et thermique de contact dépend dans les deux cas de la pression de contact entre les différentes interfaces. Pour calculer la pression de contact entre les pièces dans la structure, les matériaux de l'élément chauffant et du média ont été présélectionnés à partir de la Table 5.1. Les matériaux avec des fortes résistivités électriques ont été testés pour l'élément chauffant. Étant donné qu'un élément chauffant de diamètre 3 mm a été utilisé pendant les essais pour des raisons qui seront discutées dans la paragraphe suivant, seuls les résultats avec un diamètre de 3 mm sont présentés. Le choix du matériau du média est limité à une faible limite d'élasticité à haute température, une bonne conductivité thermique, et une 117 faible capacité thermique. Plusieurs matériaux ont été simulés avant qu'ils soient testés expérimentalement. Des médias en cuivre pur, en aluminium pur sont simulés. Lors de l'assemblage du montage, une interférence positive de 0,02 mm (c'est à dire que le diamètre extérieur de l'élément chauffant est supérieur au diamètre intérieur du média) a été choisie entre l'élément chauffant et le média afin de garantir un bon passage de la chaleur et entre les deux éléments. L'emmanchement serré entraîne une pression de contact élevée entre les deux surfaces en contact (Figure 5.18). Selon [130] [131], on peut utiliser la formule de Lamé pour calculer la pression de contact:
1 δ P = 2 (b) Ee 4.21 avec Ee = 2 1 a2 +b2 1 ( − θ0)+ (1− θ1 ) E0 a2 − b2 E1 4.22
Figure 5.18 : Géométrie des pièces de l'assemblage par ajustement serré avec : δ – valeur d'interférence radiale entre l'élément chauffant et le média a – rayon extérieur du média b – rayon intérieur du média E0 – module de Young du média E1 – module de Young de l'élément chauffant θ0 – coefficient de poisson du matériau du média θ1 – coefficient de poisson du matériau de l'élément chauffant
Il s'agit bien sûr d'une analyse simple qui suppose que les deux matériaux restent élastiques durant l'emmanchement. Concernant l'insertion du média dans la gaine, une interférence négative de 0,01 mm a été choisie afin de ne pas déformer la gaine. La dilatation thermique du média au cours de la chauffe permet d'augmenter l'interférence et d'améliorer le contact thermique entre les deux pièces. Pour calculer la pression de contact lors du passage du courant électrique, nous avons choisi d'appliquer les interférences mécaniques initiales d'usinage qui varient très peu avec l'augmentation de la température. En effet, les médias en aluminium et en cuivre ont un coefficient de dilation thermique plus élevé que l'élément chauffant en TA6V. Toutefois, la température de l'élément chauffant est plus importante que celle des médias, ce qui lui permet de garder une interférence à peu près constante. Concernant la pression de contact entre le média et la gaine, les médias en cuivre et en aluminium possèdent un coefficient de dilatation thermique beaucoup plus élevé que le Zircaloy-4. Cela va permettre d'augmenter la pression de contact entre le média et la gaine. Les valeurs des interférences utilisées pour le calcul des pressions de contact électrique et thermique et les valeurs des pressions de contact pour chaque interface résultante sont données dans la Table 5.2. Afin de simplifier le calcul, la pression de contact électrique a été calculée avec les interférences d'usinage sans dilatation thermique et la pression de contact thermique a été calculée avec la dilatation thermique à la fin de la phase de chauffe. 5.8.5 Résultats des simulations
Afin de faire un cas-test de la méthode de simulation utilisée pour estimer la vitesse de chauffage dans le montage EDC, l'élément chauffant a été simulé sans qu'il soit en contact avec les autres pièces. Les simulations montrent que le passage d'un courant de 600 A par un élément chauffant de diamètre 3 mm en alliage de titane TA6V lui permet d'atteindre des vitesses de chauffage de l'ordre de 5200 °C/s. Cette vitesse est en accord avec le calcul théorique effectué avec l'équation 4.3. Cette valeur donne un 119 majorant de la vitesse de chauffe de l'élément chauffant. On peut également calculer la résistance de l'élément chauffant : ρh πr2 = 1,68 10−6 × 0.014 π ×0.00152 = 3,3 10−3 Ω 4.23 Ce qui correspond à une différence de potentiel de 2 V pour le courant de 600 A. La Figure 5.19 montre le champ de potentiel électrique dans le montage avec un média en aluminium. La forte conductivité électrique de contact entre l'élément chauffant et le média impose une différence de potentiel de 0,31 V avec un média en aluminium et 0,27 avec un média en cuivre. On constate donc que le potentiel électrique du système avec un média en contact est beaucoup plus faible qu'un élément chauffant tout seul.
Figure 5.19 : Potentiel électrique dans le montage EDC avec un média en aluminium
En
plus
, une grande partie du courant électrique passe vers le média à cause de la forte conductivité électrique de l'interface (Figure 5.20). Cela ne permet pas de générer assez de chaleur dans l'élément chauffant. Figure 5.20 : Iso valeurs de flux de courant dans la structure
Afin d'estimer la vitesse de chauffage atteinte avec le potentiel électrique calculé, l'équation 4.3 a été utilisée. Ce calcul est fait sans tenir compte de la différence des capacités thermiques et des masses volumiques entre le média et l'élément chauffant et en supposant que l'ensemble élément chauffant média est une seule pièce. On peut alors estimer la vitesse de chauffe avec un média en aluminium à partir de l'équation 4.3 : ΔV 0,33 Ṫ = I ρ C h π r2 = 600 × 2700 ×897 ×0,014 × π ×0,004172 = 103 °C. s −1 p 4.24 Pour un média en cuivre la vitesse de chauffage calculée à partir de l'équation précédente est de 74 °C. s −1. Afin de calculer le champ thermique et la vitesse de chauffe dans la structure en tenant compte des conductivités électriques et thermiques de contact et des propriétés de chaque matériau, le courant électrique dans chaque élément (élément chauffant, interface et média) de la structure a été utilisé par la suite pour calculer la dissipation par effet Joule locale et pour résoudre l'équation 4.8 de la chaleur. La Figure 5.21 montre le champ de température dans l'élément chauffant, le média et la gaine lorsque la température cible (600 °C avec un média en cuivre et de 400 °C avec un média en aluminium) est atteinte sur le plan médian de la surface extérieure de la gaine. (a) (b) Figure 5.21 : Champ de température (en °C) dans l'élément chauffant, dans le média et dans la gaine obtenu par simulation numérique, (a) avec un média en aluminium et (b) avec un média en cuivre
Le champ de température obtenu lors des calculs montre une différence de température entre l'extrémité et le milieu de l'élément chauffant (∆Ta = 570°C et ∆Ta = 265°C pour un média en aluminium au centre et à la surface respectivement et ∆Ta = 556 °C et ∆Ta = 259°C pour un média en cuivre) au centre de l'élément chauffant. En effet, la forte concentration du courant électrique au niveau des extrémités de l'élément chauffant (Figure 5.20), qui sont l'entrée et la sortie du courant électrique conduit à de très hautes températures locales (960°C) (Figure 5.22). La chaleur produite par l'élément chauffant est ensuite transférée par conduction via l'interface avec le média. Concernant le gradient radial dans l'élément chauffant au niveau du plan médian, une température légèrement plus élevée sur la paroi en contact avec le média a été calculée (∆Ta = 10 °C pour un média en aluminium et ∆Ta = 6 °C pour un média en cuivre). Cela est expliqué par la faible densité du courant au centre de l'élément chauffant (à cause de la forte conductivité électrique de contact entre l'élément chauffant et le média) qui ne permet pas d'engendrer de forte température (Figure 5.20). En outre, la température au centre du média permet d'augmenter la température de la paroi de l'élément chauffant en contact avec le média. Il existe également une différence de température axiale dans le média (∆Ta = 36°C et ∆Ta = 6°C pour un média en dans la paroi interne et externe respectivement et ∆Ta = 22°C et ∆Ta = 4°C pour un média en cuivre) mais celle-ci est beaucoup plus faible que dans l'élément chauffant. En effet, cela est principalement dû au fait que les extrémités du média sont en contact avec la zone la plus chaude de l'élément chauffant. Cet effet existe aussi pour la gaine pour laquelle un léger maximum local est observé près des extrémités du média (∆Ta = 6 °C pour un média en aluminium et ∆Ta = 4 °C pour un média en cuivre). Le gradient thermique axial dans la gaine entre les deux extrémités du média reste toutefois très faible. Figure 5.22 : Profil axial de la température dans l'élément chauffant, le média et la gaine (média en aluminium)
La gaine atteint une température de 400 °C sur les surfaces externe et interne après 7,3 s, soit à une vitesse de 55 °C. s −1. Avec un média en cuivre pur, la gaine atteint une température de 600°C en paroi externe au bout de 18,3 s, la vitesse de chauffage calculée sur la paroi externe de la gaine au niveau du plan médian est donc de l'ordre de 33 °C. s −1. La puissance électrique dans le média ne participe que très légèrement à l'augmentation de la température du fait de la faible résistivité des médias. Des simulations ont également été réalisées avec des éléments chauffants de diamètre plus faible. En effet, la diminution de la section de l'élément chauffant permet d'augmenter sa résistance électrique et par conséquence la puissance générée. Les résultats montrent que l'utilisation d'éléments chauffants de diamètre 2,5 mm et 2,0 mm, associés à un média en aluminium, permet d'atteindre des vitesses de chauffage à la surface de la gaine respectivement de 67 °C. s −1 et 90 °C. s −1. Les différents matériaux utilisés, les vitesses de chauffage obtenues avec chaque méthode sont résumées dans la Table 5.4.
Table 5.4 : Résumé des résultats obtenus pour les différentes configurations testées
Élément chauffant en TA6V (forte résistivité électrique) Média Aluminium Aluminium Cuivre Bonne Mauvaise Bonne Bonne Mauvaise Mauvaise Tige de diamètre 2 mm Tige de diamètre 2,5 mm Tige de diamètre 3 mm Vitesse de chauffage de la gaine (°C. s −1 ) 90 76 55 33
Les différents matériaux et les différentes géométries simulés dans ce paragraphe ont été testés expérimentalement. Les configurations testées a insi que les résultats des essais sont discutés dans le paragraphe suivant. Réalisation du système de chauffage
Pendant la phase de développement expérimental, les matériaux présélectionnés avec les simulations numériques ont été commandés, assemblés et testés. La préparation de l'éprouvette EDC avec chauffage rapide passe par plusieurs étapes primordiales afin de pouvoir construire un montage composé de plusieurs éléments assemblés pour comparer les vitesses de chauffage calculées pendant les simulations avec celles mesurées. Les différentes étapes de développement ainsi que les matériaux et la démarche suivie pour trouver la bonne configuration sont les suivantes. Des tiges rectifiées en Ti90-Al6-V4 ont été commandées avec des diamètres de 2,0, 2,5 et 3,0 mm. Cet alliage est facile approvisionner sous forme de tiges rectifiées, contrairement à l'alliage Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo, qui a une résistivité électrique plus faible (Table 5.1). Pour emmancher la tige, un trou de diamètre dtrou = dtige − 2 δ a été percé dans le média. Pour les tiges de diamètre 3 mm, le trou a été percé avec une valeur d'interférence de δ = 20 μm. Avec cette interférence il est impossible d'emmancher les tiges de plus faible diamètre qui flambent sous l'effort imposé. Avec une interférence plus faible (5 μm) seule la tige de 2,5 mm a pu être emmanchée. Cependant la pression de contact sera plus faible ce qui réduira la conductivité électrique et thermique de l'interface. Une isolation électrique entre l'élément chauffant et le média permettrait d'augmenter la vitesse de chauffage sur la surface externe de la gaine. Ceci est nécessaire d'après les résultats de calcul préliminaires. Pour isoler l'élément chauffant, deux méthodes ont été testées. La première consiste à recouvrir la surface latérale de l'é chauffant par un adhésif céramique, Resbond 989F, d'épaisseur 0,02 mm et caractérisé par une très forte résistivité électrique ρ = 106 Ω. m. Cette solution n'a pas été retenue à cause de l'écaillage de l'adhésif lors de l'emmanchement de l'élément chauffant. La deuxième méthode testée pour isoler l'élément chauffant consiste à le chauffer dans l'air, afin de créer une couche d'oxyde de type TiO2 et α-Al2O3 [132] sur la surface de la tige, avant de l'emmancher dans le média. La couche d'oxyde peut empêcher le passage de courant de l'élément chauffant vers le média à condition qu'elle reste adhérente à la surface de l'élément chauffant lors de l'assemblage. Pour protéger cette couche isolante d'une épaisseur entre 6 et 10 microns, l'élément chauffant a été emmanché dans un média chauffé à 600 °C afin d'augmenter le diamètre du trou par dilatation thermique. Cette méthode a permis d'augmenter la vitesse de chauffage mais d'une façon non reproductible à cause de l'écaillage possible d'une partie de la couche d'oxyde lors de l'emmanchement. Afin d'obtenir une vitesse de chauffage plus reproductible, on a décidé de réaliser les essais sans isoler l'élément chauffant. Différents médias sont testés dans cette partie pour déterminer la vitesse de chauffage qu'ils peuvent produire. En plus des média en aluminium et cuivre pur, un média en cupronickel qui possède une résistivité électrique supérieure à celle de cuivre pur et un média en Zircaloy-4 qui possède une faible capacité calorifique ont été testés. Dans un premier temps, les médias sont comprimés dans le sens axial afin de déterminer les déformations circonférentielles qu'ils peuvent générer sans dépasser la force maximale admissible de la machine de traction. Des essais de chauffage par effet Joule suivis par la compression de l'ensemble média-élément chauffant ont par la suite été réalisés. Un courant électrique avec une intensité de 600 A est envoyé à l'élément chauffant pour chauffer l'éprouvette. Une fois à la température souhaitée pour la surface externe de la gaine (600 °C pour un média en Zircaloy-4, en cuivre ou en cupronickel et 400 °C pour un média en aluminium), l'ensemble élément chauffant-média est comprimé par les pistons à une vitesse de déplacement de vérin de 28 mm. s −1 qui correspond à une vitesse de 124 déformation diamétrale d'environ 1s −1. La Table 5.5 montre les vitesses de c obtenues pour plusieurs matériaux testés.
Table 5.5 : Vitesses de chauffage obtenues sur la surface externe du média
Vitesse de chauffage Température finale de la surface externe du média Matériau du média Élément chauffant ∅ = 2,5 mm Élément chauffant ∅ = 3 mm Zy-4 Rx - 207 °C. s −1 600°C Cuivre pur 90 °C. s −1 120 °C. s −1 600°C Cupro-Nickel - 132 °C. s −1 600°C Aluminium - 176 °C. Figure 5.23 : Courbes force-déplacement des essais de compression des médias à 600 °C pour un média en Zircaloy-4, en cuivre ou en cupronickel et 400 °C pour un média en aluminium et à une vitesse de déformation de 1s −1
Avec les médias en cuivre et en aluminium, les éprouvettes sont comprimées jusqu'à 11 mm de déplacement de vérin pour des forces de 23 kN et 10 kN, respectivement. Ces deux matériaux ont été utilisés par la suite pour réaliser les essais EDC. L'ensemble élément chauffant et média est ensuite inséré à l'intérieur d'un tronçon de gainage en Zy-4 avec une pastille, avant de souder les embouts aux extrémités de la gaine, suivant la procédure habituelle de préparation d'une éprouvette pour un essai de type EDC bridé ou EDC-T. Tout comme les pistons, les pastilles doivent permettre la circulation du courant sans chauffer. Pour cette raison, le même matériau utilisé pour les pistons (TZM) est choisi pour les pastilles. Chaque embout contient un trou axial pour le passage du piston. Une étude a été réalisée pour choisir la taille de ce trou. Il est souhaitable d'avoir un trou le plus grand possible afin de pouvoir utiliser un piston d'une section importante. En même temps, si le trou est trop grand, l'épaisseur de l'embout sera faible ce qui va diminuer sa résistance mécanique en traction. Des essais de traction ont révélé qu'un trou de 7,5 mm est un bon compromis. Ce diamètre de trou permet d'utiliser des pistons de diamètre 7,3 mm capables de résister à une force de compression de 18 kN. Le courant doit circuler principalement dans l'élément chauffant et il faut donc éviter les courts circuits dans le montage. En effet, le courant électrique qui rentre par le piston supérieur passer par la pastille et l'élément chauffant et sortir par le piston de l'autre côté. Dans le montage EDC, les pistons sont en contact avec les plaques intérieures de l'inverseur ainsi que les embouts de l'éprouvette. Pour éviter un contact électrique entre le piston et les plaques, une feuille en mica d'épaisseur 0,2 mm a été insérée entre les deux pièces. La surface latérale du piston a été recouverte d'une couche de peinture isolante qui résiste à haute température pour éviter le passage du courant vers les embouts (Farbspray Ulfalux 1200°C). La Figure 5.24 suivante résume les différents choix des matériaux ainsi que la
composition
de l'éprouvette
avec le
matéri
au et les
dimensions de chaque composant. 126 Figure 5.24 : Plan d'éprouvette utilisée lors des essais EDC avec chauffage rapide montrant les différentes pièces du montage
En conclusion, le diamètre interne du média doit être égal à 3 mm afin que l'emmanchement de l'élément chauffant soit possible avec une forte interférence. Compte tenu de la capacité de la machine d'essai, seuls les médias en aluminium pur et cuivre pur peuvent être employés.
Essais biaxés à fortes vitesses de chauffage et de déformation
La méthode de chauffage présentée dans la section précédente est mise en oeuvre pour réaliser des essais EDC bridé et EDC avec traction à forte biaxialité, forte vitesse de déformation et forte vitesse de chauffage. Les étapes de préparation des essais, les outils de caractérisation des champs cinématique et thermique ainsi que les résultats des essais sont présentés dans les paragraphes suivants. 5.10.1 Présentation du montage expérimental
Les essais ont été réalisés avec la machine de traction INSTRON précédemment présentée. Les caméras rapides utilisées lors de l'étude à 25 °C à 1 s-1 n'étaient pas disponibles lors des essais. Les champs de déformation sont alors mesurés par stéréo-corrélation d'images avec les caméras utilisées lors des essais à faible vitesse de déformation. Le système DIC est équipé de 2 caméras avec 4 mégapixels de résolution, de 2 objectifs de focales 50 mm réglés avec une ouverture de f/22. La fréquence d'acquisition maximale du système est de 60 Hz. Le diamètre de l'échantillon correspond à environ 300 pixels. Afin de s'approcher de cette fréquence d'acquisition, la définition de l'image des caméras a été réduite pour ne couvrir que l'éprouvette et l'espace où elle va se déformer. En outre, les éprouvettes ont été fortement éclairées par deux projecteurs pour permettre de diminuer le temps de pose. Cela a permis de réaliser des acquisitions d'images à une fréquence de 50 Hz soit un point chaque 20 millisecondes. Un filtre gaussien a été appliqué pour réduire le bruit. Une taille de facette de 27 pixels avec une grille d'espacement de 7 pixels a été considérée pour calculer les déformations. Pour la caméra IR, les données sont enregistrées à une fréquence de 100 Hz soit un point à chaque 10 milliseconde. Les équipements utilisés ainsi que le montage EDC bridé sont présentés par la Figure 5.25. Figure 5.25 : Dispositifs mis en place pour l'instrumentation des essais EDC avec chauffage rapide
Comme indiqué avant, les mesures de vitesse de chauffage sont effectuées par des thermocouples soudés sur la surface externe de la gaine (Figure 5.26). Ils ont été soudés au centre et de part et d'autre de la zone utile de l'éprouvette (à +/- 13 mm du centre).
Figure 5.26 : Montage EDC bridé avec chauffage rapide, (a) branchement du courant, (b) thermocouples de mesure
Pendant la caractérisation des champs thermique et cinématique, une face de l'éprouvette a été recouverte d'un mouchetis afin de pouvoir mesurer le champ de déplacement par stéréo-corrélation d'images et l'autre face par une peinture noire (Farbspray Ulfalux 1200°C) afin de garder une émissivité constante lors de la mesure de la température par la caméra thermique.
5.10.2 Résultats des essais
La séquence de chargement est programmée dans le logiciel de pilotage de la machine d'essai. Dans un premier temps et pendant la phase de chauffage, la machine est pilotée en contrôle de charge à 500 N afin de garantir un bon passage de courant entre les pistons et l'élément chauffant. Un courant électrique d'intensité 600 A est envoyé jusqu'à atteindre la température cible mesurée par le thermocouple soudé au centre de l'éprouvette. Les rampes de température effectuées avant d'appliquer le chargement mécanique sont résumées dans le tableau suivant :
Table 5.6 : Campagne d'essai EDC avec chauffage rapide Montage Média Température EDC bridé Cuivre 600 °C EDC bridé Aluminium 400 °C Nombre d'essai 2 2
Le but est d'estimer la vitesse de chauffage maximale que l'on peut atteindre avec cette méthode. La Figure 5.27 présente les mesures des thermocouples de tempé avec les médias en aluminium et en cuivre. Figure 5.27 : Mesures de l'évolution de la température sur la surface externe de la gaine au centre de la zone utile au cours des essais EDC bridé
Les vitesses de chauffage mesurées sur la surface externe de la gaine par les thermocouples sont largement supérieures à celles calculées par les simulations (30 °C. s −1 pour la configuration avec un média en cuivre et 50 °C. s −1 avec un média en aluminium). La différence peut être expliquée par le fait que la variation des propriétés électrothermiques avec la température et la présence des pièces massives telles que les embouts ou les écrous ne sont pas prises en compte dans la simulation. La maitrise non parfaite des conductances électrique et thermique des interfaces élément chauffant-média et média-gaine peut également causer une différence. Le profil axial de température mesuré par la caméra thermique sur la surface externe d'une éprouvette avec un média en aluminium et un média en cuivre ainsi que les profils calculés par les simulations sont donnés sur la Figure 5.28. Les mêmes figures présentent également les isovaleurs du champ thermique mesuré sur la surface de la gaine par la caméra thermique. Les températures affichées correspondent à une émissivité 1. 129 (a) (b) Figure 5.28 : Profil axial de la température mesurée et calculée sur la surface externe de la gaine avec (a) un média en aluminium et (b) un média en cuivre 130
Les profils axiaux de température mesurés par la caméra sont similaires à ceux calculés par les simulations. L'éprouvette présente une petite augmentation de la température (d'environ 15°C) aux extrémités du média. Cela a été remarquée également pendant les simulations et a été expliqué par le gradient axial de la température dans l'élément chauffant impliquant des températures plus élevées aux coins des médias. Toutefois la chute de la température hors de la zone du média est beaucoup plus rapide dans l'expérience. La méthode de chauffage développée a donc permis d'atteindre une vitesse de chauffage maximale de 176 °C. s −1 avec un média en aluminium et 136 °C. s −1 avec un média en cuivre. Des températures homogènes au centre de la gaine ont été reproduites. Cette méthode de chauffage représente une avancée majeure par rapport aux méthodes disponibles pour chauffer une éprouvette sous forme de tube. 5.10.3 Interprétation de la différence entre les vitesses de chauffe expérimentales et simulées
Il existe une différence remarquable entre la vitesse de chauffage calculée par éléments finis et la vitesse de chauffe mesurée durant les essais. Un facteur de 3 a été enregistré pour le montage avec un média en aluminium et un facteur de 4 a été enregistré avec un média en cuivre. Cette différence de vitesse de chauffage peut être la conséquence de plusieurs hypothèses prises pour réaliser les simulations. L'une des hypothèses qui peut être remise en cause est celle utilisée pour calculer la conductivité électrique de contact (équation 4.19). L'interface entre l'élément chauffant et le média a été considérée comme une interface propre caractérisée par un facteur η égal à 1. Pour isoler l'élément chauffant électriquement et augmenter la vitesse de chauffe dans le montage, plusieurs solutions ont été testées. L'élément chauffant a notamment été chauffé dans l'air afin de créer une couche d'oxyde isolante électriquement avant d'être emmanché dans le média. La couche d'oxyde peut être créée également lorsque l'élément chauffant est chauffé à l'intérieur du média. Cela peut réduire le flux de courant passant de l'élément chauffant au média même dans le cas des fortes pressions de contact entre les pièces. En revanche, cette couche d'oxyde reste conductrice de la chaleur entre l'élément chauffant et le média. Dans le calcul, une couche d'oxyde isolante électriquement est traduite par un coefficient empirique η pour des interfaces largement inférieur à 1 et proche de 0. La valeur de η impacte directement la valeur de conductivité électrique de contact entre l'élément chauffant et le média hc_elec (équation 4.19). Une valeur de conductivité électrique de contact plus faible entre l' lément chauffant et le média est donc plus réaliste pour présenter le flux électrique passant par l'interface élément chauffant média. Vue la complexité du montage, il n'a pas été possible de caractériser les résistances de contact et une identification inverse de la conductivité électrique de contact à partir des vitesses de chauffage mesurées a été réalisée. La nouvelle valeur de la conductivité électrique de contact a été recalculée en ajustant le paramètre η afin de s'approcher de la vitesse de chauffage mesurée. Une valeur de 5. 10−5 a permis de retrouver les vitesses de chauffage mesurées expérimentalement. La Table 5.7 présente les nouvelles valeurs de la conductivité électrique de contact calculées à partir de la nouvelle valeur de η. Table 5.7 : Nouvelle valeur des conductivités électriques de contact Structure
Média Conductivité électrique de contact (Ω−1 m −2 ) Élément chauffant-média Cuivre Aluminium 105,02.106 99,94106 131
Le potentiel électrique ainsi que la densité de courant dans l'élément chauffant et le média sont données à la Figure 5.29 et la Figure 5.30 respectivement pour les nouvelles valeurs de calcul.
Figure 5.29 : Potentiel électrique dans le montage EDC avec un média en aluminium Figure 5.30 : Iso valeurs de flux de courant dans la structure
Grace à la nouvelle valeur de la conductivité électrique, une différence de potentiel 2,4 fois plus importante a été produite dans l'élément chauffant. En outre, la densité du courant dans le média est beaucoup plus faible que la densité dans l'élément chauffant. L'évolution de la température sur la surface externe de la gaine au niveau du plan médian pour un montage avec un média en aluminium ou un en cuivre est comparée aux résultats expérimentaux et est donnée par la Figure 5.31. Sur la même figure, l'évolution de la température avec une isolation électrique parfaite (η = 0 → hc_elec = 0, équation 4.19) entre l'élément chauffant et le média est tracée. 132 Figure 5.31 : Évolution de la température mesurée par des TC et simulée pour des médias en cuivre et en aluminium
La valeur de η a été calée sur la valeur de la vitesse de chauffe de l'essai EDC avec un média en aluminium. Cette valeur a été utilisée par la suite pour recalculer la vitesse de chauffage avec un média en cuivre. Une vitesse de chauffage légèrement supérieure de celle mesurée a été calculée. Les températures sur la surface extérieure de la gaine ont gardé le même profil que celui calculé avec l'ancienne valeur de la conductivité électrique de contact. Bien que la valeur de η utilisée pour retrouver les vitesses de chauffage expérimentales soit très faible, elle ne représente pas la valeur avec laquelle nous pouvons atteindre la vitesse de chauffage maximale. Une valeur nulle de la conductivité électrique de contact entre l'élément chauffant et le média (hc_elec = 0) permet d'obtenir des vitesses de chauffage de 495 °C. s −1 et de 394 °C. s −1 pour les montages avec des média en aluminium et en cuivre, respectivement. La variation de la vitesse de chauffage en fonction de la valeur de η est donnée par la Figure 5.32.
133 Figure 5.32 : Variation de la vitesse de chauffage en fonction de la valeur de η Les profils axiaux de la température dans l'élément chauffant, dans le média et dans la gaine ainsi que les champs de température dans le montage sont donnés par les Figure 5.33 et Figure 5.34, respectivement. Figure 5.33 : Profil axial de la température dans l'élément chauffant, le média et la gaine pour un média en aluminium 134 Figure 5.34 : Champ de température dans l'élément chauffant, dans le média et dans la gaine obtenu par simulation numérique, (a) avec un média en aluminium et (b) avec un média en cuivre avec la nouvelle valeur de conductivité électrique de contact
Pour conclure, une technique a été développée pour modéliser le passage de courant et du flux de chaleur et pour mieux comprendre le fonctionnement du nouveau dispositif de chauffage rapide. Dans un premier temps, elle a permis de présélectionner les matériaux de l'élément chauffant et des média qui ont été utilisés par la suite permettant d'atteindre une vitesse de chauffage de l'ordre de 176 °C. s −1. En se basant sur les résultats expérimentaux, la conductivité électrique de contact entre l'élément chauffant et le média a été ajustée permettant d'estimer la température, la vitesse de chauffage ainsi que le gradient sur la surface extérieure de la gaine. Cette méthode reste une approximation est nécessite une large étude du rôle des interfaces afin de bien maitriser le passage du courant et de la chaleur en fonction des plusieurs paramètres. 5.10.4 Résultats des essais mécaniques
Une fois que la température cible mesurée par le thermocouple est atteinte sur la surface extérieure de la gaine, le courant électrique est coupé et on bascule vers le pilotage en déplacement pour comprimer le média. Une vitesse de déplacement de 28 mm. s −1 correspondant à une vitesse de déformation diamétrale proche de 1 s −1 a ensuite été appliquée. Durant tous les essais, lorsque la rupture des éprouvettes a lieu, elle est intervenue fortuitement devant les caméras de stéréo-corrélation. Cela a permis de mesurer les déformations à l'endroit de rupture et de vérifier la symétrie du chargement. Néanmoins, la température atteinte au point de rupture n'a pas été mesurée ni par les thermocouples ni par la caméra IR. Les températures données par la suite sont toutes enregistrées sur la face opposée à l'apparition de la rupture.
5.10.4.1 EDC bridé
Durant les essais EDC bridé, la température mesurée par le thermocouple soudé au centre de la zone utile de l'éprouvette continue d'augmenter et dépasse la température de consigne (400 °C pour l'éprouvette avec un média en aluminium et 600 °C avec un média en cuivre) (Figure 5.35). En effet, après l'atteinte de la température cible et l'arrêt du courant électrique, l'élément chauffant continue à 135 diffuser ce qu'il lui reste comme chaleur vers le média et la gaine. Cette chaleur assure la poursuite de l'augmentation de la température sur la surface externe de la gaine. En outre, la dissipation du travail plastique engendre un échauffement localisé induisant également une augmentation de la température. Figure 5.35 : Overshoot de la température lors des essais EDC bridé avec un média en aluminium (en rouge) et un média en cuivre (en noir)
Le dépassement de la température n'a pas été reproductible et il peut varier d'une dizaine de degrés d'un essai à un autre. Pendant les essais EDC bridé avec un média en aluminium, les températures finales avant rupture ont été de 420 et 425 °C, soit un overshoot de 18 et 25 °C, respectivement. Pour les essais EDC bridé avec un média en cuivre les températures finales avant d'arrêter l'essai ont été de 630 et 640 °C, soit un overshoot de 30 et 40 °C, respectivement. Le chargement mécanique commence une fois que la température mesurée sur la surface de l'éprouvette est de 400 °C pour l'éprouvette avec un média en aluminium et de 600 °C avec un média en cuivre. Les caméras de stéréo-corrélation sont déclenchées au début de la phase de chauffe afin de mesurer les déformations dues aux dilatations thermiques. Les mesures des caméras continuent jusqu'à la rupture des éprouvette ou l'arrêt de l'essai. Les champs de déformation obtenus avant rupture lors de l'essai EDC bridé avec un média en cuivre et un média en aluminium sont donnés par les Figure 5.36 et Figure 5.37. 136 (a) (b) Figure 5.36 : Champs de déformation avant rupture dans les directions circonférentielle et axiale au cours de l'essai EDC bridé avec un média en cuivre (Ṫ = 110 °C. s −1 ) Figure 5.37 : Champs de déformation avant rupture dans les directions circonférentielle et axiale au cours de l'essai EDC bridé avec un média en aluminium (Ṫ = 171 °C. s −1 )
La rupture a lieu dans le plan médian de l'éprouvette et plus précisément au niveau du point A repéré sur les Figure 5.36 et Figure 5.37. Lors de l'essai EDC bridé avec un média en cuivre, la déformation circonférentielle est maximale et homogène dans la zone d'intérêt de l'éprouvette jusqu'à l'arrêt de l'essai après 30 % de déformation circonférentielle (l'essai a été interrompu afin de ne pas endommager les pistons). Une localisation de la déformation axiale au-dessus de la zone centrale a été remarquée lors des deux essais réalisés avec un média en cuivre et qui ont été arrêtés au même niveau de la déformation circonférentielle. Cela peut être expliqué par l'extrusion de la matière du média entre l'éprouvette et le piston supérieur. En effet, l'espace entre le piston et la gaine augmente avec 137 l'augmentation de la déformation circonférentielle. Cet effet n'a pas été remarqué lors de l'essai EDC bridé avec un média en aluminium qui a rompu à une déformation circonférentielle de 19 %. Les déformations de Green-Lagrange calculées par VIC-3D sont ensuite transformées en déformation logarithmiques, qui seront utilisées dans ce qui suit tout au long du chapitre. L'évolution des déformations circonférentielles au point A pour les deux configurations est donnée par la Figure 5.38. Figure 5.38 : Évolution de la déformation circonférentielle lors des essais EDC bridé avec un média en aluminium et un média en cuivre
Les vitesses de déformation circonférentielle des essais EDC bridé avec un média en aluminium et en cuivre sont 0,5 s −1 et 0,6 s −1, respectivement. Avec la fréquence des caméras utilisées, entre la dernière image enregistrée par la caméra de stéréo-corrélation et l'image de la rupture, l'éprouvette peut encore se déformer de 1% dans le sens circonférentiel avant de casser. Les trajets des biaxialités (εzz/εθθ) jusqu'à rupture pour l'essai à 400 °C et jusqu'à 30 % de déformation circonférentielle pour l'essai à 600 °C sont donnés sur la Figure 5.39. Les deux essais montrent un trajet de biaxialité de déformation légèrement différent au début de l'essai et se croisent à une biaxialité de -0,07. Bien que les mêmes conditions limites soient appliquées, le frottement entre le média est la gaine peut varier selon les matériaux. Le frottement avec un média en aluminium semble plus important qu'avec un média en cuivre. Cela provoque une déformation axiale plus importante en valeur absolue au début de l'essai qui se traduit par une biaxialité de déformation inférieure à celle issue d'un essai avec un média en cuivre. Les valeurs de frottement entre l'aluminium, le cuivre et l'éprouvette en Zircaloy-4 ont été identifiés par Le Saux et al. [133] avec des essais EDC simple à 480 °C et 600 °C, respectivement. Elles sont à 0,25 pour le média en aluminium et 0,2 pour le média en cuivre. La différence de trajet de chargement entre les deux essais peut également être due à des contacts, des emmanchements différents d'un essai à l'autre bien que tout soit mis en oeuvre pour assurer une bonne reproductibilité de la préparation des éprouvettes
Figure 5.39 : Trajet de biaxialité (εzz/εθθ) pour les essais EDC bridé Les éprouvettes rompues lors des essais EDC bridé à 400 °C avec un média en aluminium sont présentées à la Figure 5.40. Figure 5.40 : Éprouvettes rompues lors des essais EDC bridé avec un média en aluminium
Les ruptures des éprouvettes ont été accompagnées par la sortie de la matière du média par la fissure. L'extrusion de la matière du média a causé le matage des facies de rupture qui n'ont pas pu être analysés par la suite. Comme l'EDC bridé avec un média en cuivre n'a pas rompu à 600 °C après 30 % de déformation circonférentielle, on a choisi de poursuivre l'étude avec des essais EDC avec un média en aluminium.
5.10.4.2 EDCT à déplacement contrôlé
La Figure 5.3 et la Figure 5.4 montrent que le comportent mécanique de Zy-4 est fortement sensible à la température qui influence tout particulièrement la limite d'élasticité et la contrainte maximale. Pendant les essais de chauffage réalisés sur le montage EDC bridé, le dépassement de la température n'a pas été reproductible et il peut varier d'une dizaine de degré. De ce fait, la résistance mécanique de l'éprouvette peut également varier significativement. Cette incertitude sur le comportement mécanique de la gaine rend le choix du matériau et de la géométrie des tirants très compliqué. Pour répondre à ce problème, un nouveau montage appelé EDCT à déplacement contrôlé a été conçu. Le nouveau dispositif permet de contrôler le déplacement axial des extrémités de l'éprouvette pendant l'essai, ce qui permet d'obtenir des biaxialités des déformations plus faciles à contrôler et indépendantes de la température d'essais (à l'évolution de l'anisotropie du matériau près). Ce dispositif fait l'objet d'une demande de brevet qui est en cours. Pour cette raison, il ne sera pas présenté dans ce rapport. Le montage permet de charger la gaine avec des biaxialités très proches de l'état de déformation plane, qui représente le chargement le plus pénalisant pour la gaine à 25°C, comme le montre la Figure 4.32. Pendant ces essais, un seul thermocouple a été soudé au centre de l'éprouvette et le champ cinématique a été caractérisé de même façon que lors des essais EDC bridé. Deux essais EDC à déplacement contrôlé ont été réalisés à une biaxialité supérieure à zéro avec le nouveau montage pour des températures d'essais de 400 °C. Un dépassement de la température de consigne de 17 °C en moyenne a été constaté. Une vitesse de déformation de 0,5 s −1 est atteinte lors des essais réalisés et la mesure des champs cinématiques montre que les déformations circonférentielle et axiale sont homogènes et maximales dans la zone utile de l'éprouvette. Le trajet de la biaxialité de chaque essai est présenté par la Figure 5.41 avec l'essai EDC bridé réalisé à la même température. Dans la même figure, une photo d'une éprouvette rompue lors des essais EDCT avec un média en aluminium est présentée. Figure 5.41 : Effet de la biaxialité (εzz/εθθ) sur la déformation circonférentielle à la rupture du Zircaloy-4 testé à 400°C pour une vitesse de déformation de 0,5 s-1 et un média en aluminium
Contrairement aux essais réalisés avec le montage EDC avec tirants, durant ces essais, la biaxialité varie tout au long de l'essai. Pendant cette campagne d'essai, nous n'avons pas pu appliquer de plus forts taux de biaxialité. Les rapports des déformations, les déformations finales, les vitesses de déformation et de chauffage et les températures de chaque essai sont données dans la Table 5.8.
Table 5.8 : Résultats des essais EDC avec chauffage rapide Essai EDC bridé (média Alu) EDC bridé (média Alu) EDC bridé (média Cu) EDC bridé (média Cu) EDC T (média Alu) EDC T (média Alu) Nb d'essais Température De rupture (°C) Vitesse de chauffage (°C. s −1 ) Vitesse de déformation (s −1 ) Biaxialité finale Déformation circonf. finale 1 420 176 0,5 −0,07 0,19 1 425 170 0,5 −0,08 0,18 1 630 110 0,6 0 1 640 115 0,6 0 1 415 173 0,5 0,01 0,09 1 418 175 0,55 0,25 0,12 >0,30 (non rompu) >0,30 (non rompu)
5.10.5 Effet de la biaxialité et de la température
Les déformations circonférentielles à la rupture obtenues lors des essais rapides à haute température sont comparées à celles obtenues lors des essais rapides à 25 °C. Le même effet de la biaxialité remarqué lors des essais à température ambiante et à forte vitesse de déformation a été constaté 141 pour ces essais (Figure 5.42). L'essai EDC bridé présente la plus grande déformation à rupture (19%), et l'essai avec une biaxialité proche de z présente la plus faible déformation à rupture (9%). La déformation à rupture pour l'essai à plus haute biaxialité (voisin de 0,25) est de 12%. Figure 5.42 : Effet de la biaxialité sur la déformation circonférentielle à rupture des essais à forte vitesse de déformation à 400 °C (en bleu) et à 25 °C (en rouge)
La courbe rouge qui représente les essais rapides à 25 °C reste toujours en dessous de la courbe bleue qui représente les essais rapides à 400 °C. Cela signifie que pour les niveaux des biaxialités testés, la déformation circonférentielle à rupture est légèrement supérieure pour les essais réalisés à 400 °C. La faible différence des déformations à rupture peut être expliquée par deux effets différents : (i) le trajet de chargement agit directement sur la déformation à la rupture ainsi, si l'essai commence à une biaxialité moins pénalisante et termine à une biaxialité plus pénalisante, une déformation à rupture supérieure à celle d'un essai réalisé à une biaxialité constante et pénalisante est obtenue (ii) l'augmentation de la température provoque un adoucissement et une diminution de la contrainte d'écoulement du matériau de sorte que la germination de l'endommagement est retardée (ce qui est cohérent avec l'essai à 600 °C pour lequel la rupture n'a pas été observée). Conclusions et perspectives
Une méthode de chauffage rapide adaptée au montage EDC a été développée dans ce chapitre. Plusieurs solutions ont été testées avant d'arriver à une configuration avec un élément chauffant inséré à l'intérieur d'un média. Le courant passant par l'élément chauffant est transformé par effet Joule en chaleur qui est transférée par la suite vers le média et vers la gaine par conduction. Cette solution a permis d'atteindre des vitesses de chauffage allant jusqu'à environ 170 °C/s dans la zone d'intérêt. La caractérisation des champs de température au cours de la chauffe a permis de vérifier l'homogénéité de la température dans cette zone. La méthode de chauffage a ensuite été associée au montage EDC afin d'appliquer un chargement thermomécanique conforme à celui subi par la gaine lors de la phase d'interaction mécanique pastille gaine d'un accident de réactivité. Ainsi des essais de type EDC ont été réalisés pour des biaxialités des déformations comprises entre -0,07 et 0,2, à 400 °C et 600 °C avec une vitesse de chauffe de respectivement 171 °C.s-1 et 110 °C.s-1 et pour une vitesse de déformation de 0,5 s-1, et ont permis d'étudier la rupture du Zircaloy-4 dans ces conditions. À 400°C lorsque la biaxialité augmente de -0,07 (EDC bridé) à 0 (EDCT), la déformation circonférentielle à rupture diminue passant ainsi de 19 % à 9 %. Pour une biaxialité d'environ 0,2 (EDCT), la déformation circonférentielle à rupture augmente et atteint 12%. L'évolution de la 142 déformation circonférentielle à rupture en fonction de la biaxialité est similaire à celle déterminée à 25 °C avec des valeurs également proches. Lors des essais EDC bridé réalisés à 600 °C, les éprouvettes n'ont pas rompu après 30 % de déformation circonférentielle. Entre 400 °C et 600 °C, la ductilité du Zircaloy-4 augmente donc de manière significative. Le montage EDC avec tirants, présenté dans le chapitre 3, n'a pas été couplé à la méthode de chauffage rapide à cause de la non maitrise de la température à la fin de la phase de chauffage et par conséquent la difficulté de sélectionner un matériau pour les tirants. Un montage EDCT avec déplacement contrôlé a été développé pour résoudre le problème de l'incertitude en température et éviter l'identification du matériau des tirants en fonction du comportement de la gaine. Le nouveau dispositif permet d'obtenir des biaxialités de déformations plus faciles à contrôler. Ces développements thermomécaniques permettent de chauffer la gaine de la même façon que dans un réacteur et d'appliquer des vitesses de chauffage importantes. Ils permettent aussi de charger la gaine avec des biaxialités et des vitesses de déformation représentatives de celles rencontrées lors d'un RIA sans avoir besoin de connaitre au préalable le comportement mécanique de la gaine. Le mode de chargement appliqué et le mode de rupture obtenu pendant l'essai sont donc analogues à ceux rencontrés dans le réacteur. La vitesse de chauffage maximale atteinte dans cette étude est de l'ordre de 170 °C. s −1 avec un élément chauffant en TA6V de diamètre 3 mm et un média en aluminium pur. Bien que ce résultat présente une forte progression dans l'étude du comportement thermomécanique des produits de gainage, plusieurs optimisations du montage doivent être réalisées. La maitrise des interfaces solide-solide thermique et électrique peut aider à isoler le courant électrique dans l'élément chauffant et augmenter la vitesse de chauffage. Des études plus approfondies pourraient également être menées pour trouver des matériaux permettant d'atteindre des vitesses de chauffage plus importantes. Ces essais pourraient être réalisés en cellule blindée sur des matériaux irradiés. En effet, les seuls essais disponibles aujourd'hui sur matériau irradié permettent soit d'appliquer une vitesse de chauffage rapide à un essai uniaxial, soit d'appliquer un chargement biaxé avec une vitesse de chauffage lente. Cet essai permettrait donc de limiter le recuit des défauts d'irradiation et d'étudier leur effet sur la rupture du matériau. Nous avions préparé une campagne d'essais EDC bridé avec des éprouvettes hydrurées à différentes teneurs pour étudier l'effet de la vitesse de chauffage la cinétique de dissolution des hydrures. L'idée était de voir si une gaine hydrurée reste fragile si elle est chauffée rapidement à 600 °C, et de mesurer les déformations à rupture. La campagne de mise au point des essais s'est néanmoins révélée trop longue pour être menée à son terme dans le cadre de cette thèse. Ils pourront être réalisés en première perspective. La démarche pourra ensuite être étendue aux matériaux irradiés. Il serait également utile de progresser dans la caractérisation de l'essai. Pendant quelques essais, des fissures se sont créées sur la face non filmée par les caméras rapides. Cela a causé des difficultés pour déduire l'instant de rupture et la déformation circonférentielle à rupture. Conclusion
L'accident d'injection de réactivité (RIA) est un scénario hypothétique de dimensionnement des réacteurs à eau pressurisée. Lors de ce type d'accident, la gaine combustible subit un chargement thermomécanique rapide caractérisé par une biaxialité de déformation entre 0 et 1, une vitesse de déformation entre 1 et 5 s −1, une température entre 400 et 1000 °C et une vitesse de chauffage supérieure à 1000 °C. s −1. Ces chargements peuvent conduire à la rupture de la gaine et la dissémination de la matière radioactive dans le circuit primaire. La caractérisation du comportement de la gaine pendant un accident RIA nécessite : (i) d'identifier les conditions de chargement thermomécaniques subit par la gaine (ii) reproduire les chargements avec un essai en laboratoire (iii) caractériser le comportement de la gaine avec les mêmes types de chargement Il a notamment été montré à travers une synthèse bibliographique que la biaxialité de déformation, la vitesse de déformation et la vitesse de chauffage influencent le comportement à la rupture de la gaine. Il a été montré également que l'ensemble des essais disponibles ne permettent pas de reproduire le chargement d'un RIA dans un seul essai. Au cours de ces travaux, nous nous sommes intéressés à reproduire l'ensemble des chargements thermomécaniques rencontrés lors d'un RIA et les assembler dans un seul essai. En effet, les trois méthodes expérimentales développées au cours de cette thèse représentent des avancées pour mieux étudier le comportement des gaines avec des chargements dynamiques et complexes tels que reconcentrés lors d'un RIA. Ces développements nous ont permis de quantifier l'influence de la biaxialité sur le comportement du matériau de gainage en couplant les effets de ce dernier aux effets de la vitesse de déformation et aux effets de la température. Le premier essai (EDC avec traction) développé a permis d'appliquer un chargement mécanique biaxial en déplacement imposé sur une éprouvette de gainage en Zircaloy-4 détendu avec une machine de traction classique. Plusieurs itérations expérimental-numérique ont été réalisées afin d'optimiser le montage. Des tirants déformables en 304L ont été sélectionnés à l'aide des simulations par éléments finis du montage mécanique. Les tirants appliquent un chargement axial simultanément avec la compression du média dans la gaine pour la charger diamétralement. La modification des tailles des tirants a permis de faire varier le rapport de déformation et de balayer une large gamme de biaxialité. |
US-352692D-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Grate for furnaces
Patented Nov; 16, 1886.
r Ilfllk\\\ 1 II/IIII/III/IIII/II/fl '//IIII/II/II/l '/IIIIIIIIIIIII/1 'IIIIIIIIIIIIIII w/ I 6 O O D O 0 0 0 O O 9 O O O O 0 O O 0 O A 1 w y INVENTOR i ATTORNEYS.
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
SILAS HYDE HUNTINGTON, OF WEST PITTSTON, PENNSYLVANIA.
GRATE FOR FURNACES.
SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 352,692, dated November 16, 1886.
Application filed Ntvember 3, 1885. Serial No. 181,755. (No model.)
To all whom it may concern.-
Be it known that I, SILAS HYDE HUNTING- TON, of West Pittston, inthe county of Luzerne and State of Penn sylvania,have invented a new and useful Improvement in Grates for Furnaces, of which the following is a specification, reference being had to the annexed drawings, forming a part thereof, in which Figure 1 isaperspective view, partly in section,of my improved grate-bar. Fig. 2isa plan View, partly in section, showing two of the improved grate barsas arranged in a grate; and Fig. 3 is a transverse section taken on the line 00 m of Fig. 2.
My invention consists in the construction and arrangement of parts, as will be hereinafter fully described and claimed.
In my improved construction Iform the sections of toothed end pieces, F, and bars G, cast integrally therewith, the bars G ofone section alternating with the bars G of the adjoining section, the ends of the bars being received in mortisesin the sides of the toothed wheels F. Each section of this grate-baristherefore made up of two wheels, F, and the bars G, projecting therefrom and 'nserted each in the mortiscs of the other vheels. The grate-bar is formed of a series of such sections placed on a hollow slotted shaft, H, and secured together by bolts I, passing through the entire series of sections, or in any other convenient way. The teeth of the wheels Fare'inclined in one direction, as in a ratchet wheel. The bolts which hold the series of sections together pass underneath the bars G. The pipe'J, inserted in the hollow shaft H, extends through the en- 7,
tire series of sections of the grate-bar, and is apertured to permit of the escape of the water. therefrom to the interior of the bar, to keep the bar cool and to furnish a certain amount of steam to the fire to improve the combustion and economize ffiel. I
A portion of agrate formed by a series of grate-bars of this kind is shown in Fig. 2. It will there be seen that the wheels F of adjacent bars alternate with each other, leaving space for the escape of ashes and clinkers, as in the other case. The clinkers areground up and removed by the rotation of the wheels F and of the bars G.
Having thus described invention, what I claim'as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is- V I. The con1bination,in agrate-bar, of toothed wheels F, provided with bars G and mortises for receiving the bars of the adj oining section, hollow shaft H, andfastening-bolts I, substantially as herein specified. I v
2. The combination, in a grate-bar, of the hollow shaft H, the toothed wheels F, provided with the bars G, and the perforated tube J, inserted in thetubc H,substantially asherein specified.
3. In a grate-bar, the combination, with the hollow slotted shaft H, of toothed wheels F, provided with bars G, projecting from the side thereof, and provided with mortisesin the side thereof, alternating with the bars G, for receiving the bars G of the adjoining wheels F, and bolts I, extending through the entire series of sections formed of toothed wheels F and bars G underneath the bars G, substantially as herein specified.
SILAS HYDE HUNTINGTON.
Witnesses:
FQH. KYTE, S. P. FENN.
|
github_open_source_100_1_47 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | const frmPrestamo = $(`form#frmPrestamo`);
const frmCampos = {
id: $("#frm_id"),
lector_id: $("#frm_lector_id"),
lector: $("#frm_lector"),
ejemplar_id: $("#frm_ejemplar_id"),
libro: $("#frm_libro"),
fecha_prestamo: $("#frm_fecha_prestamo"),
fecha_devolucion: $("#frm_fecha_devolucion"),
estado_fisico_del_ejemplar_id: $("#frm_estado_fisico_del_ejemplar_id"),
estado_del_prestamo_id: $("#frm_estado_del_prestamo_id"),
dias_de_prestamo: $("#frm_dias_de_prestamo"),
};
const modalDetalles = $(`#modalDetallesPrestamo`);
const frmDetallesPrestamo = $(`form#frmDetallesPrestamo`);
const frmDetallesCampos = {
lector: $("#modal_lector"),
libro: $("#modal_libro"),
estado_fisico_del_ejemplar: $("#modal_estado_fisico_del_ejemplar"),
estado_del_prestamo: $("#modal_estado_del_prestamo"),
dias_de_prestamo_text: $("#modal_dias_de_prestamo_text"),
fecha_prestamo: $("#modal_fecha_prestamo"),
fecha_devolucion: $("#modal_fecha_devolucion"),
};
const frmRegistrarSancion = $(`form#frmRegistrarSancion`);
const frmRegistrarSancionCampos = {
id: $("#modal_id"),
fecha_inicio: $("#modal_fecha_inicio"),
fecha_fin: $("#modal_fecha_fin"),
estado_de_la_sancion_id: $("#modal_estado_de_la_sancion_id"),
tipo_de_sancion_id: $("#modal_tipo_de_sancion_id"),
prestamo: $("#modal_prestamo"),
lector_id: $("#modal_lector_id"),
lector: $("#modal_lector_nombre"),
};
const txtTitulo = $(`#frmTitulo`);
const contenedorRegistrar = $(`#opcionesRegistrarPrestamo`);
const contenedorEditar = $(`#opcionesEditarPrestamo`);
const modalRegistrarSancion = $(`#modalRegistrarSancion`).on(
"hidden.bs.modal",
function () {
frmRegistrarSancion.get(0).reset();
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["id"].val(null);
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["fecha_fin"].val(null);
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["fecha_inicio"].val(null);
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["lector"].val(null);
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["lector_id"].val(null);
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["prestamo"].val(null);
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["tipo_de_sancion_id"]
.val(null)
.trigger("change");
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["estado_de_la_sancion_id"]
.val(null)
.trigger("change");
}
);
const modalBuscarLector = $(`#modalBuscarLector`).on(
"show.bs.modal",
function () {
tblLectores.draw();
}
);
const modalBuscarReserva = $(`#modalBuscarReserva`).on(
"show.bs.modal",
function () {
tblReservas.draw();
}
);
const modalBuscarEjemplar = $(`#modalBuscarEjemplar`).on(
"hidden.bs.modal",
function () {
slcLibro.val(null).trigger("change");
if (tblEjemplares.ajax.url(url.limpiar).data().count() > 0) {
tblEjemplares.draw();
}
}
);
const tblPrestamos = $(`#tblPrestamos`)
.DataTable({
responsive: true,
language: languageDataTables,
dom: '<"row" <"col-sm-6" B> <"col-sm-6" f> > <"row" <"col-12" tr> > <"row" <"col-sm-5" i> <"col-sm-7" p> >',
buttons: {
dom: {
button: { className: "btn" },
},
buttons: [
{
extend: "pageLength",
className: "btn-default",
},
{
text: '<i class="fas fa-sync-alt"></i>',
className: "btn-default",
action: function () {
tblPrestamos.draw();
},
},
],
},
processing: true,
serverSide: true,
deferLoading: 0,
searchDelay: 1000,
ajax: {
url: url.datatable,
type: "POST",
data: formatDataOfDataTable,
},
order: [[4, "desc"]],
columns: [
{
defaultContent: `<nobr><a href="#frmTitulo" class="btn btn-xs btn-default text-success mx-1 shadow btn-editar-prestamo" title="Editar"><i class="fa fa-lg fa-fw fa-pen"></i></a><button class="btn btn-xs btn-default text-info mx-1 shadow btn-ver-detalles-prestamo" title="Detalles"><i class="fa fa-lg fa-fw fa-eye"></i></button></nobr>`,
searchable: false,
orderable: false,
},
{ data: "lector" },
{ data: "libro" },
{ data: "estado_del_prestamo" },
{ data: "fecha_prestamo" },
{ data: "fecha_devolucion", defaultContent: "No Devuelto" },
],
})
.on("draw.dt", function () {
tblPrestamos.columns.adjust();
});
const tblEjemplares = $(`#tblEjemplares`)
.DataTable({
responsive: true,
language: languageDataTables,
dom: '<"row" <"col-sm-6" B> <"col-sm-6" f> > <"row" <"col-12" tr> > <"row" <"col-sm-5" i> <"col-sm-7" p> >',
buttons: {
dom: {
button: { className: "btn" },
},
buttons: [
{
extend: "pageLength",
className: "btn-default",
},
],
},
processing: true,
serverSide: true,
deferLoading: 0,
searchDelay: 1000,
ajax: {
url: url.ejemplares.replace("#", 0),
type: "POST",
data: formatDataOfDataTable,
},
order: [[1, "desc"]],
columns: [
{
defaultContent: `<nobr><button class="btn btn-xs btn-default text-success mx-1 shadow btn-seleccionar-ejemplar" title="Seleccionar Ejemplar"><i class="fa fa-lg fa-check-circle"></i></button></nobr>`,
searchable: false,
orderable: false,
},
{ data: "libro" },
{ data: "estado_fisico_del_ejemplar" },
],
})
.on("draw.dt", function () {
tblEjemplares.columns.adjust();
});
const tblLectores = $(`#tblLectores`)
.DataTable({
responsive: true,
language: languageDataTables,
dom: '<"row" <"col-sm-6" B> <"col-sm-6" f> > <"row" <"col-12" tr> > <"row" <"col-sm-5" i> <"col-sm-7" p> >',
buttons: {
dom: {
button: { className: "btn" },
},
buttons: [
{
extend: "pageLength",
className: "btn-default",
},
],
},
processing: true,
serverSide: true,
deferLoading: 0,
searchDelay: 1000,
ajax: {
url: url.usuarios,
type: "POST",
data: formatDataOfDataTable,
},
order: [[1, "desc"]],
columns: [
{
defaultContent: `<nobr><button class="btn btn-xs btn-default text-success mx-1 shadow btn-seleccionar-lector" title="Seleccionar Lector"><i class="fa fa-lg fa-check-circle"></button></nobr>`,
searchable: false,
orderable: false,
},
{ data: "name" },
{ data: "last_name" },
{ data: "rol" },
],
})
.on("draw.dt", function () {
tblLectores.columns.adjust();
});
const tblReservas = $(`#tblReservas`)
.DataTable({
responsive: true,
language: languageDataTables,
dom: '<"row" <"col-sm-6" B> <"col-sm-6" f> > <"row" <"col-12" tr> > <"row" <"col-sm-5" i> <"col-sm-7" p> >',
buttons: {
dom: {
button: { className: "btn" },
},
buttons: [
{
extend: "pageLength",
className: "btn-default",
},
],
},
processing: true,
serverSide: true,
deferLoading: 0,
searchDelay: 1000,
ajax: {
url: url.reservaciones,
type: "POST",
data: formatDataOfDataTable,
},
order: [[4, "desc"]],
columns: [
{
defaultContent: `<nobr><button class="btn btn-xs btn-default text-success mx-1 shadow btn-seleccionar-reserva" title="Seleccionar Lector"><i class="fa fa-lg fa-check-circle"></button></nobr>`,
searchable: false,
orderable: false,
},
{ data: "libro" },
{ data: "lector" },
{ data: "dias_de_prestamo", render: addTextDays },
{ data: "fecha_de_reservacion" },
],
})
.on("draw.dt", function () {
tblReservas.columns.adjust();
});
frmCampos["fecha_prestamo"].val(moment().format("DD/MM/YYYY"));
const slcLibro = $("#slcLibro")
.select2({
theme: "bootstrap4",
placeholder: "Seleccione un Libro",
ajax: {
delay: 1000,
type: "POST",
data: formatDataOfSelect2,
processResults: formatResultOfSelect2,
url: function (params) {
return url.libros.replace("#", params.term || "");
},
},
})
.on("select2:select", function ({ params }) {
let data = params.data;
if (Boolean(data)) {
tblEjemplares.ajax
.url(url.ejemplares.replace("#", data["id"]))
.draw();
} else {
Swal.fire({
icon: "warning",
title: "Advertencia",
text: "Seleccione un Libro",
});
}
});
frmCampos["dias_de_prestamo"]
.bootstrapSlider({
id: "frm_dias_de_prestamo-slider",
value: 1,
min: 1,
max: 14,
formatter: addTextDays,
})
.on("change", function () {
let dias = parseInt(this.value) || 0;
if (dias >= 0 && dias <= 14) {
frmCampos["fecha_devolucion"].val(
moment(frmCampos["fecha_prestamo"].val(), "DD/MM/YYYY")
.add(dias, "days")
.format("DD/MM/YYYY")
);
}
});
const btnLimpiarForm = $("#btnLimpiarForm").on("click", function () {
frmCampos["id"].val(null);
frmCampos["lector_id"].val(null);
frmCampos["lector"].val(null);
frmCampos["ejemplar_id"].val(null);
frmCampos["libro"].val(null);
frmCampos["fecha_prestamo"].val(moment().format("DD/MM/YYYY"));
frmCampos["fecha_devolucion"].val(null);
frmCampos["estado_fisico_del_ejemplar_id"].val(null).trigger("change");
frmCampos["estado_del_prestamo_id"].val(null).trigger("change");
frmCampos["dias_de_prestamo"].bootstrapSlider("setValue", 1).change();
});
$(document)
.on("click", ".btn-editar-prestamo", function () {
let dataRow = tblPrestamos.row($(this).closest("tr")).data();
if (Boolean(dataRow)) {
contenedorRegistrar.addClass("d-none");
contenedorEditar.removeClass("d-none");
txtTitulo.text("Editar Prestamo");
frmCampos["id"].val(dataRow["id"]);
frmCampos["lector_id"].val(dataRow["lector_id"]);
frmCampos["lector"].val(dataRow["lector"]);
frmCampos["ejemplar_id"].val(dataRow["ejemplar_id"]);
frmCampos["libro"].val(dataRow["libro"]);
frmCampos["fecha_prestamo"].val(
moment(dataRow["fecha_prestamo"]).format("DD/MM/YYYY")
);
frmCampos["estado_fisico_del_ejemplar_id"]
.val(stringToArray(dataRow["estado_fisico_del_ejemplar_id"]))
.trigger("change");
frmCampos["estado_del_prestamo_id"]
.val(dataRow["estado_del_prestamo_id"])
.trigger("change");
frmCampos["dias_de_prestamo"]
.bootstrapSlider("setValue", dataRow["dias_de_prestamo"])
.change();
}
})
.on("click", ".btn-ver-detalles-prestamo", function () {
frmDetallesPrestamo.get(0).reset();
let dataRow = tblPrestamos.row($(this).closest("tr")).data();
if (Boolean(dataRow)) {
frmDetallesCampos["lector"].val(dataRow["lector"]);
frmDetallesCampos["libro"].val(dataRow["libro"]);
frmDetallesCampos["estado_fisico_del_ejemplar"].val(
dataRow["estado_fisico_del_ejemplar"]
);
frmDetallesCampos["estado_del_prestamo"].val(
dataRow["estado_del_prestamo"]
);
frmDetallesCampos["dias_de_prestamo_text"].val(
addTextDays(dataRow["dias_de_prestamo"])
);
frmDetallesCampos["fecha_prestamo"].val(dataRow["fecha_prestamo"]);
frmDetallesCampos["fecha_devolucion"].val(
dataRow["fecha_devolucion"] || "No Devuelto"
);
modalDetalles.modal(`show`);
}
})
.on("click", ".btn-seleccionar-ejemplar", function () {
let dataRow = tblEjemplares.row($(this).closest("tr")).data();
if (Boolean(dataRow)) {
frmCampos["ejemplar_id"].val(dataRow["id"]);
frmCampos["libro"].val(dataRow["libro"]);
frmCampos["estado_fisico_del_ejemplar_id"]
.val(stringToArray(dataRow["estado_fisico_del_ejemplar_id"]))
.trigger("change");
modalBuscarEjemplar.modal("hide");
}
})
.on("click", ".btn-seleccionar-reserva", function () {
let dataRow = tblReservas.row($(this).closest("tr")).data();
if (Boolean(dataRow)) {
frmCampos["ejemplar_id"].val(dataRow["ejemplar_id"]);
frmCampos["libro"].val(dataRow["libro"]);
frmCampos["lector_id"].val(dataRow["lector_id"]);
frmCampos["lector"].val(dataRow["lector"]);
frmCampos["estado_fisico_del_ejemplar_id"]
.val(stringToArray(dataRow["estado_fisico_del_ejemplar_id"]))
.trigger("change");
frmCampos["dias_de_prestamo"]
.bootstrapSlider("setValue", dataRow["dias_de_prestamo"])
.change();
modalBuscarReserva.modal("hide");
}
})
.on("click", ".btn-seleccionar-lector", function () {
let dataRow = tblLectores.row($(this).closest("tr")).data();
if (Boolean(dataRow)) {
frmCampos["lector_id"].val(dataRow["id"]);
frmCampos["lector"].val(
`${dataRow["name"]} ${dataRow["last_name"]}`
);
modalBuscarLector.modal("hide");
}
})
.on("click", "#btnCancelarEdicion", function () {
contenedorEditar.addClass("d-none");
contenedorRegistrar.removeClass("d-none");
txtTitulo.text("Registrar un Nuevo Prestamo");
btnLimpiarForm.trigger("click");
})
.on("click", "#btnRegistrarPrestamo", function () {
let formData = new FormData(frmPrestamo.get(0));
formData.append("_method", "POST");
$.ajax({
url: url.registrar,
data: formData,
cache: false,
processData: false,
contentType: false,
success: function ({ mensaje }) {
Swal.fire({
icon: "success",
title: "Hecho",
text: mensaje,
});
tblPrestamos.draw();
},
});
})
.on("click", "#btnEditarPrestamo", function () {
let formData = new FormData(frmPrestamo.get(0));
formData.append("_method", "PUT");
$.ajax({
url: url.actualizar.replace("#", formData.get("id")),
data: formData,
cache: false,
processData: false,
contentType: false,
success: function ({ mensaje }) {
Swal.fire({
icon: "success",
title: "Hecho",
text: mensaje,
});
tblPrestamos.draw();
},
});
})
.on("click", "#btnRegistrarSancion", function () {
let formData = new FormData(frmRegistrarSancion.get(0));
formData.append("_method", "POST");
$.ajax({
url: url.sancion,
data: formData,
cache: false,
processData: false,
contentType: false,
success: function ({ mensaje }) {
Swal.fire({
icon: "success",
title: "Hecho",
text: mensaje,
});
tblPrestamos.draw();
},
});
})
.on("click", "#btnIncrementar", function () {
frmCampos["dias_de_prestamo"]
.bootstrapSlider(
"setValue",
frmCampos["dias_de_prestamo"].bootstrapSlider("getValue") + 1
)
.change();
})
.on("click", "#btnDisminuir", function () {
frmCampos["dias_de_prestamo"]
.bootstrapSlider(
"setValue",
frmCampos["dias_de_prestamo"].bootstrapSlider("getValue") - 1
)
.change();
})
.on("click", "#btnModalSancion", function () {
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["id"].val(frmCampos["id"].val());
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["prestamo"].val(
`${frmCampos["libro"].val()} | ${frmCampos["fecha_prestamo"].val()}`
);
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["lector_id"].val(
frmCampos["lector_id"].val()
);
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["lector"].val(frmCampos["lector"].val());
modalRegistrarSancion.modal("show");
})
.on("click", "#btnBuscarLector", function () {
modalBuscarLector.modal("show");
})
.on("click", "#btnBuscarLibro", function () {
modalBuscarEjemplar.modal("show");
})
.on("click", "#btnBuscarReserva", function () {
modalBuscarReserva.modal("show");
});
$.ajax({
url: url.select2,
data: {
campos: [
"estados_fisicos_de_los_ejemplares",
"estados_de_los_prestamos",
"estados_de_las_sanciones",
"tipos_de_sanciones",
],
},
success: function (data) {
tblPrestamos.draw();
frmCampos["estado_fisico_del_ejemplar_id"]
.select2({
theme: "bootstrap4",
placeholder: "Seleccione el Estado Fisico de la Ejemplar",
data: data["estados_fisicos_de_los_ejemplares"],
})
.val(null)
.trigger("change");
frmCampos["estado_del_prestamo_id"]
.select2({
theme: "bootstrap4",
placeholder: "Seleccione el Estado del Prestamo",
data: data["estados_de_los_prestamos"],
})
.val(null)
.trigger("change");
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["estado_de_la_sancion_id"]
.select2({
theme: "bootstrap4",
placeholder: "Seleccione el Estado del Sancion",
data: data["estados_de_las_sanciones"],
})
.val(null)
.trigger("change");
frmRegistrarSancionCampos["tipo_de_sancion_id"]
.select2({
theme: "bootstrap4",
placeholder: "Seleccione el Tipo de Sancion",
data: data["tipos_de_sanciones"],
})
.val(null)
.trigger("change");
},
});
btnLimpiarForm.trigger("click");
|
https://openalex.org/W4387228862_7 | Spanish-Science-Pile | Various open science | Don José Francisco de Lares y Gonzalez de Acuña, nacido hacia
1777 y casado en 1812 en Maracaibo con Doña Tecla Gonzalez de
Acuña.
1.
Don José Francisco Lares Lares, nacido en 1813 en
Maracaibo, Se casó en Mendoza el 13-1-1837 y se veló
en Mendoza el 13-1-1839 Folio 2 Vto, con dispensa de
afinidad con Doña Ana Guadalupe Abreu Carrasquero,
nacida el 27-1-1819 y bautizada en Mendoza el
178
El linaje Lares
Marco Ghersi Gil
Investigaciones
30-6-1819 folio 176 partida donde no solo aparecen sus padres si donde se
mencionan abuelos paternos y maternos. Tuvieron cinco hijo legitimos:
1.
Doña Maria Porfiria Lares Abreu, nacida en Mendoza el 2-5-1851, y
bautizada el 23-5-1851 siendo sus padrinos El Pbro. Eduardo Briceño
Gabaldon y la hermana de este Mariana Briceño Gabaldonació el Se casó
y veló en Mendoza la Fría el 3-7-1875 folio 37 vto con Don Domingo
Giacopini Tori, natural de Fezzano,Porto Venere, antes Provincia de
Génova, Hoy Provincia de La SPezzia Italia, hijo de los señores Francisco
Giacopini y María Tori, viudo de Ana Emilia Rumbos, con dispensa de
afinidad del tercer grado.
2.
Doña Maria Matilde Lares Abreu, nacida el 12-7-1852 y bautizada el 22
8-1852 siendo sus padrinos Don Prisco Lares y Doña Marta Abreu, sus
legitimos tios. Fue casada hacia 1865 con Don José Miliani, natural de la
isla de Elba. Aun vivia viuda en Valera en una casa de su hermana Porfiria
en Valera en 1916. Tenia 4 hijos;
1.
Maria Victoria Emma Guadalupe Miliani, bautizada en valera el
17-2-1879.
2.
Maria Clotilde Miliani, bautizada en Valera el 10-5-1875 y casada
el 29-7-1891 con el Doctor Jose Segnini, natural de Elba, Italia, HL
Jose Segnini y Juana Acuani y vecinos que luego fueron de
Maracaybo donde dejaron sucesión.
3.
Jose Victor Garivaldi Miliani, bautizado en Valera el 15-8-1882.
4.
Jose Duilio Pablo Miliani , bautizado en Valera el 6-6-1886.
3.
Don Ruperto Gordiano Lares Abreu, bautizado en Mendoza el 21-5-
1843 y nació el 27-3-1843 siendo sus padrinos Juan Bautista Abreu y
Carmen Carrasquero y falleció soltero y anciano.
4.
Don Jose Francisco Lares Abreu, nacido hacia 1841 y casado el 1-1-1889
con Doña Josefa Rosa Carrasquero Hija de Manuel Maria
Carrasquero y Candelaria Abreu.
1.
Doña Marta Maria Lares casada en Valera en 26-4-1902 con
Ezequiel Chirinos HL Arcadio Chirinos y Maria Concepción
Morillo.
5.
Crispulo Lares Abreu casado en Mendoza el 26-1-1899 con Fabiana
HN Isabel Simancas.
6.
José Alcibíades del Rosario Lares , nacio en Mendoza el 19-3-1842 y
bautizado el 22-9-1842 siendo sus padrinos Juan Bautista Abreu y Carmen
Carrasquero.
179
Revista del Centro Zuliano de Investigaciones Genealógicas
Año 1 Número 2 Julio - Diciembre 2023. Investigaciones
Don José Ramón de Lares y Gonzalez de Acuña, que otorgó testamento en Maracaibo
el 27/07/1816, casado con Doña Josefa Antonia Mayor, sin sucesiónació el Ella casó en
segundas nupcias el 11/3/1821 con Don Jose Maria de la O, natural de España.
6.
Don José Ignacio de Lares y Gonzalez de Acuña, nacido hacia 1769 , fallecido antes del
testamento de su padre otorgado en Maracaybo en 1824, casado en primeras nupcias con
Doña María Josefa Durán y padre de Doña Carmen Lares DURÁN, doncella soltera en
1824 , beneficiada por su abuelo en su testamento . Don José Ignacio Lares había casado
hacia 1800 con su prima Doña Nicolasa Gonzalez de Acuña, con un hijo, Juan Pedro. Del
primer enlace fueron hijos:
1.
Don Mauricio Lares Duran, nacido hacia 1795 y casado en Valera en 1826 con
Doña Bernarda Villarreal HL Juan Mathias Villarreal y Agustina Reynoso.
1.
Don Jose Joaquin Lares Villarreal, Bautizado en Valera el 25-12-1826.
2.
Doña Carmen Lares Duran, nacida en 1800 en Betijoque soltera doncella en
1824 cuando su abuelo le hizo donaciones en su testamento por ser soltera y estar
su padre difunto desde 1810.
3.
Don Pedro Lares Gonzalez, casado en Betijoque a los 31 años el 24/07/1834 con
Doña Margarita Perez Cardona, hija de Don Leonardo Perez y de Doña Juana
Cardona.
7.
Don José María de la Concepción de Lares y Gonzalez de Acuña, nacido en Maracaibo
el 08/12/1784. Casó con Doña Josefa Chuecos, padres de Jose Francisco Lares, nacido en
1827:
1.
Don José Antonio Lares Chuecos, casado en Mendoza el 8-8-1859 con Doña
Petra Rumbos Carrasquero HL Jose y Petra.
1.
Don Guillermo Pedro de la ConcepciónLares bautizado en Mendoza el
13-6-1862 y casado con Ofelia Ibarra y en segundas con Rita Josefa Peña.
1.
Don Guillermo José Lares Ibarra, bautizado en Valera el 2-5-1883
2.
Doña Margarita Mercedes Lares Ibarra , bautizada en Valera el
14-2-1885.
3.
Don José Manuel de la Encarnación Lares Ibarra bautizado en
valera el 8-3-1886.
4.
Doña Margarita Segunda Lares Peña , bautizada el 3-5-1890.
2.
Don Juan Pedro Lares Chuecos, nacido en 1824, natural de Escuque y vecino de
Valencia, casado en Betijoque el 19/05/1854 con Doña Ramona Perozo Juarez,
hija de Don Félix y de Doña María de la Chiquinquirá.
3.
Don Prisco Lares Chuecos, nacido en 1825, vecino de Maracaibo, casó en
Betijoque el 23/05/1845 con Doña Marta Abreu Carrasquero, hija de Don Miguel
y de Doña María del Carmenació el Casó de nuevo en Mérida el 06/10/1866 con
5.
180
El linaje Lares
Marco Ghersi Gil
Investigaciones
Doña Josefa Antonia Paredes Mendez, hija del Doctor Don Eloy Paredes y de
Doña Josefa Mendez. Con descendencia en el primer enlace.
Del segundo enlace:
1.
Doña Josefa Antonia Lares Paredes, casada con el Doctor Don Gonzalo
Picón Febres, nacido en Mérida el 10/09/1860 y fallecido en Curaçao
el 06/06/1918, Senador por Mérida en 1899, Director de Politica del
Ministerio de Relaciones Interiores, Consul General de Venezuela en New
York, erudito y distinguido escritor.
4.
Don Martín José Lares Chuecos, natural de Maracaibo, nacido hacia 1830 y
casado en Valera el 07/07/1871 con Doña Rosalía Rueda Perozo, natural de
Escuque, hija de Don Pedro Rueda y de Doña Merced Perozo. Fueron los padres
de:
1.
Don Antonio José Lares Rueda, casado en Valera el 30-1-1896 con
Doña María Luisa Giacopini Lares, hija de Don Domingo Giacopini, y de
Doña Porfiria Lares Abreu.
1.
Doña Angela Miriam Lares Giacopini nacida en Valera el
26-12-1897 y bautizada el 13-3-1898 y casada en 30-1-1918 con
Francisco Andres Scrocchi Manucci, nacido el 10-10-1888 y
bautizado el 19-1-1889.
2.
Don Omar Antonio Lares Giacopini nacido en Valera el 30-11
1899 y bautizado el 27-1-1901 y casado dos veces en primeras el
2-1-1932 con Margarita Escalona y en segundas con Delida
Matheus, cuyo hijo póstumo tuvo .Tuvo ademas tres hijos con
Elisa Rigores.
1.
Beltran Lares Escalona, con sucesión
2.
Gerardo Lares Matheus,con sucesión
3.
Zobeida Lares Rigores casada en primeras nupcias con el
Dr. Julio Méndez Rincones y en segundas con Leon
Hocblatt, de Maracaybo de origen hebreo,sin sucesión.
4.
Omar Lares Rigores casado con Magdalena Sader
Giacopini,su prima sin sucesión
3.
Doña Isabel Lares Giacopini , nacida en Valera el 15-1-1903 y
bautizada el 19-4-1903 y casada en 1924 en Valera con Juan B.
Ghersi Grisanti,natural de RioCaribe, Sucre,Venezuela.
4.
Don César Augusto Lares Giacopini, nacido en Valera el
9-11-1896 y bautizado el 31-1-1897 casado con Rafaela Raidan sin
sucesión.
181
Revista del Centro Zuliano de Investigaciones Genealógicas
Año 1 Número 2 Julio - Diciembre 2023. Investigaciones
2.
Don José Francisco Lares Rueda
3.
Don Martín Lares Rueda Don Martín Lares Rueda, casado con Doña
María Gabaldon, son los padres de:
A.
Don Prisco Lares Gabaldon, casado con Doña María de la
Encarnación Guillen Sotillo, nacida el 04/12/1901 y fallecida
el 31/01/1973, hija de Don Carlos Roseliano Guillen Quintero,
nacido en Pampatar, y de Doña Dolores Sotillo Aguirre.
B.
El Doctor Don Martín Lares GabaldonACIÓ EL ,Médico
C.
Doña Teolinda Lares Gabaldon, soltera.
D.
Doña Josefa María Lares Gabaldon, soltera.
E.
Doctor Antonio Lares Gabaldon, Abogado
4.
Otro que murio parvulo en Valera.
5.
Don Lucio Lares Chuecos, nacido en 1828, casado en Maracaibo el 14/12/1878
con Doña Eudoxia Juana Bautista Armas Baralt, hija de Don Manuel Ignacio de
Armas Padron, natural de La Guaira, y de Doña Eudoxia Baralt Menacho.
6.
Don José María Lares Chuecos, nacido en 1823, casado en Maracaibo el
01/03/1845 con Doña Emilia Baralt Menacho, hija de Don José Ignacio Baralt
Sanchez y de Doña María Petronila Menacho Duranació fueron padres de: Don
Rodolfo, Don Luis, Doña Sara, Doña Elisa, y de:
1.
Don José María Lares Baralt, casado con su prima Doña Cármen Baralt
Echeto, hija del General Don Nemesio Baralt Menacho y de Doña Amalia
Echeto. Fueron padres de: Doña Angela y Doña Sofía, solteras, y de:
A.
Doña Hortensia Lares Baralt, casada con Don Ramón Adrianza
Luzardo, hijo de Don Seleuco Adrianza y de Doña Victoria
Luzardo Romay.
B.
Don José Omar Lares Baralt, fallecido el 12/04/1918, casado en
Maracaibo el 31/01/1896 con Doña Petra Eugenia Lossada
Lossada, fallecida el 05/02/1949, hija de Don Juan Antonio
Lossada Faria y de Doña Georgina Lossada Rodriguez. Fueron los
padres de: Don Omer Augusto Gregorio, nacido el 28/11/1898
y fallecido soltero; Doña Margarita Hortensia, nacida en
Maracaibo el 05/01/1910 y fallecida allí, soltera, en 1984; Doña
Yolanda, fallecida pequeña; y:
A.
Doña Josefina de los Dolores Lares Lossada, nacida en
Maracaibo el 09/09/1897 y fallecida allí el 16/03/1936,
casada allí el 02/08/1920 con Don Carlos Julio Osorio
Carriedo, hijo de Don Elías Osorio y de Doña Cármen
Carriedo.
182
El linaje Lares
Marco Ghersi Gil
Investigaciones
B.
Doña Olympia Felipa Lares Lossada, nacida en Maracaibo
el 01/05/1900 y fallecida allí el 19/04/1965, casada con
el señor James Ball, natural de Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
hijo de los señores Henry Nelson Ball, y Eliza Joan Harney,
con descendencia.
C.
Doña Cármen Emilia Matilde Lares Lossada, nacida en
Maracaibo el 14/03/1906, casada con el señor Frederick
Smith, natural de los Estados Unidos, con sucesión.
D.
Doña Angela Sofía Lares Lossada, nacida en Maracaibo el
30/10/1908 y fallecida el 15/06/1970, casada con Don
Ramón de LEGORBURU y LEON, hijo de Don Ramón
de Legorburu y Garmendia, y de Doña Rita Leon
Quintero.
E.
Doña Ligia Elena Lares Lossada, nacida en Maracaibo el
29/11/1911, casada, sin sucesión.
F.
Don Roberto Antonio Lares Lossada, nacido en
Maracaibo el 05/07/1901, casado con Doña Isabel SOTO
SILVA.
G.
Don Enrique Manuel Lares Lossada, nacido en
Maracaibo el 17/06/1904 y fallecido allí en 1982, casado
en esa ciudad el 06/08/1926 con Doña Josefina Rincon
Urdaneta. Fueron padres de: Don Rodolfo, soltero, y de:
A.
Doña Yolanda Josefina Lares Rincon, casada con
el señor Piero Petro.
B.
Doña Miriam Lares Rincon, casada con el señor
Numan Romero De La Vega.
C.
Don Enrique José Lares Rincon, casado con
Doña Adelaida Garcia Ortin, hija de Don Diego
Garcia Socorro, y de Doña Graciela Ortin
Rodriguez, con sucesión.
H.
Don José Angel Lares Lossada, nacido en Maracaibo el
03/12/1912 y fallecido en Caracas el 09/10/1958, casado
con Doña Cecilia Nuñez Ramirez, con sucesión.
C.
Don Eduardo Lares Baralt, casado primero con Doña Manuela
Carruyo Otero, hija de Don Juan Carruyo Belloso y de Doña
Manuela Otero; y en segundas nupcias con Doña Blanca Perez.
D.
El Doctor Don José de la Cruz Lares Baralt, casado con Doña
María Luisa Suarez.
183
Revista del Centro Zuliano de Investigaciones Genealógicas
Año 1 Número 2 Julio - Diciembre 2023. Investigaciones
2.
El General Don José Ignacio Lares Baralt Presidente de los Estados Zulia
y Mérida, casado en Mérida el 23/07/1870 con Doña Paz Ruiz Paredes,
hija de Don Juan de Dios Ruiz y de Doña María de la Paz Paredes. Fueron
padres de: Doña Eva María, religiosa, y de:
A.
Doña Obdulia Lares Ruiz, casada con Don Rodolfo Socorro
Baralt, hijo de Don José Amable Socorro Socorro y de Doña
Cármen Baralt Luzardo.
B.
Don Silvio Lares Ruiz, casado con Doña Mercedes Ascanio.
C.
El Doctor Don José Ignacio Lares Ruiz, médico cirujano, casado
con Doña Isabel Lemoine, padres de Don Gustavo, y de:
A.
Doña Isabel Lares Lemoine, casada con Nació El Palacios.
3.
Don Arturo Lares Baralt, casado con Doña Josefina Echeverria Africano,
padres de: Don Arturo, Don Alonso, y de:
A.
Doña María Emilia Lares Echeverria, casada con Don Carlos
Lopez Bustamante, hijo del periodista Don Eduardo Lopez Rivas y
de Doña Cármen Bustamante Lopez De Triana.
4.
Don Manuel Alberto Lares Baralt, casado en Maracaibo el 19/09/1891
(Bolívar) con Doña Cristina Ana Ruan Sariol, hija de Don Hugo y de
Doña Agustina. Fueron padres de: Doña Cecilia, Don Manuel Alberto, y
de:
A.
Doña María Cristina Lares Ruan, casada con Don Luis A. Ramirez.
B.
Doña Olga Lares Ruan, casada con Don Alfredo Ramirez.
C.
Don José María Lares Ruan, casado con Doña Mercedes Borges.
D.
Don Luis Lares Ruan, casado con Doña Margarita Tirado.
E.
Don Teodoro Lares Ruan, casado con Doña Flor Angela Eleizalde.
F.
Don Atilio Lares Ruan, casado con Doña Sara Valbuena.
184
El linaje Lares
Marco Ghersi Gil
Investigaciones
Notas genealógicas de familias que complementan y
contribuyeron desde el siglo XVI, sobre todo desde El
tocuyo, Coro, Carora, Barquisimeto y Guanare, a las
familias Lares y Acuña zulianas, y a la Fernandes de
Carrasquero, de Gibraltar, diferente a la Zuliana oriunda
de Alagoa, Potugal (siglo XVII).
1. CONTADOR Y FUNDADOR GONZALO DE LOS RÍOS, natural de Aviada de Campos de
Suuso (Yusso), Santander e HL García Fernández de los Ríos y María de Salcedo, que regresó
de España en 1563 acompañado de un criado, JUAN GUTIERRE DE OXEDA Catálogo de
Pasajeros a Indias Vol. IV p. 33) GONZALO DE LOS RÍOS tuvo dos hijos, probablemente en la
criolla llamada CONSTANZA e hijos naturales por consecuencia.
2. LUISA DE LOS RÍOS. Fue casada en tres matrimonios pues claramente en 8-7-1625 en el
Documento de la Herencia de AMBROSIO RIZZ, HIJO MESTIZO DE JOACHIM RIZZ,
Welser de san Gallen, hoy Suiza, reconocido por su padre en una india caquetia, se dice que ella
fue hija legítima del CONTADOR GONZALO DE LOS RÍOS y Ambrosio Rizz fue el dicho su
tercer marido, es decir el tercero de sus maridos.
3. DOÑA MARÍA RIZZ DE LOS RÍOS, casada y velada en la Nueva Segovia de Barquisimeto con
FRANCISCO DE URQUELEAGUI Y SILVA, natural de la Nueva Segovia hijo de MARTÍN
DE URQUELAEGUI Y DOÑA MARÍA DE SILVA. Nieto de los Guipuzcoanos PEDRO DE
URQUELEAGUI Y DOÑA MARÍA SAEZ DE SOAZOLA, naturales de Ascoitia, Guipúzcoa.
4. CAP. MARTÍN DE URQUELEAGUI y DE LOS RIOS, casado y velado en la Nueva Segovia
de Barquisimeto con DOÑA MARÍA SÁNCHEZ DE AGREDA, HL Lorenzo Grimán,
veneciano, y DOÑA Isabel de Castellanos. Ella Testó el 1-10-1674 y el 6-4-1690, folios 51-54
Legajo 1690, se otorgó la herencia de acuerdo con el Testamento y Codicilo. Tuvieron 10 hijos:
FRANCISCO, LORENZO, MIGUEL GERÓNIMO, GREGORIO, JUAN, DOÑA MARÍA,
DOÑA EUFEMIA, ANDRÉS, MARTÍN Y JOSEPH DE AURQUELEAGUI Y AGREDA.
5. ANDRÉS URQUELEAGUI Y AGREDA, bautizado en la Nueva Segovia de Barquisimeto y
casado y velado en la Nueva Segovia de Barquisimeto con DOÑA JULIANA CABRAL, HL
Esteban Cabral de Villalobos y Doña Petrona de la Llana y Cortes.
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6. DOÑA LUISA ROSA URQUELAEGUI y CABRAL, bautizada en la Nueva Segovia de
Barquisimeto Y casada y velada en la Nueva Segovia de Barquisimeto con DON DIEGO
MANUEL DE EGUIZABAL, natural de los Reynos de Castilla, que testó el 23-11-1700 de
las secuelas del parto de su hija Doña SEBASTIANA NICOLASA, que quedó de 6 días de
edad. Dejó por albaceas a sus hermanos ANDRÉS JOSEPH, JUAN Y DON THOMÁS DE
URQUELAEGUI Y LLANA
7. Doña María Nicolasa de Eguizábal y Sabaniega y Urquelaegui, casada hacia 1740 en la Parroquia
Matríz de Maracaibo con Don Alberto González de Acuña sobrino del Obispo del mismo
apellido con quien vino En el Séquito en su compañía, padres de:
8. Doña Francisca González de Acuña Eguizábal, la cual se casó con Don Pedro José de Lares, natural
de la isla de Margarita, que se avecindó en la ciudad de Maracaibo, donde otorgó testamento
junto con su esposa, el 14/12/1824. Casó Don Pedro Lares como lo hemos venido diciendo en
la parroquia Mayor de Maracaibo el 26/01/1768 con Doña María Francisca González de Acuña,
hija de Don Juan Alberto González de Acuña y de Doña María Nicolasa Eguizábal (Luiabar) y
Sabaniega. Fueron los padres de:
9. DON JOSE MARIA LARES Y GONZALES DE ACUÑA, bautizado en la Parroquia Matriz
hoy de la Catedral de Maracaibo el 8-12-1784 y al parecer caso en Escuque o Mérida con DOÑA
MARIA JOSEFA DE CHUECOS, oriunda de Escuque e hija Don Juan Pedro Chuecos y Doña
Josefa de Ramos Venegas, con larga e ilustre sucesión en Mérida, Escuque, Mendoza la Fría y
Valera, así como en Maracaibo con larga e ilustre descendencia
10. DON MANUEL GONZALEZ DE ACUÑA, casado el 5-7-1771 en la Parroquia Matriz de
Maracaibo con DOÑA ANA JOSEFA CAMACHO Y CANO, hija legitima De Don Antonio
Camacho y Doña María Cano Deben haber tenido varios hijos, pero solo me consta Doña Tecla
González de Acuña y Camacho, a continuación.
11. Doña Tecla González de Acuña y Camacho, casada en Maracaibo o su jurisdicción con Don
JOSE FRANCISCO LARES Y GONZALEZ DE ACUÑA, hijo del matrimonio fundador de
este apellido en Maracaibo. Se radicaron en Mendoza la Fría, donde su hijo
12. DON JOSE FRANCISCO LARES Y GONZALEZ DE ACUÑA, que casó en 1837 y se veló
en 1839 en La Puerta con DOÑA ANA GUADALUPE ABREU CARRASQUERO hija de don
MIGUEL ABREU Y CARRASQUERO y DOÑA MARIA DEL CARMEN CARRASQUERO
ABREU, y casados en Mendoza fría en 1815 y nieta paterna de Don Simón Abreu Y Moreno y
186
El linaje Lares
Marco Ghersi Gil
Investigaciones
doña Soledad Carrasquero Paredes, casados en 1780 en Mendoza la Fría y nieta materna de sus
primos hermanos dobles Don Miguel Carrasquero Paredes y Doña María Chiquinquirá Abreu
y Moreno, casados también en 1780 hija al igual que Don Simón de Abreu, de Don ESTEBAN
ABREU Y DE LA TORRE Y DOÑA ANA MARIA MORENO GONZALES. DON MIGUEL
CARRASQUERO ERA hijo de Don MIGUEL CARRASQUERO Y PAREDES Y DOÑA JUANA
PAREDES, Y nieta paterna de DON LEONARDO CARRASQUERO, nacido en Maracaibo
pero oriundo de Gibraltar, hijo de Don PEDRO JOSE FERNANDEZ DE CARRASQUERO,
natural de los Reynos de España y de su esposa DOÑA MARIA MOCTEZUMA Y MORALES,
con quien casó en Guanare, quien a su vez era hija del ALFEREZ MAYOR y Encomendero
en Coro en 1674 en Carora, DON FRANCISCO DE MOCTEZUMA confirmada en 1679 y
en Coro, e hijo legítimo de su homónimo padre, español descendiente de los miembros de la
familia Moctezuma llevo a su Majestad el Rey Don Fernando el Católico el terrible HERNAN
CORTES, que por varias generaciones casaron como Nobles con mujeres Españolas, y de su
segunda esposa DOÑA LAURENCIANA MORALES, natural de Santa Ana de Carora. (Véase
Descendencia del Emperador Azteca de México en Guanaguanare, en dos tomos, publicados
por mí en 2008 con la ayuda de la UNEY. Con larga sucesión en los estados Portuguesa, Mérida,
Zulia, Lara, Falcon, Carabobo, Miranda y hasta Caracas.
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“APUNTES GENEALÓGICOS SOBRE LOS
GENERALES JOSÉ ESCOLÁSTICO ANDRADE Y
PIRELA E IGNACIO ANDRADE Y TROCONIS”
Ramón Ignacio Andrade Monagas
Lima, 6 de marzo 2020
“En el año 1821, después de la Batalla de Carabobo, cuando
estuve con el Libertador en Maracaibo, y antes de seguir con él
para el sur en la campaña de la independencia, llevé los pocos
apuntamientos genealógicos que conservaba referentes a nuestros
antecesores, pero cinco días antes de la batalla de “Ayacucho”,
en “Matará”, el ejército español interceptó los equipajes y con
ellos perdí el mío con cuanto contenía. Quedé pues, sin aquellos
preciosos documentos y sin memoria cierta y circunstanciada de
la familia, siquiera de sus principales ramas. Después no pude
ni he tenido tiempo ni ocasión de reponer los datos perdidos,
procurándolos en los registros en que pudieran encontrarse:
y llegué a creer que no había ya en la familia quien poseyera
antecedentes formales sobre el particular. Sin embargo, cuando
menos lo esperé, hace como dos años, en una visita que me hizo
nuestro pariente el señor Juan Francisco Troconis, me habló
de haber hallado entre los papeles de nuestro primo Ramón,
su difunto padre, tradiciones curiosas e interesantes, relativas
a la ascendencia de la familia Troconis, con los enlaces y
ramificaciones más esenciales para nosotros; y no dejamos de
celebrar semejante hallazgo”
“ Como puede ser que estos antecedentes así tan circunstanciales
sean los únicos que existan en la familia, he creído conveniente ir
trasmitiéndolos a mis hijos según me sea dado, a fin de que no se
pierdan en el curso de los tiempos, tradiciones tan curiosas como
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“Apuntes Genealógicos sobre los Generales José Escolástico
Andrade y Pirela e Ignacio Andrade y Troconis”
Ramón Ignacio Andrade Monagas
Investigaciones
interesantes para nosotros, y que mantengan viva la memoria
de nuestros antepasados con su origen y larga sucesión. Procura
pues, conservar esos datos que honran a la familia, no tanto por
su linaje que eso poco hace y vale en nuestra forma de gobierno,
sino por la ilustración y condiciones de sus antecesores en general.
Recíbelo como testimonio de afecto que se hace el deber de
consagrarte en ellos, tu amantísimo padre.”1
J.E. Andrade
Carta del General José Escolástico Andrade y Pirela a su hijo Francisco,
20 de octubre 1874
INTRODUCCIÓN
Atendiendo a la invitación de Don Antonio Herrera Vaillant, presenté
a consideración de la Junta Calificadora del Instituto Venezolano de
Genealogía el presente trabajo intitulado: “Apuntes Genealógicos sobre los
Generales José Escolástico Andrade y Pirela e Ignacio Andrade y Troconis”,
para mi incorporación como Miembro Individuo de Número. En estos
apuntes desarrollé el linaje agnaticio de ambos generales en Venezuela. Será
tema de nuevos trabajos el desarrollo del árbol de costados.
Con estos apuntes que son producto de largos años de investigación, tomé
el testigo de quienes me precedieron y cumplí el deber familiar de mantener
viva la memoria de nuestros antepasados.
Dedicado a mi padre Ignacio Andrade Arcaya.
1
Hernández D’Empaire, José, General José Escolástico Andrade, El Prócer
Olvidado, Sociedad Bolivariana de Venezuela, Centro del Estado Zulia, p. 26.
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ANDRADE O ANDRADA
E
l apellido Andrade o Andrada es de origen gallego. Tuvo su casa solar en Betanzos y fueron
señores de Puentedeume, El Ferrol, Villalba, Valle de Lauría, Vudamoral, Solar de Betanzos
y Villel de Mesa. Condes de Andrade y Villalba.2
Sus armas:
En campo de sinople (verde) una banda de oro, engolada en boca de dragones del mismo metal;
bordura de plata con este lema en letras de sable (color negro): “AVE MARIA, GRATIA PLENA”.3
* JUAN DE LAS NIEVES DE ANDRADE y BALBUENA,4 natural de los Reinos de España, se
residenció en Maracaibo,5 donde fue Capitán de Infantería, Sargento Mayor, Procurador General,
Regidor, Alférez Real, Alguacil Mayor y Castellano interino de la fuerza principal de San Carlos de la
Laguna,6 murió en fecha posterior al 26 de noviembre 1701.7 Casó con Doña Marta María Gallardín
2 Andrade Arcaya, Ignacio, Apuntes Genealógicos, no publicado; Nagel von Jess, Kurt, Algunas Familias
Maracaiberas, Ediciones del Cuatricentenario de Maracaibo, Facultad de Humanidades de la Universidad del Zulia,
Maracaibo, 1969, p. 39 y ss; de Castro Álvarez, Carlos, Una Descripción Inédita, de 1626, de las Casas de Andrade,
San Sarduniño, Lauriña, Villamorel y Solar de Lanzós, Estudios Mindonienses. Anuario de Estudios HistóricoTeológicos de la Diócesis de Mondoñedo-Ferrol, 26, 2010, Cabildo de la Catedral. Mondoñedo Centro de Estudios
de la Diócesis de Mondoñedo- Ferrol Fundación Caixa Galicia; de Castro y López Sangil, La Genealogía de los
Andrade, Cátedra. Revista Eumesa de Estudios; Hernández D’Empaire, José, Ob. cit., p. 26 y ss.
3
Andrade Arcaya, Ignacio, Ob. cit.; Nagel von Jess, Kurt, Ob. cit.
4 Comenta Kurt von Nagel que Don Juan de las Nieves de Andrade y Balbuena llegó a Maracaibo en compañía
de su primo Andrés José Alonso-Valbuena. De la revisión de las partidas parroquiales de El Sagrario, Maracaibo,
hemos comprobado que el uso del Alonso fue perdiendo vigencia (Nagel von Jess, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007,
Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela y Troconis; Arcaya Madriz, Pedro Manuel
“Población de Origen Europeo de Coro en la Época Colonial. Biblioteca de la Academia Nacional de la Historia”,
Academia Nacional de la Historia, Caracas, 1972, 114, p. 9 y ss.
5 Llegó a Maracaibo junto con su hermano Don Juan Crisóstomo de Andrade. De su hermano no hemos logrado
obtener más información ( Juicio de Residencia en contra del Gobernador Francisco de la Rocha Ferrer, Archivo
Histórico Nacional, Inquisición, 1599, Exp .6, folio 20).
6 Confirmación de Oficio de Alguacil Mayor: Juan de Andrade y Balbuena, 17 de febrero 1696, Archivo General
de Indias, Santa Fe, 163, No.10, folio 19 Recto.
7
Confirmación de Oficio: Juan de Andrade y Balbuena, 17 de febrero 1696, Archivo General de Indias, Santa
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Andrade y Pirela e Ignacio Andrade y Troconis”
Ramón Ignacio Andrade Monagas
Investigaciones
de Párraga y Mendoza8 (hija de Don Melchor Gallardín y Cuello y Doña Catalina de Mendoza, nieta
de Don Andrés de Gallardín y Párraga,9 Capitán de Infantería, Regidor Perpetúo, Alcalde Ordinario
y Alcalde de la Santa Hermandad de la Nueva Zamora, Encomendero, y de Doña Marta Rodríguez
de Cuello y Villegas, bisnieta del Conquistador Don Juan Rodríguez de Cuello y tataranieta del
Conquistador Don Luis de Villegas).10 Fueron sus hijos:11
•
•
•
Don JUAN DE LA NIEVES DE ANDRADE y GALLARDÍN, Sargento Mayor
(sigue). *
Doña LUISA DE ANDRADE y GALLARDÍN.12
Doña JOSEFA DE ANDRADE y GALLARDÍN.13
Fe, 163, No.10; Juicio de Residencia en contra del Gobernador Francisco de la Rocha Ferrer, Archivo Histórico
Nacional, Inquisición, 1599, Exp .6. En 1705 aparece como uno de los padrinos del enlace celebrado por el Alférez
D. Ambrosio González Umpierrez con Dña. Petronila Enriquez de Viloria, suegros de Diego José Troconis, quien
casó el 24 de septiembre 1740 con Dña. María Josefa González Umpierrez (Hernández D’Empaire, José Ob. cit. p.
27 y Nagel von Jess, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2017, Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela
y Troconis).
8 Nagel von Jess, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2017, Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela
y Troconis); Nagel von Jess, Kurt “Velasco,” http://www.ivgenealogia.org.ve/Velasco.pdf, 20 de febrero 2012; Mac
Gregor, Ernesto García, “Anexo IV - Mandatarios y Gobernadores de Maracaibo,” http://garciamacgregor.com/
anexo- iv-mandatarios-y-gobernadores-de-maracaibo.html, 23 de marzo 2013).
9 Don Andrés de Gallardín era propietario de una Estancia en el Valle de Chirurí, próximo al ancón de Maruma.
En ese valle se ubicaron las primeras áreas de cultivo del cacao en Venezuela. “…se ubicaron adyacentes a la riada
del Chirurí, donde los peninsulares hallaron los espléndidos cacahuales que mostraban sus follajes y frutos con
tal exuberancia que sorprendieron a los peninsulares.” El sitio se encuentra en las inmediaciones de lo que hoy
en día se denomina Campo Boscán. Ver Ramírez Méndez, Luis Alberto, LAS HACIENDAS EN EL SUR DEL
LAGO DE MARACAIBO (SIGLOS XVI-XVII). Boletín de la Academia Nacional de la Historia, p. 140 y Ramírez
Méndez, Luis Alberto, El cultivo del cacao venezolano a partir de Maruma, Historia Caribe - Volumen X N° 27 Julio-Diciembre 2015 pp 69-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15648/hc.27.2015.3.
10 “Servicios del Capitán Andrés Gallardín, Regidor de la ciudad de la Nueva Zamora de Maracaivo”, Archivo
General de Indias, año 1619, SANTO_DOMINGO, 20,N.2, fol. 7 y ss; “Confirmación de Oficio del Capitán
Andrés Gallardín y Párraga”, Archivo General de Indias, año 1637, SANTO_DOMINGO, 33, N.77; “Confirmación
de Oficio del Capitán Baltazar Gallardín y Párraga”, Archivo General de Indias, año 1629, SANTO_DOMINGO,
32, N.66; el Hno Nectario María da cuenta de actuaciones de Don Andrés de Gallardín como miembro del Cabildo
de la Nueva Zamora, Laguna de Maracaybo, en fechas 7 de febrero 1606, 23 de enero 1607 y 29 de noviembre
1610, LOS ORÍGENES DE MARACAIBO, Instituto Nacional de Cooperación Educativa (INCE) de Venezuela,
España, 1977, pp. 373, 393 y 467;
11 Nagel von Jess, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007, Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade,
Pirela y Troconis.
12 Mantenía hacienda en Gibraltar. Juicio de Residencia en contra del Gobernador Francisco de la Rocha Ferrer,
Archivo Histórico Nacional, Inquisición, 1599, Exp .6, folio 20.
13 von Nagel, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007, Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela y
Troconis.
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•
Don AMBROSIO NICOLÁS DE ANDRADE y GALLARDÍN, Capitán, casado con
Doña Juana Catalina Alemán. Fueron padres de: María, nacida en Maracaibo el 24 de
marzo 1725 y bautizada el 2 de abril de ese mismo año. Fue su madrina de bautismo
Doña María de Velasco y el oficiante Don Juan Francisco Cubillán, cura rector;14 Don
Pedro Antonio Nicolás de Andrade y Alemán, cura y capellán de la Iglesia de Perijá;15
y Doña Agustina de Andrade y Alemán casada con Don Pedro García de la Lastra y
Cubillán de Fuentes el 10 de mayo 1734.16
* Don JUAN DE LAS NIEVES DE ANDRADE y GALLARDIN, vecino de Maracaibo, Sargento
Mayor de la Compañía de Forasteros Milicianos de Maracaibo, Alcalde y Regidor Perpetuo, nació en
1664 y “figura entre los hombres que destacan en lo político, militar y administrativo en Maracaibo
a finales del siglo XVII y principios del siguiente.”17 Contribuye de manera graciosa con bastimentos
y dinero a las fuerzas de la Barra de la Laguna de Maracaibo.18 Funda en 1686 una ermita con
capellanía para oficiar misa dedicada a San Juan de Dios, de quien es devoto, en su hato en el Ancón
del Oreganal.19 Esa capilla es hoy la Basílica de San Juan de Dios y Nuestra Señora de Chiquinquirá,
cuyo diseño actual es además obra de uno de sus descendientes (ver más adelante Francisco de
Paula Andrade Troconis). Dueño de una importante hacienda de cacao en los Borbures, cerca de
14 Partida de Bautismo de María de Andrade y Alemán, 2 de abril 1725, El Sagrario, Maracaibo, Zulia, Venezuela,
https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVMJ-2GDS: 13 March 2018.
15 Peña Vargas, Ana Cecilia NUESTRA SEÑORA DEL ROSARIO DE PERIJA / DOCUMENTOS PARA
SU HISTORIA 1722 - 1818. BIBLIOTECA DE LA ACADEMIA NACIONAL DE LA HISTORIA No. 240,
Academia Nacional de la Historia, Tomo II, p. 370, p. 376: “216. Lista de los vecinos de la jurisdicción de la villa de
Nuestra Señora del Rosario de Perijá, hecha por don Juan Jedler de Inciarte, Justicia Mayor de dicha villa. Nuestra
Señora del Rosario de Perijá, 20 de marzo de 1748.”; von Nagel, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007, Outlook. Anotaciones
sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela y Troconis.
16 von Nagel, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007, Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela y
Troconis.
17 Hno María, Nectario, Historia de Nuestra Señora de Chiquinquirá de Maracaibo, Patrona del Zulia, Villena,
Artes Gráficas, 2da Edición, Madrid, 1977, p. 33; Andrade Arcaya, Ignacio, Ob. cit.
18
Hno María, Nectario, ob cit., p. 35.
19 Funda dos capellanías una por 500 pesos para la celebración de mismas por el alma de los naturales,
nombrado capitán (administrador) a Don Juan de Soto y otra por 1000 pesos para la celebración de misas por
su alma, nombrando como Capitán a su hijo Juan Nicolás de Andrade y sus descendientes. Ob cit, pag. 33, 34
y 35; de Oviedo y Baños, José, HISTORIA DE LA CONQUISTA Y POBLACIÓN DE LA PROVINCIA DE
VENEZUELA / Colección Clásica, Fundación Biblioteca Ayacucho, 175, p. 358. Don Juan de Andrade habría
traído de Tunja, Colombia, la imagen milagrosa de la Virgen de la Chiquinquirá que puso en esa ermita, hoy
Basílica de Chiquinquirá y San Juan de Dios.
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Andrade y Pirela e Ignacio Andrade y Troconis”
Ramón Ignacio Andrade Monagas
Investigaciones
Gibraltar.20 Casó con Doña PHELIPA DEL POZO y ÁVILA.21 Fueron sus hijos:22
•
•
•
•
Don JUAN NICOLÁS DE ANDRADE y DEL POZO (sigue).23 *
Don JUAN ANTONIO DE ANDRADE y DEL POZO (sigue).24 *
Doña ISABEL MARÍA DE ANDRADE y DEL POZO, casada con el Capitán y Alférez
Don Ambrosio de Velasco y Suárez de Acero, hijo de Don Pedro de Velasco y Mendoza
y de Doña Josefa Suárez de Acero.25
Don MIGUEL DE ANDRADE y DEL POZO.26
20 Hno María, Nectario, Historia de Nuestra Señora de Chiquinquirá de Maracaibo, Patrona del Zulia, Villena,
Artes Gráficas, 2da Edición, Madrid, 1977, p. 35.
21 El 16 de junio 1725, el Sargento Mayor Don Juan de las Nieves y su esposa Doña Phelipa del Pozo, aparecen
como padrinos de bautismo de Juan Francisco Granadillo, nacido el día 6 de ese mes y año, hijo del Alférez José
Granadillo y de Isabel María Añez Franco (Registro de la Catedral de Maracaibo 1723 – 1775, Nagel, Kurt, p.
57). El 9 de septiembre 1728, el Sargento Mayor Don Juan de las Nieves de Andrade aparece junto a Doña Rufine
de Velasco (asumimos se trata de Doña Justa Rufina de la Cruz y Velasco y Ávila, esposa de Don Juan Nicolás
de Andrade y del Pozo y por ende nuera del Sargento Mayor Don Juan de las Nieves de Andrade y Gallardín
(Registro de la Catedral de Maracaibo 1723 – 1775, Nagel, Kurt, p. 115)). En el Juicio de Residencia en contra del
Gobernador Francisco de la Rocha Ferrer, Archivo Histórico Nacional, Inquisición, 1599, Exp .6, aparece Doña
Phelipa del Pozo como esposa de Don Juan de las Nieves y Andrade. En el mismo expediente declara llamarse así
Don Juan de las Nieves Andrade, que es natural de Maracaibo, casado en ella y de cuarenta y siete años (folio 1,
fecha 9 de febrero de 1711). En otra parte: “Juan de las Nieves y Andrade, que tiene el estado de matrimonio y que
no tiene ningún oficio y que es de esta ciudad” (Nueva Zamora de Maracaibo) (folio 23 y 43).
22 Juicio de Residencia en contra del Gobernador Francisco de la Rocha Ferrer, Archivo Histórico Nacional,
Inquisición, 1599, Exp .6; Euclides J Fuguett Graterol, Euclides “Información Genealogía de los Aspirantes a Vestir
Hábitos Clericales en Venezuela en el Siglo XVIII,” Boletín del Instituto Venezolano de Genealogía, 3, Octubre
1974; von Nagel, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007, Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela
y Troconis.
23 von Nagel, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007, Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela y
Troconis.
24 Aparece como padrino el 8 de octubre 1747 en Maracaibo (von Nagel, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007, Outlook.
Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela y Troconis).
25 En el Juicio de Residencia en contra del Gobernador Francisco de la Rocha Ferrer, Archivo Histórico
Nacional, Inquisición, 1599, Exp .6, declara Don Ambrosio de Velazco que Don Juan de las Nieves es su suegro:
“… el Capitán Don Ambrosio de Velasco vezino de esta ziudad y álferez real en ella apoderado general del Regidor
Don Juan de las Nieves y Andrade mi suegro ausente...” (folio 189, Juicio de Residencia en contra del Gobernador
Francisco de la Rocha Ferrer); von Nagel, Kurt, Registro de la Catedral de Maracaibo 1723 – 1775, p. 51; von
Nagel, Kurt “Velasco,” http://www.ivgenealogia.org.ve/Velasco.pdf, 20 de febrero 2012.
26 Aparece como padrino de los hijos de Pedro Antonio de Andrade y de la Cruz (von Nagel, Kurt “Andrade,” 5
Feb 2007, Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela y Troconis).
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•
•
Doña MARÍA ROSA DE ANDRADE y DEL POZO;27
Don LUIS DE ANDRADE y DEL POZO, Capitán;28
Don JUAN NICOLAS DE ANDRADE y DEL POZO, hijo del anterior, vecino de Maracaibo,
Sargento Mayor, nació antes de 1724 y falleció antes del 21 de marzo 1771, fecha del matrimonio de
su hija Doña Rosa de Andrade y de la Cruz con Don Antonio Montes, como se verá más adelante.
Casó con Doña JUSTA RUFINA DE LA CRUZ y VELASCO y ÁVILA.29
El reputado genealogista de las familias coloniales de Maracaibo, Kurt Nagel von Jess, menciona que
existe confusión con el nombre de Don JUAN NICOLAS DE ANDRADE y DEL POZO. Añadimos
nosotros que la confusión se presenta con su hermano Don JUAN ANTONIO DE ANDRADE
y DEL POZO.30 En ese sentido, Nagel von Jess señala que el primero casó dos veces, la primera
con Doña JUSTA RUFINA DE LA CRUZ y VELASCO y ÁVILA y la segunda con Doña JUANA
CATALINA de TROCONIS y CAMARILLO. De Don JUAN ANTONIO DE ANDRADE y DEL
POZO no reporta matrimonio alguno.
Sin embargo, de la documentación que hemos revisado hemos podido observar que en las partidas
de bautismo de los hijos habidos en matrimonio con Doña JUSTA RUFINA DE LA CRUZ y
VELASCO y ÁVILA aparece siempre el padre con el nombre de Juan Nicolás y nunca Juan Antonio,
mientras que en las partidas relacionadas con el matrimonio habido con Doña JUANA CATALINA
de TROCONIS y CAMARILLO aparece el padre, abuelo o esposo premuerto, siempre con el
nombre de Juan Antonio pero nunca Juan Nicolás.31
27 von Nagel, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007, Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela y
Troconis.
28 Aparece como padrino de un matrimonio el 24 de febrero 1752 (von Nagel, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007,
Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela y Troconis).
29 von Nagel, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007, Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela y
Troconis; Partida de Matrimonio de Rosa de Andrade y de la Cruz y Don Antonio Montes, 21 de marzo 1771, El
Sagrario, Maracaibo, Zulia, Venezuela, https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVMJ-YV1P : 13 March 2018.
30 von Nagel, Kurt “Andrade,” 5 Feb 2007, Outlook. Anotaciones sobre los apellidos Alonso, Andrade, Pirela y
Troconis.
31 En relación a Juan Nicolás de Andrade y del Pozo: En una partida de bautismo aparece como padrino Juan
Nicolás de Andrada (bautizo de Thomassa Josepha, bautizada el 26 de septiembre 1723, hija de Miguel Gazzia?
Sarmiento y Josepha Perez. La madrina fue Doña Phelipa Sanz? o Jaiz?). En la partida de bautizo de su hijo Francisco,
de fecha 11 de diciembre 1724, también aparece como Juan Nicolás de Andrada. En la partida de bautizo de su hijo
Joseph Nicolás de fecha 20 de enero 1727, se le menciona como “Procurador General Don Nicolás de Andrade”.
En la información que aparece en el expediente de Don José Gregorio de Andrade, con ocasión de la solicitud para
vestir hábitos realizada por éste, aparece que su padre es Don Juan Nicolás Andrade, su madre Rufina de la Cruz,
sus abuelos paternos, Juan de las Nieves de Andrade y Doña Felipe del Pozo, sus abuelos maternos: Capitán Don
Esteban de la Cruz y Doña Josefa de Velasco (Fuguett Graterol, Euclides J., Ob. cit.). En relación a Juan Antonio
194
“Apuntes Genealógicos sobre los Generales José Escolástico
Andrade y Pirela e Ignacio Andrade y Troconis”
Ramón Ignacio Andrade Monagas
Investigaciones
de Andrade y del Pozo: En la partida de matrimonio de Don José Ignacio Andrade Troconis con María Ana Pirela,
celebrado el 24 de septiembre de 1792, se dice que el nombre de su padre es Don Juan Antonio de Andrade,
difunto, y su madre Doña Juana Catalina de Troconis. En la partida de bautismo de Doña Fulgencia Andrade
Pirela, se dice que el nombre de su abuelo es Don Juan Antonio de Andrade. En la partida de defunción de Doña
Juana Catalina Troconis, del 30 de mayo 1810, se dice que es viuda de Juan Antonio de Andrade. Por otra parte,
existe documentación que demuestra la existencia de hatos y haciendas en Maracaibo a nombre de Juan Nicolás
de Andrade y de Juan Antonio de Andrade. En esos casos tampoco se mezclan el nombre de Juan Nicolás y Juan
Antonio. Por ejemplo: (i) en 1744 Don Juan Nicolás de las Nieves de Andrade tenía licencia para celebrar la Santa
Misa en capilla u oratorio en su hato en Ancón del Oreganal ubicado a más de una legua, pero menos de cuatro de
la ciudad de Maracaibo (Rincón Rubio, Luis, Orígenes y consolidación de una parroquia rural en la provincia de
Maracaibo: La Inmaculada Concepción de la Cañada. 1688 - 1834. 2-55, Procesos Históricos. Artículo Arbitrado,
ISSN 1690 - 4818 Año 6, No.12. Segundo Semestre 2007, 16 - 17.); (ii) Don Juan Antonio ofrece declaraciones
sobre la propiedad de una hacienda en Bobures (AGNC. Poblaciones varias. SC 46, 5, D. 91. Testimonio de Juan
Antonio de Andrade. San Antonio de Gibraltar, 11 de julio de 1750. f. 448r); (iii) Don Juan Nicolás Andrade fue
propietario de la hacienda Marañones que vendió a Don Juan Antonio Troconis y éste a Don Thomás Cubillan
(AGNC. Curas y Obispos. SC. Testimonio de don Francisco Corona. Gibraltar, 19 de junio de 1761. f. 447r-448v); (iv) AGNC. Poblaciones varias.
SC 46, 5, D. 91. Testimonios de Antonio Andrade y Salvador Montaño de Pedrajas. San Antonio de Gibraltar, 11
de julio de 1750. f. 448v; (v) En 1750, se informaba que estaban gravemente amenazadas por los ataques indígenas
las haciendas de José Velarde, Francisco Ximénez, Francisco José Fernández de Sendrea (el Parral), Juan Antonio
de Andrade, Salvador Montaño de Pedrajas situadas en el valle de Bobures (AGNC. Poblaciones varias. SC. 46,
5, D. 91. Testimonio de Salvador Montaño de Pedrajas. San Antonio de Gibraltar, 11 de julio de 1750. f. 448v. y
AGNC. Poblaciones varias. SC. 46, 5, D. 91. Testimonio de Juan Antonio de Andrade. San Antonio de Gibraltar,
11 de julio de 1750. f. 448r.); (vi) Se dice que los religiosos vendieron en censo ciertas propiedades que abarcaban
más de trece estancias a don Juan Nicolás de Andrada (AHULA. Conventos y Congregaciones Religiosas. Vol.
LXXIV. Expediente de los bienes del extinguido Convento de San Agustín de Gibraltar. Remate de la Hacienda
de San Antonio. Maracaibo, 7 de agosto de 1780. ff. 106r-108v.); (vii) una propiedad de José Nicolás de Arrieta la
Madris y su esposa fue vendida a Juan Nicolás de Andrade quien la enajenó a don Juan Antonio Troconis, y luego
éste a don Juan Francisco Cubillán, cura rector de la iglesia parroquial de Maracaibo, en el sitio de Bobures (ver (iii)
anterior), “... con puerto a la laguna donde está el frente y camino; lindando por la parte de arriba con el sanjón del
río Seco, tierras y labores de don Pedro Joseph Antúnez Pacheco, cura coadjutor de la dicha santa iglesia parroquial
de Maracaibo” (AGNC. Curas y Obispos. SC21, 2, Doc. 14. Valle de Río Seco, pleito de jesuita por servidumbre de
aguas 1761-1763. Testimonio de don Luis Nicolás Corona. Maracaibo, 8 de mayo de 1761. f. 447v.; RPEZ. B-01-23,
1834. Testimonio de los títulos y posesión de las tierras por el Dr. Dn. Juan Francisco Cuvillán y sus herederos de
la hacienda del señor San Joseph del Banco y Bobures. Carta de venta. Gibraltar, 1 de febrero de 1733. ff. 43r-46v.);
(viii) “En el testimonio de don Joseph Manuel Duran, emitido en 1761, se refieren como propietarios del valle de
Río Seco a: “...Don Nicolás de Arrieta en la hacienda que hoy es de don Thomás Cubillán y en la que se le sigue a
don Antonio Antúnez, hermano del señor vicario, y en la tercer al Licenciado Antonio Nicolás de Andrade y en
la cuarta a don Francisco Corona, y en la quinta a don Ambrosio de Andrade, y en la sexta a don Pedro González,
y en la séptima que llaman Marañones a don Thomás Cubillán y en la octava que es el yngenio y trapiche de don
Juan Nicolás de Andrade...”.” AGNC. Curas y Obispos. SC. 21, 2 Doc. 14. Valle de Río Seco, pleito de jesuita por
servidumbre de aguas. Testimonio de don Joseph Manuel Duran. Gibraltar, 19 de junio de 1761. f. 407r. Véase
el mapa de 1761. AGNC. Mapoteca 4 No 388-A). Tuvimos noticia de la documentación antes mencionada del
AGNC, AHULA y RPEZ al revisar el trabajo de Ramírez Méndez, Luis Alberto, La tierra prometida del sur del lago
de Maracaibo. De su misma sangre. 195
Revista del Centro Zuliano de Investigaciones Genealógicas
Año 1 Número 2 Julio - Diciembre 2023. Investigaciones
De esto concluimos que Doña JUANA CATALINA de TROCONIS y CAMARILLO fue mujer
de Don JUAN ANTONIO DE ANDRADE y DEL POZO y no segunda mujer de Don JUAN
NICOLAS DE ANDRADE y DEL POZO.
Del matrimonio de Don JUAN NICOLAS DE ANDRADE y DEL POZO y Doña JUSTA RUFINA
DE LA CRUZ y VELASCO y ÁVILA, nacieron:
Presbítero Don GREGORIO de ANDRADE y DE LA CRUZ, nacido en Maracaibo. Aspirante
a vestir hábitos clericales en 1734.32 Aparece bautizando a su sobrino Joseph Juachin Andrade
Torrealba, el 4 de noviembre 1745, como se verá más adelante.33
Don FRANCISCO de ANDRADE y DE LA CRUZ, nacido el 2 de diciembre 1724 en Maracaibo y
bautizado en esa misma ciudad el 11 de diciembre 1724.34 Su madrina fue Doña Machado. El cura
oficiante: Don Juan Francisco Cubillán.
Don JOSEPH NICOLÁS de ANDRADE y DE LA CRUZ, nacido el 10 de enero 1727 en Maracaibo
y bautizado el 20 de enero 1727 en esa misma ciudad. Su padrino fue el Capitán Don Phelipe
Machado. El cura oficiante: Don Juan Ubaldo Perozo.35
Don JOSEPH MIGUEL de ANDRADE y DE LA CRUZ, nacido y bautizado el 29 de junio 1728
en Maracaibo. Su padrino de bautizo fue Don Juan Chourio.36 El cura oficiante: Don Domingo de
Arrieta la Madris, religioso de la Orden de San Francisco.37 Falleció el 5 de junio 1796 en Maracaibo.38
32
Fuguett Graterol, Euclides J, Ob. cit.
33 Partida de Bautismo de Joseph Juachin de Andrade Torrealba,” 4 de noviembre 1745, El Sagrario, Maracaibo,
Zulia, Venezuela, https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVMJ-2V75 : 13 March 2018.
34 Partida de Bautismo de Francisco de Andrade y de la Cruz, 11 de diciembre 1724. Venezuela, registros
parroquiales y diocesanos, 1577-1995, (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVMJ-26ZL: 13 de marzo
2018).
35 Partida de Bautismo Joseph Nicolás de Andrade y de la Cruz, 20 de enero 1727, Padrinos: Capitán Don
Phelipe Machado y Doña Juana . Venezuela, registros parroquiales y diocesanos, 1577-1995, (https://familysearch.
org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVMJ-26GD: 13 de marzo 2018).
36 Fundador de la Villa de Perijá (de Azcona, Tarsicio, La antigua misión de Maracaibo confiada a los capuchinos
de Navarra y Cantabria (1749-1820), Príncipe de Viana (PV), Gobierno de Navarra, 267, enero-abril, 2017, pp.
79-126.
37 Partida de Bautismo de Joseph Miguel de Andrade de la Crus, 29 Jun 1728, Venezuela, registros parroquiales
y diocesanos, 1577-1995, (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVMJ-26B6 13 de marzo 2018).
38
Partida de Defunción de Joseph Miguel de Andrade de la Cruz y Velasco, 22 de junio 1796, Libros
196
“Apuntes Genealógicos sobre los Generales José Escolástico
Andrade y Pirela e Ignacio Andrade y Troconis”
Ramón Ignacio Andrade Monagas
Investigaciones
Don PHILIPPE JOSEPH de ANDRADE y DE LA CRUZ, nacido y bautizado en Maracaibo el
29 de agosto 1730. Su madrina fue Doña Catalina de Velasco. El cura oficiante: Don Pedro Joseph
Antúnez Pacheco.39
Don PEDRO DE ANDRADE y DE LA CRUZ, Alférez, casó con Doña María Manuela Torrealba
de Almodóvar.40 Tuvieron como descendencia a Josepha Petronila Andrade Torrealba, quien nació
y fue bautizada en Maracaibo el 17 de agosto 1739 por el Comisario de Fe Villasmil. Fueron sus
padrinos el Capitán Don Juan Nicolás de Andrade y Doña Justa Rufina de la Cruz;41 Bárbara Francisca
Andrade Torrealba, quien nació y fue bautizada el 12 de febrero 1741 en Maracaibo por el Presbítero
Pedro Antúnez;42 María Josepha Apolonia Andrade Torrealba, quien nació y fue bautizada el 14 de
febrero 1743 en Maracaibo por el Presbítero Joseph de la Cruz. Fueron sus padrinos Don Joseph
Torrealba y Doña Francisca Torrealba;43 Joseph de las Nieves Andrade Torrealba, quien nació y fue
bautizado el 18 de julio 1744 en Maracaibo por el Presbítero Joseph Núñez. Fueron sus padrinos
Don Thomas Cuvillán y Doña Ana María Núñez;44 Joseph Juachin Andrade Torrealba, quien nació
y fue bautizado el 4 de noviembre 1745 en Maracaibo por el Presbítero Don Joseph Gregorio
Andrade, tío del bautizado. Fueron sus padrinos Don Francisco Velasco y Doña Rosa de Andrade;45
Joseph Francisco Policarpo Andrade Torrealba, quien nació y fue bautizado el 27 de enero 1748 en
Parroquiales, Centro de Historia Familiar El Cafetal Caracas microfilm 1933730 Item 1 12 Entierros 14/
AUG/1794 a 01/AUG/1799, https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-9RRZ-92RM.jpg, 2 de octubre
2015. “En Maracaibo, 22 de junio de 1796 murió en gracia y comunión Don Miguel de Andrade, soltero e hijo
legítimo de Don Juan Nicolas de Andrade y de Doña Rufina de la Cruz de Velasco. Fue su entierro cantado, tubo
doble mayor y se sepultó en la tercera Orn de Sn FranCO con ataud propio y con abito qe vistan sus religiosos y
para que conste lo firmo como cura samanero. D Ortega.”
39 Partida de Bautismo de Phelipe Joseph de Andrade Cruz, 29 agosto 1730. Venezuela, registros parroquiales y
diocesanos, 1577-1995, (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVMJ-L787: 13 de marzo 2018).
|
github_open_source_100_1_48 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package quick.pager.pay.dto.admin;
import io.swagger.annotations.ApiModelProperty;
import lombok.Data;
import lombok.EqualsAndHashCode;
import quick.pager.pay.dto.BaseDTO;
import java.util.List;
@EqualsAndHashCode(callSuper = true)
@Data
public class PermissionDTO extends BaseDTO{
private static final long serialVersionUID = -8834560366116141596L;
@ApiModelProperty("角色Id")
private Long roleId;
@ApiModelProperty("角色名称")
private String roleName;
@ApiModelProperty("角色代码")
private String roleCode;
@ApiModelProperty("菜单名称")
private String menuName;
@ApiModelProperty("备注")
private String remark;
@ApiModelProperty("用户名")
private String username;
@ApiModelProperty("资源Ids")
private List<String> resIds;
@ApiModelProperty("取消勾选选择框")
private List<String> noneCheckedResIds;
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_49 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | --[[
© CloudSixteen.com do not share, re-distribute or modify
without permission of its author ([email protected]).
Clockwork was created by Conna Wiles (also known as kurozael.)
http://cloudsixteen.com/license/clockwork.html
--]]
local Clockwork = Clockwork;
local ITEM = Clockwork.item:New(nil, true);
ITEM.name = "Weapon Base";
ITEM.useText = "Equip";
ITEM.useSound = false;
ITEM.category = "Weapons";
ITEM.useInVehicle = false;
local defaultWeapons = {
["weapon_357"] = {"357", nil, true},
["weapon_ar2"] = {"ar2", "ar2altfire", 30},
["weapon_rpg"] = {"rpg_round", nil, 3},
["weapon_smg1"] = {"smg1", "smg1_grenade", true},
["weapon_slam"] = {"slam", nil, 2},
["weapon_frag"] = {"grenade", nil, 1},
["weapon_pistol"] = {"pistol", nil, true},
["weapon_shotgun"] = {"buckshot", nil, true},
["weapon_crossbow"] = {"xbowbolt", nil, 4}
};
ITEM:AddData("ClipOne", 0, true);
ITEM:AddData("ClipTwo", 0, true);
-- Called whent he item entity's menu options are needed.
function ITEM:GetEntityMenuOptions(entity, options)
if (self:HasSecondaryClip() or self:HasPrimaryClip()) then
local informationColor = Clockwork.option:GetColor("information");
local toolTip = Clockwork.kernel:AddMarkupLine("", "Salvage any ammo from this weapon.", informationColor);
local clipOne = self:GetData("ClipOne");
local clipTwo = self:GetData("ClipTwo");
if (clipOne > 0 or clipTwo > 0) then
if (clipOne > 0) then
toolTip = Clockwork.kernel:AddMarkupLine(toolTip, "Primary: " .. clipOne);
end;
if (clipTwo > 0) then
toolTip = Clockwork.kernel:AddMarkupLine(toolTip, "Secondary: " .. clipTwo);
end;
options["Ammo"] = {
isArgTable = true,
arguments = "cwItemAmmo",
toolTip = toolTip
};
end;
end;
end;
-- Called to get whether a player has the item equipped.
function ITEM:HasPlayerEquipped(player, bIsValidWeapon)
local weaponClass = self("weaponClass");
local weapon = player:GetWeapon(weaponClass);
local itemTable = Clockwork.item:GetByWeapon(weapon);
if (itemTable and itemTable:IsTheSameAs(self)) then
return true;
end;
return false;
end;
-- Called when a player attempts to holster the weapon.
function ITEM:CanHolsterWeapon(player, forceHolster, bNoMsg)
return true;
end;
-- Called when the unequip should be handled.
function ITEM:OnHandleUnequip(Callback)
if (self.OnDrop) then
local menu = DermaMenu();
menu:SetMinimumWidth(100);
menu:AddOption(L("Holster"), function()
Callback();
end);
menu:AddOption(L("Drop"), function()
Callback("drop");
end);
menu:Open();
else
Callback();
end;
end;
-- Called when a player has unequipped the item.
function ITEM:OnPlayerUnequipped(player, extraData)
local weapon = player:GetWeapon(self("weaponClass"));
if (!IsValid(weapon)) then return; end;
local itemTable = Clockwork.item:GetByWeapon(weapon);
if (itemTable:IsTheSameAs(self)) then
local class = weapon:GetClass();
if (extraData != "drop") then
if (Clockwork.plugin:Call("PlayerCanHolsterWeapon", player, self, weapon)) then
if (player:GiveItem(self)) then
Clockwork.plugin:Call("PlayerHolsterWeapon", player, self, weapon);
player:StripWeapon(class);
player:SelectWeapon("cw_hands");
end;
end;
elseif (Clockwork.plugin:Call("PlayerCanDropWeapon", player, self, weapon)) then
local trace = player:GetEyeTraceNoCursor();
if (player:GetShootPos():Distance(trace.HitPos) <= 192) then
local entity = Clockwork.entity:CreateItem(player, self, trace.HitPos);
if (IsValid(entity)) then
Clockwork.entity:MakeFlushToGround(entity, trace.HitPos, trace.HitNormal);
Clockwork.plugin:Call("PlayerDropWeapon", player, self, entity, weapon);
player:TakeItem(self, true);
player:StripWeapon(class);
player:SelectWeapon("cw_hands");
end;
else
Clockwork.player:Notify(player, {"CannotDropWeaponFar"});
end;
end;
end;
end;
-- A function to get whether the item has a secondary clip.
function ITEM:HasSecondaryClip()
return !self("hasNoSecondaryClip");
end;
-- A function to get whether the item has a primary clip.
function ITEM:HasPrimaryClip()
return !self("hasNoPrimaryClip");
end;
-- A function to get whether the item is a throwable weapon.
function ITEM:IsThrowableWeapon()
return self("isThrowableWeapon");
end;
-- A function to get whether the item is a fake weapon.
function ITEM:IsFakeWeapon()
return self("isFakeWeapon");
end;
-- A function to get whether the item is a melee weapon.
function ITEM:IsMeleeWeapon()
return self("isMeleeWeapon");
end;
-- Called when the item is given to a player as a weapon.
function ITEM:OnWeaponGiven(player, weapon)
Clockwork.player:StripDefaultAmmo(
player, weapon, self
);
local clipOne = self:GetData("ClipOne");
local clipTwo = self:GetData("ClipTwo");
if (clipOne > 0) then
weapon:SetClip1(clipOne);
end;
if (clipTwo > 0) then
weapon:SetClip2(clipTwo);
end;
end;
-- Called when a player uses the item.
function ITEM:OnUse(player, itemEntity)
local weaponClass = self("weaponClass");
if (!player:HasWeapon(weaponClass)) then
player:Give(weaponClass, self);
local weapon = player:GetWeapon(weaponClass);
if (IsValid(weapon)) then
if (self.OnEquip) then
self:OnEquip(player);
end;
player:RebuildInventory();
else
return false;
end;
else
local weapon = player:GetWeapon(weaponClass);
if (IsValid(weapon) and self.OnAlreadyHas) then
if (Clockwork.item:GetByWeapon(weapon) == self) then
self:OnAlreadyHas(player);
end;
end;
return false;
end;
end;
-- Called when a player drops the item.
function ITEM:OnDrop(player, position) end;
-- Called when the item should be setup.
function ITEM:OnSetup()
if (!self("weaponClass")) then
self:Override("weaponClass", self("uniqueID"));
end;
self:Override("weaponClass", string.lower(self("weaponClass")));
timer.Simple(2, function()
local weaponClass = self("weaponClass");
local weaponTable = weapons.GetStored(weaponClass);
if (weaponTable) then
if (!self("primaryAmmoClass")) then
if (weaponTable.Primary and weaponTable.Primary.Ammo) then
self:Override("primaryAmmoClass", weaponTable.Primary.Ammo);
end;
end;
if (!self("secondaryAmmoClass")) then
if (weaponTable.Secondary and weaponTable.Secondary.Ammo) then
self:Override("secondaryAmmoClass", weaponTable.Secondary.Ammo);
end;
end;
if (!self("primaryDefaultAmmo")) then
if (weaponTable.Primary and weaponTable.Primary.DefaultClip) then
if (weaponTable.Primary.DefaultClip > 0) then
if (weaponTable.Primary.ClipSize == -1) then
self:Override("primaryDefaultAmmo", weaponTable.Primary.DefaultClip);
self:Override("hasNoPrimaryClip", true);
else
self:Override("primaryDefaultAmmo", true);
end;
end;
end;
end;
if (!self("secondaryDefaultAmmo")) then
if (weaponTable.Secondary and weaponTable.Secondary.DefaultClip) then
if (weaponTable.Secondary.DefaultClip > 0) then
if (weaponTable.Secondary.ClipSize == -1) then
self:Override("secondaryDefaultAmmo", weaponTable.Secondary.DefaultClip);
self:Override("hasNoSecondaryClip", true);
else
self:Override("secondaryDefaultAmmo", true);
end;
end;
end;
end;
elseif (defaultWeapons[weaponClass]) then
if (!self("primaryAmmoClass")) then
self:Override("primaryAmmoClass", defaultWeapons[weaponClass][1]);
end;
if (!self("secondaryAmmoClass")) then
self:Override("secondaryAmmoClass", defaultWeapons[weaponClass][2]);
end;
if (!self("primaryDefaultAmmo")) then
self:Override("primaryDefaultAmmo", defaultWeapons[weaponClass][3]);
end;
if (!self("secondaryDefaultAmmo")) then
self:Override("secondaryDefaultAmmo", defaultWeapons[weaponClass][4]);
end;
end;
end);
end;
-- Called when a player holsters the item.
function ITEM:OnHolster(player, bForced) end;
if (CLIENT) then
function ITEM:GetClientSideInfo()
if (!self:IsInstance()) then
return;
end;
local clientSideInfo = "";
local clipOne = self:GetData("ClipOne");
local clipTwo = self:GetData("ClipTwo");
if (clipOne > 0) then
clientSideInfo = Clockwork.kernel:AddMarkupLine(clientSideInfo, L("ItemInfoClipOne", clipOne));
end;
if (clipTwo > 0) then
clientSideInfo = Clockwork.kernel:AddMarkupLine(clientSideInfo, L("ItemInfoClipTwo", clipTwo));
end;
return clientSideInfo != "" and clientSideInfo;
end;
end;
Clockwork.item:Register(ITEM); |
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecri/2013/708604/abs/ | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Table of Contents
Economics Research International
Volume 2013, Article ID 708604, 12 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/708604
Research Article
Biofuel Expansion, Fertilizer Use, and GHG Emissions: Unintended Consequences of Mitigation Policies
1Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University, 260 Heady Hall, Ames, IA 50011-1070, USA
2School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, BS 4074, 801 W. Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
3Universidad ORT Uruguay and Centro de Investigaciones Económicas, Boulevard España 2633, 11300 Montevideo, Uruguay
4Union of Concerned Scientists, 1825 K Street NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20006-1232, USA
5U.S. Agency for International Development, 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20523, USA
6Department of Economics, Iowa State University, 260 Heady Hall, Ames, IA 50011-1070, USA
Received 7 March 2013; Accepted 29 September 2013
Academic Editor: Silvia Secchi
Copyright © 2013 Amani Elobeid et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Increased biofuel production has been associated with direct and indirect land-use change, changes in land management practices, and increased application of fertilizers and pesticides. This has resulted in negative environmental consequences in terms of increased carbon emissions, water quality, pollution, and sediment loads, which may offset the pursued environmental benefits of biofuels. This study analyzes two distinct policies aimed at mitigating the negative environmental impacts of increased agricultural production due to biofuel expansion. The first scenario is a fertilizer tax, which results in an increase in the US nitrogen fertilizer price, and the second is a policy-driven reversion of US cropland into forestland (afforestation). Results show that taxing fertilizer reduces US production of nitrogen-intensive crops, but this is partially offset by higher fertilizer use in other countries responding to higher crop prices. In the afforestation scenario, crop production shifts from high-yielding land in the United States to low-yielding land in the rest of the world. Important policy implications are that domestic policy changes implemented by a large producer like the United States can have fairly significant impacts on the aggregate world commodity markets. Also, the law of unintended consequences results in an inadvertent increase in global greenhouse gas emissions..
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github_open_source_100_1_50 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | module Lumberg
module Cpanel
# Public: This module allows users to modify their domains
class ZoneEdit < Base
# Public: Retrieve a list of your account's zones and zone file contents.
#
# Returns Hash API Response
def list
perform_request({ api_function: 'fetchzones' })
end
# Public: Add an A, CNAME, or TXT record to a zone file, specified by
# line number
#
# options - Hash options for API call params (default: {})
# :domain - String addon domain for which yo wish to add an entry
# :name - String name of the record, aka subdomain
# :type - String type of the record you wish to add to the zone file.
# Acceptable values include A, CNAME or TXT
# :txt - String text you wish to contain in your TXT record. Required
# parameter when you specify "TXT" in the :type parameter
# (default: '')
# :cname - String required parameter when you specify CNAME in the
# :type parameter (default: '')
# :address - String ip address to map to the subdomain. (default: '')
# :ttl - Integer time to live in seconds (default: 0)
# :class - String class to be used for the record. Ordinarily this
# parameter is not required (default: '')
#
# Returns Hash API response.
def create(options = {})
options[:txtdata] = options.delete(:txt)
perform_request({ api_function: 'add_zone_record' }.merge(options))
end
# Public: Show dns zone for a domain
#
# options - Hash options for API call params (default: {})
# :domain - String domain that corresponds to the zone file you wish to
# show
# :get_custom_entries - Boolean parameter. Entering a value of "1" will
# cause the function to return only non-essential
# A and CNAME records. These will include www.*,
# ftp.*, mail.* and localhost.* (default: '')
# :keys - String parameter that may contain a serie of values, all of
# which act the same way. Each value searches the data
# structure, like a grep, for a single hash (line of the zone
# file). Acceptable values include: line, ttl, name, class,
# address, type, txtdata, preference and exchange.
#
# Returns Hash API response.
def show(options = {})
options[:customonly] = options.delete(:get_custom_entries)
perform_request({ api_function: 'fetchzone' }.merge(options))
end
# Public: Revert a zone file to its original state.
#
# options - Hash options for API call params (default: {})
# :domain - String domain that corresponds to the zone file you wish to
# revert
#
# Returns Hash API response
def reset(options = {})
perform_request({ api_function: 'resetzone' })
end
# Public: Edit an A, CNAME, or TXT record in a zone file, specified by
# line number. This function works nicely with "show" method to easily
# fetch line number and record information.
#
# options - Hash options for API call params (default: {})
# :domain - String domain that corresponds to the zone you wish to edit
# :line - Integer line number of the zone file you wish to edit
# :type - The type fo record you wish to add to the zone file.
# Acceptable values include A, CNAME or TXT. Each type of
# record requires a specific parameter
# :txt - String text you wish to contain in your TXT record. Required
# parameter when you specify "TXT" in the :type parameter
# (default: '')
# :cname - String required parameter when you specify CNAME in the
# :type parameter (default: '')
# :address - String ip address to map to the subdomain. (default: '')
# :ttl - Integer time to live in seconds (default: 0)
# :class - String class to be used for the record. Ordinarily this
# parameter is not required (default: '')
#
# Returns Hash API response.
def edit(options = {})
options[:Line] = options.delete(:line)
options[:txtdata] = options.delete(:txt)
perform_request({ api_function: 'edit_zone_record' }.merge(options))
end
# Public: Remove lines from a DNS zone file. You may only remove A, TXT,
# and CNAME records with this function.
#
# options - Hash options for API call params (default: {})
# :domain - String domain that corresponds to the zone you wish to
# remove a line
# :line - Integer line number of the zone file you wish to remove. Use
# "show" method to obtain the line number of a record
#
# Returns Hash API response.
def remove(options = {})
perform_request({ api_function: 'remove_zone_record' }.merge(options))
end
# Public: Retrieve a list of domains, created within cPanel, associated
# with your cPanel account.
#
# options - Hash options for API call params (default: {})
# :domain - String domain parameter which allows you to append one
# domain name to the end of the resulting output
# (default: '')
#
# Returns Hash API response.
def show_domains(options = {})
perform_request({ api_function: 'fetch_cpanel_generated_domains' })
end
# Public: Retrieve a list of zone modifications for a specific domain.
#
# options - Hash options for API call params (default: {})
# :domain - String domain whose zone modifications you wish to view
#
# Returns Hash API response.
def modifications_for(options = {})
perform_request({ api_function: 'fetchzone_records' }.merge(options))
end
end
end
end
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github_open_source_100_1_51 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* Copyright 2017-2018. Crown Copyright
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package uk.gov.gchq.gaffer.parquetstore.io.writer;
import org.apache.parquet.io.api.Binary;
import org.apache.parquet.io.api.RecordConsumer;
import org.apache.parquet.schema.GroupType;
import org.apache.parquet.schema.Type;
import uk.gov.gchq.gaffer.data.element.Edge;
import uk.gov.gchq.gaffer.data.element.Element;
import uk.gov.gchq.gaffer.data.element.Entity;
import uk.gov.gchq.gaffer.data.element.Properties;
import uk.gov.gchq.gaffer.exception.SerialisationException;
import uk.gov.gchq.gaffer.parquetstore.ParquetStore;
import uk.gov.gchq.gaffer.parquetstore.utils.GafferGroupObjectConverter;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
/**
* This class writes the Gaffer {@link uk.gov.gchq.gaffer.data.element.Element}s to Parquet files.
*/
public class ElementWriter {
private static final String KEY_VALUE = "key_value";
private static final String LIST = "list";
private final RecordConsumer recordConsumer;
private final GroupType schema;
private final GafferGroupObjectConverter converter;
public ElementWriter(final RecordConsumer recordConsumer, final GroupType schema,
final GafferGroupObjectConverter converter) {
this.recordConsumer = recordConsumer;
this.schema = schema;
this.converter = converter;
}
public void writeElement(final Element element) throws SerialisationException {
if (element instanceof Entity) {
write((Entity) element);
} else {
write((Edge) element);
}
}
public void write(final Entity entity) throws SerialisationException {
recordConsumer.startMessage();
final int indexPos = writeEntity(entity, schema);
writeProperties(entity.getProperties(), schema, indexPos);
recordConsumer.endMessage();
}
public void write(final Edge edge) throws SerialisationException {
recordConsumer.startMessage();
final int indexPos = writeEdge(edge, schema);
writeProperties(edge.getProperties(), schema, indexPos);
recordConsumer.endMessage();
}
private int writeEntity(final Entity entity, final GroupType type) throws SerialisationException {
return writeGafferObject(ParquetStore.VERTEX, entity.getVertex(), type, 0);
}
private int writeEdge(final Edge edge, final GroupType type) throws SerialisationException {
int currentFieldIndex = writeGafferObject(ParquetStore.SOURCE, edge.getSource(), type, 0);
currentFieldIndex = writeGafferObject(ParquetStore.DESTINATION, edge.getDestination(), type, currentFieldIndex);
recordConsumer.startField(ParquetStore.DIRECTED, currentFieldIndex);
recordConsumer.addBoolean(edge.getDirectedType().isDirected());
recordConsumer.endField(ParquetStore.DIRECTED, currentFieldIndex);
return currentFieldIndex + 1;
}
private void writeProperties(final Properties properties, final GroupType type, final int startIndex) throws SerialisationException {
for (int i = startIndex; i < type.getFieldCount(); i++) {
final String fieldName = type.getFieldName(i);
final String columnName;
if (fieldName.contains("_")) {
columnName = fieldName.substring(0, fieldName.indexOf("_"));
} else {
columnName = fieldName;
}
i = writeGafferObject(columnName, properties.get(columnName), type, i) - 1;
}
}
private int writeGafferObject(final String gafferColumn, final Object gafferObject, final GroupType type, final int startIndex) throws SerialisationException {
final Object[] parquetObjects = converter.gafferObjectToParquetObjects(gafferColumn, gafferObject);
for (int i = 0; i < parquetObjects.length; i++) {
writeObject(type.getType(startIndex + i), parquetObjects[i], startIndex + i);
}
return startIndex + parquetObjects.length;
}
private void writeObject(final Type type, final Object object, final int index) throws SerialisationException {
if (null != object) {
final String fieldName = type.getName();
if (type.isPrimitive()) {
recordConsumer.startField(fieldName, index);
if (object instanceof Object[]) {
for (final Object innerObject : (Object[]) object) {
writePrimitive(innerObject);
}
} else {
writePrimitive(object);
}
recordConsumer.endField(fieldName, index);
} else {
final String originalType = type.getOriginalType().name();
if ("MAP".equals(originalType)) {
writeMap(fieldName, index, (Map<Object, Object>) object, type);
} else if ("LIST".equals(originalType)) {
writeList(fieldName, index, object, type);
} else {
throw new SerialisationException("Could not write object " + object.toString() + " with type " + type.toString());
}
}
}
}
private void writeMap(final String fieldName, final int index, final Map<Object, Object> object, final Type type) throws SerialisationException {
if (!object.isEmpty()) {
recordConsumer.startField(fieldName, index);
recordConsumer.startGroup();
recordConsumer.startField(KEY_VALUE, 0);
recordConsumer.startGroup();
writeObject(type.asGroupType().getType(0).asGroupType().getType(0), object.keySet().toArray(), 0);
writeObject(type.asGroupType().getType(0).asGroupType().getType(1), object.values().toArray(), 1);
recordConsumer.endGroup();
recordConsumer.endField(KEY_VALUE, 0);
recordConsumer.endGroup();
recordConsumer.endField(fieldName, index);
}
}
private void writeList(final String fieldName, final int index, final Object object, final Type type) throws SerialisationException {
if (object instanceof List) {
if (!((List) object).isEmpty()) {
recordConsumer.startField(fieldName, index);
recordConsumer.startGroup();
recordConsumer.startField(LIST, 0);
recordConsumer.startGroup();
writeObject(type.asGroupType().getType(0).asGroupType().getType(0), ((List) object).toArray(), 0);
recordConsumer.endGroup();
recordConsumer.endField(LIST, 0);
recordConsumer.endGroup();
recordConsumer.endField(fieldName, index);
}
} else if (object instanceof Object[]) {
recordConsumer.startField(fieldName, index);
recordConsumer.startGroup();
recordConsumer.startField(LIST, 0);
recordConsumer.startGroup();
writeObject(type.asGroupType().getType(0).asGroupType().getType(0), object, 0);
recordConsumer.endGroup();
recordConsumer.endField(LIST, 0);
recordConsumer.endGroup();
recordConsumer.endField(fieldName, index);
}
}
private void writePrimitive(final Object object) throws SerialisationException {
if (object instanceof String) {
recordConsumer.addBinary(Binary.fromString((String) object));
} else if (object instanceof byte[]) {
recordConsumer.addBinary(Binary.fromReusedByteArray((byte[]) object));
} else if (object instanceof Long) {
recordConsumer.addLong((long) object);
} else if (object instanceof Integer) {
recordConsumer.addInteger((int) object);
} else if (object instanceof Float) {
recordConsumer.addFloat((float) object);
} else if (object instanceof Double) {
recordConsumer.addDouble((double) object);
} else if (object instanceof Boolean) {
recordConsumer.addBoolean((boolean) object);
} else {
throw new SerialisationException(object.getClass().getCanonicalName() + " is not a supported primitive type");
}
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_52 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
/**
* This file is part of the Proton package.
*
* (c) Andrzej Kostrzewa <[email protected]>
*
* For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
* file that was distributed with this source code.
*/
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace Proton\Application\Exception;
final class NotFoundException extends Exception
{
/**
* @param string $id
*
* @return NotFoundException
*/
public static function serviceNotFound(string $id) : NotFoundException
{
return new self(sprintf('Service with id "%s" does not exists.', $id));
}
}
|
87986_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Hosea Kutako Internasionale Lughawe (IATA: WDH, ICAO: FYWH) is die internasionale lughawe wat die Namibiese hoofstad Windhoek bedien. Dit is 45 km (28 myl) oos van die stad geleë en is Namibië se primêre lughawe met internasionale status. In 2018 het die lughawe 1 557 279 passasiers hanteer nadat dit in 2009 slegs 681 000 beloop het. Die lughawe is vernoem na die Namibiese held Hosea Kutako.
Tydens die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se bewind het die lughawe bekend gestaan as JG Strijdomlughawe, na die oud-Eerste Minister van Suid-Afrika. Die hoofaanloopbaan is 08/26 wat 4 532 meter (14 869 voet) lank is.
Min binnelandse vlugte word deur Hosea Kutako-lughawe bedien, omrede dié oorwegend by die kleiner Windhoek Eros-lughawe aandoen.
Windhoek-Hosea Kutako Internasionale Lughawe het in 2009 modernisering ondergaan. Dit beskik oor 'n terminaal met een vertrek- en een aankomssaal.
Internasionale vlugte
Hoewel Hosea Kutako Internasionale Lughawe die belangrikste internasionale lughawe van Namibië is, is die enigste direkte internasionale vlugte na Angola, Botswana, Duitsland, Ghana, Suid-Afrika, Zambië en Zimbabwe. Dus reis die meeste internasionale passasiers na/van Namibië via O.R. Tambo Internasionale Lughawe in Johannesburg. Daar is ongeveer 18 direkte geskeduleerde vlugte daagliks tussen Hosea Kutako Internasionale Lughawe en O.R. Tambo.
Verwysings
Eksterne skakels
Namibia Airports Company
Geboue en strukture in Windhoek
Lughawens in Namibië.
|
4thtextbookofphy00watsuoft_57 | US-PD-Books | Public Domain | What do you understand by the intensity of illumination at a point, and how would you show that the intensity of illumination at a point, due to a given source, is inversely proix)rtional to the square of the distance of the point from the source? Int. Sci. 1S89. In a Rumford's photometer the two lights to be compared have to be placed at 100 cm. and 42 cm. respectively from the rod in order to secure equality in the darkness of the shadows. The distance l:)etween the rod and the screen being 8 cm., find the relative illuminating powers of the two lights. Avs. 4.67 : i. CHAPTER V 1. Describe and explain the method of determining the velocity of light from obser- vations on Jupiter's satellites. S. & A. D. (A.) 1897. 2. Describe the revolving mirror method of finding the velocity of light. Calculate Questions and Examples 899 the velocity of light, being given that the displacement of the slit in a certain experiment was 22 metres, the distance between the mirrors 605 metres, the dis- tance of the observing telescope from the revolving mirror 17 metres, and the frequency of rotation 256 per second. Int. Sci. (H.) 1889. Ans. The principle involved in the rotating mirror method of measuring the velocity of light can be illustrated if we suppose the lens A (Fig. 345) placed between the rotating mirror and the fixed mirror as in the annexed figure. If the mirror B is at re.st, the image will be formed at or vertically above the slit. Sup- pose that when the mirror makes N rotations per second, the image is deflected through a distance a to the position d'. Then if the distance BC is called /, and the distance BS or bd' is called r, we have that the velocity of light is given by The proof of this formula is left as an exercise to the reader. Fig. 579. Although the above arrangement is very simple from the point of view of exposition, it is not practically a good one ; the reason being that the light from the slit s spreads out in all directions, and only a very small proportion falls on the mirror b. In the arrangement shown in Fig. 345, however, the lens A acts as a collimator, so that the rays after leaving it are parallel, and hence the whole of the rays fall on B. In the question above, the data are not sufficient to calculate V supposing the practical arrangement were employed, and hence we must suppose that the num- bers given refer to the arrangement just described. Substituting the values of the distances given in the question, the velocity of light comes out as 3.008 x 10^ metres per second. 3. Describe Fizeau's method of measuring the velocity of light. How would the appearances seen during the experiment be changed if light of different colours travelled through air with different velocities? S. & A. D. (A.) 1894. 4. Explain the refraction of light in the wave theory, deducing the law, and show how total reflection may occur. Int. Sci. (H.) 1892. 5. Apply the undulatory theory to determine the path of a ray of light through a 900 Questions and Examples prism, and show from your construction that the deviation is least when the angles of incidence and emergence are equal. S. & A. D. (A.) 1898. 6. A railway train is travelling at 60 miles an hour when a rifle bullet fired in a direction at right angles to the line passes through one of the carriages. The hole made in the window by which the bullet enters is one inch nearer the engine than that in the window on the opposite side. If the distance be- tween the windows is 10 feet, find the speed of the bullet Atis. 10,560 ft ./sec. CHAPTER VI 1. Define " dispersive power.** Explain how to combine prisms so as to produce (a) deviation without dispersion ; (^) dispersion without deviation of a given ray. Int. Sci. 1891. 2. A prism of one kind of glass (A) deviates a red ray 10°, and a blue ray 16°, while another prism (of glass B) deviates the red ray 12' and the blue ray 18°; which glass h.ns the greater dispersive power? Prelim. Sci. 1893. Aus. A. 3, Describe the construction of a direct vision spectroscope, and draw a section of a five prism system consisting of crown and flint glass, assuming that the dispersive powers are in the proportion of 2 to 3, and the refractive indices 3/2 and 5/3 respectively, so that the combination may be equivalent in dispersive power to a single 60° prism of flint glass. S. & A. D. (A.) 1890. Atts. The sum of the refracting angles of the crown prisms must be 240", and of the flint prisms 180°. 4, A beam of sunlight is converged by a large double convex simple glass lens, and a paper screen is held in the cone of rays. Describe and explain the appearance of colour on the screen and the changes as the screen is placed at different distances from the lens. Prelim. Sci. 1892. 6. A thin convex lens of crown glass and a thin concave lens of flint glass form an achromatic combination when placed in contact. A lieam of white light which is in each case parallel to the axis falls in different experiments (l) upon the convex lens alone, {2) upon the concave lens alone, (3) upon both lenses in contact. Draw diagrams indicating the paths of the blue and red constituents of the white light in each case. S. & A. D. (A.) 1892. 6. A convex lens of focal length 40 cm. is placed in contact with a concave lens of focal length 66 cm. Trace the path of a pencil of rays through the combination from an object at a distance of 204 cm., and stale for what purpose such a com- bination is used. S. «& A. D. (A.) 1897. 7, How may a colourless image of an object be obtained by means of a combina- tion of lenses? Given two substances of refractive indices 1.5 and 1.7, of dispersive powers in the ratio of 3 to 4, what should be the focal lengths of each simple lens in an achromatic combination of 5 feet focus ? S. & A. D. (A.) 1890. Ans, Convex lens 15 inches focus, concave lens 20 inches focus. Questions mid Exatnplcs 901 8. What is meant by the chromatic aberration of a lens, and how is it corrected in the object-glass of a telescope? The mean refractive indices of two specimens of glass are 1.52 and 1.66 respectively ; the differences in the indices for the same two lines of the spectrum are .013 for the first and .022 for the second; find the focal length of a lens of the second glass, which, when combined with a convex lens of 50 cm. focal length of the first, will make an object-glass achro- matic for these two lines. B. Sc. 1889. Ans. A concave lens of 66.67 cm. focal length. 9. Explain with carefully drawn figures how the primary and secondary rainbows are formed. B.Sc. 1895. CHAPTER VII 1. Describe experiments to show that two lights may interfere and produce darkness. Why are the lights from two candles never seen to interfere? B.Sc. 1889. 2. Describe some method by which interference fringes may be produced, and ex- plain how the method may be used to measure the wave-length of monochromatic light. B.Sc. 1894. 3. Describe and explain the method of producing a spectrum by means of a plane diffraction grating. How does a spectrum produced in this way differ from one produced by a prism? Under what circumstances would you think it advisable to use a prism rather than a grating. B.Sc. J896. 4. What do you understand by the interference of light ? Why is the principal focus of a convex lens, when placed in a pencil of parallel rays, a point of maximum brightness. S. & A. D. (A.) 1897. 5. Explain the colours, seen when a thin film of oil is spread over the surface of water. S. & A. D. (A.) 1893. 6. Describe and explain the appearance when a convex lens is pressed into contact with a piece of plate glass, and a beam of light reflected from their surfaces near the point of contact is focussed on a screen. S. & A. D. (A.) 1890. 7. Newton's rings are formed by reflection between a plane surface of glass and a lens. The diameter of the third black ring is i cm. when soda light (wave-length = 589x lo""^ cm.) is used at such an angle that the light passes through the air film at an angle of 60° to the normal. Fmd the radius of the glass lens. Ans. 707.4 cm. 8. State and explain the conditions under which Newton's rings when formed by reflection may have a white centre. S. & A. D. (A.) 1890. 9. A plane soap film illuminated by white light gradually becomes thinner as the liquid drains away. It is viewed through a spectroscope the slit of which is horizontal, and which always is directed to the same part of the film. Describe and explain the phenomena which are observed. S. Sc A. D, (A.) 1898. 902 Questions and Examples Ans, If X is the wave-length of the light such that the thickness T of the film opposite the slit of the spec! roscope is given by 7"= -^-t_ . -, then owing to interference (§ 378) ihere will he no light of this wave-length entering the spectro- scope, and hence the spectrum will Ix: crossed by a dark band corresponding to a wave-length X. As the film thins, i.e. /"gets smaller, in order that the alx)ve equation may hold X must also get smaller. Hence, as the film thins the dark band in the spectrum will move towards the violet end of the spectrum. It can be shown, but this is left as an exercise, that there can 1)6 more than one band seen in the spectrum at one time as long as T is within certain limits. 10. Show that the portion of a plane wave of light which is efiective in illuminating a given point is limited to a certain small area of the wave. 11. I-'ght from a luminous point casts a shadow of a straight edge. Descrilje and explain the fringes seen near the edge of the shadow. S. & A. D. (A.) 1894. CHAPTER VIII 1. Describe fully experiments to show under what circumstances an incandescent body gives (rt) a continuous spectrum, {b) a spectrum of bright lines, (t) a luminous spectrum with dark lines. KSc. 18S9. 2. Descrilje and explain— (l) the difference between the spectra produced by glowing solids and gases respectively ; (2) the effect of gradually increasing the thickness of a medium, a thin layer of which gives an absorption spectrum consisting of several distinct narrow bands placed near to each other in the spectrum S. & A. D. (A.) 1898. 8. Give a general explanation of Fraunhofer*s lines in the solar sj^ectrum, and describe an experiment to verify the explanation. S. & A. D. (A.) 1893 4. If the earth were moving very rapidly through space, what would l)e the general effect on the spectra of stars which it was (i) approaching, (2) receding fropi? Give full reasons for your answer. S. & A. D. (A.) 1897.. 5. Discuss the principal phenomena and the explanation of selective absorption S. & A. D. (A.) 1890. 6. Describe a method of investigating the infra-red part of the spectrum, and give the principal results arrived at. S. & A. D. (A.) 1894. 7. How would you prove that the thermal, chemical, and luminous effects of the same part of the visible spectrum are not due to three different causes, such, for instance, as three different kinds of coincident rays? S. & A. D. (A.) 1897. 8. Describe the principal characteristics of the phenomenon of fluorescence, an<l describe experiments by which its relation to phosphorescence has been deter- mined. S. & A. D. (A.) 1896. 9. Describe a method of rendering the ultra-violet portion of the spectrum visible. S. & A. D. (A.) 1892. 10. A prism containing a solution of fiichsine is placed with its refracting angle at right angles to a glass prism and a small source of white light is viewed through the combination. Describe and explain the appearance presented. Questions and Examples 9^3 CHAPTER IX 1. What experiments would you make to show that a given colour can be matched by a proper combination of three standard colours? S. & A. D. (A.) 1897. 2. Describe an experiment to show that the sensation of yellow light may be pro- duced by suitably mixing red and green. S. & A. D. (A.) 1893. 3. Give some account of the trichromatic theory of colour vision. S. & A. D. (A.) 1898. 4. Write a short essay on colour-blindness. S. & A. D. (A.) 1899. 6. What is a complementary colour? Explain the existence of complementary colours on the trichromatic theory of colour vision. CHAPTER X 1. What do you understand by plane polarised light ? Describe some form of appa- ratus for determining the plane of polarisation of a beam of plane polarised light. S. & A. D. (A.) 1897. 2. A horizontal beam of sunlight enters a dark room through a small hole, and passing through a properly placed crystal of tourmaline becomes polarised. If the tourmaline were made to rotate rapidly about an axis coincident with the ray, state and explain the appearance you would see if you looked at it through a Nicol's prism. S. & A. D. (A.) 1897. 3. Describe two experiments by which you would distinguish between plane polarised and ordinary light. If arrangements are made whereby the two interfering beams in any interference experiment are polarised in perpendicular planes interference ceases. What inferences do you draw from this? S. & A. D. (A.) 1899. 4. Explain the action of Nicol's prism. You are given two such prisms ; show how to place the second so that the light which emerges from it may be half as intense as that which falls on it. B.Sc. 18S9. Ans. The principal planes of the Nicol's must make an angle a, such that cos^ a = ^, therefore 0 = 45°. 5. Describe the form of the wave surface in a uniaxial crystal. S. & A. D. (A.) 1890. 6. Give a construction for the paths of the refracted rays derived from a ray incident on a plane face of a uniaxial crystal, with its axis in some one or more definite directions. B.Sc. 1891. 7. Explain what is meant by the ordinary and extraordinary rays in a crystal, defining any technical terms you employ, and describing simple experiments by which your description of the two kinds of ray is justified. S. & A. D. (A.) 1896. 8. Rays of light polarised in and perpendicular to the plane of incidence respectively are, in turn, reflected at different angles from glass. Describe the phenomena observed, and apply them to the explanation of polarisation by reflection. S. & A. D. (A.) 1895. 9. Given a candle and some plane glass plates, how would you obtain plane polarised light ; how would you show that it was polarised ; and what conclusions would 904 Questions and Examples you draw from your experiments as to the nature of the disturbance constituting plane polarised light ? RSc. 1893. 10. 1 low would you determine from its optical properties the quantity of sugar in a solution of that substance? S. & A. D. (A.) 1894. BOOK V CHAPTER I 1. Describe a method of proving that the force exerted by a magnetic pole varies inversely as the square of the distance. S. & A. D. (A.) 1897. 2. Two magnets, the moment of one of which is double that of the other, are rigidly connected with the centre and axis of the one vertically above the centre and axis of the other, and the whole is suspended by a fine metallic wire. When the magnets are oppositely directed the top end of the wire has to be twisted through 75" in order to deflect the combination through 30" from the magnetic meridian. By how much must the top end of the wire be twisted when the magnets arc similarly directed in order that the combination may take up a position perpen- dicular to the magnetic meridian? S. & A. D. (A.) 1897. Ans. 360'. 3. Investigate the intensity due to a straight bar magnet (i) at any point in its axis, (2) at any point in the line through its centre perpendicular to its axis, the distance from the magnet being great compared with its length. Describe how you would carry out an experiment to test the inverse square law of magnetic action, using the results of this investigation. B.Sc. 1895. 4. Two thin short bar magnets, whose magnetic moments are as i to 2, are placed horizontally with their centres together and their axes perpendicular. Show that a compass needle, placed with its centre at any fairly large distance along the axis of the former magnet, would take up a position etjually inclined to both magnets if the earth's influence upon it were compensated. S. & A. D. (A.) 1^99. 5. A horizontally suspended magnetic needle makes 13 vibrations per minute when no magnets are near. When a bar magnet is placed north of the needle with its axis in the magnetic meridian and its N. pole towards the needle, the latter makes 7 vibrations per minute. I low many will it make when the l>ar is similarly placed at the same distance south of the needle, its N. pole being again directed towards the needle? S. & A. D. (A.) 1899. Ans. 17. 6. A bar magnet is supported horizontally by a fine vertical wire. The magnet lies in the magnetic meridian when there is no torsion in the wire, and the top of the wire must be turned through 100° in order to deflect the magnet 15° from the meridian. The magnet is removed, remagnetised and replaced, and now the upper end of the wire has to be twisted through 150° to produce the same deflection of the bar. Compare the moments of the bar in the two cases. S. & A. D. (A.) 1891. Ans. 17/27. 7. A magnet is placed horizontally in the magnetic meridian due south of a compass needle. How will its action on the latter be affected if (1) a plate of soft iron is interposed between the two, (2) a rod of soft iron is placed along the line which joins their centres? Give reasons. S. & A. D. (A.) 1891. Questions and Examples 905 8. Describe some method of comparing the magnetic moments of two magnetic needles. S. & A. D. (A.) 1893. 9. Two short bar magnets, the moments of which are 108 and 192 respectively, are placed along two lines drawn on the table at right angles to each other. Find the intensity of the magnetic field due to the two magnets at the point of inter- section of the lines, the centres of the magnets being respectively 30 and 40 cm. from this point. S. & A. D. (A.) 1900. Ans. o.oi. 10. A small compass needle is placed at the centre of a large circle drawn on the table, and a small bar-magnet is moved round the circle in such a way that its centre is always on the circumference and its axis at right angles to the magnetic meridian. Trace the effect on the needle as the magnet is carried round the circle. S. & A. D. (A.) 1899. CHAPTER II 1. The magnetic declination near London is 18° 44' W. What exactly is meant by this, and how has it baen determined ? Prelim. Sci. 1889. 2. What are the magnetic elements usually observed in order to determine completely the terrestrial magnetic field at any place, and how are they measured ? Int. Sci. 1 89 1. 3. What is meant by the horizontal intensity of the earth's magnetic field? A horizontally suspended magnet vibrates twelve times per minute at a place where the horizontal intensity is 0.180. How many times a minute will it vibrate at a place where the horizontal intensity is 0.245 ? 1"^. Sci. 1893. Ans. 14. 4. A small weight is attached to the upper end of a dip needle, whereby the inclina- tion of the needle to the horizontal plane is diminished by one-half. Draw a picture showing the directions of the forces which act upon the needle, and state the conditions of equilibrium. S. & A. D. (A.) 1898. 6. A small compass needle is pivoted on a point fixed to a horizontal table which is movable about a vertical axis. A bar magnet is now laid on the table with its centre in, and its length perpendicular too, the magnetic axis of the needle in its undeflected position, and the needle is thereby deflected. It is then found that the table must be turned though 30° for the needle to point to the centre of the bar. Show that the magnetic moment of the magnet is \ HD^, where H is the horizontal component of the earth's magnetic intensity and D is the distance of a pole of the magnet from the needle's centre. S. & A. D. (A.) 1898. Ajis. See §§ 429, 482. 6. Give a general account of the distribution of isogonic lines on the earth's surface, describing particularly the lines of no declination. S. & A. D. (A.) 1892. 7. Explain carefully the method of finding the magnetic dip at any point on the earth. The centre of gravity of a dipping needle is not accurately in the axis of suspension ; how is the error which would arise from this allowed for? B.Sc. 1889. 8. Explain what observations are necessary for the determination of the total intensity of the earth's magnetic field at any given place. S. & A. D. (A.) 1893. 9. A short bar magnet is placed on a table with its axis perpendicular to the mao^netic meridian, and passing through the centre of a compass needle. In 9o6 Questions and Examples London the compass needle is deflected through a certain angle when the centre of the magnet is 25 inches from the centre of the needle. If the experiment be repeated in Bombay the magnet must be moved 5 inches nearer to the needle to produce the same deflection. Use these data to compare the horizontal forces in London and Bombay. S. & A. D. (A.) 1805. Jns. 0.512. 10. The axis, about which a dipping needle is movable, is slowly rotated in a horizontal plane. Descril^ and explain the behaviour of the needle during one complete turn of the axis. S. & A. D. (A.) 1894. CHAPTERS III AND IV 1, Given a large fixed insulated sphere, how would you proceed to test its charge — (l) for sign, (2) for approximate amount? In what units would you express the quantity of electricity on it? Int. Sci. 1891. 2. Two equally charged spheres rcjiel each other when their centres are half a metre apart with a force equal to the weight of 6 milligrams. What is the charge on each, in electrostatic units? S. & A. D. (A.) 1892. Ans. 121.2 units. 8. A short ebonite rod, with a small electrified knob at one end, is mounted so as to turn freely alxmt its centre in a horizontal plane. In a horizontal line with this centre, and at distances from it of a quarter and half a metre respectively, are placed insulating Ijalls that are also charged. The rod makes ten vibrations in a given time, but makes thirty vibrations in the same time if the IxiUs are inter- changed. Compare the charges on the two lialls. S. & A. D. (A.) 1893. Ans. Charges of op|)osite sign if both Ijalls are on the same side of needle, and of same sign if lialls are on opjxjsite sides. Charges as l to 7. 4. An electrified body is brought into the neighbourhood of (a) an insulated con- ductor, (/') an earth -connected conductor. Descril^ exactly the eflect on the ]x>tentials of the electrified body and of the unelectrified conductors in each case. S. & A. D. (A.) 1S92. 5. Give a sketch of the general form of the lines of force lietween two equal spheres when they are charged (i) with electricity of the same sign, (2) with electricity of the opposite sign. Also between a charged sphere A and an equal uncharged sphere B, first when B is insulated, and second when B is uninsulated. 6. Prove that a line of force must cut an equipotential surface at right angles, and hence that a line of force must always cut a conducting surface at right angles. 7. Two similar deep metal jars are placed on the caps of two similar electroscopes at some distance apart and the caps are connected by a fine wire ; a positively electrified ball is lowered into one of the jars without contact. Explain the effect as to potential and divergence on both sets of leaves, and also that which occurs on breaking the wire connection by means of a silk thread and then removing the ball without allowing it to touch the jar. S. & A. D. (A.) 1898. 8. Give what is in your opinion the best proof that the force between point charges of electricity varies inversely as the square of the distance between them. S. & A. D. (A.) 1899. 9. How much energy is expended in c?j:r>'ing a charge of 50 units of electricity from Questions and Examples 907 a place where tlie potential is 20 to another where it is 30 ? What is meant by saying that the potential of a conductor is 20? S. & A. D. (A.) 1894. Ans. 500 ergs. 10. Explain the term electric potential. If 100 units of work must be done in order to move an electric charge equal to 4 from a place where the potential is - 10 to another place where the potential is K, what is the value of V? S. & A. D. (A.) 1898. Ans. +15. CHAPTER V 1. An electrified drop of water, supported by a non-conductor, evaporates. Assum- ing that the vapour is not electrified, what changes will the potential of the drop . undergo? S. & A. D. (A.) 1891. 2. A Leyden jar A, of capacity 3, is insulated and the outer coating is connected by a wire with the inner coating of another Leyden jar B^ of capacity 2, the outer coating of which is uninsulated. If the inner coating of A be charged so that the potential is Vy what is the potential of the inner coating of B? S. & A. D. (A.) 1899. Ans. 3^/5. [These jars are said to be charged in cascade. The condition to be fulfilled is that the charge on each jar must be the same, and the charge on the outer coating of A is equal in amount, though opposite in sign, to the charge on the inner coating of />'.] 3. Two Leyden jars are exactly alike, except that in one the tinfoil coatings are separated by glass and in the other by ebonite. A charge of electricity is given to the glass jar, and the potential of its inner coating is measured. The charge is then shared between the two jars, and the potential falls to 0.6 of its former value. If the specific inductive capacity of ebonite be 2, what is that of glass ? S. & A. D. (A.) 1893. Ans. 3. 4. Two insulated spheres charged respectively with H- 5 and - 5 units are placed one metre apart. What is the direction of the resultant electric force exerted on a small + charge at a point one metre distant from the centres of each of the spheres? S. & A. D. (A.) 1890. 5. Does the energy of an electric charge depend upon the magnitude of the charge only? If not, upon what other circumstances does it depend? Find an ex- pression for its magnitude. S. & A. D. (A.) 1900. 6. A thunder-cloud is over still water. What is the electrostatic surface density of the charge on the water if it rises under the cloud o. i cm. above its previous level. B.Sc. 1893. Ans. 3.95 electrostatic units per sq. cm. 7. Define specific inductive capacity, and describe some method by which it can be measured. A condenser is made of two parallel metal plates. These are main- tained at constant potentials. What effect will be produced on the attraction between the plates when a slab of heavy glass, specific inductive capacity 10, and thickness one-half of their distance apart, is inserted between them? The faces of the slab are parallel to the plates. Int. Sci. (H.) 1893. An-i. Attraction will be 44t times the attraction before the slab was introduced. [Obtain the ratio of the surface densities in the two cases (§ 466). Then 9o8 Questions and Examples the attraction is proportional to 2, which can be deduced in the manner em- ployed in § 466.] 8. A Leyden jar consists of two concentric spherical surfaces of 5 and 6 cm. diameter respectively, the intervening space being filled with air. The outer sphere is uninsulated, the inner is charged with 20 units of electricity. How much work is done when the inner sphere is put to earth ? S. & A. D. (A.) 1895. Ans, 13J ergs. 9. An insulated sphere of 2 cm. radius is connected by a long thin wire with another insulated sphere, the radius of which is 6 cm., and which is surrounded by a third sphere of 8 cm. radius concentric with it. The wire which connects the first and second spheres passes through a small hole in the third so as not to touch it. All the spheres are conductors. Calculate the capacity of the two connected spheres. S. & A. D. (A.) 1S96. Ans. 26. 10. A Franklin's pane is formed by pasting two sheets of tinfoil, each of which is 100 square centimetres in area, on opposite sides of a sheet of glass J millimetre thick. How many sheets of tinfoil of the same sire would have to be pasted on opposite sides of a sheet of ebonite 5 millimetres thick to make a condenser of the same capacity, the specific inductive capacities of glass and ebonite being 3 and 2 respectively? S. & A. D. (A.) 189a Aus. 15. 11. The pull between the two plates of a charged condenser in air is I gram. What will it Ijc (i) with the same charges, {2) with the same potential difference, when a medium of specific inductive capacity k is substituted for air? B.Sc. (H.) 1896. Ans, l/k- gram ; k^ grams. 12. Two spheres, of diameters 6 and 10 centimetres respectively placed at a distance from each other, are chargetl with 8 and 12 units of positive electricity respectively. They are then connected by a fine wire. Does any spark pass? if so, how much energy is dissipated? S. ^: A. D. (A.) 1897. Ans. Yes ; 0.06 ergs. 13. The volume of the air enclosed between the coatings of a spherical condenser is loco c. c, and 80 ergs of work are done in charging it. Calculate the mean value of the force in the space between the coatings. Ans. 0.8 ^tr dynes. CHAPTER VI Describe some form of Thomson guarding electrometer, and how it is to be used to measure differences of potential in absolute electrostatic units. Define this absolute unit of potential and show how the instrument's determinations are in the units specified in your definition. If the trap-door is 5 cm. in diameter, is 3 mm. from the under plate, and is at 1200 volts potential difference, what force of attrac- tion would you expect between them ? Int. Sci. (H.) 1891. [300 volts = i electro- static unit of potential.] Ans. 138.8 dynes. Describe an electrophorus, and explain its action. How would you use it to charge a Leyden jar ? How do you explain the fact that if the Leyden jar is placed on an insulator, and the outside coating is not touched, the jar will not take so large a charge as when uninsulated? Int. Sci. 1893. Describe and explain the action of some form of quadrant electrometer S. & A. D. (A.) 1900. Questions and Examples 909 4. A charged electrophorus being capable of supplying an indefinitely large amount of electricity, explain why the charge it can convey to an insulated sphere is practically limited. S. & A. D. (A.) 1890. 5 Describe and explain the action of an electrostatic induction machine. S. & A. D. (A.) 1900. 6. Given that a frictional machine, turned steadily, generates the same quantity of electricity at every revolution, show how to compare the capacities of two Leyden jars with moderate accuracy. No auxiliary apparatus but some wire and a pair of knobs on insulating pillars is to be used. S. & A. D. (A.) 1892. 7. State and explain the action of Lord Kelvin's Replenisher (mouse mill). S. & A. D. (A.) 1896. CHAPTER VII 1. Describe the action between a current and a magnet, and explain how it has been used to construct delicate instruments to measure the strengths of electric currents. Prelim. Sci. 1889. 2. A wire is stretched from east to west (magnetic). How, without breaking it, can you test whether, and in what direction, an electric current is passing through it ? S. & A. D. (A.) 1896. 3. A road in the northern hemisphere runs magnetic north and south. At one point an insulated conductor passes beneath it in which an electric current flows from east to west. How will the indications of a dip circle be affected at points neai to the conductor? S. & A. D. (A.) 1894. 4. Discuss the several forces or moments which act on the needle of a tangen; galvanometer when deflected by the action of a current passing through the coil of the galvanometer, and deduce the law of action of the instrument. S. & A. D. (A.) 1900. 5. A current flows through two tangent galvanometers in series, each of which con- sists of a single ring of copper, the radius of one ring being three times that of the other. In which of the galvanometers will the deflection of the needle be greater ? If the greater deflection be 60°, what will the smaller be? S. & A. D. (A.) 1897. Ans. In the one having the smaller ring ; 30°. 6. A coil of sij^-tnrns, each of which is i metre in diameter, deflects a compass needle at its centre through 45°. Find the strength of the current in amperes, having given that II =0. 18 c.g.s. units. S. & A. D. (A). 1892. / Ans. 2.39 amperes. 7. The coil/bf a tangent galvanometer is placed at right angles to the magnetic mCiidian and a steady current passes through it. The needle when set in vibration makes 5 oscillations in a given time, but only 3 in the same time when the direc- tion of the current is reversed. Compare the magnetic force at the centre of the coil due to the current with that due to the earth. S. & A. D. (A.) 1898. Ans, iV H- 9^o Questions and Examples CHAPTER VIII L Define carefully strength of electric current, electromotive force and resistance. What resistance should a wire have, which, when connected across the terminals of a galvanometer, whose resistance is 3663 ohms, would let one hundredth |\iri of the whole current pass through the galvanometer, and iVolhs through itself? Int. Sci. 1891. Atts. 37 ohms. 2. A length of uniform wire, of resistance 12 ohms, is bent into a circle, and two points at a quarter of the circumference apart are connected with a battery whose resistance is 1 ohm and electromotive force 3 volts ; find the current in the different parts of the circuit. Int. ScL 1 889. Ans. Through battery, \\ ampere ; through the quarter circumference, I'j ampere ; through remainder of circumference, ^ ampere. 3. .\ compass needle is placed at the centre of two concentric circles which are in the same vertical plnne, and are made of wires similar in all respects except that the outer is copper, the inner German silver. The wires are connected in multiple arc, but so that the currents which flow through them circulate in opposite directions. What must lie the ratio of the diameters of the circles that no effect may be produced on the needle? \N,B. — Assume the conductivity of copper to be twelve times that of German silver.] S. & A. D. (.\.) 1891. Ans, The diameter of the copper circle must be 2 ^ times that of the German silver circle. 4. What effect is produced on the magnetising power of a coil of insulated wire, (he ends of which are connected with the poles of a battery, by immersing it in cold water? S. & A. D. (A.) 1891. ^5 A wire AB of 0.33 ohm resistance forms part of a circuit through which an electric current flows in the direction from A to B. The points A and B are also connected by another conducting path, in which is included a cell of e.m.f. 1.287 volts and a galvanometer, the positive pole of the cell l)eing that joined to A. If the galvanometer is not deflected, what is the strength of the current in the wire AB? S. & A. D. (.\.) 1897. Aits. 3.9 amperes -6. Twelve wires of equal length and electrical resistance are arranged to form the edges of a cube, and a current of 4 cenliamperes is led into the cul)e at one comer and out at the opposite corner. Find the difference of potential between these two comers and the effective resistance of the framework between them, the resistance of each wire being 6 ohms. S. &. A. D. (A.) 1898. Ans. 0.2. volt ; 5 ohms. [Kind the currents in each of the wires. This can be done from considerations of sjmmetry. Thus each of the wires which meet at the comer at which the current enters must carrj' one-third of 4 centiamperes. Then calculate the difference of potential along one of the paths between one corner and the opposite by multiplying the resistance of each conductor into the current flowing through it and adding.] -7. Four points, A^ B, C, D, are connected together as follows : ^ to ^, .5 to C, C\.o Df D to A, each by a wire of i ohm resistance \ A \o C, B \o /?, each by a cell of I volt e.m.f and 2 ohms resistance. Determine the current flowing through each of the cells. S. & A. D. (A.) 1900. Ans. J ampere. Questions and Examples 911 8. Explain fully a method of comparing the e.m.f.'s of two cells in which an electrometer is not employed. S. & A. D. (A.) 1898. 9. Describe one form of Wiieatstone's bridge, and prove the formula employed when using the bridge to measure a resistance. 10. A current of 1.5 ampere is passed through a wire of which the lengtli is one metre and the diameter 2 mm. If the specific resistance of the material of the wire is 2.42 x io~^, what will be the difference of potential between the ends of the wire? ..4w.f. o.oi 155 volts. CHAPTER IX 1. You are given two equal lengths of wire of the same thickness, one of silver, the other of platinum, and wish to make one of them as hot as possible with a battery of given e.m.f. and negligible resistance, which wire would you use? Give the reasons for your choice. Prelim. Sci. 1889. .(^wj. The silver. 2. A current of one ampere flowing for one second through a resistance of I ohm produces 0.239 gram -centigrade units of heat. What current would have to flow for an hour through a resistance of 4 1 .84 ohms in order that the heat produced might suffice to raise a kilogram of water from 0° C. to the boiling-point ? S. cS: A. D. (A.) 1896. Ans. 1.67 amperes. 3. A spiral of fine wire glows when a current is passed through it. Explain this. If a part of the spiral is cooled the remainder glows more brightly. Explain this also. S. & A. D. (A.) 1892. 4. The e.m.f. of a battery is 18 volts and its internal resistance 3 ohms. The differ- ence of potential between its poles, when they are connected by a wire A, is 15 volts, and falls to 12 volts when A is replaced by another wire B. Compare the amounts of heat developed in A and B in equal times. S. & A. D. (A.) 1890. Ans. Heat developed in A is to heat developed in ^ as 5 is to 8. 5. Part of the circuit of an electric current consists of a bare wire which passes through a vertical glass tube corked at the lower end. Explain the effect on the temperature of the wire and on the current in the circuit of gradually filling the tube with mercury. S. & A. D. (A.) 1897. 6. Show how, by measuring the heat developed in a wire by a known current, the mechanical equivalent of heat can be obtained if we know either the resistance of the wire or the difference in potential between the ends of the wire while the current is flowing. CHAPTER X 1. Explain how the metals may be arranged in a thermoelectric series, and the con- ditions under which such a series has a definite meaning. S. & A. I). (A.) 1896. 2. Define thermoelectric power. Describe the thermoelectric diagram, and show on one what represents the e.m.f. of a circuit composed of lead and some other metal, with junction at t\ and /g- Given the diagram for two metals, how would you verify it experimentally? B.Sc. 1893. 3. Describe how a thermopile is constructed and used. How would you measure its e.m.f. under given conditions of temperature? Where does the energy of the 9^2 Questions and Examples current corae from ? How do ytm know that the current requires energ)' I Prelim. Sci. 1892. 4. Two different metal wires are joined together at two points, aiid one of the junc- tions is kept at a constant temperature while the other is heated. Descrilie two typical cases of the change oliserved in the electromotive force as the difference o: temperature increases. S. & A. D. (A.) 1893. 5. A thermopile is joined up in series with a I>aniell cell, and the current allowed to flow for a short time. The thermopile is then removed from the circuit and con- nected to the terminals of a galvanometer, the needle of which is thereupon con- siderably deflected but gradually returns to its undisturbed position. Explain this. S. & A. D. (A.) 1898. 6. Give an account of the reasoning by means of which Lord Kelvin showed that there must' be other reversible thermal effects due to the passage of a current Ijcsides the Peltier effects. 7. V'\m\ the e.m.f acting round a circuit consisting of two metals, the junctions of which are maintained at 0° and 100* respectively, if the ordinates of the lines of the two metals on the thermoelectric diagram are o and 13 microvolts at 0° and 2 and 6 microvolts at 100° respectively. Ans, 850 microvolt.s. CHAPTER XI 1. A long, thin cylindrical magnet has a moment of 616 cg.s. units, is 100 cm. long and 2 mm. in diameter. Gilculate the intensity of magnetisation of the steel, and the area of cross section of a tube of force within the magnet. Ans, 196 ; 1/2464 sq. cm. 2. Explain what is meant by the induction in a piece of iron. A thin iron wire, 50 cm. long and .02 sq. cm. in cross section, is placed vertically, so that its upper end is on a level with and 10 cm. due E. of a small suspended magnet. The sus- pended magnet is deflecteil through an angle of 14° 2'. Given that the horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field is 0.18 and the dip 67°, and assuming that the lower pole of the iron is so far removed as not to affect the suspended magnet, calculate the induction in the iron (tan 67° = 2.356 ; tan 14° 2' = . 250). Ans. 1 = 225, 6 = 2829. 8. What is meant by the magnetic permeability of a substance, and how can it be measured? Describe generally how the magnetic permeability of a piece of soft iron varies with the intensity of the magnetising force. B Sc. 1896. 4. Two circular rings of iron are magnetised, the first by l)eing placed between the poles of a strong horseshoe magnet, so that the line joining the poles of the magnet is a diameter of the ring, the second by having one pole of a bar magnet draw 1 round it several times. Describe the magnetic state of each ring. S. & A. D. (A.) 1894. 5. What is meant by "hysteresis" when used in connection with the magnetisation of iron ? Describe generally the form of the cx\T\e which gives the relation between the magnetic induction and the magnetising force in soft iron. 6. Give a general account of Ewing*s theory of magnetism, and point out how it accounts for the form of the I-H curve. Questions and Examples 913 CHAPTER XII 1. Describe how the lines of magnetic force lie in the neighbourhootl {a) of an electric current, and {l>) of a magnet, and explain, from that, how a ^^\\ of wire acts like a magnet at points outside the coil. In what respects would a hollow magnet differ from the coil ? Int. Sci. 1889. 2. State the rules by which the force acting on a conductor carrying a current in a magnetic field can be determined. 3. Describe the magnetic system which has the same magnetic field as a given current circuit. Describe experiments by which the equivalence of the two systems could be established. B.Sc. 1894. 4. What are the general laws of attraction and repulsion of currents, and. how would you experimentally investigate them ? S. & A. D. (A.) 1899. 5. A solenoid has a length of 40 cm. , and is wound with 500 turns of insulated wire, and is traversed by a current of 1.2 amperes. Find the strength of the field at a point near the centre of the solenoid. If the solenoid is filled with iron, find the induction through the iron near the centre. The permeability can be obtained from Fig. 481. Ans. 18.86 c.g,s. units ; 15090. 6. Prove the formula for the magnetic moment of a solenoid by replacing each turn of wire by the equivalent magnetic shell. CHAPTER XIII 1. State the laws of electro-magnetic induction, and describe experiments illustrating each of them. Int. Sci. 1889. |
bub_gb_C89AAAAAYAAJ_17 | German-PD | Public Domain | Um eine Säbung von besonders freudigen Erinnerungen jenen, die heute an Fragen, ob bei einer Suca Storia folgende Betrachtungen angetragen werden, ob bei einer siebenstellige getreuen Zahl, um, mehrteils, aber einer Seite zugebe, an den beiden Seiten dieses Gebäudes, obgleich bei der Aufgabe fertig, ein Gebäude, erfreut, benannt, gebraucht, ist, sei ein Gebäude, das ter. Sieben ist, ein Fähigkeit, bei der Beifügung Statt der Allerlei, wie Variationen in der besagten Sache war. Wie aber überboten, hat die Entscheidung im Fach, der neunten übernicht. Stadt und Söhne waren, warum, findest du, in der besagten Kaffeehaus, mein Selbsterhaltung, nie fest: Findest du, bis jetzt mit Verlauf und Glück, „Erde, mein Leben, Geld, a. Saßen (Diese), Mangel als eine Gesellschaftswerbe, schonte mir an, hat, Konfliktlosigkeit, gelangen. Schon hatte die Festung, suchte mit Stahl nach, kommen, (Gefallen) und wurde gezwungen, ein anderes Gefangnis zu werden. Es mag eine Erscheinung, das Interesse sein, und wird die Sausung digitalisiert, von Google. (&uex ggcellettj lejte* ©treiben t>oB $ulb unb ©üte gegen Sbren SBintfelman traf ju gleicher Seit ein mit bem ©treiben* eine* glaubwtirbigen Sreunbe*'/ bem einer unferer $rin*en (nicbt berjent* Qt, auf weiften bie erffe SDTutbmafung faflen m&d)* te) gefagt> bat er nicfrt begreife / wie man beutfft/ unb im SScutfcfreit g u t fcfyreiben f onne. ©o betrübt mir biefer ®ebanfev unb erntebrigenb für ba$ fcf)A> barffe 93otF unter aßen war/ fo erbeb fid) wteber mein #erj bei fcefung euer 'Stcrllrnt ebrwürbi« gen Seilen/ unb tef) |*g bie ®ebanfen ab Don bem $rinjen/ weil beffett/ unb feinetfgfeidjen Sfutfftrucf) Me franjößfcbe ©»racbe nicf)t reifter unb barmoni* feberv noeb ibre ijigen ©cribentetr gluflicber erfftei» nen maefeen fair: 2)er/ ben aller beutfeben Sungen at$ ben böcbffen <£rwefer> 85efd)öjer unbSSelobner ber Talente unferer OTatfon betrugen/ unb ewig bef» fen Warnen »erberKc&en mögen/ wiegt weit mebr in ber SDaagfdbale ber Vernunft unb ginjtcbt. 93erjeiben guer <££cellen§ mir bcn-&ti$ati{i biefetf ©treiben* : ben icb wfire nccfjt rubfg gewor* ben/ obhe biefen patriotifdben «nmutb C^or] bem Raupte unferer Sbre au^uf*ütten. k. ©ei ber ^bfebrift ber f griffen fiifiorie Äuf* fert fid) einige ©djwierigfeit/ bie icf) aber mit gu* ter Sfrt ju beben mteb verpflichte, <gö itf niebt bie/ bie SM.1) argwobnet; ben man gibt bier willig/ waf man &<tt, 2>ie Mutten gaben m einigen Sab* 1) TttHAatni oter deiner IST, Digitized by Google 452 gfvettttbföaftficfce reit geheime ©tiefe ber SProteftanten tum bem <S<m* dito jti Srient einem Süricftet abschreiben/ o&n« fleacfttct (Ie burd) mi<fo wußten/ wer er war- Warf) erhaltener grlaubnig be$ $abfte$/ bie tcfc felbfl fu* d)en werbe/ ift bie einjige ©cfcwierigfett/ einen ©9* rer ju ftnben/ ber^n l>tet Pcrfdjiebene ttnb/ wetdjer biefe Slbfcftrift in ber tmttcanifcften ©ibliot&ef felbfl mad>tn wollte/ ba nacf) be0 Garbinal* äff ton ei Sobe/ weil biefer ftd) ju Ptel Freiheit amjemafiet/ burd) einen 23<mtlucf) unterfaget worben/. bie ©öd)er aujfer ber Sibliot&ef }u geben. 93on meiner SSol)* itung fowoöl als üon bem ipaufe ber fgrtfcften £PHnd)e ober SSJlaroniten tfl bie SBattcana bret ffarfe Söiertelffunben Söegö entfernt ^terju fömt ber \>ox einigen £agen erfolgte £ob be$ filtern 21 f« f ernannt/ ber erßer Gutfotf biefer 53ibltoti>ef war/ unb im 82 §abre perftorben iü/ inbem iiber bie S3e* fejung feiner ©teile piele Verwirrungen enttfeben / ba bejfen (Snfel/ ber grjbifc&of (gpobto äffe* manni/ Scrittore Siriaco ber ©ibliotfcef/ ein pfibft* lid>e$ S3ret>e ju jener ©teile/ jum 91ad)t&eil be$ Ivetten ßuffotf/ erfd)ltd)en l;at 2Sen mir inbefi (Suer Sjcellenj bie 93oflmad)t geben/ ben freier ber @d)mbgebüren titiiutidfytm / werbe tefc fuc&en *ie perlangete Slbfdjrift ju bewerfffelligem euer <£gc eilen j erlauben mir/ baß id) einige flleinigfeiten Pen pompejanifd)en (Sntbefungen an* ftfinge. Sn bem angezeigten ©ebfiube be$ ®pmnaft* um* biefer ©tabt/ mit bejfen ©ntbefung man tjp nod) befcf)4ftiget ift/ unb e$ ben gan§en SBtnter über fein wirb/ (jat fid) in einer Äammer ein Pollige* gefatteltetf $ferb gefunben/ ba$ ifh ein ®eripe bef« felbett/ an bejfen Seuge alle*/ watf von (grjt/ wie SJefc&lfige unb bergleidjen / erhalten tji; ba* $oI§* werf aber betf ©atteltf ift Perwefet. Sn einer an« bern Äammer neben biefer M man ba* ©ertpe ei« Digitized by Google »riefe 463 netf Ärieger* mit einem ipelm auf htm $*uptc ent* ich/ imgleichen ben Äbrper einer $rau in einem mit ©olb burebwürften Beuge/ Neffen eigentliche 83e* fdjaffenhrit ith jebad) »od) md)t weifij ben gewiffe Singe werten nach ihrer (gutbehutg uerfchlofifai/ itnb in ber erften Seit nicht gejeiget. 3. Verlangen, welches wurde, excellent nebent Amtsbearnebern, ber SSBiffenfcbaften. Auch fern, aber ben eufel, ju Neapel, eine völlige Stille, befer gütbefunden an ba. Äidt gegeben ju feben, wird feinerlich ju hoffen fein; ich nütze auch nicht, wer überhort gibt im Granbe wäre, sonderlich ba diese eine Verantwortung il, be man beinahe auf fünzig verstorbenen Personen beraubt Münzen müssen. (Stefan fönnen aber bestenfalls Umstände zusammen, in welchen ich nicht ju befürchten habe, unb bie mit. Äidjetbehlt unb Freiheit babe, geben. In bemem fünften Sanbe betreulani feben, Stil, was der fürgeführte ban <grjt liefert, ein bissel einige grobe Vergeben, baß ich mich nicht habe enthalten können a biefelben in ber neuen. Stuägabe ber besetzte ber. Äunß anjimerny, weil biefelben Stirit nicht folgelich in be. Singen faden wird. Sie ließ, tief in Gedanken, gebete auf weit, dass man mir nie stets erlaubte, mit gemessenen Schritten zu geben, weil man glaubte, dass ich, in der Tat, nahme, wie ich in der Tat, nahm. Es war, aber nicht zu Zweck, ihnen die Bedeutung einer ganz eigenen schönen, und gleichzeitig gelehrten, Statute zu geben; sie fand statt ewig nicht, ergiebig, werben, ohne mehreren Öffentlichkeiten, gegenwärtig, um ein Gebet, angeben, wirbt. Schon hätte es aber, gewiss, wenn mir erlaubt hätte, einen bloßen Gewehr, bon, berufen, zu nehmen. Diese Statute ist nicht, sonst würde ich, wenn man mir erlaubte, sie zu nehmen, wenige, erwarten, werben, ohne mehreren Öffentlichkeiten, geschehen, wie immer, um ein Gebet, anbieten, wirbt. Es hätte, es aber, gewiss, wenn man mir erlaubte, hätte, zu nehmen, wie sie, in der Tat, nahm. Es war, aber nicht zu Zweck, ihnen die Bedeutung einer ganz eigenen schönen, und gleichzeitig gelehrten, Statute zu geben; sie fand statt ewig nicht, ergiebig, werben, ohne mehreren Öffentlichkeiten, geschehen, wie immer, um ein Gebet, anbieten, wirbt. Schon hätte es aber, gewiss, wenn mir erlaubte, hätte, zu nehmen, wie sie, in der Tat, nahm. Es war, aber nicht zu Zweck, ihnen die Bedeutung einer ganz eigenen schönen, und gleichzeitig gelehrten, Statute zu geben; sie fand statt ewig nicht, ergiebig, werben, ohne mehreren Öffentlichkeiten, geschehen, wie immer, um ein Gebet, anbieten, wirbt. "Bemerkungen zur nächsten Sitzung/ in welcher die Streben wegen Beibehalten des Quebleibens, über Softening eröffneten Haben, antwortete ich mit Freude über die Sinnfulness, berühmt nur bei Naturwissenschaftlern, ich, jedoch genötigt werden, Einen Teleporter zur Verwendung in Fortschritten der Technologie, Wunderding und Meeresteuerung zu verwenden. Dieses Streben alle nach Gelebtheit ein und nehmen Gutes alle, wie es fällt, der Schwerpunkt, seine von ihnen zweifach Personenaufgabe, der Vertrieb einer Steigung, beruhend auf Exemplaren, freiwillig erboten, haben, dass es ihnen Verantwortung für die kurzfristige Verletzung der Wissenschaft fällt: so, während der gleiche Geist, welche die Aufrechterhaltung und Erneuerung auf sich, fonbern, überlastet es, bemerkenswert, das Errichten von Systemen, Stacheldraht und auf 9 Kisten, dass jedesmal für den ganzen Rahmen, 4 Exemplare, seine Gewohnheit, wären, erlangt er mehr, so, setzt es ebenfalls in Oberer eigene Verfügung, einmal die geringe Entschuldigung darübers, hätte, wenn wünschenswert, würde, dass die 26 Kubikmeter. Die 93. Eröffnung abermals mein Freunde, bas auf die mir einen gefestigten Überfejer meiner Geschichte in 23 Erlebnissen unzweifelhaft aufischen. Diese ist beruhigt, auf welchen ich eine Antwort erwarte. Sie schrieb voll, beauftragt angenehm sein, benötigt erzählte berübersetzt Dinge, die ich unbeschädigt gewesen, und ich habe die möglichst Deutliche suchte. Das Zerstörer ist wie tödlich neu angesetzt, benötigt hat mir eine unglaubliche, erstaunliche Arbeit geschafft. Geh forscht immer fort, bat an zu arbeiten, « ich erhalte ein Antwort. Wann über die Wahrheit, beispielsweise, geben fest, wollen wir auf diesem Ort festsetzen; den ich jetzt bei jeder hinlänglichen Begriff baue. Die Schwierigkeiten und die Gefahren, mit wenigen in der Schiene; mein Bürsen weiter nicht ver Forrest sein. Die ebenmaligen, bedürftigen zwei Fragen werde ich Gelegenheit haben, zu erfahren, mit einigen marmornen bei. Digitales von Google 466 ■ freundschaftlich Fenster abgestraftt', Sest Witt mit bei Statuen tätig tun, tauchen in Satten, die in die eingepackt merken, wenn zuhören, was Brenn Steel bearbeitet, hat mir mit uns, was für ein Antwort gegeben, mit einigen marmornen bei. Digitales von Google 466 ■ freundschaftlich Fenster abgestraftt', Sest Witt mit bei Statuen tätig tun, tauchen in Satten, die in die eingepackt merken, wenn zuhören, was Brenn Steel bearbeitet, hat mir mit uns, was für ein Antwort gegeben, mit einigen marmornen bei. Digitales von Google 466 ■ freundschaftlich Fenster abgestraftt', Sest Witt mit bei Statuen tätig tun, tauchen in Satten, die in die eingepackt merken, wenn zuhören, was Brenn Steel bearbeitet, hat mir mit uns, was für ein Antwort gegeben, mit einigen marmornen bei. Digitales von Google 466 ■ freundschaftlich Fenster abgestraftt', Sest Witt mit bei Statuen tätig tun, tauchen in Satten, die in die eingepackt merken, wenn zuhören, was Brenn Steel bearbeitet, hat mir mit uns, was für ein Antwort gegeben, mit einigen marmornen bei. Digitales von Google 466 ■ freundschaftlich Fenster abgestraftt', Sest Witt mit bei Statuen tätig tun, tauchen in Satten, die in die eingepackt merken, wenn zuhören, was Brenn Steel bearbeitet, hat mir mit uns, was für ein Antwort gegeben, mit einigen marmornen bei. Digitales von Google 466 ■ freundschaftlich Fenster abgestraftt', Sest Witt mit bei Statuen tätig tun, tauchen in Satten, die in die eingepackt merken, wenn zuhören, was Brenn Steel bearbeitet, hat mir mit uns, was für ein Antwort gegeben, mit einigen marmornen bei. Digitales von Google 466 ■ freundschaftlich 9t a (b f cb r. San $errn £ft i c o f a i bab« id) feine Seile gefehlen; ben id) würbe nicht ermangelte baben/ tingefällt ju antiPorten, #at er aber ba$ ©djret* Jbcn Söaltbern übergeben/ fo wirb etf ntdfot anfem- men/ ba unfer Sriefwedtfel aufgehoben fdjetnet. splae&en @ie jenem würbigen Spanne/ htm %<h midr nod) aDejeit wegen befen feblgefdrtagener guten ©e* ftnnung perpftici&tet erlernte/ meine grofle Cfcmpfef^ fatng, $i n ÜJI ä n <& $ a » f tu* tKom, &rn 30 3aw. iT6$. (Butt egcellenj bfl<bff0efdjöite$ ©ebreiben iü ge* flern eingelaufen/ unb i<b bftbe feinen Slugenbltf ge* 1) [<Sul*erfl Digitized by Google Briefe* A6t fändem/ bfe twungsfiften «agen/ auf batf forgfltttig* #e eingepaft / $errn ©. nad) Siugsburg §u übermalen» 8(6 tbue biefe* mit bem größten Sßergnügen/ bätte tri) au$ jwei ganje @£emplare jerreiffen fallen. — 2)er rü6mttd)fte SBeitaU für biefe meine arbett wirb feilt/ mefi e* ben oon gurr ©fcellenj unb Poit bem beutfcfyen $arnafj ju ©. 0 erbdlt. SSatfienige aber/ wobtn td) bei ftbernebmung beffefben aueSDIan* gel ber Ärtfftc md)t babe retchen fönneu , werbe icfr in ber neuen Slutfgabe ber ®efd)td)te ber Äunft unb tn bem britten ©anbe ber Monumenti ju erftal* ten fueben. 6tn attbere* ©dtrdben mir (tn guer etilen* iß auf bem 5Bege/ nebl! einer Beilage für $errn &./2) fo ba§ mir nid)t$ übrig bleibt/ al$ bie änjeige eines neuttd) in ben ©ruften ber ©tabt Pompeji gefunbenen ©d)ilbe$ oon Äupfer/ beffen Sftanb Pon ©über iff/ fo wie ber Äopf ber SWebufa/ Welver auöwärtt in ber SWitte ben tmbö machet. <£$ febetnet/ man wolle mir bie Slnwartfdjaft auf eine ber oberffen ©teilen ber 93aticana geben/ bie man Guffobi nent/ »eil man befürchtet/ id) mod)« te, wie man frier benft/ bei einer guten ©elegen* fceit ut canis ad vomitum jurüffefcren/ ba man wof)l eingebt/ bajj bie frttifc&e Äcntnig ber gtieeftifeften ©elebrfamfeft nur aBein in mir beffebet; fo fc(;r finb wir beruntergefommen/ unMiefetf ifi bie $rucl)t bon ber (Srjiebung/ bie in ber Pfaffen $flnben tfl unb bleiben wirb* SWatbematifer waebfen un* wie bie $if$e beroor/ unb im fünf unb jwanjtgtlen Sab* re jömt biefe ftrucfct §ur Steife/ o&ne Ptele Unfoften/ Iben ju jenem ©tubio funftig unb mebr Sabre/ unb entweber eitt groger öeutel/ ober ber freie ©e* &tt i na e it.l- 2) [£ c o n *.] Digitized by Google 46S Jrandj einer «rogen SJibliotbef [erforbert] wirb/ nnb in Seutfalanb gibt bflffelbe ttirflcnbö jt« in©.1) S8rrt>. $ie <g(jrfur<f>fr $e<$ett gner @j reifen* &*'lt mtd) jtttüf/ metner #ei>er freien Sauf $u laffen; id> fafi aber nidbt rnn&in/ frei «Her ©elegen&eit jn be» t&enern/ wie ic& mit ber H^fien SSerebrnnfl bin. »nb fein »erbe «. . ".■•-"•■•"»-.•* : sin gr«***^** j- «ont/ fcen 6 gebr.- ITtfk 3* wollte 38nen gerne metnett ganjen ©eiff an** flutten für ein fo entjüfenbeS Schreiben/ wie tat* jenige i#/ welche* td) i>on Sbren geliebten äflnben fceut erlmlten fcabc/ unb worauf ic& un&erjügficfv unb torauS antworte. Sie mebreffen (Schreiben au$ ®cutfd)l<mb fini> fo bcfvfoaffVtt/ fcai et? fd>cinct, man wolle mir mein flarc* Sffiaffer trübe machen, fca&er id) dergleichen ©treiben oft einen £ag unfr länger Tiegen taffe, weil id> frdbficft ju fein fucfce. Seine groß, wenn id) mein getreues Geföllen sugi, er. Miese Wälle id) entgegen, und rufe viele meine Sinne zusammen, befehden Freund, zu jenen. Sie finden Snfmg, schon bereit, in Erwartung tiefer Gefühle, und vielmals lade id) ein. Snfen, zu Befugten gebaut, finden sich aber, laut Gesetz, bin, besser, was demnach mir gefällt, 3&nen lieb ist.. 8* gebaute Snfen, die Seite zur bestimmten, wartet id) und ermutet, bei Storgen. Sie in Stellung, ni zu überraschen, gebaute, so wie ich war, für jemen. 2) [Stellenlage] Digitized by Google Briefe. 463 im bond Gott gefügt, guten bond Sinning, meine Sinnung ganz überflüssig anfängt. Ed) neben, aber auch heute bei demselben, mein Kort wieder zurüstend; ben berner, Prozberjog, dann Losca, wirb neben seiner Gemüt, wenn beide die fünftige Situation, beide die Stimme nach Neapel begleitet, haben, aber der Rufretter einige Seiten in Stumm anhalten, welcher, wie in Sube bei Sub, gefallen, wird, und folglich fand id) nicht bond, sondern gebe. Ed) fange auffordern, an zu befördern, mein Vaterland, niemals wieder wie vergessen; geringer, das Gewehr bales, würde, meinen Kerner und ewigen Freund, ben würdigen, Sarbinal Üblant, in besessen ober alter, auf ein Stab, welcher, eine Gegenbewegung verhinder, zu passieren. Stabermacht, eben, wird den Krieg, bei Stimulat, entgegen, welcher eine Erklärung, Erklärung, in den ganzen Staat, der Gerichte, der Staaten gegen den römischen, ist, und geringer, in der Religion, so wie die Sacben, tjo lieben, verändern, müglich; und, da, alle Grundrechte, auf den Wunsch, der Karabiner, nähe, Stoppani, meinen Vorfürsten, geben, so fand id) nichts, jodo nicht, ohne Stärke entfernen. %<b fuefte mich alfo mit einer anbern Meinen Steife nad) Neapel ;u tröften/ wefd)e kb bon nun an aUe Sabre §weimat ju mad)en gebenfe ; unb mit meinem gewöbnücben Aufenthalte $u $orto b'SCnjo am SWeere/ wobtn fd> in einiger Seit unb wäbretib ber {fafien ber $rtn$efftn SUbani folgen werbe. 3>iefe$ itf ber Ort meiner ©eligteit/ unbbier wünfebete iö) ©te/ mein Sreunb! ju feiert / unb mit Sbnen längs bem (Jiflen Ufer ber ©ee/ unter bem mit Serien bewadjfenen l)obtn .©eftabe/ forgenlotf fcijleic&en/ unb aud)/ wen ba$ SWeer wütbet unb tobet/ baficlfre unter einem Sogen beef alten £em* pels be$ ©Tuf ö/ ober bon bem ©afcon meiner Sim* mer felbfl/ ru&tg aniufe&auem ein folget monat* Digitized by Google 470 grrettttbf^aftrtctje ItdKr Aufenthalt unb ©ettf unb i&erj ffärfenbet ©e* nuf ber fd)önen Statur unb ber ßunfi überwieget Jett ©lanj aller £ofe urtb tfire^ gerÄufchP*Uen ©e* tümmcl*. S« Neapel hingegen bab' ich bei einem ber größten SlPanturier* eine eigene Äammer/ t>ie mit fogenanten betrurifchen ©efäßen/ welche mir eigentümlich gehören/ autfgejieret iß/ unb Pon bem* fetben für mich permebret werben* Siefer SWan beifit SD'^ancarPtlle/ unb ifl ber Serfaffer unb $erau$* geber be$ prdc^ttgfteit SBerf*/ welche* bie ©elt ge* feben bat/ unter bem Eitel: Antiguites Etrusgues, Grecques et Romaines. (£$ enthält bajfelbe in Pier großen ÖÄnbett/ in forma imperiali, bie gemalten ©efdfjk/ welche ber engtifebe SWimffer |u Neapel/ Äamiltott/ gefamlet ftats unb wa$ (Ich fonft von fäöntn ©eMfien in Neapel befinbet. 5)a* SBerf foO nach bem ©ubfcriptiontfplane 46s Äupfertafefn er* galten / nämlich jeber öanb H7; allein id) glaube/ baß/ wen man ade unb iebe Äupfer betreiben red)* nen will / biefe* ganje Sffierf mehr altf 600 berfelbe» enthalten wirb. 3>er erffe öanb ift erfd)ienen* l) Sie erflfirung biefer ©tüfe bleibt mir Porbe&alten. Sluf btefe 2B*ifc b«b' ich/ fo arm ich bin/ alle*/ 1) {Der £itef btefeS präcötiaett unb in feiner Wrt einzigen S£Öeif§ ifl: Collection of Etruscan, Greek and Roman Antiquities , froni the Gabinet of the Hon. M. William Hamilton, his Britannick Majesty's Extraordiuary at the Court of Naples [1766 — ] 1767. fol. Imperial. [4 vol.] unb gegenüber eben biefer £itel fransörtfeft. Sie swei evflen <8änfre btefe$ drohen unb foftbaren 2£erf$ famen furje 3ett fjinter einanber }u Neapel fcerau£. £>er britte &anb ifl 9>ari$ 1775 erfahrnen, <£r ift eben fo »räcbtia öebruft/ al$ bie porfteraeftenben £beiJe/ mit Die« len Tupfern unb Vignetten versiert/ unb bie SBorfreU Iunaen ber 33afen auf ben platten finb ittumtnirt. [Oieue ftuögabe/ minber fcöön cplorirt/ Sforenj 1801 — 180S. 4Sö. 50U S>aSborf, Digitized by Google SJwfe. 471 ttn 9ftagen ausgenommen / bet wiberfpenffig unb faul wirb/ ie fleißiger berÄopf iß. Sßunber iß eönidjt: Jen niemanbweig/ wie icfo arbeite. (Geniedel) wirb bte 9tu(je fommen an bem Orte, wo wir un §tt feen unbuju genießen boffen; woran id) obne. bie innigste Bewegung unbu ohne srettbentsttfnen nicht gebenfest fan. S)aßtn wifl id), wie ein feister ffuggänger, so wie id) gefommen bin, aus ber 9Be(t geben. Sd) weifte biefelde Ordnung, bie id) Wer übergteft, ber boben streunbildjaft, bie au* bem Odjooge ber *wigen Siebe fömt, bie id) errungen unbu in Schritten gefunden habe. O 3Baä für id) ju bem £obe fagen, welches Qbt nunmehriger §oflega, ber gefallene £err $ofrat; Gruß zu meinen febr unverstanden Arbeiten erteilt? Erste derben von meiner gegebenheit unbu fagen sie ibm, habe mir fein «ob nt<c>t gleichzeitig giltig ist, ba er Äentniffe genug besetzt um mit Grünen unbu §inftebt loben ju können. Sffioflte Sott! id) fonte bemselben unbu 3bnen meine ganz umge* Moljene unbu anfebnlid) ehrermebrte §efcbid)te ber Äunß jeigen, so nunmehr ju §terfejung fertig liegt. Sd) febfage ba$ 83ucfr juweiten nur auf, um fröb tide ju fein; ben id) bin »öBig mit mir zugetan. Sd) »erßunb nod) niebt ju febreiben, ba id) mid) an biefelbe mächtige; bie §ebanfen itnb nod) nötig, gefettet genug; e* feblet ber Übergang von vielen in biefenigen, bie folgen, worin bie groß* * Reifert n>aren nur etwa vier Monate vor bem traurigen £nbe Findel und aefdjrieben. Granse Httt am ttanbe baju gefettet: »baß er tiefe traurigen «, be unbu jävtlicste Stelle nötig nur in forum sanken Um n fanae geführt, fonderndaud», t'o oft er stete tiefen, (unb tf biefes £mbe er mit einer geheimen unbu forum unerhörten 23e&iautl> fefor oft aetban/, mit vielen febränen freuest habe. * D a 6 fr o r f. An "Munich" article in the "Seine" section, mentioned "sabotage" and "deftigue". "This article is protected by copyright and is not to be copied or redistributed." The belief in "superstition" and "idolatry" was widespread. The "Monument to the Unknown" in "St. Petersburg" was dedicated to all those who had given their lives for the country. The "colleague" had been given the task of editing the article on "Italian affairs", which was considered essential for understanding the current state of affairs. "Berlin" was described as being "old" and "entwined with history", yet also "very proud" of its cultural heritage. The "secret" of the "state" was that despite the "conflict", there was a "deep-seated" respect for "literature" and "patriotism" that brought people together, "against all odds". The "writer" was "prepared" to offer their "contributions" to the "debate", acknowledging the importance of "freedom of expression" in times of "crisis". The article emphasized the importance of "objectivity" and "balance" in reporting, especially during times of "war", to ensure that "history" does not repeat itself. Aber, zurück zu Berlin. Rom, teilt uns der 26. Oktober 1768. Es folgt eine Erforschung der Nachlässe, welche verloren gegangen und wieder aufgefunden wurden. Nach Berlin, 3. Januar, ist es schon ein lausiges Ereignis, wenn etwas gefallen und wieder aufgefunden wird. Seine Verluste könne die Staatsregierung nicht zählen, welche sich fielen, als Sieben in den Lederbeutel mit der Unterstützung. Die Wahrheit ist, dass man in der Stadt, um die Verluste zu spüren, tief in den Schranken steckt und auf meine Sorten in der Stadtbibliothek zu holen versucht. Unterbeschäftigung, bei der Stadt, eine gute Möglichkeit, sich zu schühen, unter welcher auch die Stadtbevölkerung geboren: so sei es also, denk ich, aber man, ohne Arbeit, berufe sich zum Geber, nicht am besten fähren würde. Aber, die Überführung betrifft, gebete werden, dass der Staat, wo seine Bücher sind, und wo der Städter einen freieren Aufgaben hat. Denk daran, dass id, das ist der Staat, die Stadt anfangen, fönten zu werden, ich mag nicht widerstehen, wegen der Städter, einer beträchtlichen Menge, die zum Einsatz kommen, an die wir denken, der Stadtbanker, zu serzen. Die Südbank, zu Überführung, versagen wollte, werden id auf meiner Seite, über den Kreis seiner Ereignisse machen. Dasselbe, was bei der Stadtbibliothek passiert, aber foment alle erdenklichen, und war nur ein Teil derselben, auf Alter abgeben, es ist mit eigener Hand, die Einzügler, zu beginnen. 20 ¥ ' Digitized by Google 474 #reunl>f$aftficf>e Söerf abfeftreiben mus. $tefe$ gefc&te&t mit Surüf* beibaltungw ber ßttattonett/ bamtt nid^t etma ein Go* pifi beö ftberfejcc^ eine Slbfcftrift beimlic& nacb $ol* latrb fcbifen fönne : ben biefe 93eweife unb bte ange* führten ©cbrtften fönte nur ©Ott allein angeben/ wen biefelben auSgelaffen tfnb. §<b begreife wobt/ baß id) mit baburd) eine centnerfebwere Saft aufbur* be; ba aber fein anberetf SMittel ift/ bett 93ortbeil meiner fauren Mtbeit selbji ju genießen/ fo muß id) $erj faffen/ ba icb be* 33etfaB$ PöMg »erftdjert fein fatl. SWa^en (Sie tnbeffen ben tbeuren SDMnnent/ $errn ©uljern unb iperrn SDterian/ metne freunb* fdjaftlicbffe ßmpfeblung. Qcf) befam oor aebt Sagen einen freunbfdjaftltdjen/ über alle SWafjte gütigen ©rief t>on brei Hein gefd&riebenen ©eiten oon bem (Srb* prinjen oon Sraunfcbweig/ aufweisen er be- reit* jwo antworten erbalten bat/ unb td) werbe tiefen ©rtefwecöfeJ/ ba berfelbe auf einen freund fdjaftlidjen (fuß gefejet wirb/ mit atter Sicbtfamfett unterbauen. <£r bejetget ein febnlicbetf/ aber beimlt* d)eü 3Gerlangett/ Stalten unb 9Jom wieber }u feben/ welcbeS er aber fdjwerlicb erreichen wirb. 5 fj babe ijo ben englische ben SDifferenz aus Stapel. Serret Hamilton nebtf ber ffrau bier ben id ei nem frembeto Stuber feiner Station überlasse. Unb tom nur bie gemeinßen Krte jeige. Su bem selben hat fiebein anberer würdig SDlan. Orb Stormon t. Gefanster jit SDien gefällt, nebil ein paar anbergen Engelnbern benen id alle Boaje zwischen Eage gebe. Sin Franjo aus Leipzig hat stet id wiber meinen Eitlen an biefelben angefangen; da er aber gefeiert hat, da es auf Betrachtungen nicht auf Reben anföhrt, ist ber selbe jur gefälligen; da Puis qu'il n'y a point des soupers a Korne, niemand fait dresser des chapeaux, il s'en va en deux jours, lassend ce maudit pays, qui n'a rien, que ce peu de climat doux et des vieilles maisons. Mauvais mélange celui d'un Gallo-Saxon! Spitt meiner Steife, Deutsche wieder gebrach au Stettin, zwei feierlich an ber selben, so februar id biefelben wieder; ben es gehe un neuem bete Diebe, ber Ääster nebnt bem Groffterjog, werden die königten nad Stapel begossen, und auf ber Stifktrisse einige Seite in Tourn bleutitt. Un biefem Stalle barst id es nicht einmal waren genug, da Stoßwinde zu beginnen, die ich statt nie mehr erhalt würd, gestattet id aber reifen können, würd von dem Strotten einflussigst gebeten werden, und nad Stiefau zu kommen. Un ist ber selbe Götte, Jetz nicht über die Städtler ber Äödnerigfetten, die sind benzen, und die ich im bereit gemachten Ständ gemacht. Scf) werde mein Stöckchische tun. • Sei wöte bereit, ein Banne gebrachter, Dem gem. Jnrfa abgestellter, an bei Äaiferin, „an Wurfschank, wie id) es aber, an „Änber, nahr, Berlin, gefasen, ford, weise tese nicht. Stach, 9Dien an, ben raffiniert, gefassten wäre ein Söge, zu finden, aber altfasig, finde es nicht. Imrd, S&re, Sanb, geben, einb, el, würbe weg geworfen. Rapier, fein. Unterbesessen, aber ben, es, US, Berlin, leugnen, wel- de, tcf, föhnig mit, Söhnen, genießt, werde, un, un- fer, meinen, Steifen, unter, welche, id, auch, ben, S8e- fud, „on, JEffau, nass, Braustube, rechnet, wo id, zu, Kalibalen, einige, Lageunfertigen, — vj, gönnen, msfj. Basta! il terapie, farà, addiventura, a diverse, quale, che, nessuna. La macchina, amico, va in regina, lo parlo di quella dei preti; in cinquanta anni, non vi sarà forse ne Papa, ne prete. La fermentazione è arrivata all'orlo della pila, che holse a scroscio (per parlare Toscano), e Roma diventerà un deserto. A qualche pazzo Inglese passerà per avventura per via, e nie, il voler far trasportare fino alla colonna di Traiano a Londra. Strane avventure, le quali mi spingono a narrare la storia dell'arte, perche dispersi che saranno tanti monumenti, non vi sarà modo d'intraprendere un disegno simile. Saufen, Vergnügen, winfdjet, Sötten, Sbr, geplagt ter, un, für ewigen, Ärbeit, gebarmter, Freunden 91 n 501 e c& e I. Clad&, fcafeU, *Hont/, ben 2 SBtfrj 1768. Zu einer Sofftagsfabrik, gestaltet auf Stab. Diese Fertigungstechnik wurde auf sehr gutem Wege verwendet, weil es sich um febrleien befand, welche stark beladene Träger hatten. Jedoch fiel ein paar Stunden bei mir auf, ohne mich zu erinnern, wie ich mein Augenmerk darauf lenkte. Meine Aufgabe war es, die Unternehmungen anzufangen, die nötig waren, um über meine Slugetätigkeit, weniger als über die normalen Arbeiten, zu arbeiten. Diese Erstlingszeit meiner Steife betrifft, wird bei diesem fünften Gebab von der Oberen Werbung mögen, wegen der Permutation, die fünf Finger des Professors neben den befeindeten Chemikalien, dessen Klagen am Rande des Tisches, und wie man glaubt, in ganz unbefangene Gesellschaft zu sein, das Gefühl, dass es sich um unbefangene Dinge handelt. Das Gefühl, dass es sich um unbefangene Dinge handelt, wird gegen das Eigentum der Sache, die Schädigung der Nationalfeste, Schädigung der Regierung, und wenn die Sluventhalt, tiefer, perfektionierter, nur zugeben, Sage, Bauer, fiel, wir es in baburs Tische. Diese Steife wurde gerissen. Es würde sich um diese Sache, und für den Sabinalein, eine große Unternehmung sein. Sur die Sorge, die die Lieb hat, ihr Fürchtet, die Gebernt, die neuen Gelegenheiten, die Funktion, und bei der Auswahl, die gesamt, genommen, haben, sage ich, es sind Vorwürfe, die sich auf das zukünftige, aber dennoch Diele, die Wunderpflicht, in der bestehenden Forderung. "Zu erst, werde ich das Neue abtreiben, wie das bereits angefangen hat. Wie tief steigen Sie in meinen Sluben, beförgen Sie? Sie müssen, weil es ist mein Beruf, nicht auf gleiche Weise befanden, widersprechen, denn ich bin unmöglich notwendig, tief, traurig, und wegen des angeführten Geweises, wegen des baulichen griechischen Teils nicht erweisen: denn es ist mein, in dieser neuen Arbeit mehr auf die Arbeit gelebt, als auf die alte Kräfte "schon neu erklärte, dass das Erbe sich verbessert, wäre, wenn ich mein ganzes Leben auf die Schreibarbeit für den Verleger einsetzte. Drei Wochen für die Benutzung der Genügen, welche mir zuuletzt bejaht hat, dass. Es ist fordernd, dass das Regulierungsverfahren meines Regens bei dem Ruf, solches. Es ist schon eine Überführung in der Erfindung, mit welcher ich mid, aber wenn ein Widerspruch in einer billigen Erfindung, so muss ich meine Erfindung ohne alle Gewissheit überlassen; diese Tatsache allein von der Sott, selbst aufgefunden, werde ich nicht erweisen." 3n 3lb<td)t ber 3l0egorien be$ 53egrflbniife$ fön* uen nebflf einem Jfrucfttborne bie ftafce* ange* bracbt werben; icb würbe biefelben aber nicbt auf Die SBaage legen/ weil jlcb biefe* in alfcn ©erfen nicftt finbet/ fonbern biefe unb bie SBaage jebe$ be* fonber* fcorffeHen. Sie ffafce* ftnb ferner nie* maU mit £orbeer§weigen umwunben/ fonbern e$ ffefet ein einjiger Äorbeerjweig oben auf/ wie 4<J) in ben Moiiamenü p. a3£. [Slum. 17a.] g*§eiget ba* * e. S)a aud) bie 23 e i l e in tuelen {? a f c i b tt $ in einem #utter liefen / wie biefelben auffer 9tom unb auf ben #elbjü<jen getragen würben/ unb wie bie ®necben fowobl aU Stdmer ibre £elme unb ibre ©d)ttber J) [gitr Die KnmtxtunQtn aUeim fef>e ofce» ©. 42SJ Digitized by Google 478 mit' einem Ubtxnen Butter äberjogen batten: fön* ten 83eile auf foldje Slrt Dotdc#eOet auf bie ©elin< >igfett im ©trafen jielen; fonberlicb ba e$ ein ©rab* mal unter freien Öürgern ift, wo bie #afce$ obne 33eüe fein foUten/ wie btefelben in 9tom felbft ge* tragen würben. 2>te überjogenen 23eile an ben ffaf» cibutf im Eamptboglio (inb alfo gehaltet: O §cb babe mit Den §wef Setcbnungen für (Sie ju* gleid> batf etgenbönbtge SWa nufcr ipt be$ $>etxn von 9t i e b e f e l ^) abgeben (äffen. $>a icb aber ntd)t tie Seit gebatt/ Die gan$e $anbf<brift fo burcb&u- geben unb ju »erbeffern/ at$ idj auf bem erfien 53o* gen angefangen babe: fo liegt bem Verleger ob/ biefe* fclbfl ju tbuit/ ober burcf) eine gefdtffte Jfeber tbun ju laffen/ als welcbetf fowobl oon mir als üon bem Serfaffer ber Söiflfur eine* wnfinftigen SWan* *te$ äberfiiffen wirb. Skr Eitel aber bleibe/ obne ben $ertngffen 53ud>* ffaben jujufejen/ wie id) benfelbcn abgefaffet babe. SÖtll man einen SSorberubt ooranfejen/. liebet btefeS frei/ unb man faß bie 93erbinbli<bfeit/ bie wir bem wßrbigen ffierfaffer baben/ erbeben/ aber obne ben* felben ju nennen. k$ fobet berfelbe ijo fertig/ mit ber erffen ©elegenbeit nacb ©morna abzugeben. 3>atf fformat be$ 5>rufl wirb in gtofi £)ctap fein roü* fen. $err#üe6lg bleibet aHejeit oorgejogen/ wen tbw auflebet/ wie icb niebt weiß/ als oon Slnbern; wo niebt/ bleibet biefe$ Sbrer Verfügung überlaf» fen. 8dj bitte mir nur einige (Sgemplarc au*/ oon weldjen i<b bem ©erfaffer einige nad) ber «eoante }u übermalen fudjen werbe. 5)er Verleger foU feine 1) [Söton febe $um. 178. fcer tDenfmate.] 2) [S)e* «Keife biuä ©rofiarietbeuf an b unb ei« Digitized by Google »riefe. 479 anbere 6bfiegen&eit fabtn/ &U tiefe: auf feine Äo* ften bttf Sefpjtg swei (ggemptare itt einem einigen ttmfcftfage ju überfcbtfen / ba$ eine für ben Surften" t>on Slnbaf t*3Deffau/ ba$ anbere für $errn SW u« |el*@tofcf) in ©erlin. $ie Pränumeration beäbanuttonifcfyen SöerW finb 16 ttneie bi 9lapoli/ eine Oncia machet 32 Car- lini. 5)rr erfte 83anb ift erfötencn ; ber jweite wirb gu »nfang be$ SOTai beruortreten ; unb Die Äupfer aller vier S3dnbe finb »6Hia geenbiget/ wo&on i<& ber äugenjeuge bin. @rug unb Äug an bie wiirbt* ie ffreunbin unb ben $reunb. Sbr «. [ttart Berlin.] £aufenb unb aber taufenb Sanf fage icf> S&nett für bie 93emüöungen/ unenbftrf)en Semübungen/ bie niemanb af$ ein ffrcunb/ wie ©ie finb/ ju über« neferoeto im ©tanbe war/ unb i$ würbe nid)t §ufrie* ben fein/ wen id) nic&t ben 3Beg »or mir ffi&e/ af* fer «EBeft ju erfldren/ wie bocb id> 8&nen oerbunben fei/ unb wie ßberfdjwengfkf) tcfc (Sie liebe. SJlleuo* rige {freu nbf haften tfnb burd) bie Slrige lau gewor* ben/ weif biefefben nidjt bi$ an ba$ $erj gingen. §d) bin mit allen Serfügungen boÄfommen §«• frieben / unb äber btejenigen / bie @ie mit $erw louffaittt1) gemacbet baben/ erfWre icf) mid) in beigefegtem offenen Orief an benfefben. Sluf ber anbern <Seite werbe id) oergnügt fein / wen id} W vt/ bag tdf> meine ©efcufb getifget f;abe* i) o&*w e. 473.] ■ Digitized by Google 480 gfrettttfcfc&aftlic&e' 2öa$ ben $>ruf be$ SDerfe* betrtft/ würbe ic^ eine* £beil$ einer großen 8afi entlediget werben/ wen ich mich mit ben vorgefcblagenen S3ucf)bÄnblern fcjen ttoate/ anbtxn ZUM würbe ich in beflänbiger Unruhe über bte Ausführung fein/ ba ich in tiefer Sflaterie nur aHein mir fefbff traue ; $u gefcbwetgen/ baß bie ftegifter von mir felbff unb folglich an bem £>rte be$ 2>rufe$ »erfertiget werben mäßen; biefe aber werben bis an jwanjig Sogen anwacbfen/ we* gen ber unglaublichen SOTenge ber ©ackert/ unb ber fchweren unb gelehrten tlnterfuchungen. Ser vor* ttebmfle $unft aber i# ber 9lu$en/ ben ich aus bie* fer wtcbttgen unb überaus fchweren Sirbett ju jieben fudjen muß/ welchen ich mit öucbbÄnblcrn faum auf bie ©chreibgebüren bringen würbe. 5d> Ufte Jtach Verfertigung von etwa so f leinen Äupferplat* ttttf bie aber alle nach belfern Seichnungen unb Völlig mit bem ©rabßtcfKl autfgeführet werben/ bie ganje Unternehmung be$ S)rufe$ mit 1000 (geubi |U' betfreiten. Sebocft hierüber wirb Seit ju benfen/ ttnb bte gehörigen 3Bege jn nehmen fein. Ist es nicht am besten, wenn wir unsere Streitigkeiten beispielsweise in einem gerichtlichen Forum aufführen? Bitte, ich hoffe, dass ich Ihnen die Möglichkeit gebe, Ihre Anforderungen geltend zu machen; ich bin von Ihrem Bedauern betrübt, dass uns eine unglückliche Umstände, die nicht gemach werden mussten, zusammentreffen. Ich denke über die Ernüchterung durch die Ereignisse nach, und meine Gedanken wandern zu den tragischen Erwägungen, die über die Ernüchterung hinweggehen. Sind sie fest entschlossen, diesen Streit fortzusetzen, obwohl es andere Möglichkeiten gibt, die Verhaltung unserer Beziehung auf eine produktive Bahn zu lenken? Steffen, ich möchte mit Ihnen reden, über das, was vor uns liegt, müssen wir nicht nachdenken, um die Beziehung auf neue, solidere Fuß zu stellen. Stefan, ich habe seit einiger Zeit bemerkt, dass sich zwischen uns eine Kluft aufgetan hat, die es notwendig macht, dass wir miteinander reden und unsere Gefühle, unsere Anforderungen und unsere Beweggründe offenzulegen. Nur so können wir vermeiden, dass die Differenz zwischen uns weiter wächst und unsere Beziehung schädigt. Stefan, lassen Sie uns heute nachdenken über die Ursachen unserer Probleme und über die Weise, auf welche wir sie zu lösen suchen. Lassen Sie uns versuchen, uns gegenseitig zu verstehen, und uns eine neue, gemeinsame Zukunft aufzubauen, die auf Vertrauen, Offenheit und Kommunikation beruht. Stefan, ich liebe dich, und ich möchte, dass du mir die Möglichkeit gibst, dir meine Liebe und mein Verständnis zu zeigen. Lassen wir die Vergangenheit hinter uns, und lassen wir uns auf die Zukunft, die vor uns liegt, aufmerksam blicken. Sie finden sicherten Wetterwerbe, id. Auditorium an Serwis. Erwarten unternahmen SW er im angetragene Projekt, um mehr zu erfahren. Ein Gefühl der Erscheinung empfiehlt sich. Gerade ist SWerian? Gefühle (Sie annahmen einen Kriese Weder an Konstantinopel bitten, würde sich id. erfragen, hat irgendwann freibetren. Die Befehle, eine wahrscheinlich SRen, setzt sich über den Segen (leben, tausend zu geben. Ihre Bortgen sind freunden zu empfehlen. Was Sie wagen, wollen, wird nicht ja, teil sie sein. Ton zu gu, reicht einem Mitte an Burt SWartbionien, Kabbin, gegen genommen, natürlich er, einen Teilen, feinen, gebauten; es hat sich berufen, Gerümpfe, ein beispielsweise Teiler, bei dem Sieger, und bei dem Stall, selbst erhalten, ist gebaten. Sie haben die Abräumung, Papierwerke, zu erfinden. Sie haben ein Gefallen Bett, beim Kosten Siegfried, die Sieglinde, und die Tiger, zu iporno, welcher hier sich, befunden, zu ersehen. Ikon meiner Weise, unterfertigen id. mid. noch nicht, Superlative, zu meinen; es wird aber, so Gott will! Wadimir, tyrofesto, lex, Wofsis, jetzt eröffnen. Der Wille, unter anfänglichen Kosten, rührt auch Seminare, Versteigerungen, doch, ich sehne, zu geben. Digitale Bibliothek. Zu gut bemerkten Grenzen, greif, welche auf einem gebrauchten. Sogenannten eingerichteten ist, wird bei Gebäuden und bemerkten Übereinstimmungen berücksichtigt, möchte man sich über das Stanzenschrift mögen, das bertriebenen Sagen ihren gebrauchten Entwurf. Zu hohe Börsenpreise, so peinlich, freunden und mein jetziges Stand, ist ein Anfang, so nicht von hier eine gleiche Meinung, mein Vorteil, so fachten sie auch an denselben zu treiben, bitte ich, den ganzen Betrieb, diesen Vertrieb bei bärigen Stückbänkern aufzustellen. Wer Garantien und Sicherheiten will, die berufliche Gagen, streng abgegelt, feine Teile, feiten und die notwendige, wie er sich im Betrieb, er ist nicht zuletzt, einige Zeit, mit Trinken und wie eine Kopflauge, aber wie wird ein Salzlake, ob er aber arbeitet, nie war es nie. 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github_open_source_100_1_53 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | class Ball(object):
"""Generic Ball Object
Can be either:
- (1) Quaffle
- (2) Bludger
- (3) Snitch """
def __init__(self, name=None):
self.name = name
self.owner = None # Owner is the player who possesses the ball (characterID)
def __str__(self):
return f"Ball: {self.name} | Owner: {self.owner}"
# Set up internal variables for a Quaffle
# def makeQuaffle(self):
# self.value = 10
# self.valid_owners = ['chaser','keeper']
# # Set up internal variables for a Bludger
# def makeBludger(self):
# self.value = 0
# self.valid_owners = ['beater']
# self.collidable = True
# # Set up internal variables for a Snitch
# def makeSnitch(self):
# self.value = 150
# self.valid_owners = ['seeker']
# self.visibility = 0.0
|
github_open_source_100_1_54 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | შორეულ O პროვინციებში O . O ფილმის O გადაღება O მიმდინარეობდა O ჰავაისა B-LOC და O კალიფორნიაში B-LOC . O შეტანილია O იუნესკოს B-ORG მსოფლიო B-ORG მემკვიდრეობის I-ORG ძეგლთა O სიაში O . O ზეწოლის O ჩასაცხრომად O ჯგუფმა O ავსტრალიასა B-LOC და O შორეულ B-LOC აღმოსავლეთში I-LOC მოაწყო O ტურები O . O მისი O მოფიქრებულია O ტერმინი O გლობალური B-ORG ქალაქი“ I-ORG . O Incantations B-ORG ( O ნაწილები O 1 O და O 2 O ) O ( O მაიკ B-PER ოლდფილდი I-PER ) O – O 26:30 O ჩრდილოეთით O და O აღმოსავლეთით O ესაზღვრება O ვენესუელა B-LOC , O ჩრდილოეთით O — O არაუკის B-LOC დეპარტამენტი I-LOC , O ჩრდილო-დასავლეთით O — O კასანარეს B-LOC დეპარტამენტი I-LOC , O დასავლეთით O — O მეტის B-ORG დეპარტამენტი I-ORG , O სამხრეთ-დასავლეთით O და O სამხრეთით O კი O გუავიარესა B-ORG და O გუაინიის B-ORG დეპარტამენტები I-ORG . O ქალთა B-ORG ნაციონალური I-ORG საკალათბურთო I-ORG ასოციაცია I-ORG გადამისამართება O XIV B-PER დალაი I-PER ლამა I-PER სოციალ-დემოკრატიული B-ORG პარტიის I-ORG წევრი O და O მისი O ხელმძღვანელი O 1985-1995 O წწ O . O საქართველოს B-ORG 17 I-ORG წლამდე I-ORG ფეხბურთელთა I-ORG ნაკრები I-ORG სტივ B-PER როზერი I-PER - O გიტარები O , O დამატებითი O ვოკალი O საბერძნეთის B-LOC ისტორიის O პერიოდს O მეცნიერები O მიკენურ O ხანას O უწოდებენ O . O ენტონი B-PER ჰოპკინზის I-PER ფილმოგრაფია O ითვლის O 110–ზე O მეტ O ფილმს O , O ამათგან O უდიდეს O ნაწილში O მთავარი O ან O მეორეხარისხოვანი O როლი O აქვს O ნათამაშები O , O მცირე O ნაწილი O კი O საკუთარი O რეჟისურითაა O გადაღებული O . O მნიშვნელოვანი O ქალაქებია O ბუდაპეშტი B-LOC , O ზაგრები B-LOC , O ბრატისლავა B-LOC , O ტიმიშოარა B-LOC . O ალ-ჰაქამი O იყო O მისი O წინამორბედის O , O ჰიშამ B-PER I-ის I-PER მეორე O ვაჟი O . O ' O '' O კაკა B-PER '' O ' O გადამისამართება O მუსა B-PER ( I-PER შეჰზადე I-PER ) I-PER მან O თავი O გამოიჩინა O მანჩესტერ B-ORG იუნაიტედში“ I-ORG თამაშით O . O დათუნა B-PER ბატონიშვილი I-PER — O თეიმურაზ B-PER I-ის I-PER ვაჟი O ( O გ O . O ალბერტ B-PER ლეო I-PER შლაგეტერი I-PER რიკ B-PER უეიკმენი I-PER - O კლავიშებიანი O ინსტრუმენტები O ქვეყანას O გააჩნია O უზარმაზარი O განსაკუთრებული B-ORG ეკონომიკური I-ORG ზონა I-ORG , O რომლის O ფართობი O შეადგენს O დაახლოებით O 1,29 O მილიონ O კმ²-ს O . O ამჟამად O ცხოვრობს O ქალაქ O თბილისში B-LOC . O კლეოპატრა B-PER VII I-PER ( O ძვ.წ O . O ჯგუფების O პირველადგილოსნები O , O მეორეადგილოსნები O და O საუკეთესო O 4 O მესამეადგილოსნები O მიიღებენ O ევრობასკეტი B-ORG 2013-ის I-ORG საგზურებს O . O , O ,პარტიზანი’’ O ბელგრადი B-LOC , O სერბეთი B-LOC დაღესტანში B-LOC , O ხოლო O ავარიის B-LOC სახანოში I-LOC აღადგინა O ადგილობრივი O მართველობა O . O ' O '' O კეიტ B-PER უინსლეტი I-PER '' O ' O § O 1992-1995 O წლებში O იყო O პრემიერ-მინისტრის B-ORG ეკონომიკური O მრჩეველი O . O ამის O შემდგომ O მალტისა B-LOC და O სარდინიის B-LOC კოლონიზება O დაიწყო O . O სიამსა]] O და O ბრიტანეთის B-LOC იმპერიას I-LOC შორის O . O *თანამედროვე O ინგლისის B-LOC დიდი O ნაწილი O რომაელებმა O დაიპყრეს O . O გაედინება O სანტა-კრუსისა B-LOC და O ბენის B-LOC დეპარტამენტების I-LOC ტერიტორიაზე O . O How B-ORG Do I-ORG U I-ORG Want I-ORG It I-ORG [Nu O Mixx] O სტრახოვის O მიერ O გამოქვეყნდა O პირველი O მსხვილი O მონოგრაფია O შავის B-LOC ზღვის I-LOC შესახებ O . O გადამისამართება O როკვილი B-LOC ( I-LOC მერილენდი I-LOC ) I-LOC ფილიპ B-PER IV I-PER ( I-PER საფრანგეთი I-PER ) I-PER ლოს-ანჯელეს B-ORG ლეიკერსი I-ORG ( O 3 O ) O აპორტი O გავრცელებულია O მთელ O მსოფლიოში O , O რუსეთში B-LOC ( O ვორონეჟის B-LOC ოლქი I-LOC , O ჩრდილოეთი B-LOC კავკასია I-LOC ) O , O ყირგიზეთში B-LOC , O ყაზახეთსა B-LOC და O უკრაინაში B-LOC . O მალე O რუსეთში B-LOC დაბრუნდა O და O პროპაგანდას O ეწეოდა O მოსკოვის B-LOC მუშებში O . O მდებარეობს O ლვოვის B-LOC ოლქის I-LOC რადეხოვის B-LOC რაიონში I-LOC . O გადამისამართება O კუ B-ORG ნინძები I-ORG ( I-ORG საუნდტრეკი I-ORG ) I-ORG სულთან O მეჰმედ B-PER IV-ისა I-PER და O ემეთულაჰ B-PER რაბია I-PER გიულნუშ I-PER სულთნის I-PER შვილი O . O ესაზღვრება O ჩრდილოეთიდან O რუსეთი B-LOC , O სამხრეთიდან O თურქეთი B-LOC და O სომხეთი B-LOC , O და O სამხრეთ-აღმოსავლეთიდან O აზერბაიჯანი B-LOC . O ამავე O დროს O დასავლეთიდან O გერმანელებს O უტევდნენ O ინგლის B-LOC ჯარები O , O რომლებსაც O ისინი O ორგანიზებულ O წინააღმდეგობას O არ O უწევდნენ O . O იულიუს B-PER ირვინგი I-PER ( O 2 O ) O |
1071314_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 池田 健太郎（いけだ けんたろう、1929年5月19日 - 1979年11月7日）は、日本のロシア文学者。
生涯
愛知県生まれ。本名・豊。
東京大学仏文科卒業、同大学院比較文学比較文化専攻修士課程修了。
立教大学講師、東大助教授を務めたが、1969年大学紛争により退職、書籍編集局次長扱いで中央公論社に入るが翌年退職。
1975年『プーシキン伝』により読売文学賞受賞、1979年『「かもめ」評釈』により芸術選奨新人賞を受賞したが、同年11月急逝した。享年50。
人物
在学中より、作家でもある神西清に師事。プーシキンを研究、また神西と共訳でスローニム『ロシア文学史』、ツルゲーネフ『散文詩』などを訳した。神西清は、晩年個人訳で『チェーホフ全集』を進めていたが中途で病没、その訳業を原卓也と共に引継ぎ、完成させた。
他にドストエフスキーの後期作品を翻訳し、学者としても長いとは言えない生涯だったが、多くの業績を残した。
池田健太郎賞が創設され、清水孝純が第1回（1982年）を受賞している。
著書
『チェーホフの生活』中央公論社 1971
『プーシキン伝』中央公論社 1974、中公文庫（上下） 1980
『「かもめ」評釈』中央公論社 1978、中公文庫 1981
『わが読書雑記』中央公論社 1980
『チェーホフの仕事部屋』新潮選書 1980
編著・共著
『チェーホフ全集』中央公論社（全16巻） 1960 - 1961、新訂版1975 - 1977
『チェーホフの思い出』（山本香男里ほか訳）中央公論社 1960、新版1975
『世界の文学史8 ロシアの文学』（木村彰一・北垣信行共編著）明治書院 1966、新版『ロシア文学史』 1972
『レールモントフ選集 1・2』（草鹿外吉ほか共編）光和堂 1974
翻訳
『石の花』（パーヴェル・バジョーフ、神西清共訳、河出書房） 1953
『ロシア文学史』（マーク・スローニム、神西清共訳、新潮社） 1957、のち新版 1976
『ソビエト文学史』（マーク・スローニム、神西清共訳、新潮社） 1958、のち新版 1976
『散文詩』（イワン・ツルゲーネフ、神西清共訳、岩波文庫） 1958
『ドストエーフスキイの三つの恋』（マーク・スローニム、角川書店） 1959
『犯罪を追って ある警察人の生涯』（ハリイ・ゼーダーマン、東京創元社） 1959
『消えた犠牲』（ベルトン・コッブ、東京創元社、クライム・クラブ） 1959
『オネーギン』（プーシキン、岩波文庫） 1962、のち改版2006
『罪と罰』（ドストエフスキイ、中央公論社、世界の文学16） 1963、のち新装版 1994、のち中公文庫（上・下） 1973
『カラマーゾフの兄弟』（ドストエフスキイ、中央公論社、世界の文学17・18） 1966、のち中公文庫（全5巻） 1978
『悪霊』（ドストエフスキイ、中央公論社、新集世界の文学15・16） 1969
『チェーホフ』（神西清・原卓也共編訳、新潮社、新潮世界文学23） 1969
『夫チェーホフ』（オリガ・クニッペル、麦秋社）1979
『チェーホフ短篇と手紙』（山田稔編、みすず書房、大人の本棚） 2002
参考
コトバンク
日本の文学研究者
ロシア文学者
20世紀日本の翻訳家
読売文学賞受賞者
東京大学の教員
立教大学の教員
東京大学出身の人物
愛知県出身の人物
1929年生
1979年没.
|
github_open_source_100_1_55 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* Copyright (c) 2022, Thomas Meaney
* All rights reserved.
*
* This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the
* LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
*/
package com.eintosti.buildsystem.inventory;
import com.cryptomorin.xseries.XSound;
import com.eintosti.buildsystem.BuildSystem;
import com.eintosti.buildsystem.manager.InventoryManager;
import org.bukkit.Bukkit;
import org.bukkit.entity.Player;
import org.bukkit.event.EventHandler;
import org.bukkit.event.Listener;
import org.bukkit.event.inventory.InventoryClickEvent;
import org.bukkit.inventory.Inventory;
/**
* @author einTosti
*/
public class SpeedInventory implements Listener {
private final BuildSystem plugin;
private final InventoryManager inventoryManager;
public SpeedInventory(BuildSystem plugin) {
this.plugin = plugin;
this.inventoryManager = plugin.getInventoryManager();
plugin.getServer().getPluginManager().registerEvents(this, plugin);
}
private Inventory getInventory(Player player) {
Inventory inventory = Bukkit.createInventory(null, 27, plugin.getString("speed_title"));
fillGuiWithGlass(player, inventory);
inventoryManager.addUrlSkull(inventory, 11, plugin.getString("speed_1"), "https://textures.minecraft.net/texture/71bc2bcfb2bd3759e6b1e86fc7a79585e1127dd357fc202893f9de241bc9e530");
inventoryManager.addUrlSkull(inventory, 12, plugin.getString("speed_2"), "https://textures.minecraft.net/texture/4cd9eeee883468881d83848a46bf3012485c23f75753b8fbe8487341419847");
inventoryManager.addUrlSkull(inventory, 13, plugin.getString("speed_3"), "https://textures.minecraft.net/texture/1d4eae13933860a6df5e8e955693b95a8c3b15c36b8b587532ac0996bc37e5");
inventoryManager.addUrlSkull(inventory, 14, plugin.getString("speed_4"), "https://textures.minecraft.net/texture/d2e78fb22424232dc27b81fbcb47fd24c1acf76098753f2d9c28598287db5");
inventoryManager.addUrlSkull(inventory, 15, plugin.getString("speed_5"), "https://textures.minecraft.net/texture/6d57e3bc88a65730e31a14e3f41e038a5ecf0891a6c243643b8e5476ae2");
return inventory;
}
public void openInventory(Player player) {
player.openInventory(getInventory(player));
}
private void fillGuiWithGlass(Player player, Inventory inventory) {
for (int i = 0; i <= 26; i++) {
inventoryManager.addGlassPane(plugin, player, inventory, i);
}
}
@EventHandler
public void oInventoryClick(InventoryClickEvent event) {
if (!inventoryManager.checkIfValidClick(event, "speed_title")) {
return;
}
Player player = (Player) event.getWhoClicked();
if (!player.hasPermission("buildsystem.speed")) {
player.closeInventory();
return;
}
switch (event.getSlot()) {
case 11:
setSpeed(player, 0.2f, 1);
break;
case 12:
setSpeed(player, 0.4f, 2);
break;
case 13:
setSpeed(player, 0.6f, 3);
break;
case 14:
setSpeed(player, 0.8f, 4);
break;
case 15:
setSpeed(player, 1.0f, 5);
break;
default:
return;
}
XSound.ENTITY_CHICKEN_EGG.play(player);
player.closeInventory();
}
private void setSpeed(Player player, float speed, int num) {
if (player.isFlying()) {
player.setFlySpeed(speed - 0.1f);
player.sendMessage(plugin.getString("speed_set_flying").replace("%speed%", String.valueOf(num)));
} else {
player.setWalkSpeed(speed);
player.sendMessage(plugin.getString("speed_set_walking").replace("%speed%", String.valueOf(num)));
}
}
} |
6368324_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | Sup. Ct. Mo. Certio-rari denied..
|
US-201815889734-A_3 | USPTO | Public Domain | At procedure 940, visibility of the group of members of the virtualization infrastructure based on popularity of the hash tags for particular operational conditions is increased. For instance, a first group of members is generated based on posted messages regarding poor connectivity with a host, and a second group of members is generated based on posted message regarding low CPU allocation. The first group was generated from ten posted message having hash tags identifying the poor connectivity with a combined twenty likes, while the second group was generated from ten posted messages having hash tags identifying the low CPU allocation with a combined ten likes. Accordingly, the visibility of the first group of members is increased. As a result, a private message may be sent to the system administrator indicating the creation of the first group before a private message is sent indicating the creation of the second group because of the higher priority of the first group.
At procedure 950, a private message is sent to a system administrator indicating the creation of the group of members of the virtualization infrastructure. For example, in response to a group being created, the monitoring agent sends a private message over Socialcast® to the system administrator indicating that a group has been created wherein the group members have a common problem.
Referring to FIG. 10, at procedure 1010, messages posted to a shared message stream of a social network by members of a social network associated with a virtualized infrastructure are monitored. For example, host 130 a posts a message on Socialcast® indicating that it cannot connect with VMs 140 a-b. Host 130 b sees the message on Socialcast® and likes the message because host 130 b cannot connect with VM 140 c. The external monitoring agent is able to monitor the message posted by host 130 a and liked by host 130 b.
It is noted that members of the virtualization infrastructure are mapped to the social network such that at least a portion of the members of the virtualization infrastructure are also members of the social network
At procedure 1012, in one embodiment, operational conditions in a log file provided by one of the members of the social network are monitored. For example, virtualization management server 110 provides a log file indicating the duration of recent operations of members of the social network. In particular, the log file indicates the time to process the most recent operations of VMs 140 a-g. Accordingly, the monitoring agent is able monitor operational conditions of VMs 140 a-g via a provided log file.
At procedure 1020, a group of members of the virtualization infrastructure within the social network based at least in part on the monitored messages is created. For example, VMs 140 a-g post messages regarding low storage allocation on Socialcast®. The monitoring agent monitors and parses such messages and creates a group that includes VMs 140 a-g based on their similar issues of low storage allocation.
At procedure 1022, in one embodiment, a group of members of the virtualization infrastructure within the social network is created in response to monitoring a pre-determined number of the hash tags identifying the operational conditions. For example, if five comments or likes are provided for a particular operational condition associated with a hash tag, the monitoring agent creates a group of members associated with the comments. In such an example, a group was created that includes VMs 140 a-c because VMs 140 a-c made and liked five comments having a hash tag associated with poor connectivity with their respective host.
At procedure 1024, in another embodiment, creating a group of members of the virtualization infrastructure of the social network having similar operational conditions. For example, VMs 140 d-g are experiencing slow connectivity with datacenter 120 b and post or like messages indicating the problem. The monitoring agent is able to access the messages and likes and creates a group that includes VMs 140 d-g based on the similar operational conditions of slow connectivity with datacenter 120 b.
At procedure 1030, the group of members of the virtualization infrastructure based on a number of the hash tags identifying the operational conditions are prioritized. For instance, a first group of members is generated based on posted messages regarding low CPU allocation, and a second group of members is generated based on posted message regarding low memory allocation. The first group was generated from ten posted message having hash tags identifying the low CPU allocation, while the second group was generated from five posted messages having hash tags identifying the low memory allocation. Accordingly, the first group is prioritized over the second group.
At procedure 1040, visibility of the group of members of the virtualization infrastructure based on popularity of the hash tags for particular operational conditions is increased. For instance, a first group of members is generated based on posted messages regarding poor connectivity with a host, and a second group of members is generated based on posted message regarding low CPU allocation. The first group was generated from ten posted message having hash tags identifying the poor connectivity with a combined twenty likes, while the second group was generated from ten posted messages having hash tags identifying the low CPU allocation with a combined ten likes. Accordingly, the visibility of the first group of members is increased. As a result, a private message may be sent to the system administrator indicating the creation of the first group before a private message is sent indicating the creation of the second group because of the higher priority of the first group.
At procedure 1050, sending a private message to a system administrator indicating the creation of the group of members of the virtualization infrastructure. For example, in response to a group being created, the monitoring agent sends a private message over Socialcast® to the system administrator indicating that a group has been created wherein the group members have a common problem.
At procedure 1110, monitoring messages posted to a shared message stream of a social network by members of the social network associated with a virtualization infrastructure, wherein the posted messages comprise hash tags identifying operational conditions of the members of the virtualization infrastructure. For example, VM 140 a posts a message on Socialcast® about low CPU allocation. VM 140 b also has a low CPU allocation and likes the message posted by VM 140 a. Accordingly, the monitoring agent is able monitor the messages on Socialcast® that indicate the operational conditions of VM 140 a and b. Additionally, the message posted by VM 140 a includes a hash tag identifying the operation condition, such as, “#low_CPU_allocation.”
It is noted that members of the virtualization infrastructure are mapped to the social network such that at least a portion of the members of the virtualization infrastructure are also members of the social network
At procedure 1112, in one embodiment, operational conditions in a log file provided by one of the members of the social network are monitored. For example, virtualization management server 110 provides a log file indicating the duration of recent operations of members of the social network. In particular, the log file indicates the time to process the last ten operations of VMs 140 a-g. Accordingly, the monitoring agent is able monitor operational conditions of VMs 140 a-g via a provided log file.
At procedure 1120, a group of members of the virtualization infrastructure within the social network are automatically created based at least in part on the operational conditions. For example, VMs 140 a-g post messages regarding low storage allocation on Socialcast®. The monitoring agent monitors and parses such messages and automatically creates a group that includes VMs 140 a-g based on their similar issues of low storage allocation.
At procedure 1130, a private message is sent to a system administrator indicating the creation of the group of members of the virtualization infrastructure. For example, in response to a group being created, the monitoring agent sends a private message over Socialcast® to the system administrator indicating that a group has been created wherein the group members have a common problem.
Referring to FIG. 13, at procedure 1310, messages posted by members of a virtualization infrastructure are displayed, wherein the posted messages comprise tags identifying operational conditions of the members of the virtualization infrastructure. For example, referring to FIG. 12A, members of social network 300 post messages via Socialcast ® which are then display in message portion 1210A. Moreover, the displayed messages include a hash tag identifying operational conditions of the members.
At procedure 1320, responsive to a selection of a particular tag, the members of the virtualization infrastructure that posted a message comprising the particular tag are displayed. For example, referring to FIGS. 12A and B, a plurality of messages are displayed in message portion 1210A, responsive to selection of a particular tag in one of the messages (e.g., #low_memory_allocation), all of the members are then displayed in members portion 1210B that have posted a message, liked or commented on a message that included the particularly selected tag (e.g., #low_memory_allocation).
At procedure 1330, a tag cloud of the tags is displayed, wherein the tags of the tag cloud are displayed according to popularity. For example, tag cloud 1220A depicts trending topics in the last 7 days. That is, tag cloud 1220A, in one embodiment, lists tagged comments in order of popularity, with the most popular being listed on top.
At procedure 1335, responsive to a selection of a particular member of the virtualization infrastructure, messages posted by the particular member are displayed. For example, referring to FIGS. 12B and C, in response to selecting a member (e.g., VM 140 a) that is listed in members portion 1210B, message posted (or liked or commented on) by the selected member are posted in message portion 1210C.
At procedure 1340, responsive to a selection of a particular member of the virtualization infrastructure, members of the virtualization infrastructure following the particular member are displayed. For example, referring to FIGS. 12B and C, in response to selecting a member (e.g., VM 140 a) that is listed in members portion 1210B, followers 1230C of the selected member are displayed.
At procedure 1345, responsive to a selection of a particular member of the virtualization infrastructure, members of the virtualization infrastructure followed by the particular member are displayed. For example, in response to selecting a member (e.g., vcenter server) that is listed in members portion 1210B, members of the social network followed by the selected member are displayed (e.g., displayed in following portion 1232D).
At procedure 1350, trending topics of the members of the virtualization infrastructure are displayed. For example, members of social network 300 post messages on the shared message stream. The trending topics based on, for example, popularity, importance, are listed in tag cloud 1220A.
At procedure 1355, display discussions in order of activity. For example, messages posted by members of social network 300 are listed in order of activity in message portion 1210A.
At procedure 1360, display messages in order of popularity. For instance, messages posted in the shared message stream which are the most popular (e.g., most comments, most likes, etc.) are listed on top of tag cloud 1220A.
Referring to FIG. 14, at procedure 1410, display posted messages of members of a virtualization infrastructure, wherein the posted messages comprise tags identifying operational conditions of the members of the virtualization infrastructure. For example, referring to FIG. 12A, members of social network 300 post messages via Socialcast ® which are then display in message portion 1210A. Moreover, the displayed messages include a hash tag identifying operational conditions of the members.
At procedure 1420, responsive to a selection of a particular tag, display the members of the virtualization infrastructure that posted a message comprising the particular tag. For example, referring to FIGS. 12A and B, a plurality of messages are displayed in message portion 1210A, responsive to selection of a particular tag in one of the messages, all of the members are then displayed in members portion 1210B that have posted a message, liked or commented on a message that included the particularly selected tag.
At procedure 1430, display a tag cloud of the tags, wherein the tags of the tag cloud are displayed according to popularity. For example, tag cloud 1220A depicts trending topics. That is, tag cloud 1220A, in one embodiment, lists tagged comments in order of popularity, with the most popular activities listed on top.
At procedure 1435, responsive to a selection of a particular member of the virtualization infrastructure, display messages posted by the particular member. For example, referring to FIGS. 12B and C, in response to selecting a member (e.g., VM 140 f) that is listed in members portion 1210B, message posted (or liked or commented on) by the selected member are posted in message portion 1210C.
At procedure 1440, responsive to a selection of a particular member of the virtualization infrastructure, display members of the virtualization infrastructure following the particular member. For example, referring to FIGS. 12B and C, in response to selecting a member (e.g., VM 140 f) that is listed in members portion 1210B, followers 1230C (e.g. VM 140 a) of the selected member are displayed.
At procedure 1445, responsive to a selection of a particular member of the virtualization infrastructure, displaying members of the virtualization infrastructure followed by the particular member. For example, in response to selecting a member (e.g., VM 140 a) that is listed in members portion 1210B, members of the social network followed by the selected member (e.g., VM 140 b-e) are displayed.
At procedure 1450, display trending topics of the members of the virtualization infrastructure. For example, members of social network 300 post messages on the shared message stream. The trending topics based on, for example, popularity, importance, are listed in tag cloud 1220A.
At procedure 1455, display discussions in order of activity. For example, messages posted by members of social network 300 are listed in order of activity in message portion 1210A.
At procedure 1460, display messages in order of popularity. For instance, messages posted in the shared message stream which are the most popular (e.g., most comments, most likes, etc.) are listed on top of tag cloud 1220A.
Referring to FIG. 15, at procedure 1510, display messages posted to a shared message stream of a social network by members of the social network associated with a virtualization infrastructure, wherein the messages comprise hash tags identifying operational conditions of the members of the social network. For example, referring to FIG. 12A, members of social network 300 post messages via Socialcast ® which are then display in message portion 1210A. Moreover, the displayed messages include a hash tag identifying operational conditions of the members, such as, but not limited to, resource allocation, resource usage, etc.
It is noted that members of the virtualization infrastructure are mapped to the social network such that at least a portion of the members of the virtualization infrastructure are also members of the social network
At procedure 1520, responsive to a selection of a particular hash tag, display the members of the virtualization infrastructure that posted a message comprising the particular hash tag. For example, a plurality of messages are displayed in message portion 1210A, responsive to selection of a particular tag in one of the messages, all of the members are then displayed in members portion 1210B that have posted a message, liked or commented on a message that included the particularly selected tag.
At procedure 1530, display a tag cloud of the hash tags, wherein the hash tags of the tag cloud are displayed according to popularity. For example, tag cloud 1220A depicts trending topics. That is, tag cloud 1220A, in one embodiment, lists tagged comments in order of popularity, with the most popular activities listed on top.
At procedure 1540, responsive to a selection of a particular member of the social network, display all messages posted by the particular member. For example, in response to selecting a member (e.g., VM 140 a) that is listed in members portion 1210B, all of the message posted (or liked or commented on) by the selected member are posted in message portion 1210C.
FIGS. 16A and 16B are a flow diagram 1600 of a method for facilitating administration of a member of a network, according to various embodiments of the present invention. Although specific procedures are disclosed in flow diagram 1600, embodiments are well suited to performing various other procedures or variations of the procedures recited in flow diagram 1600. It is appreciated that the procedures in flow diagram 1600 may be performed in an order different than presented, that not all of the procedures in flow diagram 1600 may be performed, and that additional procedures to those illustrated and described may be performed. All of, or a portion of, the procedures described by flow diagram 1600 can be implemented by a processor or computer system executing instructions which reside, for example, on computer-usable/readable media.
At procedure 1620, performance of a member of a network is monitored by an agent. In one embodiment, the agent is installed on the member. In another embodiment, the agent is configured to remotely monitor the member over the network. Members of the network are provided with access to a shared message stream such that the members of the network are able to monitor messages generated by other members of the network posted to the shared message stream. At least some of the messages are indicative of operational conditions of particular other members which generated the messages.
In one embodiment, the network includes a virtualization infrastructure mapped to a social network. In one embodiment, the members of the virtualization infrastructure include a system administrator, a virtualization management server, a plurality of hosts, and a plurality of virtual machines. The members are arranged in a hierarchy such that the system administrator has an affiliation relationship with the virtualization management server, and the virtualization management server has an affiliation relationship with at least one host of the plurality of hosts. In one embodiment, the virtualization infrastructure also includes a datacenter, wherein the datacenter represents a group of hosts of the plurality of hosts. In one embodiment, the social network supports the shared message stream.
In one embodiment, procedure 1620 includes procedures 1622, 1624 and 1626. At procedure 1622, system metrics of the member are checked by the agent. At procedure 1624, it is determined whether the system metrics are within a desired performance range. In one embodiment, if the system metrics are not within a desired range, enhanced monitoring of the member is initiated. For example, if a member's processing usage has exceeded a given threshold, the polling frequency of the processing usage is increased for a period to gather more information about the processing usage (e.g., to determine whether the increase processing usage is the result of a short term spike or is indicative of a larger problem). At procedure 1626, a history of the system metrics of the member is stored by the agent.
At procedure 1630, responsive to the agent identifying a specific operational condition of the member, the agent monitors the shared message stream for a message related to the specific operational condition. In one embodiment, procedure 1630 includes procedures 1632 and 1634. At procedure 1632, with respect to a specific message monitored at the member, a relevance of the indicated operational condition of the specific message to the member is determined by the agent. The relevance is based on compatibility of the indicated operational condition to the specific operational condition. As shown at procedure 1634, in response to determining that there is compatibility of the indicated operational condition to the specific operational condition, it is determined that the specific message is related to the specific operational condition. In one embodiment, the messages include a group identifier and a hash tag providing information related to the operational condition. It should be appreciated that responsive to a request for the information provided by a particular hash tag, for example, by a system administrator, access to messages including the hash tag across the network can be provided.
For example, with reference to FIG. 3, VM 140 a identifies a specific operational condition, e.g., it lost a connection to a particular server. An agent monitoring VM 140 a will then monitor a shared message stream for a message indicating the same condition. It should be appreciated that the shared data stream can be for host 130 a (VMs 140 a and 140 b), for group 320 a (VMs 140 a-c), or for any other combination of members. A message is scanned to determine whether it is related to the specific operational condition.
With reference to FIG. 16B, at procedure 1640, provided the shared message stream includes a message related to the specific operational condition identified by the agent, an association of the message with an indication that the agent identifies with the specific operational condition is established, e.g., the agent indicates that the member “likes” the message. In one embodiment, the agent is configured to establish the association.
At procedure 1650, provided the shared message stream does not include a message related to the specific operational condition, the agent posts a message related to the specific operational condition to the shared message stream. This message is available in the shared message stream for monitoring by other agents and/or members, and can receive associations. In one embodiment, as shown at procedure 1652, the agent appends at least one hash tag to the message, wherein the at least one hash tag is related to the specific operational condition identified by the agent.
In one embodiment, as shown at procedure 1660, the agent appends a chart of at least a portion of the system metrics related to the specific operational condition identified by the agent to the message of the shared message stream related to the specific operational condition identified by the agent. In one embodiment, the chart is appended to an existing message of the shared message stream for which the association has been established (e.g., the message of procedure 1640). In another embodiment, the chart is appended to a new message posted by the agent (e.g., the message of procedure 1650).
Example Host Computing System
FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram that illustrates a virtualized computer system that is configured to carry out one or more embodiments of the present invention. The virtualized computer system is implemented in a host computer system 1700 including hardware platform 1730. In one embodiment, host computer system 1700 is constructed on a conventional, typically server-class, hardware platform.
Hardware platform 1730 includes one or more central processing units (CPUs) 1732, system memory 1734, and storage 1736. Hardware platform 1730 may also include one or more network interface controllers (NICs) that connect host computer system 1700 to a network, and one or more host bus adapters (HBAs) that connect host computer system 1700 to a persistent storage unit.
Hypervisor 1720 is installed on top of hardware platform 1730 and supports a virtual machine execution space within which one or more virtual machines (VMs) may be concurrently instantiated and executed. Each virtual machine implements a virtual hardware platform that supports the installation of a guest operating system (OS) which is capable of executing applications. For example, virtual hardware 1724 for virtual machine 1710 supports the installation of guest OS 1714 which is capable of executing applications 1712 within virtual machine 1710.
Guest OS 1714 may be any of the well-known commodity operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows™, Linux™, and the like, and includes a native file system layer, for example, either an NTFS or an ext3FS type file system layer. IOs issued by guest OS 1714 through the native file system layer appear to guest OS 1716 as being routed to one or more virtual disks provisioned for virtual machine 1710 for final execution, but such IOs are, in reality, are reprocessed by IO stack 1726 of hypervisor 1720 and the reprocessed IOs are issued, for example, through an HBA to a storage system.
Virtual machine monitor (VMM) 1722 and 1722n may be considered separate virtualization components between the virtual machines and hypervisor 1720 (which, in such a conception, may itself be considered a virtualization “kernel” component) since there exists a separate VMM for each instantiated VM. Alternatively, each VMM may be considered to be a component of its corresponding virtual machine since such VMM includes the hardware emulation components for the virtual machine. It should also be recognized that the techniques described herein are also applicable to hosted virtualized computer systems. Furthermore, although benefits that are achieved may be different, the techniques described herein may be applied to certain non-virtualized computer systems.
Example embodiments of the subject matter are thus described. Although various embodiments of the have been described in a language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the appended claims are not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims and their equivalents.
What is claimed is:
1. A computer-implemented method to facilitate administration of a virtualization infrastructure, the computer-implemented method comprising: providing members of the virtualization infrastructure with access to a shared message stream of a social network such that the members of the virtualization infrastructure are able to monitor messages generated by other members of the virtualization infrastructure posted to the shared message stream, wherein at least some of the messages are indicative of operational conditions of particular other members which generated the messages, wherein the members of the virtualization infrastructure comprise a plurality of virtual machines, and wherein the members of the virtualization infrastructure are arranged in a hierarchy within the social network based on a parent/child relationship of the members; monitoring the operational conditions of non-human members of the virtualization infrastructure by a social network monitoring agent, the non-human members comprising the plurality of virtual machines, wherein the non-human members of the virtualization infrastructure are mapped to the social network such that at least a portion of the non-human members of the virtualization infrastructure are also members of the social network; and automatically creating a group of non-human members of the virtualization infrastructure within the social network by the social network monitoring agent based at least in part on the operational conditions.
2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the monitoring the operational conditions comprises: monitoring the messages posted to a shared message stream of the social network by members of the social network associated with a member of the virtualization infrastructure.
3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the messages comprise hash tags identifying the operational conditions.
4. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein the creating a group of members comprises: creating a group of members of the virtualization infrastructure within the social network in response to monitoring a pre-determined number of the hash tags identifying the operational conditions.
5. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, further comprising: prioritizing the group of members of the virtualization infrastructure based on a number of the hash tags identifying the operational conditions.
6. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, further comprising: increasing visibility of the group of members of the virtualization infrastructure based on popularity of the hash tags for particular operational conditions.
7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the monitoring the operational conditions comprises: monitoring the operational conditions in a log file provided by one of the members of the social network.
8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the creating a group of members comprises: creating a group of members of the virtualization infrastructure of the social network having similar operational conditions.
9. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: sending a private message to a system administrator indicating creation of the group of members of the virtualization infrastructure.
10. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the members of the virtualization infrastructure comprise: a system administrator; a virtualization management server; a plurality of hosts; and the plurality of virtual machines; wherein the members of the social network are arranged in the hierarchy such that the system administrator follows the virtualization management server, and the virtualization management server follows at least one of the hosts.
11. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having instructions embodied therein that when executed cause a computer system to perform a method to facilitate administration of a virtualization infrastructure, the method comprising: providing members of the virtualization infrastructure with access to a shared message stream of a social network such that the members of the virtualization infrastructure are able to monitor messages generated by other members of the virtualization infrastructure posted to the shared message stream, wherein at least some of the messages are indicative of operational conditions of particular other members which generated the messages, wherein the members of the virtualization infrastructure comprise a plurality of virtual machines, and wherein the members of the virtualization infrastructure are arranged in a hierarchy within the social network based on a parent/child relationship of the members; monitoring the messages posted to the shared message stream of the social network by non-human members of the social network associated with the virtualized infrastructure by a social network monitoring agent, the non-human members comprising the plurality of virtual machines, wherein the non-human members of the virtualization infrastructure are mapped to the social network such that at least a portion of the non-human members of the virtualization infrastructure are also members of the social network; and automatically creating a group of non-human members of the virtualization infrastructure within the social network by the social network monitoring agent based at least in part on the monitored messages.
12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein the messages comprises hash tags identifying the operational conditions of the members of the virtualization infrastructure.
13. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 12, wherein the creating a group of members comprises: creating a group of members of the virtualization infrastructure within the social network in response to monitoring a pre-determined number of the hash tags identifying the operational conditions.
14. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 12, the method further comprising: prioritizing the group of members of the virtualization infrastructure based on a number of the hash tags identifying the operational conditions.
15. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, the method further comprising: increasing a visibility of the group of members of the virtualization infrastructure based on popularity of hash tags for particular operational conditions.
16. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, wherein the creating a group of members comprises: creating a group of members of the virtualization infrastructure of the social network having similar operational conditions.
17. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, the method further comprising: sending a private message to a system administrator indicating creation of the group of members of the virtualization infrastructure.
18. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, the method further comprising: monitoring the operational conditions in a log file provided by one of the members of the social network.
19. A computer-implemented method to facilitate administration of a virtualization infrastructure, the computer-implemented method comprising: monitoring messages posted to a shared message stream of a social network by members of the social network associated with a virtualization infrastructure by a social network monitoring agent, wherein the members of the social network are mapped to components of the virtualization infrastructure such that at least a portion of the components of the virtualization infrastructure are members of the social network, wherein at least some of the messages are indicative of operational conditions of particular members which generated the messages, wherein the components of the virtualization infrastructure comprise a plurality of virtual machines, and wherein the components of the virtualization infrastructure are arranged in a hierarchy within the social network based on a parent/child relationship of the members, wherein the posted messages comprise hash tags identifying the operational conditions of the members of the virtualization infrastructure, wherein members of the virtualization infrastructure are mapped to the social network; automatically creating a group of non-human members of the virtualization infrastructure within the social network by the social network monitoring agent based at least in part on the operational conditions; and sending a private message to a system administrator indicating creation of the group of members of the virtualization infrastructure.
20. The computer-implemented method of claim 19, further comprising: monitoring the operational conditions in a log file provided by one of the members of the social network..
|
https://openalex.org/W2376400737_1 | Spanish-Science-Pile | Various open science | Biogeografía de los vectores
de la enfermedad de Chagas:
influencia de las variables
ambientales sobre la distribución
de los triatominos en América.
Paula Medone
Trabajo de tesis doctoral
Jorge E. Rabinovich
Gerardo A. Marti
Directores
A mis abuelos y abuelas:
Carlos y Betty, Omi y Opi,
que me abrieron las puertas de su mundo
y despertaron en mí las ganas de descubrir más.
Agradecimientos
La realización de este trabajo de esta tesis fue un largo proceso en el que crecí
tanto profesional como personalmente. En lo profesional, el aprendizaje fue inmenso no
solo en cuanto a lo teórico sino también en cuanto a la experiencia día a día, debatir
puntos de vista, enriquecerme en el intercambio de ideas, experimentar y buscar
activamente las respuestas a las preguntas que surgían. Este proceso de construcción de
conocimiento no hubiera sido posible sin mis asesores Jorge E. Rabinovich y Gerardo
A. Marti, y sin mis compañeros de todos los días Soledad Ceccarelli, María Zubillaga,
María Laura Susevich y Agustin Balsalobre. Gracias por la paciencia que me tuvieron
siempre, siempre tan generosos conmigo, ayudándome en todo (¡hasta para orientarme
en las diagonales de La Plata!).
Si hay algo que me queda después de estos años de trabajo son las jugosas
discusiones (mates de por medio, normalmente muy lavados por lo prolongado de las
jornadas de trabajo), en las que la motivación siempre era obtener una respuesta más
precisa. Siempre el énfasis estuvo en hacer las cosas lo mejor posible, y en esos intentos
hubo cosas que salieron bien, otras más o menos, y otras que habrá que seguir pensando
hasta encontrar la respuesta. Si hay algo que aprendí en estos años es que es el
intercambio con otros es lo que nos enriquece y potencia, porque nos despierta
preguntas o respuestas que desde la soledad difícilmente hubiéramos planteado. Por eso
agradezco la libertad que tuve para poder trabajar, la libertad que es fundamental para
mantener la creatividad que nos permite encontrar respuestas, porque ese el rol que
quiero cumplir como científica: ayudar a construir respuestas a las preguntas que la
sociedad necesita responder.
Quiero agradecer especialmente a los colegas ya que sin su colaboración este
trabajo de tesis no hubiera sido posible: Dora Feliciangeli, Andreina Figuera, Claudia
Magaly Sandoval, Diego Alexander Jaimes, Elsa Evelia Nieves, Nelcy Ortiz, Delmi
Canale, Raúl Stariolo y Elena Visciarelli. Gracias por haber trabajado en colaboración
permitiendo generar nuevos conocimientos, que nos llevan a más preguntas que
merecen ser respondidas.
Quiero agradecer a los investigadores que contribuyeron en mi formación
profesional, permitiéndome trabajar a la par y, sobretodo, proponiéndome desafíos para
seguir encontrando respuestas: David Gorla, Waldo Hasperué, Carlos M. HernándezSuárez, Gerardo de la Vega, Pablo Schilman, Fred Menu, Roberto Saénz, Elis Aldana,
Anthony Tongen, José A. Martínez Ibarra, Paul Parham, y Abdallah M. Samy.
Agradecer también a los revisores anónimos que a lo largo de estos años fueron
revisando las publicaciones realizadas, llevándome en algunas ocasiones a replantear y
cuestionar mis propios métodos, y en otras a mejorar los argumentos expuestos, para
mejorar el contenido y conclusiones de los trabajos. A los revisores de este trabajo de
tesis que con sus comentarios y críticas me dieron la oportunidad de mejorar el trabajo
final.
Quiero agradecer a las instituciones que permitieron el trabajo en colaboración:
Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT) del
Ministerio de Ciencia y Técnica de Argentina
Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, CONICET-UNLP, La Plata,
Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias
Exactas y Naturales, Univ. de Buenos Aires, IBBEA-CONICET-UBA,
Argentina.
Departamento de Salud Pública y Políticas, Facultad de Ciencias de Salud y la
Vida, Universidad de Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, Reino Unido.
Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED), Universidad de Carabobo,
Sede Aragua, Maracay, Venezuela
Instituto Grantham para el Cambio Climático, Departamento de Enfermedades
Infecciosas, Epidemiología, Colegio Imperial de Londres, St. Mary's Campus,
Norfolk Place, Londres W2 1PG, Reino Unido.
Laboratorio de Entomología “Herman Lent”, Departamento de Biología,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela.
Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de
Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
Laboratorio de Biomatemática, Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de
Colima, Colima, México.
Laboratorio de Biometría y Biología Evolutiva, Unidad de Investigación Mixta
(UMR), Universidad de Lyon1, Universidad de Lyon, F-69622 Villeurbanne,
Francia.
En este proceso recorrí nuevos espacios, lugares, saberes y principalmente conocí
grandes compañeros y compañeras que sin duda van a quedar grabados en mi vida.
Quiero mencionar también a tod@s mis compañer@s del grupo ¿De qué hablamos
cuando hablamos de Chagas?, porque con ellos aprendí que una misma pregunta puede
tener infinitas respuestas, solo hay que dejar lugar a los saberes que el otro tiene.
Gracias a Mariana Sanmartino por abrirme la puerta a mí, como a tant@s otr@s, para
(re)pensar la problemática del Chagas desde otra mirada, que desafía las respuestas que
surgen desde la mirada biomédica hegemónica.
Y para el final dejé los agradecimientos más importantes, los que me permitieron
llegar hasta acá. Un gracias enorme, enorme, enorme (no tengo palabras para definirlo)
para toda mi FAMILIA, porque cada uno de ellos hizo posible que yo llegara hasta acá,
acompañándome, escuchándome y sobretodo dándome confianza en mis decisiones.
Quiero agradecerles a mamá, papá, Edith, Néstor, mis hermanas (Marti, Leti y Male),
mis sobrin@s (Ioannis, Celina, Felipe y Camila), que me llenan de amor cuando más lo
necesito. A mi tía Silvia, que desde hace muchos años me acompaña en cada momento.
A Emi, por ser mi compañero muchos años, por haber crecido juntos y haber estado ahí,
acompañándome en mis decisiones.
Gracias infinitas a mis AMIGAS! Gracias Ana, por ser mi amiga hermana de la
vida. Gracias Eli por el amor y el aguante incondicional. Gracias Flor, Jose, Meli,
Paulita, Pau, Sofi y Viole, porque somos la banda de biólogas más renegadas que
conozco y celebro esa rebeldía cada vez que nos veo crecer eligiendo los espacios que
nos hacen bien.
Gracias a tod@s los que formaron parte de este proceso,
¡Sepan que estuvieron, están y estarán en mi corazón!
Índice
Resumen ................................................................................................................................. i
Abstract ................................................................................................................................ vi
1
Introducción general ................................................................................................. 1
1.1
La enfermedad de Chagas ............................................................................... 1
1.2 Triatominos: origen, relaciones filogenéticas y diversidad de sus
características ecológicas ........................................................................................... 8
1.3
Teoría de historias de vida y trade-offs ........................................................ 21
1.3.1
Tiempo de desarrollo pre-adulto, longevidad de adulto y lifespan ................ 25
1.3.2
Estrategias Reproductivas .............................................................................. 26
1.3.3
Mortalidad específica por edad y senescencia ................................................ 35
1.4
Rasgos de historias de vida y variables ambientales .................................. 38
1.5
Distribución geográfica de especies y modelado de nicho ecológico ......... 41
2
Hipótesis y objetivos ................................................................................................ 45
2.1
Hipótesis .......................................................................................................... 46
2.2
Objetivos ......................................................................................................... 46
2.2.1
Objetivo general ............................................................................................. 46
2.2.2
Objetivos específicos ...................................................................................... 46
2.3
Relevancia de la investigación ...................................................................... 48
3
Capítulo: Rasgos de historias de vida y parámetros demográficos de
triatominos: análisis interespecíficos ................................................................................ 50
3.1
Introducción ................................................................................................... 50
3.2
Rasgos de historia de vida, parámetros demográficos y especies a analizar
51
3.3
Tiempos de desarrollo y parámetros demográficos ......................................... 55
3.3.1
Materiales y métodos ...................................................................................... 55
3.3.2
Resultados....................................................................................................... 58
3.4
Características reproductivas ....................................................................... 62
3.4.1
Materiales y métodos ...................................................................................... 62
3.4.2
Resultados....................................................................................................... 64
3.5
Relaciones entre rasgos de historias de vida ............................................... 70
3.5.1
Materiales y métodos ...................................................................................... 70
3.5.2
Resultados....................................................................................................... 70
3.6
Mortalidad instantánea y fecundidad específica por edad ........................ 73
3.6.1
Materiales y métodos ...................................................................................... 73
3.6.2
Resultados....................................................................................................... 74
3.7 Rasgos de historias de vida asociados con aspectos reproductivos y
mortalidad pre-reproductiva .................................................................................. 78
3.7.1
Materiales y métodos ...................................................................................... 78
3.7.2
Resultados....................................................................................................... 79
3.8
Fecundidad acumulada y mortalidad instantánea acumulada .................. 79
3.8.1
Materiales y métodos ...................................................................................... 79
3.8.2
Resultados....................................................................................................... 80
3.9
Fecundidad promedio y mortalidad promedio ........................................... 85
3.9.1
Materiales y métodos ...................................................................................... 85
3.9.2
Resultados....................................................................................................... 86
3.10 Discusión ......................................................................................................... 88
4
Capítulo: Patrones de Senescencia ......................................................................... 95
4.1
Introducción ................................................................................................... 95
4.2 Patrones de senescencia en base al incremento de la mortalidad
instantánea................................................................................................................ 96
4.2.1
Materiales y métodos ...................................................................................... 96
4.2.2
Resultados....................................................................................................... 98
4.2.3
Discusión ...................................................................................................... 101
4.3
Tasa de senescencia en base a la declinación de la fecundidad ............... 102
4.3.1
Materiales y métodos .................................................................................... 102
4.3.2
Resultados..................................................................................................... 103
4.3.3
Discusión ...................................................................................................... 106
5
Capítulo: Respuesta de los rasgos de historias de vida y parámetros
demográficos a variables ambientales ............................................................................ 108
5.1
Introducción ................................................................................................. prolixus y T. infestans para el año 2050 ........................................................................ 186
8.3.2
Evaluación del modelo de nicho ambiental .................................................. 187
8.3.3
Transiciones en la adecuabilidad climática .................................................. 191
8.4
9
Discusión ....................................................................................................... 193
Discusiones generales y conclusiones ................................................................... 199
9.1
Análisis a nivel interespecífico .................................................................... 199
9.2
Análisis a nivel intraespecífico .................................................................... 206
9.2.1
T. infestans .................................................................................................... 206
9.2.2
B. ferroae ...................................................................................................... 208
9.3 Cambios en la distribución geográfica potencial de especies bajo
escenarios de cambio climático ............................................................................. 211
9.4
10
Perspectivas .................................................................................................. 217
Bibliografía ............................................................................................................. 218
Anexo 1: Procedencia y datos de origen de las cohortes analizadas ................................ I
Anexo 2: Modelo energético ............................................................................................. III
Anexo 3: Base de datos geográfica y variables ambientales ...........................................VI
Anexo 4: Características ambientales de tres localidades de T. infestans .....................IX
Anexo 5: Comparación de la adecuabilidad climática predicha para el 2050 entre
tres escenarios de emisión de gases ...................................................................................XI
i
Resumen
La enfermedad de Chagas o Tripanosomiasis americana, causada por el parásito
protozoario Trypanosoma cruzi, es una de las principales causas de muerte por
enfermedades parasitarias en las Américas según la Organización Mundial de la Salud.
Esta organización estima que existen al menos ocho millones de personas infectadas,
principalmente en los 21 países de Latinoamérica considerados tradicionalmente como
áreas endémicas. El ciclo de transmisión de T. cruzi constituye una zoonosis compleja,
que involucra diversos reservorios vertebrados y a los triatominos, insectos vectores que
participan en la transmisión del parásito.
Los triatominos pertenecen al Orden Hemíptera, Infraorden Cimicomorpha,
Superfamilia Reduvioidea, Familia Reduviidae, Subfamilia Triatominae, la que está
constituida por más de 140 especies, agrupadas en18 géneros y cinco tribus. Presentan
una gran variabilidad en los ciclos de vida y en los hábitats que ocupan. Si bien en los
últimos años diferentes países han certificado la interrupción de la transmisión vectorial
mediante el control de las principales especies vectoras, varios autores han cuestionado
la certificación de la interrupción vectorial, señalando que la situación actual podría
verse modificada frente a diferentes escenarios climáticos. Los escenarios
epidemiológicos podrían verse modificados, entre otros factores, por la aparición de
especies secundarias o bien, por cambios en las variables ambientales.
En este contexto, y sumado a que la transmisión vectorial de la enfermedad de
Chagas sigue siendo uno de los principales problemas de salud pública en América
Latina, analizar la diversidad de las estrategias de vida de los triatominos en relación a
las variables ambientales, y evaluar los cambios potenciales de la distribución
geográfica frente al cambio climático, resultaría un aporte fundamental para entender las
áreas de distribución de los triatominos, tanto en condiciones climáticas actuales como
ii
futuras. Los resultados que se desprenden de este trabajo de tesis aportarían no solo a un
mayor entendimiento de los cambios en la distribución geográfica potencial de los
triatominos, sino que también permitirían inferir cambios epidemiológicos frente a las
condiciones climáticas futuras.
El objetivo de este trabajo de tesis fue analizar la diversidad de estrategias de vida
de los triatominos, a nivel inter- e intraespecífico, en respuesta a las variables
ambientales dentro del marco conceptual de la teoría de historias de vida, trade-offs y
nicho ecológico; con la finalidad de evaluar los cambios potenciales de la distribución
geográfica frente al cambio climático. Así, a nivel inter-específico, se caracterizaron las
estrategias de historias de vida de 27 especies de triatominos mediante un análisis
comparativo (entre géneros y entre especies) de los principales rasgos de historias de
vida asociados con tiempos de desarrollo, mortalidad y con aspectos reproductivos, y de
los principales parámetros demográficos resultantes. Se analizaron relaciones de tipo
trade-off entre rasgos de historia de vida, y los patrones de fecundidad. Como resultado
se observó una gran diversidad de estrategias de vida en las especies de triatominos
analizadas, se recogieron pocas evidencias a favor de la existencia de trade-offs entre
rasgos de historia de vida, y se observó una gran heterogeneidad en las curvas de
fecundidad estimadas.
Asimismo, se analizaron los patrones de senescencia manifestados tanto en el
incremento de la mortalidad instantánea como en la declinación de la fecundidad, para
las 27 especies de triatominos analizadas. Para ello los valores de mortalidad
instantánea de cada especie fueron ajustados a tres modelos de mortalidad (Gompertz,
Logístico y Gavrilovs & Gavrilova), y el modelo con mejor ajuste se utilizó como
descriptor de la mortalidad en función de la edad. A partir de las curvas de mortalidad
se identificaron tres patrones de senescencia que permitieron agrupar a las especies en
iii
tres grupos: senescencia aguda tardía, senescencia gradual media y senescencia gradual
baja.
La tasa de senescencia, estimada en base a la declinación de la curva de fecundidad
específica por edad, muestra que las especies que inician la reproducción
tempranamente presentan una mayor tasa de senescencia. Adicionalmente, la relación
inversa entre la tasa de senescencia y el rango de semanas reproductivas sugiere que las
especies con mayor grado de iteroparidad presentan una declinación de las oviposturas
más gradual y progresiva, lo cual podría deberse a la distribución más espaciada de las
oviposturas.
Se analizó la relación entre los parámetros demográficos y las variables macroclimáticas, y se observó que la mayor parte de las variables climáticas
significativamente asociadas son los parámetros demográficos son las derivadas de las
precipitaciones. Por otra parte, se analizó la relación entre estos rasgos de historia de
vida y la estocasticidad ambiental, para lo cual se construyó un índice de entropía que
captura el grado de incertidumbre de temperatura y precipitaciones en una localidad
dada. Se encontraron relaciones significativas entre algunos rasgos de historia de vida y
la estocasticidad ambiental, principalmente la de las precipitaciones.
A nivel intraespecífico, se estimaron los rasgos de historia de vida y se
caracterizaron las estrategias de historias de vida de una misma especie bajo diferentes
condiciones (e.g. por el efecto de variables macroclimáticas de diferente origen
geográfico, o por diferentes tipos de alimento). Se llevó a cabo la identificación de
relaciones tipo trade-off entre rasgos de historia de vida y en relación a las variables
macro-climáticas. Se analizó el fenómeno de senescencia y la contribución individual al
fitness dentro de una misma especie en base a rasgos de historias de vida medidos
iv
individualmente. Se llevó a cabo la estimación de los rasgos de historias de vida y
parámetros demográficos de cohortes de T. infestans procedentes de tres orígenes
geográficos diferentes: Argentina, Bolivia y Brasil. Se analizaron relaciones de tradeoffs entre rasgos de historia de vida y en respuesta a variables macroclimáticas de
temperatura y precipitaciones.
Asimismo, se llevó a cabo la estimación de los rasgos de historias de vida y
parámetros demográficos de dos cohortes de T. infestans alimentadas con dos fuentes de
alimento diferente: sangre humana y sangre de gallina. También se llevó a cabo la
estimación de los rasgos de historias de vida y parámetros demográficos de tres cohortes
de Belminus ferroae alimentadas con tres fuentes de alimento diferente: hemolinfa de
cucaracha, hemolinfa de Rhodnius prolixus y sangre de ratón. Los resultados muestran
una alta plasticidad de los rasgos en función de las variables ambientales y
macroclimáticas. Asimismo, en B. ferroae en condiciones energéticas restrictivas (i.e.
alimentado sobre sangre de ratón) los resultados sugieren la presencia de trade-offs
entre el tiempo de desarrollo pre-adulto y la fecundidad.
Debido a la alta plasticidad fenotípica identificada a lo largo del desarrollo de este
trabajo de tesis, la incompleta información de respuesta de los rasgos frente a un
gradiente ambiental y la gran escala geográfica seleccionada (i.e. continental) para el
análisis de la distribución geográfica de las especies, se decidió llevar a cabo un análisis
del cambio en la distribución geográfica potencial bajos tres escenarios distintos de
cambio climático global para el año 2050, en base a variables bioclimáticas, y utilizando
un modelo de distribución geográfica correlativo. Esto se llevó cabo para las dos
especies con mayor relevancia epidemiológica: R. prolixus y T. infestans. Como
resultado de este modelo se observa un aumento de la adecuabilidad climática para R.
prolixus, sugiriendo un desplazamiento (shift) en la distribución geográfica de esta
v
especie que parece aumentar la distribución potencial hacia zonas en las que
actualmente la adecuabilidad climática es baja. Por el contrario para T. infestans se
observa mayoritariamente una disminución de la adecuabilidad climática en las áreas
del norte y oeste de Argentina, consideradas en la actualidad como zonas de alto riesgo
de transmisión vectorial de T. cruzi.
Los resultados obtenidos indican que las condiciones climáticas futuras afectan la
distribución geográfica potencial de las especies, por lo que estimar los cambios
potenciales en la distribución de las especies de triatominos podría proveer un aporte
para la identificación de potenciales nuevas áreas de presencia de la especie. El
modelado de nicho ecológico en base a variables macro-climáticas es un primer paso
para la caracterización de potenciales nuevas áreas de distribución de la especie, y se
requieren posteriores análisis para incorporar la plasticidad de los rasgos de historia de
vida frente a un gradiente ambiental a un modelo mecanístico. Se espera que, a futuro,
el modelado de la distribución geográfica potencial en base a modelos de este tipo
pueda ser usado como herramienta para el diseño de estrategias de control vectorial y de
campañas de promoción de la salud, acordes a cada situación particular.
Palabras clave: Triatominos, rasgos de historia de vida, distribución geográfica, cambio
climático.
vi
Abstract
Chagas disease or American Trypanosomiasis, caused by parasitic protozooarian
Trypanosoma cruzi, is considered one of the most important parasitic diseases in Latin
America by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO estimates that at least eight
million people is infected, inhabiting mainly the 21 endemic Latin American countries.
Chagas disease transmission constitutes a complex zoonotic cycle which involves
several vertebrate reservoirs as well as triatomines, insect vectors of T. cruzi.
Triatomines are insects belonging to Order Hemiptera, Suborder Heteroptera,
Family Reduviidae, Subfamiliy Triatominae, composed by more than 140 species,
grouped into 18 genera and five tribes. Although recently several countries have
certified the interruption of Chagas disease transmission after vector control, several
authors have questioned this certificate pointing out that current situation may be
modified facing different climatic change scenarios. Epidemiologic scenarios could also
be modified by secondary species or changing environmental variables, among other
factors.
In this context, coupled with Chagas disease as a major public health concern in
Latin America, a deeper understanding of triatomine life history strategies in relation to
environmental variables and the assessment of potential changes on geographic
distribution facing climate change, may contribute not only to identify new geographic
distribution areas but also to the understanding of new epidemiological scenarios.
Therefore, the main results of this work attempt to contribute to a deeper understanding
of the links among life history traits and environmental variables, to then model the
geographic distribution of triatomines.
vii
The major goal of this work was to assess triatomine life history strategies, at
interspecific and intraspecific levels, in response to environmental variables using Life
History Theory, trade-off and ecological niche modeling as theoretical frames; in order
to assess potential changes on geographic distribution of triatomine species facing
climate change scenarios. At an interspecific level, life history strategies were
characterized by comparative analyses (among genera and species) of main life history
traits associated with development time, mortality, reproductive characteristics and their
effects on demographic parameters. We searched for relationships between traits
looking for trade-offhand fecundity patterns. Results show a great diversity of life
history strategies among 27 triatomine species, and no conclusive evidences were found
about trade-offs among life history traits.
Senescence patterns, based on age- specific mortality patterns and decreasing
fecundity trends, were compared among 27 triatomine species. For each species, agespecific mortality values were fitted to three mortality models (Gompertz, Logístico y
Gavrilovs & Gavrilova), and the best fitted model was used to described the main agespecific mortality trend. Age-specific mortality fitted curves showed three well
differentiate senescence patterns: late spiky, gradual medium and gradual low.
Senescence rate, estimated as the decreasing slope of age- specific fecundity, showed
that early reproductive species present higher senescence rate as compared to late
reproductive species. The negative relationship between senescence rate and number of
reproductive weeks suggests that species with higher iteroparity present a smaller
decrease in age-specific fecundity which may be caused by the intermittence among
reproductive bouts.
The relationship among demographic parameters and macroclimatic variables were
analyzed, showing that variables associated with precipitation were the most
viii
significantly influential variables. Relationships among life history traits and
environmental stochasticity were also carried out. In order to estimate environmental
stochasticity an entropy index was constructed summarizing the uncertainty related to
temperature and precipitation at locality level. Significant relationships were found
among different life history traits and environmental stochasticity, mainly stochasticity
associated to precipitation.
At the intraspecific level, life history traits were estimated to characterize the
plasticity response under different conditions (e.g. geographic origin, macroclimatic
variables, food source). Relationships between traits and macroclimatic factors as well
as other traits looking for trade-offs were carried out. Senescence and individual fitness
contributions within a species fed on three different food sources, followed individually,
were developed. Life history traits for T. infestans from three different geographic
origins (Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil) were estimated. Relationships between traits and
macroclimatic factors related to temperature and precipitation were carried out.
Life history traits and demographic parameters for T. infestans fed on two different
food sources, human blood and hens, were also estimated. Life history traits and
demographic parameters of Belminus ferroae fed on three different blood sources
(cockroach hemolymph, mouse blood and Rhodnius prolixus hemolymph) were
analyzed. Results showed a strong plasticity response of traits in relation to
environmental and macroclimatic variables. Negative relationships among life history
traits observed in B. ferroae feeding on restrictive conditions (i.e. on mouse blood)
suggest the presence of trade-offs that deserve further studies.
Because of the great plasticity of life history traits identified through the course of
this work, the incomplete data about life history traits responding to an environmental
ix
gradient, and the large spatial scale (i.e. continental) selected for the analyses of
geographic distribution of triatomine species, the geographic distribution was modeled
based on correlative models under three different climatic scenarios. The potential
geographic distribution changes for 2050 were modeled based on bioclimatic variables,
for two of the main species from an epidemiological point of view: R. prolixus y T.
infestans. Results showed an increasing climatic suitability for R. prolixus suggesting
for 2050 a geographic distribution shift leading to new potential distribution areas that
currently are not suitable. On the other hand, T. infestans showed decreasing climatic
suitability at North and West areas in Argentina, considered currently at high vectorial
risk transmission.
These results suggest that future climatic variables may affect geographic
distribution of triatomine species, so that the potential changes on their geographic
distribution may contribute to the identification of new geographic distribution areas.
Environmental niche modeling based on bioclimatic variables is a first step towards the
characterization of potential new distribution areas of species, and further studies are
required to include life history plasticity under environmental gradients. We hope that in
the future the potential geographic distribution predicted by mechanistic models may be
used as a tool to develop improved vectorial control strategies and health campaigns,
according to each situation.
Key-words: Triatomines, life history traits, geographic distribution, climate change.
Capítulo 1
Introducción general
1
1
Introducción general
1.1
La enfermedad de Chagas
La enfermedad de Chagas, causada por el parásito protozoario Trypanosoma
cruzi, lleva el nombre del médico brasileño Carlos Chagas quien la descubrió hace ya
más de 100 años (Chagas 1909). La infección por este parásito puede causar una
enfermedad crónica y también es conocida como Tripanosomiasis americana. La
Organización Mundial de la Salud estima que existen al menos ocho millones de
personas infectadas, principalmente en los 21 países de Latinoamérica considerados
tradicionalmente como áreas endémicas (World Health Organization 2013), y es una de
las principales causas de muerte por enfermedades parasitarias en las Américas (World
Health Organization 2010). Se estima que en 2008 esta enfermedad causó la muerte de
más de 10.000 personas (World Health Organization 2010). En Argentina alrededor de
1,6 millones de personas se encuentran infectadas (Organización Panamericana de la
Salud 2006) por T. cruzi el cual produce una infección hemática e hística, y al menos
300000 sufren afecciones cardíacas (cardiopatías) asociadas con el parásito.
El T. cruzi es un protozoo flagelado que pertenece a la súper clase Kinetoplastea,
orden Trypanosomatida, familia Trypanosomatidae, género Trypanosoma (Fig. 1.1-1).
Este parásito se caracteriza por cuerpo alargado de extremo posterior corto y puntiagudo
de 12 a 20 μm de largo, con una red compacta y compleja denominada kinetoplasto que
se sitúa en el extremo posterior del cuerpo (Cortez et al. 2007). Cuenta con una única
mitocondria y en- su forma flagelada-presenta un único flagelo. Es un parásito
intracelular con un ciclo de vida que involucra vertebrados e invertebrados, y adquiere
diferentes tipos morfológicos y funcionales que se alternan entre hospederos. Por un
lado, cuando se encuentra dentro los insectos hematófagos de la subfamilia Triatominae
2
(Hemiptera, Reduviidae), conocidos vulgarmente en Argentina con el nombre de
“vinchucas1”, se multiplica de manera extracelular por la replicación de epimastigotes.
Por otro lado, cuando T. cruzi se encuentra dentro de un hospedero vertebrado,
se multiplica intracelularmente en la forma amastigote. Los reservorios del parásito son,
además del ser humano, animales silvestres como los primates, armadillos, roedores,
marsupiales, y animales domésticos como gatos y perros. Los mamíferos son
susceptibles al parásito, mientras que las aves son refractarias a T. cruzi (Storino 2010).
En cuanto a las formas infectivas se encuentran: tripomastigotes metacíclicos en el
insecto hospedero y tripomastigotes sanguíneos en la corriente circulatoria de los
hospederos vertebrados (armadillos, comadrejas, roedores, perros, gatos, etc.).
Fig. 1.1-1: T. cruzi, parásito causante de la enfermedad de Chagas. Fuente: Centers for Disease Control
(CDC) and Prevention's Public Health Image Library/ Dr. Myron G. Schultz.
El ciclo de transmisión de T. cruzi constituye una zoonosis compleja, que
involucra diversos vertebrados reservorios e insectos vectores que participan en la
transmisión, lo cual dificulta su erradicación. La transmisión al ser humano se inicia
cuando un triatomino infectado se alimenta y deposita sus heces contaminadas con
tripomastigotes metacíclicos inmediatamente después de la alimentación (Fig.1.1-2).
Así las formas infectivas del parásito (tripomastigotes) ingresan al hospedero a través de
la herida causada por el insecto hematófago o por contacto con las membranas mucosas.
Vinchuca es una palabra de origen quechua cuyo significado es que se deja caer
1
3
Una vez dentro del organismo, los tripomastigotes sanguíneos se diseminan por la
sangre alcanzando distintos órganos, y se alojan principalmente en corazón, músculos,
sistema nervioso, aparato digestivo y el sistema fagocítico mononuclear (o
reticuloendotelial). En estos tejidos, se reproducen por fisión binaria, se multiplican
rápidamente y pasan de la forma flagelada a la no flagelada (amastigotes) (Lana &
Tafuri 2000).
Fig.1.1-2: Ciclo de T. cruzi en el triatomino y el hombre. Fuente:
http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/html/imagelibrary/trypanosomiasisamerican_il.htm
En el ser humano la enfermedad puede cursar tres períodos o fases (Dias 1995)
que dependen de la biología del parásito y del hospedero y presentan, cada una de ellas,
características clínicas, criterios diagnósticos y terapias diferentes:
1) La primera fase, denominada fase aguda, dura entre 15 y 60 días luego que el
T. cruzi entra al torrente sanguíneo y se caracteriza por la presencia de gran cantidad de
parásito circulante en la sangre del hospedero. Generalmente es una fase asintomática,
con algunas excepciones ya que alrededor del 8% de las personas infectadas, en días
posteriores al ingreso del parásito en el organismo, presentan manifestaciones clínicas
4
inespecíficas como fiebre, diarrea, dolor de cabeza, cansancio, irritabilidad, vómitos,
malestar general.
No obstante, debido a lo inespecífico de estos síntomas y su similitud con los
causados por otras afecciones, generalmente no se los asocia con la enfermedad de
Chagas. Otra característica de la fase aguda es el ojo en compota (o Signo de Romaña),
que ocurre en algunos casos en los que las heces de la vinchuca infectada tienen
contacto con las mucosas del ojo, lo cual causa la hinchazón del ojo y la coloración
morada típica. En menor frecuencia, y en general en niños, existen expresiones clínicas
graves dentro de la fase aguda asociadas a lesiones en el corazón (miocarditis) y/o en el
sistema nervioso (meningoencefalitis).
2) La fase indeterminada o crónica asintomática deviene a continuación de la
anterior y puede durar varios años o incluso toda la vida. No presenta síntomas y
solamente se puede detectar a través de un análisis de sangre. Es importante mencionar
que la mayoría de las personas que tienen Chagas (alrededor de un 70%) se encuentran
en esta situación.
3) Aproximadamente tres de cada diez personas que tienen Chagas entran en la
llamada fase crónica sintomática, manifestando algún cuadro clínico, entre veinte y
treinta años después de haber contraído el parásito (Storino & Milei 1986). El
porcentaje de personas que desarrollará algún cuadro clínico depende, entre otras cosas,
de la edad, el estado nutricional y el estado del sistema inmune. Muchos autores
proponen que en la gran mayoría de los casos, después de un período de incubación, se
instala la fase aguda de la enfermedad, luego una fase crónica que puede permanecer
indeterminada o evolucionar hacia las formas crónicas definidas, cardíacas y/o
digestiva, afectando sobre todo al esófago y/o colon (Prata 2001, Carlier et al. 2002). El
5
músculo cardíaco es uno de los tejidos más frecuentes donde se aloja la forma no
flagelada del parásito, la cual luego de un largo período evolutivo puede producir
lesiones cardíacas irreversibles en aproximadamente un 15 a 40 % de los afectados
(Storino & Milei 1994, Lorca 2002, Gascón et al. 2008, Rassi & Marin-Neto 2010).
Entre un 20% a 30% de los individuos afectados, sufren cardiopatías severas, afecciones
al megaesófago o al megacolon, que en muchos casos pueden ser mortales
(Organización Panamericana de la Salud 2006).
Esta etapa presenta las manifestaciones clínicas más graves dentro del proceso
de infección que son ocasionadas por los nidos o pseudoquistes, producidos luego de
sucesivas multiplicaciones de los amastigotes alojados en las células infectadas. Los
nidos o pseudoquistes producen complejos fenómenos inmunopatológicos que
determinan la patogenia de las lesiones ya prolongación de la enfermedad (Storino et al.
2003). Tras una serie de ciclos de replicación la forma amastigote se convierte en la
forma flagelada (tripomastigote), lo que genera la lisis celular y la liberación a la
circulación sanguínea.
De este modo, nuevas células del organismo hospedero pueden ser invadidas,
repitiéndose el ciclo de multiplicación. Estos ciclos generan una parasitemia persistente
en el hospedero, el cual dependiendo de su sistema inmune limitará en diferente grado
la cantidad de parásito circulante en sangre, pero no será capaz de erradicar por
completo la infección (Storino & Milei 1986). Los parásitos circulantes en los
hospederos infectados pueden ser, eventualmente, ingeridos por los triatominos, donde
sufren una transformación a esferomastigotes dentro del estómago del vector. Los
esferomastigotes son los responsables de la persistencia de la infección en el insecto, allí
se diferenciarán a epimastigotes, se multiplicarán en su progresión por el tubo digestivo
hacia la ampolla rectal y es ahí donde se diferenciarán en tripanosomas metacíclicos. El
6
triatomino parasitado será capaz de transmitir las formas infectivas del parásito cuando
deposite sus heces sobre el hospedero al momento de alimentarse, y de esa manera se
reiniciará el ciclo evolutivo natural de la enfermedad (Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention 2015).
Si bien la principal vía de transmisión es vectorial, mediante la transmisión
indirecta de las formas infectantes del parásito que son vehiculizadas en las heces de los
vectores y que ingresan al ser humano por medio de las mucosas o heridas de la piel, el
parásito también puede transmitirse por vía:
Transfusional: la sangre del donante infectado es incorporada en forma directa
al torrente circulatorio del receptor sano (World Health Organization 2013).
Congénita: la madre infectada con T. cruzi puede infectar al hijo durante la
gestación a través de la placenta o en el momento del parto (World Health Organization
2013). El riesgo de transmisión congénita se extiende más allá de las áreas endémicas
del vector, y se vincula con los mapas de migraciones internas y externas.
Oral: alimentos contaminados por deyecciones de vectores infectados con T.
cruzi (World Health Organization 2013).
Otras vías: accidentes de laboratorio, por manejo inadecuado de instrumental o
animales contaminado con T. cruzi; que pueden llevar a la infección en el
experimentador a través de las escoriaciones o pequeñas heridas en las manos (World
Health Organization 2013).
Si bien la vía vectorial en América Latina es una de las principales formas de
transmisión, la infección por T. cruzi depende no solo de la convergencia en tiempo y
lugar del agente etiológico, el insecto vector, el hospedero (animal o humano) e
individuos susceptibles, sino también de complejos factores históricos y socioculturales.
7
La urbanización de la enfermedad de Chagas en América Latina se ha
intensificado en la segunda mitad del Siglo XX, esto sumado a las crecientes
migraciones humanas ha modificado el perfil epidemiológico de esta enfermedad. Los
movimientos migratorios desde los países endémicos han posibilitado que la
enfermedad de Chagas sea diagnosticada en zonas donde la infección no es endémica
(World Health Organization 2013). Actualmente, la distribución geográfica de la
enfermedad de Chagas se extiende a todo el mundo, con prevalencia creciente en los
Estados Unidos de América donde se estima que hay entre 80000 y 120000 personas
infectadas (Kirchoff 2011), y al menos otras 100.000 se encuentran infectadas en
Europa, Canadá, Australia y Japón.
España se ha convertido en uno de los países europeos que recibe más cantidad
de inmigrantes procedentes de América Latina. La reunión de la OPS (Organización
Panamericana de la Salud 2006) se hizo eco de esta realidad, y en su informe final hace
alusión a las necesidades que tienen los países receptores de inmigrantes originarios de
áreas endémicas para hacer frente a la enfermedad de Chagas y atender adecuadamente
a las personas afectadas, así como para evitarla transmisión de T. cruzi por vía congénita
y sanguínea (Apt Baruch et al. 2005) (Fig. 1.1 3).
Fig. 1.1-3. Distribución de casos de infección por T. cruzi basado en estimaciones oficiales. Fuente:
World Health Organization (World Health Organization 2010).
8
1.2
Triatominos: origen, relaciones
características ecológicas
filogenéticas
y
diversidad
de
sus
Los triatominos pertenecen al Orden Hemíptera, Infraorden Cimicomorpha,
Superfamilia Reduvioidea, Familia Reduviidae, Subfamilia Triatominae (Grimaldi &
Engel 2005), y cuentan con más de 140 especies, agrupadas en18 géneros y cinco tribus
(Galvão et al. 2003, Schofield & Galvão 2009), las cuales presentan una gran
variabilidad en los ciclos de vida y en los hábitats que ocupan. Esta subfamilia es de
gran interés tanto ecológico, por ser uno de los pocos grupos de heterópteros que se
alimentan sobre sangre de vertebrados; como médico, por presentar una gran cantidad
de especies implicadas en la transmisión de la enfermedad de Chagas.
Son insectos hematófagos obligados, que al menos deben realizar una comida a
repleción en cada uno de los cinco estadios ninfales para completar su ciclo de vida. El
ciclo de vida de los triatominos puede dividirse en tres fases: huevo, cinco estadios
inmaduros (estadios ninfales) y adulto. En cada estadio ninfal, después de que se ha
alimentado, dependiendo del estado de desarrollo del insecto y otras variables
ambientales, ocurre la sustitución del exoesqueleto viejo por el nuevo (i.e. muda o
ecdisis), permitiendo de esta manera el crecimiento corporal del triatomino. La última
muda culmina con la metamorfosis, cuando las ninfas sufren transformaciones
morfológicas incompletas y adquieren las características del adulto: insectos
hemimetábolos (Azambuja & Garcia 1997). Si bien todos los individuos nacen sanos,
pueden contraer el parásito al alimentarse sobre la sangre de un hospedero infectado o
por contacto con las heces de otros triatominos infectados (Sanmartino et al. 2015).
En cuanto al origen de este grupo existen controversias: algunos autores
soportan la hipótesis polifilética del grupo (Schofield & Dujardin 1999, Schaefer &
Coscarón 2001), sugiriendo que los triatominos derivan de diferentes linajes de
9
ancestros redúvidos predadores y que su adaptación a la hematofagia pudo haber
ocurrido en diferentes momentos en los diferentes linajes (Bargues et al. 2000). Una de
las características más importantes de los triatominos es su alimentación ecléctica, lo
que les permite invadir nuevos hábitats y colonizar ecotopos artificiales (Alencar 1987,
Costa & Lorenzo 2009). En condiciones de laboratorio algunas especies de triatominos
han demostrados ser capaces de reproducirse con altas fecundidad y alto éxito de
eclosión aun alimentándose sobre una fuente de alimento diferente a la asociada
naturalmente (Costa & Lorenzo 2009). No obstante, bajo la hipótesis polifilética la
modificación del hábito alimenticio basal (i.e. hemolinfa de insectos) a la hematofagia
(i.e. sangre de diferentes tipos vertebrados) debería haber evolucionado en forma
paralela entre grupos y repetidas oportunidades, lo cual resulta poco probable.
En este sentido, la evolución del hábito alimenticio desde la hemolinfagia hasta
la hematofagia ha sido acompañada por la evolución de un conjunto de factores desde
morfológicos y fisiológicos hasta comportamentales, asociados a la nueva forma de
alimentación sobre hospederos vertebrados (Alves et al. 2011, Otálora-Luna et al.
2015). Como evidencia de este complejo proceso evolutivo se puede destacar la
evolución de la antitrombina, la cual disminuye la coagulación de la sangre al mismo
tiempo que reduce la respuesta del hospedero frente a las picadas del insecto,
permitiendo así una mayor duración del proceso de alimentación (Alves et al. 2011). En
este contexto, y junto con evidencias citogenéticas y moleculares, hoy en día existe un
consenso mayoritario sobre el origen monofilético de este grupo (Perez et al. 1992,
Hypša et al. 2002).
Las tres tribus más numerosas de Triatominae son Bolboderiini, Rhodniini y
Triatomini. Dentro de Bolboderiini se encuentra el linaje Belminus, el cual presenta
varios representantes en el sistema Amazonas- Orinoco; algunas especies trasandinas y
10
otras endémicas del bosque Atlántico de Brasil (Abad-Franch & Monteiro 2007).
Debido a la amplia extensión geográfica de algunas especies de este linaje, cuyo centro
de origen y diversificación cae más allá de la región del Amazonas, es posible que las
especies de Belminus hayan ocupado esta región de manera secundaria (Abad-Franch &
Monteiro 2007).
La tribu Rhodniini se encuentra naturalmente desde América Central (15º
Latitud) hasta el Noreste de Argentina (-33º Latitud), y ha sido registrada en 68 eco
regiones que abarcan desde los bosques húmedos de Centroamérica hasta las sabanas
del noreste de Argentina en la Mesopotamia, y desde las eco regiones muy húmedas
(bosques húmedos del Napo) hasta las zonas áridas (bosques secos del Perú) (AbadFranch et al. 2009).La tribu Rhodniini es monofilética (Hypša et al. 2002), conformada
por un ensamble de 19 especies mayormente arborícolas dedos géneros: Psammolestes
y Rhodnius (Lent & Wygodzinsky 1979, Galvão et al. 2003). Todas las especies dentro
del grupo "robustus" (R. robustus, R. prolixus, R. nasutus, R. neglectus, R. milesi, R.
dalessandroi, R. domesticus, incluyendo a Psammolestes) están del lado amazónico de
los Andes (cis- Andes), excepto R. neivai que es endémico de los bosques secos del este
de la provincia biogeográfica transicional de Maracaibo (sensu Morrone 2006) y
presenta poblaciones a ambos lados de los Andes (Abad-Franch et al. 2009).
La asociación ecológica cercana entre la mayoría de las especies de Rhodnius y
diferentes especies de palmeras parece reflejar un largo proceso de co-evolución (quizás
>90 millones de años) (Gaunt & Miles 2002). Las palmeras primero evolucionaron en
los bosques tropicales más húmedos, y posteriormente ocuparon de manera secundaria
las zonas más secas (Cox & Moore 2000). Por lo tanto, se cree que Rhodniini siguió su
ecotopo a lo largo de este paso evolutivo, y por lo tanto, las especies de esta tribu
habrían aparecido por primera vez en los bosques húmedos. Asimismo, el rango
11
exclusivamente Neotropical de esta tribu sugiere que probablemente ha evolucionado en
los bosques húmedos ecuatoriales del oeste de Gondwana (Abad-Franch & Monteiro
2007).
Una de las especies más relevantes desde el punto de vista epidemiológico es R.
prolixus, nativa de los bosques más secos de la cuenca del Orinoco (principalmente los
Llanos) y que eventualmente coloniza ambientes húmedos. Existen registros
esporádicos de esta especie en algunas localidades amazónicas en Brasil, Guyanas y
Colombia, y los límites sur de las poblaciones selváticas aún no han sido definidos
(Abad-Franch & Monteiro 2007). Esta especie ocupa áreas trans-Andes ya que ha sido
introducida artificialmente en Colombia, Centro América, y sudeste de México
(Dujardin et al. 1998, Monteiro et al. 2003). Su capacidad de adaptación a los géneros
de palmeras ampliamente distribuidos en Amazonia (ejemplo: Attalea) está bien
documentada y establece un potencial riesgo de dispersión hacia el sur. En los llanos
Venezolanos- Colombianos las poblaciones silvestres de R. prolixus que habitan en
Attalea contribuyen a la infestación y reinfestación de los domicilios y peridomicilios.
Rhodnius neglectus, inicialmente confundida con R. prolixus (Lent 1954), es
encontrada en palmas de la especie Acromia aculeata, en la región central de Brasil y
particularmente en el Cerrado (Barreto 1979, Teixeira et al. 2001, Gurgel-Gonçalves et
al. 2003, Gurgel-Gonçalves et al. 2004). A pesar de su amplia distribución y su
comportamiento sinantrópico (coloniza corrales de gallina y depósitos), no es
considerada una de las principales especies vectoras de la enfermedad de Chagas ya que
es principalmente ornitófila, y solo ocasionalmente se alimenta de mamíferos (Diotaiuti
& Dias 1984). Dado que R. neglectus es una de las especies colectadas más
frecuentemente por los agentes sanitarios en Brasil (Dias 2002) se cree que juega un rol
importante en el mantenimiento del ciclo silvestre de transmisión de T. cruzi (Gurgel-
12
Gonçalves et al. 2004). Rhodnius neglectus es una especie ecológicamente versátil
capaz de explotar diversos hábitats de palmas y hospederos vertebrados, principalmente
aves, en ambientes silvestres.
Respecto de R. nasutus, su distribución geográfica está restringida al noreste de
Brasil incluyendo algunos estados del Norte (Galvão et al. 2003). El área central de su
distribución corresponde al Caatinga semiárido, probablemente el bioma de Brasil
menos estudiado. Si bien el principal ecotopo natural de R. nasutus son las palmeras
Copernicia prunifera, también se la encuentra asociada A. speciosa y otras tres especies
de palmeras, y puede infestar nidos de furnáridos construidos en árboles en la región del
Caatinga donde se alimenta de aves (Lent & Wygodzinsky 1979, Sarquis et al. 2004).
Al igual que R. neglectus, esta especie coloniza esporádicamente estructuras
peridomésticas, principalmente gallineros y otras estructuras para gallina (Sarquis et al.
2004, Sarquis et al. 2006). A pesar de que se la considera una especie de relevancia
menor en cuanto a la transmisión de T. cruzi al humano, se ha encontrado que el 27% de
R. nasutus puede estar infectado con T. cruzi, lo que es significativamente más elevado
que otras especies sinantrópicas como Triatoma brasiliensis (15%) o Triatoma
pseudomaculata (18%) (Sarquis et al. 2004, Sarquis et al. 2006). Asimismo, el
porcentaje de infección con T. cruzi alcanzó entre el 17% y el 21.5% en individuos de
R. nasutus colectados en otras localidades de Brasil, presentando más del 46% de
muestras reactivas contra el suero de comadrejas (Didelphis spp.).
En cuanto a la tribu Triatomini, está conformada por 68 especies, pertenecientes
a cuatro géneros: Dipetalogaster, Eratyrus, Pastrongylus y Triatoma (Galvão & Justi
2015). Dentro del género Eratyrus, se encuentra E.mucronatus que habitualmente ocupa
cuevas de mamíferos y huecos de los árboles a lo largo de la cuenca AmanozasOrinoco (Molina et al. 2000, Abad-Franch et al. 2001, Vivas et al. 2007). Si bien esta
13
especie ha sido reportada como selvática en Ecuador, existen reportes de colonias
domésticas en Bolivia y adultos ocasionales en domicilios en Colombia y Venezuela
(Molina et al. 2000, Abad-Franch et al. 2001, Vivas et al. 2007). En cuanto al género
Dipetalogaster, está conformado por una única especie: D. maxima encontrada
habitualmente debajo de rocas (Lent & Wygodzinsky 1979) en estrecha asociación con
lagartijas en ambientes desérticos del Hemisferio Norte.
En cuanto al género Pastrongylus, P. geniculatus se encuentra ampliamente
distribuido y es una especie fenotípicamente diversa. Sobrevive en zonas áridas
explotando hábitats protegidos y muy húmedos bajo tierra (particularmente cuevas de
armadillos) (Lent & Wygodzinsky 1979). Esta estrategia posiblemente permitió que se
dispersara desde el Amazonas hacia zonas más secas en el Noreste de Sudamérica. Una
vez en los bosques húmedos tropicales del Amazonas, P. geniculatus habría colonizado
ambientes menos protegidos como los huecos de árboles, árboles caídos, copas de las
palmas, y esporádicamente corrales de cerdos peridomésticos (Abad-Franch & Monteiro
2007).
Pastrongylus geniculatus ha sido reportada en vías de domiciliación en Brasil.
|
github_open_source_100_1_56 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | //===============================================================================================================
// System : Personal Data Interchange Classes
// File : ClassificationProperty.cs
// Author : Eric Woodruff ([email protected])
// Updated : 01/03/2019
// Note : Copyright 2004-2019, Eric Woodruff, All rights reserved
// Compiler: Microsoft Visual C#
//
// This file contains Classification property class used by the Personal Data Interchange (PDI) classes such as
// vCalendar, iCalendar, and vCard.
//
// This code is published under the Microsoft Public License (Ms-PL). A copy of the license should be
// distributed with the code and can be found at the project website: https://github.com/EWSoftware/PDI.
// This notice, the author's name, and all copyright notices must remain intact in all applications,
// documentation, and source files.
//
// Date Who Comments
// ==============================================================================================================
// 03/14/2004 EFW Created the code
// 08/19/2007 EFW Added support for vNote objects
//===============================================================================================================
using System.Text;
namespace EWSoftware.PDI.Properties
{
/// <summary>
/// This class is used to represent the access classification (CLASS) property of a vCard, vCalendar, or
/// iCalendar object. This specifies the access classification for an object such as public, private, or
/// confidential.
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>This property has no special requirements or handling. The <see cref="BaseProperty.Value"/>
/// property contains the role. This property is only valid for use with the vCard 3.0 specification, vNote,
/// vCalendar, or iCalendar objects.</remarks>
public class ClassificationProperty : BaseProperty
{
#region Properties
//=====================================================================
/// <summary>
/// This is used to establish the specification versions supported by the PDI object
/// </summary>
/// <value>Supports vCard 3.0, vCalendar 1.0, iCalendar 2.0, and IrMC 1.1</value>
public override SpecificationVersions VersionsSupported => SpecificationVersions.vCard30 |
SpecificationVersions.CalendarAll | SpecificationVersions.IrMC11;
/// <summary>
/// This read-only property defines the tag (CLASS)
/// </summary>
public override string Tag => "CLASS";
/// <summary>
/// This read-only property defines the default value type as TEXT
/// </summary>
public override string DefaultValueLocation => ValLocValue.Text;
#endregion
#region Constructor
//=====================================================================
/// <summary>
/// Constructor
/// </summary>
public ClassificationProperty()
{
}
#endregion
#region Methods
//=====================================================================
/// <summary>
/// This is overridden to allow cloning of a PDI object
/// </summary>
/// <returns>A clone of the object</returns>
public override object Clone()
{
ClassificationProperty o = new ClassificationProperty();
o.Clone(this);
return o;
}
/// <summary>
/// The specifications do not allow parameters for this property. Any parameters are ignored.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="sb">The StringBuilder to which the parameters are appended</param>
public override void SerializeParameters(StringBuilder sb)
{
}
/// <summary>
/// The specifications do not allow parameters for this property. Any parameters are ignored.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="parameters">The parameters for the property</param>
public override void DeserializeParameters(StringCollection parameters)
{
}
#endregion
}
}
|
US-201314410582-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Method for accelerating a hybrid vehicle
ABSTRACT
A method for accelerating a vehicle driving forward, in which the vehicle has a propulsion system including a combustion engine with an output shaft ( 2 a ), a gearbox ( 3 ) with an input shaft ( 3 a ), an electric machine ( 9 ) comprising a stator and a rotor, and a planetary gear comprising a sun gear ( 10 ), a ring gear ( 11 ) and a planet wheel carrier ( 12 ). When accelerating the vehicle the torque of the electric machine is controlled and the rotational speed of the combustion engine is controlled until the components of the planetary gear have the same rotational speed and may be interlocked.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is a 35 U.S.C. §§ 371 National Phase conversion of PCT/SE2013/050778, filed Jun. 26, 2013, which claims priority of Swedish Patent Application No. 1250699-4, filed Jun. 27, 2012, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein. The PCT International Application was published in the English language.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION AND PRIOR ART
The present invention relates to a method for accelerating a vehicle driving forward wherein the method is started when the vehicle is driving forward.
The invention is especially but not exclusively directed to carrying out such a method for motor vehicles in the form of wheeled utility vehicles, especially heavy vehicles, such as trucks and buses.
Accordingly, the invention relates to a method for accelerating a hybrid vehicle driving forward, such vehicle is generally a vehicle which may be driven by a primary engine, here a combustion engine, and by a secondary engine, here an electric machine. The electric machine is suitably provided with means for storing energy, such as a battery or a capacitor for storing electric energy, and with regulating equipment for regulating the flow of electrical energy between the storing means and the electric machine. The electric machine may by this flow operate as a motor or a generator, depending upon the state of operation of the vehicle. When the vehicle is braked, the electric machine generates electrical energy which may be stored, and the electrical energy stored may later be utilized for, for example, driving the vehicle.
The utilization of a conventional clutch mechanism disconnecting the input shaft of the gearbox with respect to the combustion engine during the gearchanging process in the gearbox results in disadvantages, such as heating of the discs of the clutch mechanism, which results in an increased fuel consumption and wear of the clutch discs. Considerable losses are then also caused when starting the vehicle. Furthermore, a conventional clutch mechanism is comparatively heavy and costly. It requires also a comparatively large space in the vehicle. Friction losses are also created when using a hydraulic converter/torque transformer usually used in automatic gearboxes. The conventional clutch mechanism and the disadvantages associated therewith may be avoided by providing that vehicle with a propulsion system in which the output shaft of the combustion engine, the rotor of the electric machine and the input shaft of the gearbox are interconnected by a planetary gear. A vehicle having a propulsion system of this type is known through EP 1 319 546.
There is of course an ongoing attempt to improve the way to drive a vehicle having such a propulsion system with respect to energy efficiency and to regenerate as much as possible of the brake energy when braking the vehicle.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The object of the present invention is to provide a method of the type defined in the introduction hereof.
By controlling the electric machine with respect to torque and controlling the combustion engine with respect to rotational speed during the entire method, the first rotational speed and the rotation of the first component connected to the output shaft of the combustion engine will approach each other until the interlocking may take place. This occurs without any torque interruption in the drivetrain formed by the propulsion system of the vehicle. The driver of the vehicle will not notice the transfer from a free to a locked planetary gear through the method. Reasons for a transfer from free to locked planet gear may, for example, be that from the energy point of view, it is more advantageous to drive in the locked position in the existing driving situation or else energy stored for driving the electric machine starts to run out.
According to an embodiment of the invention the method is carried out for a vehicle having a propulsion system with the sun gear as the first component and the ring gear as the third component. Such a propulsion system is described in unpublished SE 1051384-4. It has a number of advantages with respect to a propulsion system according to EP 1 319 546 mentioned above, which has the ring gear as the first component and the sun gear as the third component. A compact construction making it easy to build in spaces that already exist for drive trains (propulsion systems) having clutch mechanisms instead of planetary gears is obtained by connecting the electric machine with the ring gear and the output shaft of the combustion engine with the sun gear. A hybridized gearbox may by this be made of a size and weight compatible with a standard gearbox and standardized interfaces may be maintained. This means that the weight increase normally associated with a hybridization may be reduced considerably. Another advantage is that a connection of the electric machine with the ring gear means a higher possible brake torque through this than would be obtained if the electric machine is instead connected to the sun gear.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the rotational speed of the input shaft of the gearbox is measured in a step and the combustion engine is controlled to change the rotational speed the combustion engine in the direction towards this rotational speed. This provides a comparatively simple and reliable control of the combustion engine to the state in which the locking means may be transferred to the locking position.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the method is started in a state of the propulsion system with a rotational speed of the first component being lower than a first rotational speed, and the combustion engine is controlled to increase its rotational speed in the direction towards the first rotational speed. The rotational speed of the first component which is connected to the output shaft of the combustion engine is usually lower than the first rotational speed, and by then controlling the combustion engine to increase its rotational speed for obtaining the locking position, the combustion engine contributes to the requested acceleration of the vehicle.
According to another embodiment of the invention the sun gear and the planet wheel carrier are interlocked. This is an advantageous position for carrying out their interlocking. Less torque is transferred by this through the planetary gear wheels. Only the torque of the electric machine is then transferred through these gear wheels.
The invention also relates to a computer program in a computer program product having the features disclosed herein and an electronic control unit having the features disclosed herein.
Other advantageous features and advantages of the invention appear from the description following below.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
With reference to the appended drawings, below follows a specific description of an embodiment of the invention cited as an example.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a very simplified view of a drivetrain of a vehicle for which a method according to the invention may be carried out,
FIG. 2 is a still simplified but more detailed view of a part of a said propulsion system,
FIG. 3 is a principle sketch of an electronic control unit for implementing a method according to the invention,
FIG. 4 shows how the rotational speed for a combustion engine shaft is connected to the planetary gear of the propulsion system according to FIG. 2 and the input shaft to the gearbox and the vehicle speed and the torque of the electric machine vary over time when carrying out a method according to an embodiment of the invention for accelerating a vehicle driving forward, and
FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method according to an embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF AN EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 shows a drivetrain for a heavy vehicle 1. The drivetrain comprises a combustion engine 2, a gearbox 3, a number of drive shafts 4 and drive wheels 5. The drivetrain has between the combustion engine 2 and the gearbox 3 an intermediate portion 6. FIG. 2 shows in more detail the components in the intermediate portion 6. The combustion engine 2 is provided with an output shaft 2 a and the gearbox 3 with an input shaft 3 a in the intermediate portion 6. The output shaft 2 a of the combustion engine is arranged coaxially with respect to the input shaft 3 a of the gearbox. The output shaft 2 a of the combustion engine and the input shaft 3 a of the gearbox are arranged to rotate around a common rotation axis 7. The intermediate portion 6 comprises a housing 8 enclosing an electric machine 9 and a planetary gear. The electric machine 9 comprises as usual a stator 9 a and a rotor 9 b. The stator 9 a comprises a stator core secured in a suitable way on the inner side of the housing 8. The stator core comprises stator windings. The electric machine 9 is adapted to in certain operation situations utilize electric energy stored for supplying drive power to the input shaft 3 a of the gearbox and in other operation situations utilize kinetic energy of the input shaft 3 of the gearbox for generating and storing electric energy.
The planetary gear is arranged substantially radially internally of the stator 9 a and the rotor 9 b of the electric machine. The planetary gear comprises as usual a sun gear 10, a ring gear 11 and a planet wheel carrier 12. The planet wheel carrier 12 carries a number of gear wheels 13 rotatably arranged in a radial space between the teeth of the sun gear 10 and the ring gear 11. The sun gear 10 is secured to a circumferential surface of the output shaft 2 a of the combustion engine. The sun gear 10 and the output shaft 2 a of the combustion engine rotate as a unit with a first rotational speed n₁. The planet wheel carrier 12 comprises a fastening portion 12 a fastened to a circumferential surface of the input shaft 3 a of the gearbox by means of a splined connection 14. The planet wheel carrier 12 and the input shaft 3 a of the gearbox may by means of this connection rotate as a unit with a second rotational speed n₂. The ring gear 11 comprises an external circumferential surface onto which the rotor 9 b is secured. The rotor 9 b and the ring gear 11 form a rotatable unit rotating with a third rotational speed n₃.
The propulsion system comprises a locking means. The output shaft 2 a of the combustion engine is provided with a displaceable coupling member 15. The coupling member 15 is fastened to the output shaft 2 a of the combustion engine by means of a splined connection 16. The coupling member 15 is in this case fixed against rotation to the output shaft 2 a of the combustion engine and displaceable in the axial direction on the output shaft 2 a of the combustion engine. The coupling member 15 comprises a coupling portion 15 a connectable to a coupling portion 12 b of the planet wheel carrier 12. A displacing member 17 schematically shown displaces the coupling member 15 between a first position, in which the coupling portions 15 a, 12 b are not mutually engaged which corresponds to a releasing position of the locking means and a to a second position in which the coupling portions 15 a, 12 b are mutually engaged which correspond to a locking position of the locking, the output shaft 2 a of the combustion engine and the input shaft 3 a of the gearbox will in this locking position be interlocked and these and the rotor of the electric machine will by that rotate with the same rotational speed. This state may be called locked planet.
The locking mechanism may also comprise a sleeve provided with first splines which in the releasing position engage second splines on a first component of the planetary gear and in the locking position engage third splines on a second component of the planetary gear. The first component is in this case preferably the planet wheel carrier and the second component the sun gear. The locking mechanism may then be designed as a sleeve with a ring shape enclosing the planet wheel carrier substantially concentrically.
An electric control unit 18 is designed to control the displacing member 17. The control unit 18 is also configured to decide on which occasions the electric machine shall operate as a motor and on which occasions it shall operate as a generator. The control unit 18 may for deciding this receive current information about suitable operation parameters. The control unit 18 may be a computer with software for this task. The control unit 18 controls a regulating equipment 19 schematically shown, which regulates the flow of electric energy between a hybrid battery 20 and the stator windings 9 a of the electric machine. On occasions when the electric machine 9 operates as a motor stored electric energy is supplied from the hybrid battery 20 to the stator 9 a. On occasions on which the electric machine operates as a generator, electric energy is supplied from the stator 9 a to the hybrid battery 20. The hybrid battery 20 delivers and stores electric energy with a voltage being on the order of 200-800 volts. Since the intermediate portion 6 between the combustion engine 2 and the gearbox 3 in a vehicle is restricted, it is required that the electric machine 9 and the planetary gear constitute a compact unit. The components 10, 11, 12 of the planetary gear are here arranged substantially radially internally of the stator 9 a of the electric machine. The rotor 9 b of the electric machine, the ring gear 11 of the planetary gear, the output shaft 2 a of the combustion engine and the input shaft 3 a of the gearbox are here arranged to rotate around a rotation axis 5 in common. Through such a design, the electric machine 9 and the planetary gear occupy a comparatively small space. The vehicle 1 is provided with a motor control function 21 through which the rotational speed n₁ of the combustion engine 2 may be regulated. Therefore, the control unit 18 has a possibility to activate the motor control function 21 and create a state of zero torque in the gearbox when gears in the gearbox 3 are engaged and disengaged. Instead of being controlled by one single control unit 18, the propulsion system may of course be controlled by several different control units.
FIG. 5 shows a flow chart illustrating a method according to an embodiment of the present invention for accelerating a vehicle driving forward, in which this vehicle has a propulsion system of the type shown in FIG. 2. Reference is at the same time made to FIG. 4, where the rotational speeds of the output shaft of the combustion engine and the input shaft of the gearbox n₁ and n₂, respectively, the speed v of the vehicle and the torque M of the electric machine are plotted versus the time for carrying out this method.
The vehicle is driven forward with the locking means in the releasing position and a forward gear engaged when the method is started. This means that all three components of planetary gear are allowed to rotate with different rotational speeds. The reason for driving the vehicle in this way may for example be that a gear-change has taken place in the gearbox, which had been advantageous to carry out with the planetary gear in the released state or that the vehicle is driven with a comparatively high speed and the combustion engine is driven at low rotational speeds since this is advantageous from the energy consumption point of view. A need to accelerate the vehicle and change to drive with the planetary gear in the locking position is then detected, for example because the energy level in a battery providing the electric machine with energy starts to run out.
The method is then started by the control unit 18, which at the time t₁ controls the electric machine 9 to deliver a torque M corresponding to the product of on one hand the propulsion system torque requested for the acceleration and on the other the transmission ratio of the planetary gear. The transmission ratio of the planetary gear is in this case the number of teeth of the ring gear/(the number of teeth of the sun gear+the number of teeth of the ring gear). The rotational speed n₂ of the input shaft of the gearbox is at the same time measured and the combustion engine is controlled to change the rotational speed n₁ in the direction towards the rotational speed of the input shaft of the gearbox.
The rotational speeds n₁ and n₂ are at the time t₂ substantially equal, and the locking means is then transferred to the locking position by displacing the coupling member 15, whereupon the sun gear, the ring gear and the planet wheel carrier of the planetary gear will rotate with the same rotational speed and the vehicle will drive as if the planetary gear does not exist. Substantially equal means here that the difference between the rotational speeds is so small that an interlocking may take place.
Computer program code for implementing a method according to the invention is suitably included in a computer program which is readable into a non-volatile internal memory of a computer, such as the internal memory of an electronic control unit of a motor vehicle. Such a computer program is suitably provided through a computer program product comprising a non-volatile data storing medium readable by an electronic control unit, which data storing medium has the computer program stored thereon. Said data storing medium is for example an optical data storing medium in the form of a CD-ROM-disc, a DVD-disc, etc., a magnetic data storing medium in the form of a hard disc, a diskette, a tape etc., or a Flash memory or a memory of the type ROM, PROM, EPROM or EEPROM.
FIG. 3 illustrates very schematically an electronic control unit 40 comprising an execution means 41, such as a central processor unit (CPU), for executing a computer program. The execution means 41 communicates with a non-volatile memory 42, for example of the type RAM, through a data bus 43. The control unit 40 comprises also a data storing medium 44, for example in the form of a Flash memory or a memory of the type ROM, PROM, EPROM or EEPROM. The execution means 41 communicates with the data storing medium 44 through a data bus 43. A computer program comprising computer program code stored in the non-volatile memory for implementing a method according to the invention, for example in accordance with the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5, is stored on the data storing medium 44.
The invention is of course not in any way restricted to the embodiments described above, but many possibilities to modifications thereof would be apparent to a person with skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
The locking means may be designed to interlock any two of said three components.
A transmission could be arranged between the rotor and the ring gear and also between the output shaft of the combustion engine and the sun gear, such as upstream of the shaft shown in the figures to be connected to the sun gear. The transmission last mentioned could also be formed by a variable gear.
It is also conceivable that the method is carried out for a vehicle having the ring gear as the first component and the sun gear as the third component, although the opposite would probably often be preferred through the advantages thereof mentioned above.
It is possible that the component connected to the output shaft of the combustion engine has a higher rotational speed than said first rotational speed when the method is started, and the first rotational speed could also be chosen to be the rotational speed of the component connected to the electric machine.
The invention claimed is:
1. 2. A method according to claim 1, further comprising in step b), measuring the rotational speed (n2) of the input shaft of the gearbox and controlling the combustion engine to change its rotational speed (n1) in the direction towards the rotational speed of the input shaft.
3. A method according to claim 1, further comprising starting the method in a state of the propulsion system with a rotational speed (n1) of the first component being lower than the first rotational speed (n2), and in step b), controlling the combustion engine to increase the rotational speed thereof in the direction towards the first rotational speed.
4. A method according to claim 1, further comprising in step c) interlocking the sun gear and the planet wheel carrier.
5. A computer program product comprising a non-volatile data storing medium readable by a computer the data storing medium storing a computer program comprising computer program code which causes a computer to implement a method according to claim 1 when the computer program code is executed in the computer.
6. An electronic control unit of a motor vehicle comprising execution means, a non-volatile memory connected to the execution means and a data storing medium connected to the execution means, and the computer program code of a computer program product according to claim 5 is stored on the data storing medium.
7. A vehicle comprising an electronic control unit according to claim
6..
|
1242567_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | '1초마다 Love for you'(일초마다 러브 포 유, )는 쿠라키 마이의 CD 싱글로 2008년 7월 9일에 노던 뮤직에서 발매됐다. 한국어 버전으로는 'Love For You'라는 제목으로 상지가 불렀다.
싱글반은 초회한정반(VNCM-6007)과 통상반(VNCM-6008)의 2종류로 발매되고 초회반에서는 '1초마다 Love for you'의 뮤직비디오를 수록한 DVD가 동봉되어있다.
수록곡
2008년 싱글
쿠라키 마이의 노래
명탐정 코난의 음악
2008년 노래.
|
github_open_source_100_1_57 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* Copyright 2009-2014 Pavel Ponec
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.ujorm.orm.annot;
import java.lang.annotation.*;
/**
* View is a description of database view. Use it simillary like a table.
* @see Table
*/
@Retention(value=RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target({ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.TYPE})
public @interface View {
/** A named parameter for the view name. Default value is taken from a relation key name. */
String name() default Table.NULL;
/** A shortcut for the attribute "name" of View.
* @see #name()
*/
String value() default Table.NULL;
/** View alias name. The default value is taken from a name. */
String alias() default Table.NULL;
/** Mapping a VIEW to the SQL SELECT.
* The expession <code>${SCHEMA}</code> is replaced for the real schema name in the SQL sttatement.
* @see org.ujorm.orm.metaModel.MetaSelect.SCHEMA
*/
String select() default Table.NULL;
/** Name of schema. If the value is empty than a default database schema is used. */
String schema() default Table.NULL;
}
|
237312_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | F.R.C. Ralph Maxwell Lewis (Nova Iorque, 14 de fevereiro de 1904 - San José, 12 de janeiro de 1987), famoso Rosacruz, escritor, místico; deu seqüência à obra do pai, Harvey Spencer Lewis, sendo o segundo Imperator da Ordem Rosacruz – AMORC (Antiga e Mística Ordem Rosae Crucis) para a Jurisdição Internacional das Américas, Comunidade Britânica de Nações, França, Alemanha, Holanda, Suíça, Suécia e África deste segundo Ciclo Iniciático no Ocidente, de 1939 à 1987. Na Fédération Universelle des Ordres et Sociétés Initiatiques, FUDOSI, ele era conhecido com o nome místico de Sâr Validivar
Biografia
Ralph Maxwell Lewis nasceu na Cidade de Nova Iorque, domingo, 14 de Fevereiro de 1904, às 10:30 horas. Filho do H. Spencer Lewis e de Marta Morphier Lewis, recebeu sua educação inicial em escolas da Cidade de Nova Iorque e em uma academia militar de Nova Jersey. Seu natural interesse por diversos assuntos, que só encontravam respostas convincentes nos ensinamentos da AMORC, levou-o a ingressar na Organização ainda muito cedo, cursando os seus Graus na Loja de San Francisco. Ao mesmo tempo, fez um consciencioso e sistemático estudo do pensamento filosófico de todas as épocas.
Em 1919, nesta Cidade, iniciou seus estudos de Direito e de Contabilidade, ao mesmo tempo em que se dedicava a trabalhos de escritório e a outras atividades para prover seu sustento. Desde adolescente manifestou profunda aversão pela rotina e por detalhes, embora possuísse uma incomum capacidade de organização. Já ocupações ou projetos que desafiassem sua imaginação e exigissem empreendimento criativo atraíam fortemente sua natureza. Pelos próximos quatro anos, quando o rádio ainda estava em sua infância e não havia qualquer aparelho receptor padronizado no mercado, colaborou com seu pai e outros pesquisadores em um laboratório especialmente equipado em um projeto de circuitos receptores e no aperfeiçoamento de diversos instrumentos.
Sua já mencionada aversão a detalhes deu origem a uma insatisfação mental insuperável, impelindo-o a buscar uma profissão que proporcionasse a liberdade necessária para dar vazão à sua imaginação. Foi por esse motivo que, na iminência de prestar exames para advogar no Foro, abandonou o curso de Direito. As questões abstratas começaram a exercer um fascínio cada vez maior sobre Ralph. Lia sobre oceanografia, arqueologia e geologia, especialmente os tópicos que penetravam no campo especulativo. Então, as conversas com seu pai acabaram por canalizar seu interesse para a ontologia, a metafísica e o misticismo.
Um fato muito interessante é que seu pai jamais insistiu com ele para que se tornasse membro ou estudante Rosa+Cruz. Todavia, as respostas e as explicações que recebia do pai para suas cogitações despertaram uma profunda admiração pelos ensinamentos Rosacruzes, tendo Ralph cruzado o Umbral da Ordem em 6 de Fevereiro de 1921, por permissão especial, exatamente oito dias antes de completar 17 (dezessete) anos. Passou pelos diversos Graus da Ordem na Loja de São Francisco e começou, a partir de então, a estudar, conscienciosa e sistematicamente, o pensamento filosófico de todas as épocas. Em 28 de Março de 1923 casou-se com Gladys Natishna Hammer, que ficaria conhecida de todos os Rosacruzes como Soror Gladys Lewis.
Em 1936 foi Iniciado na Ordem Rose-Croix Kabalistique e na Tradicional Ordem Martinista da Europa. Dentre as diversas distinções que recebeu, sobressaem o grau honorário de Doutor em Literatura pela Universidade de Pesquisas Anghra da Índia e a Estrela e a Cruz da Ciência, do Conselho Acadêmico Internacional.
Trabalhador incansável, foi nomeado Supremo Secretário da Ordem Rosacruz da América do Norte em 1924, sendo seu delegado em muitos eventos importantes. Em 12 de Agosto de 1939, pouco depois da transição do Dr. H. Spencer Lewis, assumiu o elevado cargo de Imperator.
Como Imperator, Ralph M. Lewis participou de Convenções Rosacruzes em quase todos os países em que a AMORC já estava estabelecida. Fundou as Grandes Lojas do Brasil, da Alemanha e do Japão. Expandiu extraordinariamente a Ordem, dando-lhe a expressão mundial que hoje possui.
Durante sua gestão, organizou e dirigiu várias expedições cinematográficas aos locais onde se desenvolveram antigas civilizações e aos berços de verdades religiosas pelo mundo. Seus filmes ainda são exibidos como atividade complementar do Museu Egípcio Rosacruz, em San José, Califórnia.
Dentre as múltiplas atividades de Ralph, contam-se a fundação da Grande Loja do Brasil, no verão de 1956, da qual, posteriormente, a Soror Maria A. Moura assumiu o cargo de Grande Mestre, e o restabelecimento da AMORC na França em 1959, onde foi instalado o Frater Christian Bernard como Grande Mestre.
Nosso Irmão Ralph foi o criador e o incentivador de várias mudanças profundas nas normas administrativas da AMORC e na bendita e bem-aceita expansão da filiação de Sanctum. É, contudo, necessário que seja destacado que, à parte de seu amor filial por seu pai e de seu espírito empreendedor, prestou-lhe sempre grande respeito e admiração e manifestou-lhe de forma inquestionável a mais irrestrita lealdade. Fez atualização das monografias, devido à novos conhecimentos científicos e etc. Também foi responsável pela construção de edifícios para o Museu Egípcio Rosacruz, em 1966. Foi montada, também, na Morada do Silêncio uma estrutura administrativa que permite, inclusive, que Rosacruzes no momento sem condições de ali ficar às próprias expensas as tenham custeadas pela Ordem.
Ralph M. Lewis passou pela transição no dia 12 de Janeiro de 1987, deixando a Ordem Rosacruz - AMORC estruturada em todo o mundo. Após a transição de Ralph,o Frater Gary L. Stewart, foi instalado como Imperator da Ordem Rosacruz, AMORC, o qual foi sucedido pelo então Grande Mestre da França Christian Bernard.Atualmente, o Imperator da Antiga e Mística Ordem Rosae Crucis é o Frater Claudio Mazzucco.
Imperators da AMORC no Segundo Ciclo Iniciático
Harvey Spencer Lewis (1909 - 1939)
Ralph Maxwell Lewis (1939 - 1987)
Gary L. Stewart (1987 - 1990)
Christian Bernard (1990 - 2019)
Claudio Mazzucco (2019 - presente)
Ligações externas
RALPH MAXWELL LEWIS - Linha Cronológica
RALPH MAXWELL LEWIS - Biografia
Bibliografia
BERNARD, Raymond. Fragmentos da sabedoria Rosacruz. 2ª ed. Copyright © 1974 by Ancient Mystical Order Rosæ Crucis – AMORC, San Jose, California, EUA. Coordenação de Maria A. Moura, FRC. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Renes, s.d.
LEWIS, H. Spencer. Manual Rosacruz. 6ª ed. Copyright © 1918 by Ancient Mystical Order Rosæ Crucis – AMORC, San Jose, California, EUA. Coordenação de Maria A. Moura, FRC. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Renes, s.d.
LEWIS, Ralph M. Símbolos antigos e sagrados. Copyright © 1944 by Ancient Mystical Order Rosæ Crucis – AMORC, San Jose, California, EUA. Coordenação de Maria A. Moura, FRC. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Renes, 1979.
Rosacruzes
Pessoas relacionadas ao esoterismo ou ocultismo.
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http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/second+level+view?ReadForm&prodno=1350.0&viewtitle=Australian%20Economic%20Indicators~Oct%202009~Previous~30/09/2009&tabname=Past%20Future%20Issues&prodno=1350.0&issue=Oct%202009&num=&view= | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Australian Bureau of Statistics
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
1350.0 - Australian Economic Indicators, Oct 2009
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 30/09/2009
Past Releases
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github_open_source_100_1_58 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package com.fudy.shop.infrastructure.db.mybatis.mapper;
import com.fudy.shop.infrastructure.db.data.UserDO;
import org.apache.ibatis.annotations.*;
import java.util.List;
public interface UserMapper {
String NO_ID_COLUMNS = "created_time,modified_time,user_name,nick_name,password,phone,salt";
String COLUMNS = "id," + NO_ID_COLUMNS;
@Select("select " + COLUMNS + " from user where user_name = #{userName}")
UserDO select(@Param("userName") String userName);
@Select("select " + COLUMNS + " from user where phone = #{phone}")
UserDO selectByPhone(@Param("phone") String phone);
@Select("select " + COLUMNS + " from user limit 200")
List<UserDO> selectList();
@Options(useGeneratedKeys = true, keyProperty = "id", keyColumn = "id")
@Insert("insert into user("+NO_ID_COLUMNS+") values(now(), now(), #{userName}, #{nickName}, " +
"#{password}, #{phone}, #{salt})")
void insert(UserDO userDO);
@Update("update user set modified_time=now(), nick_name=#{nickName}, password=#{password}, " +
"phone=#{phone}, salt=#{salt} where user_name = #{userName}")
void update(UserDO userDO);
@Delete("delete from user where user_name = #{userName}")
void delete(@Param("userName") String userName);
}
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http://www.creativeapplications.net/news/interactivos12-dublin-hack-the-city-cfp/ | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Please disable AdBlock. CAN is an ad-supported site that takes hundreds of hours and thousands of dollars to sustain. Read More.
Interactivos?’12 Dublin: Hack the City (Call for Proposals)
Interactivos?09 – Garage Science, photo: Alejandro Tamayo
A call for proposals for the upcoming instalment of Medialab-Prado’s excellent Interactivos? research platform has been posted and it looks quite promising. ”Interactivos?’12 Dublin: Hack the City. Current and Future Needs” is being produced in collaboration with Science Gallery to facilitate the production of projects that engage urban infrastructure and discourse. The key questions being asked by this endeavour are how can the urban environment be hacked and how can artists and technologists change the everyday experience of the city? The incubator aspires to “move citizen science out of the garage/prototype stage and onto the street” through the development of several projects over the course of a two week intensive workshop in Dublin this summer (July 11-26). The two organizations have put out a call seeking projects for development and will later be searching for collaborators.
The following text is culled from the Interactivos?12 call, where Medialab-Prado/Science Gallery describe the focus of the types of projects they are looking for:
• Crowd Sourcing Public Data: Crowding sourcing is a means for cities citizens to improve services, however collating, mediating and providing meaningful feedback through crowd sourced data is a considerable challenge. We are seeking proposals that focus on how to crowd source data, visualize it in meaningful ways and provide feedback to both citizens and councils.
• Wellbeing: What constitutes our sense of wellbeing in a city? Is it the way in which your street is organized, or access to resources, green spaces etc. or is it how well you know your neighbour? Within this section we are seeking proposals that address ideas focused on wellbeing, social bonds, and cohesion and community reliance.
• Open Data Services: Over the last 18 months Dublin City Council and its local authorities have made significant advances in opening up their data. Between dublinked.ie and the Fingal Open Data there are now 200+ datasets online. We are interested in receiving projects, which utilise this data for artistic purposes and interventions on key areas of interest including projects that focus on transport and energy.
Given there is funding available for travel and lodging and organizational support to build teams of collaborators, this is a really great opportunity to develop projects that engage the city (and few organizations can incubate projects like Medialab-Prado). Note the various links related to the call below.
Call for Projects: Interactivos?’12 Dublin: Hack the City. Current and Future Needs
Project Submission Form
Medialab-Prado / Science Gallery
Posted on: 27/04/2012
Posted in: News
Post tags:.
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1921256_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | 301 B.R. 651 (2003)
In the Matter of LERNOUT & HAUSPIE SPEECH PRODUCTS, N.V., et al., Debtors.
Nos. 00-4397 to 00-4399.
United States Bankruptcy Court, D. Delaware.
June 10, 2003.
*652 Ira S. Dizengoff, Esq., James R. Savin, Esq., Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, New York City, Francis A. Monaco, Esq., Joseph J. Bodnar, Esq., Monzack & Monaco, Wilmington, DE, for Creditors' Committee.
Luc A. Despins, Esq., Matthew Barr, Esq., Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy, LLP, New York City, Robert J. Dehney, Esq., Morris, Nichols, Arsht & Tunnell, Wilmington, DE, for Debtors.
Brett D. Fallon, Esq., Douglas N. Candeub, Esq., Morris, James, Hitchens & Williams, Wilmington, DE, for KPMG LLP.
James L. Garrity, Jr., Shearman & Sterling, New York City, Brendan L. Shannon, Esq., Young, Conaway, Stargatt & Taylor, Wilmington, DE, for Stonington.
Michael S. Etkin, Esq., Lowenstein Sandler, Roseland, NJ, for Rocker.
OPINION ON CONFIRMATION
JUDITH H. WIZMUR, Bankruptcy Judge.
The Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors ("Committee") submitted a proposed plan of liquidation on March 11, 2003. The proposed plan seeks to allocate the debtor's assets between this Chapter 11 case and the liquidation proceeding involving the debtor which is pending in Belgium. Objections to confirmation[1] were filed by Stonington[2] and Rocker[3]. *653 Oral argument was considered and the Committee's plan confirmed on May 29, 2003. The decision rendered herein supplements and clarifies my oral determination to confirm the Committee's plan.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Lernout & Hauspie Speech Products N.V. ("L & H NV") was formed in Belgium in 1987 as a speech and language technology company. Beginning in 1996, L & H NV began a period of acquisition and expansion. In May 2000, through a series of mergers, L & H NV acquired 96% of the stock of Dictaphone Corporation ("Dictaphone") from Stonington in exchange for L & H common stock. On June 7, 2000, L & H NV obtained Dragon Systems, Inc. through a merger with its own wholly owned subsidiary, L & H Holdings, also in exchange for L & H NV common stock. In the spring of 2000, L & H NV common stock had a market capitalization value in excess of $8 billion dollars.
On August 8, 2000, an article appeared in the Wall Street Journal questioning the integrity of L & H NV's financial statements. On August 31, 2000, apparently in response to articles in the Wall Street Journal, the SEC commenced a formal investigation of the debtor's financial circumstances. On November 15, 2000, KPMG announced that L & H NV's financial statements for 1998 and 1999 were not reliable and required restatement. Several European banks declared defaults against the debtor and accelerated the amounts outstanding. Various legal actions were commenced by Rocker and Stonington, and two class action suits were started in the Massachusetts District Court. By November 2000, when trading on the NASDAQ was suspended, L & H NV's value had fallen to $890 million.
On November 27, 2000, Stonington commenced an action in Delaware Chancery Court against L & H NV and several of its former officers and directors, alleging that the acquisition of Dictaphone for L & H stock was obtained by fraud. The state court action was later removed to the District Court. On November 28, 2000, Stonington obtained an order in Belgium directing L & H NV to turn over its shares of Dictaphone.
One day later, on November 29, 2000, L & H NV filed a voluntary petition under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware. L & H Holdings and Dictaphone filed separate Chapter 11 cases on the same day. A joint administration order was entered on December 5, 2000.[4] On December 1, 2000, L & H NV commenced an adversary proceeding, number 00-01998, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against Stonington.
On December 13, 2000, the United States Trustee appointed an Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors ("the Committee") for the combined cases of L & H NV, L & H Holdings and Dictaphone. At the request of the Dictaphone creditors, a separate committee was later appointed in the Dictaphone case on March 31, 2001.
On November 29, 2000, L & H NV also commenced a bankruptcy reorganization proceeding, called a "Concordat", in Belgium (the "Belgian case"). The first Concordat reorganization proceeding was rejected by the Belgian court on December 8, 2000. The second Concordat, filed December 27, 2000, was permitted to proceed on January 5, 2001. Commissioners were appointed to oversee the management of L & H NV in the Belgian case. Ultimately, the debtor's attempts at reorganization in *654 Belgium failed, when the plan presented by the debtor in the second Concordat proceeding was rejected by the Belgian court on October 18, 2001. Thereafter, five Curators, or trustees, were appointed to oversee the liquidation of L & H NV in Belgium.
Stonington filed proofs of claim in both this case and in the Belgian proceeding. In May 2001, the debtor sought and was granted a declaratory judgment that any claim asserted by Stonington would be subject to subordination under 11 U.S.C. § 510(b). The debtor then filed a second amended complaint against Stonington on June 29, 2001, and moved for partial summary judgment. The debtor asked this court to determine that a "true conflict" existed between Belgian and U.S. bankruptcy law and that the treatment of the Dictaphone merger claims should be determined by the United States Bankruptcy Court under the Bankruptcy Code. I concluded that there was a true conflict between the applicable insolvency laws of Belgium and the United States. I determined further that the "center of gravity" of the Stonington transaction was in the United States. On August 27, 2001, I granted declaratory and injunctive relief to the debtor, directing that the priority, treatment and classification of the Dictaphone merger claims would be determined by this court and that Stonington was enjoined from litigating the issue before the Belgian court. The District Court affirmed on September 17, 2001. Lernout & Hauspie Speech Products N.V. v. Stonington Partners, Inc., 268 B.R. 395 (D.Del.2001). On appeal, the Third Circuit reversed and remanded, outlining the relevant legal principles to apply on remand to the issues of the anti-suit injunction sought by the debtor against Stonington, and the choice-of-law analysis required. Stonington Partners, Inc. v. Lernout & Hauspie Speech Products N.V., 310 F.3d 118 (3d Cir.2002). Prior to the adjudication of the remand in this court, the debtor withdrew its quest to enjoin Stonington from pursuing its claim in the Belgian proceedings, effectively rendering the resolution of the remand from the Court of Appeals moot.
Following the withdrawal of the debtor's quest for relief against Stonington, on January 27, 2003, the L & H NV Creditors' Committee filed an emergency motion to modify the debtor's exclusivity period. This court entered an order allowing the Committee to propose its own Chapter 11 plan. On March 11, 2003, the L & H NV Committee submitted a disclosure statement and a proposed plan of liquidation. The disclosure statement was approved on April 10, 2003.
PLAN PROVISIONS
The Committee's plan calls for the allocation of L & H NV's assets between the Belgian case and this Chapter 11 case. At this point, L & H NV's assets consist primarily of the cash generated from post-petition asset sales in the amount of $57,610,568, of which approximately $3.5 million is being held by the Belgian Curators. The remainder of the cash is being held in the United States. For liquidating potential causes of action belonging to the debtor, the plan establishes and provides funding for a Litigation Trust to pursue recoveries on behalf of the creditors ("Litigation Trust Beneficial Interests.").
The proposed allocation of the debtor's assets between the Belgian case and the Chapter 11 case was performed by Houlihan Lokey Howard & Zukin Capital, the investment banking/financial advisory firm retained by the Committee pursuant to this court's order. In particular, Lily L. Chu, a Senior Vice-President in the Financial Restructuring Group at Houlihan *655 Lokey, supervised the allocation process.[5] In her affidavit, Ms. Chu recites that Houlihan Lokey worked extensively with the former officers of the debtor and reviewed the debtor's documents "to allocate ownership based on, among other metrics, the location of: (a) technology development; (b) product development; (c) business operations, and (d) sales generation." Chu Affid. at 4. Post-petition cash activity was also factored in, including "(a) the repayment of DIP borrowings; (b) inter-company activities; (c) other expenses and income; and (d) estimated remaining liabilities." Id. at 5. Asset allocation and cash usage allocation charts are appended to the Committee's Disclosure Statement as Exhibits B and C.
A synthesis of the two allocation methodologies produced an allocation of 76.7%, or $44,168,734.00, to the Chapter 11 case and 23.3%, or $13,441,834.00, to the Belgium case. No objections have been filed either with respect to the methodology used in calculating the allocations, or the manner in which the methodology was applied.
Following the submission of the Committee's plan, on or about March 31, 2003, the debtor filed an "Emergency Motion" seeking authorization to pay out approximately $23 million on account of administrative expense claims incurred in Belgium during the Belgian insolvency proceedings. The Curators explained that the administrative claims, which included Belgian employee claims and various post-petition Belgian tax claims, were required to be paid under Belgian insolvency laws. The Curator's motion was withdrawn following the amendment of the Committee's plan to provide for an additional allocation to the Belgian case of $5,091,386. The plan now contemplates a transfer of $14,850,000 in cash, located in the United States, plus the $3.5 million of L & H NV's assets currently in Belgium, to the Belgian Curators to be distributed to Belgian priority claims in accordance with Belgian law. The plan provides that the claims of the Belgian priority creditors will be administered solely and exclusively in the Belgian case. The Belgian priority creditors will not participate in or receive any consideration under the Chapter 11 plan. In addition, the plan was amended to provide that creditors that filed general unsecured claims solely in the Belgian case in accordance with Belgian law may have their claims administered in the Chapter 11 case and, if consistent with the Bankruptcy Code, will have their claims allowed as Chapter 11 general unsecured claims.
The Committee's plan designates five (5) classes of claims and two (2) classes of equity interests. As is relevant here, Class 3 includes all unsecured claims other than those in Class 4 (PIERS/Old Convertible Subordinated Notes Claims) and Class 6 (Securities Law Claims), and includes general unsecured claims filed in the Belgian insolvency proceedings and general unsecured claims filed in the Chapter 11 case. Class 3 will receive a ratable portion of the available cash, estimated at 4.5%, and ninety-three percent (93%) of the Litigation Trust Beneficial Interests. The pool of unsecured creditors was estimated to be $640 million in the Disclosure Statement.[6] The claims of all Class 3 creditors, *656 including the Belgian general unsecured creditors who choose to participate in the Chapter 11 case, will be allowed and treated under the provisions of the Bankruptcy Code.
Class 6 includes Securities Law Claims, such as rescission and securities damage claims, indemnification claims or other claims related to securities violations, and includes the Rocker and Stonington claims. Class 6 claimants are impaired and are deemed to have rejected the plan. It is not expected that any distributions will be made to this class.
The plan recognizes the opportunity of all creditors to pursue their claims in this proceeding as well as before the Belgian courts, and no creditor is enjoined from doing so. The Disclosure Statement specifies that the Belgian Curators do not support the plan, but the Curators have not filed an objection to the plan, and did not object to the plan at the confirmation hearing.[7]
DISCUSSION
The requirements for confirmation of a proposed Chapter 11 plan are listed in 11 U.S.C. § 1129. The proponent bears the burden of establishing the plan's compliance with each of these requirements. In re Gulfstar Indus., Inc., 236 B.R. 75, 77 (M.D.Fla.1999); In re Genesis Health Ventures, Inc., 266 B.R. 591, 598-99 (Bankr.D.Del.2001). Creditors objecting to the proposed plan bear the burden of producing evidence to support their objection. In re Goddard, 212 B.R. 233, 239 n. 7 (D.N.J.1997); Genesis Health Ventures, Inc., 266 B.R. at 599. The Code imposes an independent duty upon the court to determine whether a plan satisfies each element of § 1129, regardless of the absence of valid objections to confirmation. In re Bolton, 188 B.R. 913, 915 (Bankr.D.Vt.1995); In re Shadow Bay Apartments, Ltd., 157 B.R. 363, 365 (Bankr.S.D.Ohio 1993).
A consensual plan requires the proponent to demonstrate that the plan satisfies all thirteen elements of section 1129(a), in which case the plan must be confirmed. Beal Bank, S.S.B. v. Waters Edge L.P., 248 B.R. 668, (D.Mass.2000). A nonconsensual plan requires the proponent to prove all but one of the thirteen elements, that all classes consent or are unimpaired, 11 U.S.C. § 1129(a)(8), plus the additional requirements of section 1129(b), including the requirements that the plan does not unfairly discriminate against dissenting classes and that treatment of such dissenting classes is fair and equitable. Although Class 3 creditors nearly unanimously consented to the plan,[8] the plan is not consensual as to Class 6 Securities Law Claimants.
We need not address each of the uncontested requirements of section 1129(a) and (b) with respect to the Committee's plan. I readily conclude that this liquidating plan satisfies the requirements of sections 1129(a)(2) and (a)(4) through (a)(7), and (a)(9) through (a)(13), as each of these sections is relevant here. I rely as well on my rulings on the record at the confirmation hearing, which highlighted, among *657 other things, the best interest of creditor test under (a)(7), and the feasibility requirement of (a)(11). I focus instead on the concerns raised by the objectors to the plan, which implicate the plan's compliance with sections 1129(a)(3) and 1129(b).
Stonington has filed claims in both the Belgian case and the Chapter 11 case. Stonington objects to the Committee's proposal to allocate assets between this Chapter 11 case and the Belgian case, without the consent or approval of the Belgian Curators, because the plan "would accomplish exactly the opposite result to that urged by the Third Circuit" in its November 2002 decision. Stonington Obj. at 4. Stonington argues that the plan "would substantially interfere with the independent jurisdiction of the Belgian Court in a manner that is not warranted by any countervailing U.S. law or policy," in violation of international comity principles, would treat similarly situated creditors in the two proceedings unfairly and contrary to Code requirements, and would enjoin Stonington and others who filed claims in both places from pursuing their claims. Stonington Obj. at 5. Stonington's confirmation objections regarding international comity concerns focus on 11 U.S.C. § 1129(a)(3) requirements, while its concerns regarding the treatment of similarly situated creditors in Belgian and the United States pertain to the proscription under 11 U.S.C. § 1129(b) against unfair discrimination. Rocker, which is similarly situated to Stonington as a Class 6 Securities Law Claimant, joins in Stonington's objection.
1. Section 1129(a)(3).
Section 1129(a)(3) requires that the "plan has been proposed in good faith and not by any means forbidden by law." 11 U.S.C. § 1129(a)(3). Although the Code does not define "good faith" in the section 1129(a)(3) context, the term has been defined alternatively as requiring: (1) that the proposed plan foster a result consistent with the Code's objectives, In re Sylmar Plaza, L.P., 314 F.3d 1070, 1074 (9th Cir.2002) (must fairly "achieve [ ] a result consistent with the objectives and purposes of the Code"); In re PWS Holding Corp., 228 F.3d 224, 242 (3d Cir.2000); (2) that the plan have been proposed with honesty and good intentions and with a basis for expecting that reorganization can be effected, In re Piper Aircraft Corp., 244 F.3d 1289, 1300 (11th Cir.2001); In re T-H New Orleans L.P., 116 F.3d 790, 802 (5th Cir.1997); or (3) that there was a fundamental fairness in dealing with the creditors, In re WCI Cable, Inc., 282 B.R. 457, 484 (Bankr.D.Or.2002).
Stonington contends that the Committee's plan violates 1129(a)(3) because it circumvents the Third Circuit's decision in Stonington Partners, Inc. v. Lernout & Hauspie Speech Products, N.V., supra, and is violative of the international comity principles highlighted by the Circuit. The proposed allocation of assets between the United States Chapter 11 case and the Belgian case, which appears to leave the Belgian Curators with only enough funds to reach Belgian priority creditors, "will effectively divest the Belgian Court of any meaningful jurisdiction, other than the oversight of priority claims there." T55-20 through 22 (May 29, 2003). Stonington urges that the existence of dual plenary bankruptcy proceedings in the United States and Belgium mandates that serious and diligent efforts be exerted to administer the assets of the debtor in the context of a single coordinated plan. Without such efforts to harmonize the conflicting interests of the two jurisdictions, a Chapter 11 plan which undertakes to allocate the debtor's assets between the two cases cannot be confirmed.
*658 In Stonington Partners, Inc., the Third Circuit stressed its "serious concern for comity" in the international arena, "particularly appropriately applied in the bankruptcy context", 310 F.3d at 126, and the need for "coordination of the two plenary proceedings," to accommodate international comity considerations. Id. at 132. The court described international comity as the "`recognition which one nation extends within its own territory to the legislative, executive or judicial acts of another . . . [that] should be withheld only when its acceptance would be contrary or prejudicial to the interest of the nation called upon to give it effect.'" Id. at 126 (quoting Somportex Ltd. v. Philadelphia Chewing Gum Corp., 453 F.2d 435, 440 (3d Cir.1971)). Referencing the use of a "protocol" in the Maxwell case (referring to In re Maxwell Commun. Corp., 93 F.3d 1036 (2d Cir.1996)), an agreement between administrators in the United States and England which facilitated "the first world-wide plan of orderly liquidation ever achieved," Maxwell, 93 F.3d at 1042, the Circuit "strongly recommend [ed] . . . that an actual dialog occur or be attempted between the courts of the different jurisdictions in an effort to reach an agreement as to how to proceed or, at the very least, an understanding as to the policy considerations underpinning salient aspects of the foreign laws." Id. at 133. The court opined that "`bankruptcy courts may best be able to effectuate the purposes of the bankruptcy law by cooperating with foreign courts on a case-by-case basis.'" Id. (quoting Maxwell, 93 F.3d at 1053).
The "actual dialog" between this court and the Belgian court recommended by the Court of Appeals did not take place prior to this confirmation proceeding. Earlier in the case, before the Court of Appeals issued its Stonington opinion, the parties had engaged in some efforts to coordinate the proceedings. According to a letter report from Luc A. Despins, Esquire, of Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy LLP, debtor's counsel herein, dated January 15, 2003, a draft protocol was sent in May 2001 to the Commissioners appointed in L & H NV's Belgian Concordat case. Mr. Despins reported that no written response to the draft was received. He reported further that "during at least two conference calls, the Commissioners advised the undersigned that such a protocol could not be adopted by a Belgian Court because to do so would be violative of Belgian `public order.'" Letter dated January 15, 2003 at 1.
Following the issuance of the Stonington opinion by the Court of Appeals, the coordination of the two bankruptcy proceedings was discussed during several case conferences.[9] At the conference held on December 6, 2002, special counsel for L & H NV in Belgium was instructed to make contact with the President of the Eper Commercial Court. In early January 2003, a letter was drafted by debtor's counsel which was intended for this court's signature and was directed to the Belgian court. The letter sought to open the lines of communication between the courts and may have paved the way for developing a protocol between the two proceedings. On January 8, 2003, the parties, including Stonington, were invited to comment on the draft correspondence. At a follow-up conference on January 24, 2003, the debtor withdrew its quest to enjoin Stonington from pursuing its claims in the Belgian case, thus rendering moot the adjudication of the remand. The Committee indicated *659 its intent to file a liquidating plan. The letter to the Belgian court was never sent. It was anticipated that the Committee's plan might avoid the conflict between the two jurisdictions. I determined to consider the Committee's plan prior to the initiation of contact with my Belgian counterpart.[10]
I cannot conclude that the limited outreach to and lack of "actual dialog" with the Belgian court in this case causes the Committee's plan to be violative of Section 1129(a)(3), or to be otherwise unconfirmable. I take very seriously the direction of the Court of Appeals in this regard, and regret that direct contact was not made. However, as the court recognized, while such cooperation "could be advantageous to the orderly administration of justice," Id. at 133, it is "not required by our case precedent or any principle of law." Id. The Creditors Committee is correct that the "true conflict" previously presented between the two proceedings, particularly the treatment of securities fraud claims like Stonington's, need no longer be resolved. No choice-of-law analysis is necessary. No anti-suit injunction is being imposed on any creditor. All parties may participate in either or both proceedings, whether they filed claims initially only in Belgium, only in the United States or in both proceedings. Most noteworthy on the issue of international comity and deference to Belgian judicial proceedings is the apparent acquiescence of the Curators to the terms of the plan. As noted above, although the Curators do not affirmatively support the plan, they have not filed an objection to the plan and did not object to the plan at the confirmation hearing. In other matters since their appointment in October 2001, the Curators, through debtor's counsel, have made their positions known. While the initial plan proposed by the Creditors Committee was pending, the Curators filed an emergency motion on March 31, 2003 to receive authorization to disburse $23 million dollars of debtor's assets to pay Belgian administrative claims. That motion was withdrawn when the Creditors Committee agreed to increase the funds to be allocated to the Belgian case by $5 million dollars, and agreed to allow Belgian general unsecured creditors to be administered as Class 3 creditors within this Chapter 11 plan. According to counsel for the Committee, the Curators' silence at the confirmation hearings signifies a plan that the curators "can live with, because if they could not live with it . . . they would have [ ] objected." T15-9 through 11 (May 29, 2003). Committee counsel reflected at oral argument that provisions of the Litigation Trust Agreement, which is established in the plan to liquidate potential causes of action belonging to the debtor, include cooperative paragraphs between the Curators and the Litigation Trustee, including mutual access to books and records in both jurisdictions, which was drafted *660 with Curator participation and cooperation. Id. at T21-23 through T22-9.
Counsel for Stonington acknowledged at the confirmation hearing that if every reasonable effort was made to harmonize the conflicting interests and to coordinate the two proceedings by the parties, by the court, or both, and if those efforts were unsuccessful, "I don't know if Stonington would have a meaningful objection at that point." Id. at T69-12 through 13. According to Stonington, to give content to the Third Circuit's direction regarding international comity considerations for dual plenary insolvency proceedings, there must be diligent effort to administer the assets as a single case. Only when such an effort is unsuccessful can this court proceed to allocate assets between the two proceedings, and to authorize the administration of the Chapter 11 assets.
I do not believe that the circumstances of this case support Stonington's argument. The Curators, who are fiduciaries of the Belgian insolvency estate, have not objected to this plan. There has been no contest regarding the methodology used in arriving at an allocation, or the manner in which it was calculated. A sophisticated, deliberate and expert process was employed to achieve the allocation. The fact that insufficient effort was undertaken by this court or by the parties to coordinate the two proceedings does not preclude a conclusion that this plan has been proposed in good faith and not by any means forbidden by law. While it is true that creditors who pursue their claims in the Belgian case will have a more limited pool of assets from which to seek a distribution than creditors who pursue their claims in the Chapter 11 case, that fact does not cause the plan to be inconsistent with Bankruptcy Code objectives or to defeat the honesty and good intentions of the plan proponent. I conclude that the plan proponent has established compliance with the good faith requirement of section 1129(a)(3).
2. Section 1129(b)(1).
Where, as here, at least one impaired class of claims has not consented to the proposed plan, the "cram down" provisions of 11 U.S.C. § 1129(b)(1) come into play. The cram down provisions require confirmation "if the plan does not discriminate unfairly, and is fair and equitable" with respect to each impaired non-consenting plan. 11 U.S.C. § 1129(b)(1). Stonington contends that the plan discriminates unfairly because similarly situated creditors in the two pending insolvency proceedings in the United States and Belgium are treated differently by the Committee's plan.
The concept of unfair discrimination is not defined under the Bankruptcy Code. Various standards have been developed by the courts to test whether or not a plan unfairly discriminates. In re Dow Corning Corp., 244 B.R. 705, 710 (Bankr.E.D.Mich.1999). See also G. ERIC BRUNSTAD, JR. AND MIKE SIGAL, "Competitive Choice Theory and the Unresolved Doctrines of Classification and Unfair Discrimination in Business Reorganizations Under the Bankruptcy Code", 55 BUS.LAW 1, 46-48 (Nov.1999) (describing various tests). The hallmarks of the various tests have been whether there is a reasonable basis for the discrimination, and whether the debtor can confirm and consummate a plan without the proposed discrimination. See, e.g., In re Ambanc La Mesa L.P., 115 F.3d 650, 656 (9th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1110, 118 S.Ct. 1039, 140 L.Ed.2d 105 (1998); In re Jim Beck, Inc., 214 B.R. 305, 307 (W.D.Va.1997), aff'd, 162 F.3d 1155 (4th Cir.1998); In re Salem Suede, Inc., 219 B.R. 922, 933 (Bankr.D.Mass.1998) ("if the plan protects the legal rights of a *661 dissenting class in a manner consistent with the treatment of other classes whose legal rights are intertwined with those of the dissenting class, then the plan does not discriminate unfairly") (quoting KENNETH N. KLEE, "All You Ever Wanted to Know About Cram Down under the New Bankruptcy Code", 53 AM.BANKR.L.J. 133, 142 (1979)); In re Crosscreek Aparts., Ltd., 213 B.R. 521, 537 (Bankr.E.D.Tenn.1997) ("at a minimum there must be a rational or legitimate basis for the discrimination and the discrimination must be necessary for the reorganization"); In re Aztec Co., 107 B.R. 585, 590 (Bankr.M.D.Tenn.1989) (describing various tests and listing cases). Other courts apply the standard only in the context of subordinated claims or interests, In re Acequia, Inc., 787 F.2d 1352, 1364 (9th Cir.1986), or require similarly situated creditors to receive their "exact aliquot distribution". In re Greystone III Joint Venture, 102 B.R. 560, 571 n. 16 (Bankr.W.D.Tex.1989), aff'd, 127 B.R. 138 (W.D.Tex.1990), rev'd on other grounds, 995 F.2d 1274 (5th Cir.1991).
More recently, one court has adopted a modified test for unfair discrimination, which gives rise to:
a rebuttable presumption that a plan is unfairly discriminatory . . . when there is: (1) a dissenting class; (2) another class of the same priority; and (3) a difference in the plan's treatment of the two classes that results in either (a) a materially lower percentage recovery for the dissenting class (measured in terms of the net present value of all payments), or (b) regardless of percentage recovery, an allocation under the plan of materially greater risk to the dissenting class in connection with its proposed distribution.
In re Dow Corning Corp., 244 B.R. 696, 702 (Bankr.E.D.Mich.1999) (adopting the test proposed in BRUCE A. MARKELL, "A New Perspective on Unfair Discrimination in Chapter 11", 72 AM.BANKR.L.J. 227 (1998)). See also In re Greate Bay Hotel & Casino, Inc., 251 B.R. 213, 228-29 (Bankr.D.N.J.2000).
Here, Stonington is treated differently from general unsecured creditors in Class 3 of the plan. Its treatment as a Class 6 subordinated creditor is premised upon a declaratory judgment entered in May 2001, in this court, in favor of the debtor, which imposed mandatory subordination under 11 U.S.C. § 510(b) on Stonington's claims. The decision was based upon the fact that Stonington's claims arose from the rescission of a purchase or sale of a security of the debtor. The ruling was not appealed by Stonington. There is a legitimate basis to discriminate between Class 3 general unsecured creditors and Stonington.
As to the purported discrimination between Stonington and other Class 6 securities fraud claimants, and Belgian general unsecured creditors, no such discrimination is provided for in the Chapter 11 plan. Belgian general unsecured creditors may participate in the Chapter 11 case as Class 3 claimants. However, their claims are subject to allowance and treatment under the Bankruptcy Code. Therefore, any Belgian securities fraud claims will be treated in the same manner as Stonington and other Class 6 claimants, i.e., subordinated to Class 3 general unsecured claims.
The Committee is correct to interpret Stonington's assertion of unfair discrimination as a quest by Stonington to have its claim treated in a manner consistent with the treatment that would be afforded to its claim in the Belgian case. "The fact that under the laws of [Belgium] Stonington would be entitled to a different treatment does not mean that the plan discriminates unfairly." Committee's Memorandum of Law at 38.
*662 I highlight here the plan provision that all creditors, including creditors who have filed claims only in the Chapter 11 case, creditors who have filed only in the Belgian case, and creditors who have filed in both cases, may participate in the Chapter 11 case. They may also participate in the Belgian case. Each creditor's claim will be treated in the Chapter 11 case pursuant to the Bankruptcy Code. No party is enjoined from pursuing its claim in the Belgian case.
Based on the foregoing, I conclude that the plan proposed by the Creditors' Committee satisfies the requirements of 1129(a) and (b), and may be confirmed. In reaching this conclusion, I am mindful of and sympathetic to the circumstances of Stonington, an American ERISA fiduciary which manages institutional capital on behalf of various public and private entities, including pension funds, private endowments and financial institutions. Stonington Partners, Inc., 310 F.3d at 122. Stonington was induced, through massive fraud, by the debtor's pre-petition principals, to acquire L & H NV stock and to enter into merger agreements. There is little likelihood that Stonington will achieve any distribution from the Chapter 11 plan. Nevertheless, I have no opportunity to depart on equitable grounds from the impact of subordination under 11 U.S.C. § 510(b), or to avoid confirming a plan that otherwise comports with § 1129 requirements.
An order was entered on May 30, 2003.
NOTES
[1] The objections of several parties, including KPMG LLP, Charles Van Damme, and Innet NV, were resolved at the hearing.
[2] Stonington refers to Stonington Partners, Inc., Stonington Capital Appreciation 1994 Fund LP, and Stonington Holdings, LLC.
[3] Rocker refers to Rocker Management LLC, Rocker Partners LP, Rocker Offshore Management Co. and Compass Holdings, Ltd.
[4] Dictaphone emerged from Chapter 11 on March 28, 2002, and L & H Holdings emerged from Chapter 11 on September 23, 2002.
[5] Ms. Chu has extensive experience with global financial affairs, and with bankruptcy cases involving assets jointly administered in more than one jurisdiction. She holds an undergraduate degree in Economics from Yale University, and graduate degrees from Harvard University, including a Ph.D. in Business Economics.
[6] During oral argument at confirmation, Committee counsel estimated United States general unsecured claims to be about $400 million, and Belgian general unsecured claims to be about $70 million. On this record, I am unable to reconcile these two conflicting presentations.
[7] Counsel for the debtor-in-possession, which is now controlled by the Belgian Curators, reflected at the confirmation hearing that "the Curators do not support this plan, but have not filed an objection to it . . . [a]nd are not here standing here today objecting to the plan, or its confirmation." T52-17 through 21 (May 29, 2003).
[8] 99% in number and amount of Class 3 creditors voted to accept the plan.
[9] Telephone conferences were held on November 22 and December 6, 2002, and January 8 and January 24, 2003.
[10] Counsel for the committee stated at oral argument during the confirmation hearing that the Curators were consulted about the draft letter, and advised debtor's counsel and the Committee "unequivocally [that] this will not work." T82-8 (May 29, 2003).
|
US-201213614628-A_2 | USPTO | Public Domain | The input and output device 50 includes an input device such as akeyboard or a tablet and an output device such as a display or aprinter. A user uses the input device to enter information and obtainsresults of processing of the programs.
The network interface 44 connects the computer 39 through a network 45to a computer owned by an information provider 46, or to a database orthe like. The program according to the embodiment may be provided to thecomputer 39 from the information provider 46 through the network 45. Inthis case, the program may be temporarily stored in the storage device47 or the portable recording medium 49. After being temporarily stored,the program may be loaded into the RAM 43 and executed by the CPU 41. Inaddition, the program according to the embodiment may be executed on thecomputer owned by the information provider 46, while the computer 39 mayreceive and output data through the input and output device 50.
All examples and conditional language recited herein are intended forpedagogical purposes to aid the reader in understanding the inventionand the concepts contributed by the inventor to furthering the art, andare to be construed as being without limitation to such specificallyrecited examples and conditions, nor does the organization of suchexamples in the specification relate to a showing of the superiority andinferiority of the invention. Although the embodiments of the presentinvention have been described in detail, it should be understood thatthe various changes, substitutions, and alterations could be made heretowithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
What is claimed is:
1. A searching apparatus comprising: a memory; and aprocessor that executes a program, stored in the memory, including aprocedure, the procedure including: issuing a first instruction forsearching a first data portion included in a search scope of a searchrequest, based on the search request; issuing a second instruction forsearching a second data portion, included in the search scope, based onthe search request; and in a case that another search request, a searchscope of which includes the second data portion, is received before thesecond instruction is issued, issuing third instruction for collectivesearching, which includes obtaining data included in the second dataportion from a storage device and verifying the obtained data with bothof the search request and the another search request, instead of thesecond instruction.
2. The searching apparatus according to claim 1,wherein the procedure further includes: issuing forth instruction forsearching the first data portion based on the another search requestafter the third instruction is issued.
3. The searching apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein the procedure further includes: issuingthe second instruction and a fifth instruction for searching the seconddata portion based on the second search request, instead of the thirdinstruction, in response to estimated execution time of the collectivesearching.
4. A searching method comprising: issuing a first instructionfor searching a first data portion included in a search scope of asearch request, based on the search request; issuing a secondinstruction for searching a second data portion, included in the searchscope, based on the search request; and in a case that another searchrequest, a search scope of which includes the second data portion, isreceived before the second instruction in issued, issuing thirdinstruction for collective searching, which includes obtaining dataincluded in the second data portion from a storage device and verifyingthe obtained data with both of the search request and the another searchrequest, instead of the second instruction, by a processor.
5. Thesearching method according to claim 4, further comprising: issuing forthinstruction for searching the first data portion based on the anothersearch request after the third instruction is issued.
6. The searchingmethod according to claim 4, further comprising: issuing the secondinstruction and a fifth instruction for searching the second dataportion based on the second search request, instead of the thirdinstruction, in response to estimated execution time of the collectivesearching.
7. A computer-readable recording medium storing a searchingprogram that causes a computer to execute a procedure, the procedureincluding: issuing a first instruction for searching a first dataportion included in a search scope of a search request, based on thesearch request; issuing a second instruction for searching a second dataportion, included in the search scope, based on the search request; andin a case that another search request, a search scope of which includesthe second data portion, is received before the second instruction isissued, issuing third instruction for collective searching, whichincludes obtaining data included in the second data portion from astorage device and verifying the obtained data with both of the searchrequest and the another search request, instead of the secondinstruction.
8. The recording medium according to claim 7, wherein theprocedure further includes: issuing forth instruction for searching thefirst data portion based on the another search request after the thirdinstruction is issued.
9. The recording medium according to claim 7, theprocedure further includes: issuing the second instruction and a fifthinstruction for searching the second data portion based on the secondsearch request, instead of the third instruction, in response toestimated execution time of the collective searching..
|
github_open_source_100_1_59 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import { ApiPromise, WsProvider } from '@polkadot/api';
import { BlockNumber, Header, SessionIndex, EraIndex } from '@polkadot/types/interfaces';
import { Compact } from '@polkadot/types/codec';
import { Logger } from '@w3f/logger';
import { Text } from '@polkadot/types/primitive';
import { writeCSV } from './writeDataCSV'
import { DeriveSessionProgress } from '@polkadot/api-derive/session/types'
import { BucketGCP } from './bucketGCP'
import fs from 'fs'
import {
InputConfig, BucketUploadConfig,
} from './types';
export class Subscriber {
private chain: Text;
private api: ApiPromise;
private endpoint: string;
private sessionIndex: SessionIndex;
private exportDir: string;
private isCSVBeingWritten: boolean;
private logLevel: string;
private isBucketEnabled: boolean;
private bucket: BucketGCP;
constructor(
cfg: InputConfig,
private readonly logger: Logger) {
this.endpoint = cfg.endpoint;
this.exportDir = cfg.exportDir;
this.logLevel = cfg.logLevel;
this.isBucketEnabled = cfg.bucketUpload.enabled;
if(this.isBucketEnabled) this._initBucket(cfg.bucketUpload);
}
public async start(): Promise<void> {
await this._initAPI();
await this._initInstanceVariables();
this._initExportDir();
if(this.logLevel === 'debug') await this._triggerDebugActions()
await this._handleNewHeadSubscriptions();
}
private _initBucket(config: BucketUploadConfig): void{
this.bucket = new BucketGCP(config,this.logger)
}
private async _initAPI(): Promise<void> {
const provider = new WsProvider(this.endpoint);
this.api = await ApiPromise.create({ provider });
this.chain = await this.api.rpc.system.chain();
const [nodeName, nodeVersion] = await Promise.all([
this.api.rpc.system.name(),
this.api.rpc.system.version()
]);
this.logger.info(
`You are connected to chain ${this.chain} using ${nodeName} v${nodeVersion}`
);
}
private _initExportDir(): void{
if (!fs.existsSync(this.exportDir)) {
fs.mkdirSync(this.exportDir)
}
if(!this._isDirEmpty(this.exportDir)){
this._uploadToBucket()
}
}
private _isDirEmpty(path: string): boolean{
return fs.readdirSync(path).length === 0
}
private async _initInstanceVariables(): Promise<void>{
this.sessionIndex = await this.api.query.session.currentIndex();
this._unlockCSVWwrite()
}
private async _handleNewHeadSubscriptions(): Promise<void> {
this.api.rpc.chain.subscribeNewHeads(async (header) => {
this._writeCSVHandler(header)
})
}
private async _triggerDebugActions(): Promise<void>{
this.logger.debug('debug mode active')
await this._triggerDebugCSVWrite();
this._uploadToBucket()
}
private async _triggerDebugCSVWrite(): Promise<void> {
const deriveSessionProgress = await this.api.derive.session.progress();
await this._writeCSV(deriveSessionProgress.currentEra, this.sessionIndex, (await this.api.rpc.chain.getHeader()).number);
}
private async _writeCSVHandler(header: Header): Promise<void> {
const deriveSessionProgress = await this.api.derive.session.progress();
if (this._isEndSessionBlock(deriveSessionProgress) && !this.isCSVBeingWritten) {
await this._writeCSV(deriveSessionProgress.currentEra, deriveSessionProgress.currentIndex, header.number);
}
}
private async _writeCSV(eraIndex: EraIndex, sessionIndex: SessionIndex, blockNumber: Compact<BlockNumber>): Promise<void> {
const network = this.chain.toString().toLowerCase()
const request = {api:this.api,network,exportDir:this.exportDir,eraIndex,sessionIndex,blockNumber}
this._lockCSVWrite()
writeCSV(request, this.logger)
}
private _isEndSessionBlock(deriveSessionProgress: DeriveSessionProgress): boolean{
if(this._isSessionChanging(deriveSessionProgress)) return false
//it starts to write from the last few blocks of the session, just to be sure to not loose any session data being the deriveSessionProgress.sessionProgress not fully reliable
//it not always reach the very last block and jumps it may jumps to the next session
return deriveSessionProgress.sessionLength.toNumber() - deriveSessionProgress.sessionProgress.toNumber() < 2
}
private _isSessionChanging(deriveSessionProgress: DeriveSessionProgress): boolean{
if(deriveSessionProgress.currentIndex > this.sessionIndex) {
this._handleSessionChange(deriveSessionProgress.currentIndex)
return true
}
return false
}
private _handleSessionChange(newSession: SessionIndex): void{
this.sessionIndex = newSession
this._unlockCSVWwrite()
this._uploadToBucket()
}
private _uploadToBucket(): void{
this.isBucketEnabled && this.bucket.uploadFiles(this.exportDir)
}
private _lockCSVWrite(): void{
this.isCSVBeingWritten = true
}
private _unlockCSVWwrite(): void{
this.isCSVBeingWritten = false
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_60 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Metadata.Internal;
namespace Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Metadata
{
/// <summary>
/// Represents a navigation property which can be used to navigate a relationship.
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>
/// <para>
/// This interface is used during model creation and allows the metadata to be modified.
/// Once the model is built, <see cref="IReadOnlyNavigationBase" /> represents a read-only view of the same metadata.
/// </para>
/// <para>
/// See <see href="https://aka.ms/efcore-docs-modeling">Modeling entity types and relationships</see> for more information.
/// </para>
/// </remarks>
public interface IMutableNavigationBase : IReadOnlyNavigationBase, IMutablePropertyBase
{
/// <summary>
/// Sets a value indicating whether this navigation should be eager loaded by default.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="eagerLoaded">A value indicating whether this navigation should be eager loaded by default.</param>
void SetIsEagerLoaded(bool? eagerLoaded)
=> SetOrRemoveAnnotation(CoreAnnotationNames.EagerLoaded, eagerLoaded);
}
}
|
bpt6k65521601_10 | French-PD-Books | Public Domain | Le principal artisan de ces malheurs publics, Alcibiade, habitait Lacédémone. Cette cité estimait, dit Plutarque, qu'elle avait déjà reçu de lui trois grands services : il avait provoqué la mission de Gylippe, une expédition nouvelle dans la Grèce, et l'entreprise de fortifier Décélie. Les Spartiates lui savaient gré aussi de sa facilité à imiter leurs mœurs, à se conformer à toutes leurs coutumes. À le voir se raser le visage, se baigner dans l'eau froide, manger du pain bis, humer du brouet noir, on eût cru que jamais il n'avait eu de cuisinier dans sa maison, ni employé de parfumeur, ni fait usage de draps tissus à Milet. Nul n'excella plus que lui à prendre et à quitter les habitudes si diverses de tous les peuples du monde. À Sparte, il se montrait laborieux, sobre et austère; en Ionie, délicat et voluptueux; chez les Thraces, buveur et cavalier; en la cour de Perse, somptueux et magnifique. Mais il était partout profondément pervers, incapable d'affections sincères et durables, ne prenant pour règle de ses actions que son intérêt personnel de chaque moment, et ne faisant consister cet intérêt que dans la satisfaction de ses plus vicieux penchants. C'est parce qu'il aimait passionnément les plaisirs, l'éclat, et par-dessus tout le pouvoir, que la guerre du Péloponnèse s'est rallumée après les trêves, et a désolé la Grèce dix-sept ans de plus. L'influence des ambitieux tels que lui n'a jamais été que funeste; et le plus grave reproche qu'on puisse adresser à l'histoire est de n'avoir pas flétri les noms de ces insignes malfaiteurs; sa plus fatale erreur est de célébrer leur mémoire. Alcibiade ne reparaîtra que dans le huitième livre de Thucydide. Dans notre prochaine séance nous étudierons le septième livre, comme je vous l'ai dit, pour le plus brillant et le plus intéressant de l'ouvrage. NEUVIÈME LEÇON. EXAMEN DU SEPTIÈME LIVRE. CONTINUATION DE LA GUERRE DU PÉLOPONNÈSE. DÉFAITE DES ATHÉNIENS EN SICILE. Messieurs, Thucydide, dans son sixième livre, a conduit l'histoire de la guerre du Péloponnèse depuis la fin de l'an 416 avant notre ère jusqu'au milieu de l'an 414. C'est un espace d'environ dix-huit mois, qui se compose d'une partie de la seizième année de la guerre, de la dix-septième tout entière et du commencement de la dix-huitième. Une courte description de la Sicile et un exposé des origines de ses divers habitants ont servi de préliminaires au récit des événements dont cette île allait être le théâtre. Les Athéniens, dupes des intrigues et de l'ambition d'Alcibiade, ont résolu, malgré Nicias, d'y entreprendre une expédition. La mutilation nocturne des Hermès a failli empêcher le départ d'Alcibiade, à qui l'on imputait cet attentat. Mais ses ennemis l'ont laissé partir, ou même ils l'y ont forcé, se réservant de l'accuser et de le juger en son absence. A peine était-il débarqué en Sicile avec les deux autres généraux, ses collègues, Nicias et Lamachus, qu'il reçut l'ordre de revenir pour répondre à l'accusation. A ce propos l'historien s'est engagé dans une digression qui nous a paru fort déplacée; elle concerne Harinedius et Aristogiton, les meurtriers des Pisistratides. Alcibiade s'est réfugié chez les Péloponnésiens; il s'est allié contre Athènes à Lacédémone. Nicias a commencé la guerre en Sicile : il a investi Syracuse, et remporté plusieurs avantages. Les Athéniens ont néanmoins essuyé quelques échecs, et perdu Lamiacus, l'un de leurs chefs. Mais tels étaient encore leurs premiers succès en Sicile, que Gylippe, général lacédémonien, n'a pas cru qu'il fût temps de venir s'y mesurer avec eux; il est resté à Tarente avec sa flotte. Les Spartiates et leurs alliés dévastaient le pays d'Argos; les Athéniens s'y sont portés sur trente galères, et l'on a reconnu enfin que la trêve était rompue. En nous racontant ces faits, dans son sixième livre, Thucydide y a mêlé, selon son usage, un certain nombre de harangues; les personnages auxquels il les a prêtées sont Alcibiade, Nicias, les Syracusains Hermocrate et Athénagoras, l'Athénien Euphémus. Aucun des six livres que nous venons d'étudier n'égale en intérêt historique le septième où la catastrophe des Athéniens en Sicile va nous être exposée. L'historien nous en dévoilera les causes, les avant-coureurs, les circonstances, les résultats. Cette précieuse partie de ses récits ne correspondra qu'aux années 414 et 413 avant l'ère vulgaire. Gylippe et son collègue Python, après avoir fait radouber leurs navires, passèrent de Tarente chez les Locriens occidentaux, à l'extrémité de l'Italie. Là ils apprirent que Syracuse n'était pas encore entièrement investie, et qu'une armée pouvait y être introduite par l'Epipolémène. Les Athéniens ne disposaient pas des forces nécessaires pour étendre et affermir leurs conquêtes: ils venaient de perdre un de leurs meilleurs auxiliaires par le décès d'Archonidas, qui régnait sur une partie des Sicules. Voilà donc Gylippe qui descend dans l'île, et qui marche vers la place assiégée. Des Corinthiens venaient d'y arriver avant lui : il était temps; car déjà les Syracusains songeaient à se rendre. Les Corinthiens les en détournèrent en leur annonçant Gylippe. Son apparition inattendue troubla les Athéniens, qui pourtant se mirent en ordre de bataille. Une première affaire leur fut avantageuse : ils défirent les Syracusains et dressèrent un trophée. Gylippe assembla ses troupes et leur déclara que ce n'était point à elles, mais à lui seul qu'il fallait attribuer ce revers; qu'en les resserrant dans un étroit espace, il s'était ôté l'usage de sa cavalerie et de ses gens de trait; qu'il allait à l'instant les reconduire à l'ennemi; et que, loin de se croire inférieures en forces, elles devaient se sentir destinées, par leur qualité de Doriennes, à vaincre et à écraser des Ioniens. Je doute fort, Messieurs, de l'utilité de ces forfanteries nationales; mais on les a partout employées pour animer les soldats; c'est le style convenu des exhortations militaires. Les Athéniens s'avancèrent : Gylippe, qui les voulait prendre en flanc, disposa en conséquence ses cavaliers et ses archers; il les posta vers l'endroit où se terminaient ses retranchements, en établissant ses hoplites plus en avant des tranchées que la première fois. Sa cavalerie, pendant l'action, fondit sur l'aile gauche athénienne, et la mit en fuite; toute l'armée de Nicias se retira en désordre dans ses lignes. Les Syracusains, durant la nuit suivante, élevèrent et prolongèrent leur muraille au-delà de celle de l'ennemi, et lui ôtèrent ainsi le moyen de les renfermer. Des secours survenaient de toutes parts à Syracuse; et, grâce à l'activité de Gylippe, plusieurs villes siciliennes entraient dans la confédération. Le reste des vaisseaux de Corinthe, d'Ampracie, de Leucade, arrivait sous le commandement d'Erasinidas; et les Syracusains équipaient une flotte : Nicias, prévoyant les embarras et les périls dont il allait être ôté, sentit mieux que jamais que son armée avait besoin de renforts considérables, à moins qu'on ne se hâtât de la rappeler, ce qui eût été le parti le plus sage. Il écrivit donc aux Athéniens une lettre que Thucydide transcrit ou rédige, et qui peint parfaitement l'état des affaires en Sicile, Vous avez appris, citoyens, « par plusieurs de mes dépêches précédentes, ce que nous avons fait jusqu'à ce moment. Il importe que vous connaissiez notre situation actuelle. Nous avions eu l'avantage dans la plupart des combats; nous avions construit des retranchements, où nous sommes encore. e D'ailleurs nos ennemis ont élevé autour de nous un « mur qui, d'assiégeants que nous étions, nous transforme « en assiégés, au moins du côté de la terre; et, resserré par la cavalerie, nous ne pouvons plus avancer « dans les campagnes. On songe même à nous attaquer « du côté de la mer : on sait que notre flotte, naguère « si florissante, ne se compose plus que de vaisseaux « pourris et d'équipages ruinés. Comme les vivres commencent à nous manquer, on nous débauche des soldats, des valets, des matelots, des auxiliaires. Je « m'aperçois aussi que mon autorité s'affaiblit : encore « quelques revers, et nous sommes réduits aux dernières « extrémités. Je sais que vous n'aimez à recevoir que « d'heureuses nouvelles; mais je vous dois la vérité. « Nous sommes tous, chefs et soldats, sans reproche : « n'imputez nos malheurs qu'à l'insuffisance de nos « forces contre la Sicile entière et le Péloponnèse luttant contre nous. Ou rappelez votre armée, ou entre voyez-en une seconde de terre et de mer, avec de « grandes sommes d'argent. Je vous demande un successeur : ma santé s'est altérée; je ne suis plus en état de commander. » Cette lettre ne fut pas aussi mal accueillie que Nicias l'avait craint. On ne le déchargea point du commandement, mais on résolut de lui envoyer une autre armée et deux collègues, Démosthène, fils d'Alcisthène, et Eurymédon. De leur côté, les Lacédémoniens se disposèrent à fortifier Décélie et à ravager l'Attique. Ainsi finissait l'hiver de la dix-huitième année. La dix-neuvième, 413 avant Jésus-Christ, allait être plus décisive, et son premier semestre, de mars en septembre, occupe tout le reste du septième livre. Agis, roi de Lacédémone, envahit l'Attique et entreprend la fortification de Décélie, ville située à près de cinq lieues d'Athènes, et à la même distance de la Béotie. Sparte expédiait en même temps des forces pour la Sicile; elle armait six cents hoplites pris parmi les hilotes et les affranchis appelés néodamôdes: Eccritus les commandait. Les Béotiens envoyaient aussi des hoplites au nombre de trois cents, les Corinthiens cinq cents, les Sicyoniens deux cents. Vingt-cinq vaisseaux de Corinthe, équipes pendant l'hiver, se tenaient en station à Naupacte, en face de la flotte athénienne, et protégeaient le passage des bâtiments qui portaient les hoplites péloponnésiens. Athènes chargea Chariclès de conduire trente galères autour du Péloponnèse, et, en passant chez les Argiens, d'inviter leurs hoplites à se joindre à lui. Démosthène partit pour la Sicile à la tête de soixantecinq vaisseaux, de douze cents guerriers d'Athènes et d'un grand nombre d'alliés: il avait ordre de suivre d'abord Chariclès, de côtoyer avec lui la Laconie, en y exerçant des ravages. Si maintenant, Messieurs, nous reportons nos regards sur la Sicile, nous y retrouvons Gylippe rassemblant des troupes, Hermocrate le secondant avec zèle et habileté : tout s'apprête pour une bataille navale. Gylippe fait sortir, pendant la nuit, toute son armée de terre, il marche aux lignes de Plemmyrium : ses trirèmes font voile, toutes à la fois, trente-cinq du grand port, quarante-cinq du petit, espérant troubler et déconcerter les Athéniens de l'un et de l'autre côté; mais voilà qu'ils remontent à la hâte sur soixante galères, dont vingt-cinq voguent à la rencontre des trente-cinq sorties du grand port, et le reste au devant des quarante-cinq. La bataille commence à l'entrée du principal port de la ville: longtemps les deux flottes combattent avec des forces égales; l'une pour forcer l'entrée, l'autre pour la défendre. L'avantage demeure cette fois encore aux Athéniens: ils submergent onze vaisseaux, en prennent trois, exterminent un grand nombre d'ennemis, font des prisonniers; mais ils perdent trois de leurs bâtiments, et leur position dans leurs retranchements sur terre devient de jour en jour plus périlleuse. On leur enlève leurs magasins, le dépôt qui renferme une quantité considérable de subsistances et d'effets appartenant, soit à des marchands, soit à des triérarques, les voiles de quarante trirèmes, d'autres agrès, et trois navires mis à sec. Chassés des lignes de Plemmyrium, ils n'ont plus d'abordage sûr pour leurs munitions. Plemmyrium devient un point de départ pour les Syracusains qui bientôt dépêchent, sous la conduite d'Agatharque, douze navires, l'un destiné à porter des députés au Péloponnèse; les onze autres à saisir, sur les côtes de l'Italie, des bâtiments athéniens richement chargés. Ils les abordèrent en effet, en détruisirent le plus grand nombre, et brûlèrent, dans la campagne de Caulonie, des bois de construction préparés pour le service d'Athènes. De là ils gagnèrent Locres, où ils reçurent les hoplites qui arrivaient de Thespies, et avec lesquels ils reprirent la route de la Sicile. Vingt vaisseaux athéniens, qui les épiaient près de Mégare, les attaquèrent. Un navire syracusain fut pris; tous les autres échappèrent et rentrèrent à Syracuse. Les Athéniens ne réussissaient plus dans leurs entreprises; ces désavantages en présageaient d'autres et décourageaient leur armée. Ils essuyaient presque chaque jour de petites pertes, qui ensemble équivalaient à un désastre. La flotte commandée par Démosthène parcourait et infestait différentes cotes; mais les fruits de ces courses ne compensaient pas les ravages plus affligeants que jamais qu'éprouvait l'Attique depuis que Décélie était fortifiée. Jusqu'alors cette place avait servi de passage aux denrées que l'on tirait de l'Eubée; maintenant il les fallait faire arriver par mer en tournant Sunium. Il était pressant d'abandonner la Sicile, et il y avait moins de courage que d'opiniâtreté à persister dans les projets qu'on avait formés sur elle. On les pouvait encore abandonner sans trop de dommage, et finir la guerre plus honorablement qu'il n'avait été permis de l'espérer. En effet, au commencement de cette guerre du Péloponnèse, la Grèce avait peine à croire, dit Thucydide, que les Athéniens pussent tenir une année entière; les plus confiants disaient deux ou trois; mais personne davantage; et voilà que, dix-sept ans après la première invasion de l'Attique, ils se sont imposé le fardeau d'une seconde guerre. Les dépenses militaires s'accroissaient sans mesure; il fallut réduire toutes les autres et augmenter les tributs. La disette d'argent était extrême; elle obligea de renvoyer les Thraces arrivés trop tard pour s'embarquer avec Démosthène : on manquait de moyens de les expédier pour la Sicile et de les retenir à Athènes. En retournant chez eux, ils pillèrent les pays ennemis et surtout Mýcalesse, ville béotienne; ils y massacrèrent tout ce qu'ils rencontrèrent, sans distinction d'âge ni de sexe, et jusqu'aux bestiaux, n'épargnant rien de ce qui respirait ; ils se jetèrent dans l'école où les enfants venaient d'entrer en fort grand nombre et les égorgèrent tous. Tels sont les forfaits que la guerre amène, et qu'on n'impute point assez aux hommes d'Etat qui la provquent, et qui la perpétuent, comme avaient fait, dans Athènes, Cléon et Alcibiade. Démosthène, occupé d'expéditions particulières, ne se pressait pas d'aborder la Sicile, où Nicias s'affaiblissait de plus en plus. Un combat naval se livra près de Naupacte entre les Athéniens et les Corinthiens. Ceux-ci furent dispersés et perdirent trois galères; sept de celles d'Athènes restèrent hors d'état de manœuvrer : de part et d'autre on éleva un trophée. Les Syracusains, après avoir amélioré la construction de leurs vaisseaux, résolurent de tenter la fortune d'une nouvelle bataille. Ils attaquèrent l'armée athénienne avec leur flotte et à la fois avec leurs troupes de terre. Ce double appareil alarma les Athéniens et troubla leurs manœuvres. Durant la plus grande partie du jour, tout se passa en simples épreuves, seulement les Syracusains coulèrent bas un ou deux vaisseaux d'Athènes. Le lendemain les Siciliens se tinrent en repos; et Nicias s'occupa des dispositions défensives avec un zèle d'autant plus louable, qu'il n'était soutenu par aucun espoir. Le jour suivant, une attaque eut lieu, comme la précédente, par terre et par mer, et semblait ne devoir amener aucun résultat. Au milieu de la journée, les Syracusains descendirent de leurs vaisseaux, et prirent un repas à terre. Les Athéniens, persuadés que l'ennemi se retirait en se reconnaissant vaincu, descendirent à leur tour, se mirent à manger, déposèrent leurs armes. On est surpris qu'un capitaine aussi expérimenté, aussi sage que Nicias, ait permis cette imprudence : elle a été payée bien cher. Tout à coup, les Syracusains se rembarquent; ils s'avancent : les Athéniens déconcertés regagnent leur flotte, non sans désordre. D'abord on ne fit que s'observer réciproquement; les Athéniens se lassèrent les premiers, et un peu trop tôt, de ces lenteurs; ils engagèrent l'action, perdirent sept vaisseaux, beaucoup d'hommes, essuyèrent une défaite complète, et se réfugièrent avec peine dans leur station. Cependant Démosthène et Eurymédon arrivent ; ils amènent soixante-treize navires, sept mille guerriers, sans compter les archers, les frondeurs, les soldats qui ne sont armés que de javelots. L'aspect de cet imposant renfort, ou plutôt de cette armée nouvelle, frappe d'une vive terreur les Syracusains et leurs alliés; il ranime le courage des troupes de Nicias. On reprochait à ce général, dont l'arrivée avait aussi paru formidable, d'avoir, au lieu d'attaquer aussitôt Syracuse, passer un hiver à Calanèque, et laisser à Gylippe le temps de se fortifier. Démosthène ne voulut pas commettre la même faute. Il était impatient de profiter de l'effroi qu'inspirait le spectacle de ses forces. Il se hâtait surtout de se rendre maître du passage de l'Epipolès : s'il y réussissait, il entrerait dans Syracuse; sinon, il ramènerait toute l'armée à Athènes, et mettrait fin à une expédition ruineuse. La tentative sur l'Epipolès semblait impraticable pendant le jour : l'attaque commença donc avec la nuit, et les troupes syracusaines qui ne s'y attendaient pas, s'épouvantèrent d'abord, se laissèrent forcer, prirent la fuite; mais les Athéniens aussi s'avançaient dans un désordre qu'entretenaient à la fois leur présomption et les ténèbres. Les Béotiens leur résistèrent vivement et parvinrent à les mettre en déroute. Thucydide avoue qu'il ne lui a pas été facile de se procurer des renseignements exacts sur les détails de cette bataille nocturne. La descente de l'Épipôle est étroite: poursuivis, ils tombaient dans des précipices, et y trouvaient la mort. Ceux qui vinrent à bout de gagner la plaine, se sauvèrent presque tous dans leur camp; mais plusieurs se trompèrent de chemin, et furent, dès que le jour parut, enveloppés, massacrés par la cavalerie sicilienne. Le lendemain, les vainqueurs élevèrent deux trophées, l'un à la montée de l'Épipôle, l'autre à l'endroit où les Béotiens avaient opposé la première résistance. Les Athéniens eurent à demander la permission d'enlever leurs morts; ils l'obtinrent. Ils avaient, eux et leurs alliés, souffert d'énormes dommages, et perdu surtout beaucoup d'armes. Les Syracusains, enhardis par leurs succès inattendus, envoyèrent Sicanus avec quinze vaisseaux à Agrigente, pour attirer, s'il se pouvait, dans leur parti, cette république alors tourmentée de troubles intérieurs. En même temps Gylippe parcourait une seconde fois par terre les cantons de la Sicile, et s'efforçait d'y lever des troupes. Les généraux athéniens délibérèrent sur les difficultés de leur position. Ils voyaient leur armée abattue sous le poids de ses revers, et affaiblie par une maladie qui avait deux causes, l'approche de l'automne et le terrain marécageux où l'on campait. Démosthène voulait qu'on partît sans différer, tandis qu'on pouvait encore traverser la mer et y combattre, s'il le fallait, avec avantage. Nicias craignait qu'un si prompt départ ne proclamât trop tôt leur détresse, et ne compromît dans Syracuse la faction qui leur était dévouée, et avec laquelle il entretenait depuis longtemps des intelligences. Il prévoyait d'ailleurs que cette retraite déplairait au peuple d'Athènes et donnerait lieu de calomnier, d'accuser les chefs de l'armée. Il aimait mieux périr, si le destin l'ordonnait, sur un champ de bataille et de la main des ennemis, que d'être condamné par ses concitoyens à une mort injuste et honteuse. Cédant à ces considérations, Démosthène demandait qu'au moins on ne s'obstinât pas à continuer le siège, mais qu'on se portât à Catane ou à Thapsos, d'où l'on irait dévaster les terres des Syracusains. Nicias persista dans la résolution de ne point changer de position. Elle devenait de jour en jour moins tenable. À la vérité, Sicanus n'avait point réussi dans Agrigente, où les deux factions s'étaient réconciliées et décidées à ne point l'écouter. Mais Gylippe avait recruté un grand nombre de Siciliens; et, par surcroît, les hoplites envoyés du Péloponnèse, avaient reçu des habitants de Cyrène en Libye deux trirèmes, qui guidaient leur navigation; et ils venaient de franchir le trajet de Néapolis, comptoir des Carthaginois, à Sélinonte. Quand Nicias vit que les Syracusains et les Péloponnésiens se renforçaient ainsi chaque jour, il consentit enfin aux préparatifs du départ, pourvu qu'ils demeurassent bien secrets. On se hâta, on allait partir, quand la lune s'éclipsa (le 27 août 413, selon la table de Pingré). Ce phénomène inspira des craintes ou des scrupules à la plupart des Athéniens; et Nicias, qui n'était pas le moins superstitieux de la troupe, déclara qu'il ne permettrait point qu'on remît en délibération le projet de retraite, avant qu'il se fût écoulé trois fois neuf jours; c'était le terme que les devins avaient indiqué. Il est impossible, Messieurs, de ne pas remarquer ici à quels désastres l'ignorance et la superstition exposent les États. Les Athéniens n'avaient plus un instant à perdre; et voilà qu'un phénomène purement naturel, presque vulgaire, les retient dans une position dont ils commençaient, quoique déjà trop tard, à reconnaître le péril. Les Syracusains, sûrs de leur supériorité, ne songèrent plus qu'à empêcher le départ de leurs ennemis, et conçurent l'espoir de les accabler par une dernière bataille, à la fois sur terre et sur mer. Ils attaquèrent d'abord les retranchements, et ne remportèrent qu'un léger avantage. Le lendemain, soixante-seize de leurs vaisseaux livrèrent un combat à quatre-vingt-six navires athéniens, commandés par Eurymédon. Ce général s'était étendu le long du rivage pour envelopper les Siciliens et leurs auxiliaires : ce mouvement causa sa perte. Le centre de sa flotte fut enfoncé ; le vaisseau qu'il montait brisé, le reste poussé et resserré au fond d'un golfe. Plutarque et Diodore de Sicile nous apprennent qu'Eurymédon perdit la vie dans le combat; Thucydide omet cette circonstance. Gylippe, impatient d'achever la défaite des Athéniens qui descendraient à terre, conduisit sur le rivage une partie de ses troupes; mais il fut repoussé. Alors, pour incendier la flotte athénienne, qui n'avait perdu que dixhuit vaisseaux, on lança contre elle un vieux bâtiment de charge, rempli de torches et de matières auxquelles on avait mis le feu. Les Athéniens eurent encore l'adresse d'éloigner ce brûlot et d'éteindre les flammes. Ils dressèrent un trophée pour avoir mis en fuite le détachement de Gylippe; et les Syracusains en érigèrent un pour avoir défait Eurymédon. Les forces étaient devenues trop inégales, La question n'était plus de savoir si les Athéniens prendraient Syracuse, mais s'ils réussiraient à se retirer. Ici Thucydide fait le recensement des nations qui avaient pris part à cette guerre, soit pour, soit contre l'Attique : pour elle, les Ioniens, les Eoliens, les Grecs insulaires, quelques-uns même de ceux dont l'origine était dorienne; en Italie, les citoyens de Thurium et de Métaponte, en Sicile les Égestains et un petit nombre d'autres cités. Mais Syracuse avait pour auxiliaires les Sélinontins, les habitants de Géla, de Camarina, les Himériens, une partie des Sicules; entre les Grecs, les Béotiens, les Corinthiens et les Spartiates. Quoiqu'en général on se prétendît partagé, dans cette guerre, en race ionienne et race dorienne; ce n'étaient point des liaisons d'origine commune, pas plus que des sentiments d'équité, qui avaient entraîné ces divers peuples dans l'un ou dans l'autre parti : ils suivaient des impulsions données par des intérêts accidentels, par des conjonctures fortuites, par quelque dure nécessité. Il faut plaindre des nations armées ainsi sans savoir pourquoi, et gratuitement vouées à tant de fatigues, de souffrances et de malheurs; mais ce déplorable égarement se reproduit dans toutes les histoires. L'ambition des Syracusains était de prendre l'armée athénienne tout entière, et de ne lui laisser aucun moyen d'évasion. Ils se mirent donc à fermer le grand port, qui avait environ huit stades d'ouverture; ils en détruisirent l'entrée en mettant à l'ancre des trirèmes, des vaisseaux de charge et des barques. Les Athéniens, se voyant enfermés et réduits à la dernière détresse, résolurent d'abandonner leur camp et leur muraille, et de se retrancher sur le rivage, près de leurs navires, dans le plus petit espace qu'ils pourraient, et de livrer une bataille décisive avec tout ce qui leur restait de galères. Victorieux, ils se retireraient à Catane; vaincus, ils mettraient le feu à leurs navires, et gagneraient par terre la plus prochaine ville de leurs alliés. Voilà donc qu'ils descendent de leurs retranchements, équipent cent dix vaisseaux, y font monter, de gré ou de force, tous ceux des leurs qui sont capables de quelques services, placent sur les ponts un grand nombre d'archers et de gens de trait, Acarnanes ou autres étrangers, et rassemblent enfin tous les moyens de défense et d'attaque que peut leur laisser une si fatale extrémité. Quand tout fut prêt pour le combat, Nicias rassembla ses troupes et leur adressa, selon notre historien, un discours solennel. « Il s'agit, leur dit-il, « pour vous, comme pour vos ennemis, du salut de l'État. Chacun de vous a besoin de vaincre, s'il veut revoir sa ville natale. Non, vous n'êtes point de ceux dont le courage se laisse abattre par des revers : le vôtre n'en est que plus aguerri, et vous avez assez acquis l'expérience des combats, pour savoir que la fortune, qui vous a éprouvés, vous doit maintenant des succès. De concert avec les pilotes, nous avons reconnu, disposé tout ce qui, dans l'espace étroit du port, peut tourner à notre avantage et contre la flotte ennemie. Nous couvrirons nos vaisseaux d'archers, de gens de trait : ces troupes si nombreuses, que nous n'aurions garde d'employer dans un combat en haute mer, vont nous servir aujourd'hui, parce que, sur notre flotte même, c'est réellement une sorte de bataille terrestre que nous devons livrer : il nous y faudra, ne pouvant reculer nous-mêmes, empêcher la retraite de nos adversaires. Quand vous aurez attaqué un vaisseau, ne vous en détachez pas que vous n'ayez défait tous les guerriers qu'il porte. J'exhorte les matelots à ne pas se laisser décourager par le souvenir de nos derniers malheurs : ils ont maintenant un meilleur pontage et un plus grand nombre de bâtiments. Et vous, alliés, vrais Athéniens, nés hors de l'Attique, vous que la Grèce révère, et à qui sont communes avec nous les mêmes coutumes, la même langue, et la même puissance, conservez cette ardeur guerrière qui vous a toujours distingués. Méprisez ces Corinthiens si souvent vaincus par vous, et ces Siciliens, téméraires sans habileté, enivres de quelques instants de bonheur. Pour vous, citoyens d'Athènes, souvenez-vous que nous n'avons laissé dans notre patrie ni une flotte pareille à celle-ci, ni une jeunesse guerrière qui vous ressemble. Pensez, s'il vous arrive autre chose que d'être vainqueurs, que les Siciliens vont fondre aussitôt sur les citoyens restés dans vos murs. Serez-vous les sujets de Syracuse, et souffrirez-vous qu'Athènes obéisse à Lacédémone? Non, votre courage préviendra ce double malheur. Vous savez que les forces guerrières et maritimes de votre patrie, que la république elle-même et le grand nom d'Athènes sont ici avec vous sur ces vaisseaux. De son côté, Gylippe ayant appris que les Athéniens devaient se servir de crampons, s'efforça de se prémunir contre cette manœuvre, en garnissant de peaux le parties supérieures de ses navires. Ses troupes furent aussi haranguées par lui et par les autres généraux : vous pensez bien que Thucydide ne manque pas de mettre ces discours en opposition avec celui de Nicias. « Syracusains et alliés, dit Gylippe, ou disent ses collègues, vous avez fait de grandes choses : le moment est venu de consommer votre ouvrage. Les Athéniens qui se promettaient d'asservir la Sicile, le Péloponnèse et la Grèce entière, vous les avez arrêtés dans le cours de leurs projets tyranniques. Vous êtes les premiers qui ayez résisté à leur marine, l'unique instrument de leur puissance. Déjà vous avez affaibli, ruiné leurs forces, en les détournant eux-mêmes de l'idée qu'ils en avaient conçue. Voyez-vous comme ils sont obligés, dans leur désespoir, de changer de tactique, d'employer de nouveaux moyens qui tourneraient aussi à leur perte? Les bâtiments qu'ils ont résserrés en si grand nombre dans un petit espace ne pourront plus se mouvoir et demeureront exposés à vos coups. Jetez-vous au milieu de leur désordre. « N'écoutez que l'indignation et la vengeance. Vous savez, s'ils vous eussent vaincus, quel sort ils vous préparaient : ils auraient condamné les hommes aux supplices, les enfants et les femmes à l'opprobre, la république à porter le plus honteux des noms (celui d'esclave). Ne songez qu'à leur crime : non, si vous leur permettez de fuir, vous n'aurez pas triomphé. Ils fuiraient encore s'ils étaient vainqueurs; c'est aujourd'hui le seul succès auquel ils aspirent. Notre but, dans l'action qui va s'ouvrir, est de les extirper; et le prix en sera d'assurer à la Sicile son antique liberté. » La dernière phrase de cette harangue est traduite par Lévesque ainsi : « Les dangers les plus rares sont ceux où l'on peut succomber sans avoir beaucoup à souffrir, et qui, si l'on en sort, procurent une grande félicité. » On ne sait trop ce que de telles paroles veulent dire, au lieu que le texte, quoique très-concis, est fort clair : il s'agit des dangers, et non des périls, les plus rares, c'est-à-dire les plus désirables, ceux qui sont d'un plus haut prix. Gylippe veut dire : c'est un rare bonheur qu'une épreuve où l'on a fort peu à perdre et beaucoup à gagner. Il suppose que telle est la partie que vont jouer ses soldats, contre de si faibles adversaires. Vous prévoyez, Messieurs, par l'amertume et la violence de ces discours, quel sera l'acharnement du combat. Nicias en pressentait toute l'horreur; il croyait n'avoir ni assez fait, ni assez dit. Il s'adressait successivement à tous les chefs, les appelait de leurs noms propres, de ceux de leurs pères et de leurs tribus, genre d'égards et de prévenance auquel les anciens étaient extrêmement sensibles. Il leur parlait de leurs familles, de leurs enfants, de leurs épouses et de leurs dieux, redisait tout ce qu'il avait déjà fait entendre, épuisait toutes les idées générales et particulières, toutes les expressions de l'amitié la plus familière et la plus fraternelle. Le moment vint de conduire les troupes sur le rivage, et de diriger les vaisseaux vers l'entrée du port pour s'ouvrir un passage à la haute mer. Dans l'impétuosité du premier choc, les Athéniens obtinrent quelque avantage; mais bientôt l'ennemi fondit sur eux de toutes parts. Une bataille, plus terrible qu'aucune des précédentes, s'engagea dans l'intérieur du port. Cet espace resserré contenait environ deux cents vaisseaux des deux flottes ensemble. On ne pouvait ni reculer ni avancer; les navires se heurtaient, se mêlaient, à la fois attaqués et agresseurs, sous les nuages de javelots, de flèches, et de pierres, qui se lançaient du haut des ponts. Les ordres n'étaient plus entendus au milieu de ces chocs violents, et la fureur seule dirigeait tant de combats particuliers. Si les généraux voyaient, dans l'une ou l'autre flotte, un navire s'éloigner, ils interpellaient le triérarque et le sommaient d'accomplir ses devoirs, sans prendre garde au danger. Les troupes restées à terre contemplaient cette lutte sanglante, suspendues entre l'espérance et la crainte; les Siciliens impatients d'acquérir plus de puissance, les Athéniens redoutant des maux plus cruels que ceux qu'ils avaient endurés : leurs yeux se fixaient avec effroi sur ces vaisseaux qui portaient leur fortune, et qui risquaient tout leur avenir. Le spectacle avait peu d'étendue et des mouvements innombrables; tous les points appelaient les regards. Chaque aspect, chaque coup d'œil provoquait des vœux, des prières, des gémissements, des actions de grâces, des cris de joie ou de douleur. Tant que le combat se soutenait opiniâtrément avec égalité des deux parts, les spectateurs exprimaient par les mouvements de leurs corps leur trouble et leur anxiété. Mais la plupart ne songeaient qu'à leur salut personnel; et, privés de presque tous les moyens de l'assurer, ils ne l'attendaient que d'un hasard. Leur détresse extrême ressemblait à celle où les Lacédémoniens s'étaient vus réduits à Pylos, quand ils perdaient, avec leur flotte, leurs guerriers enfermés dans l'île de Sphactérie. Les Syracusains et leurs alliés avaient aussi, quoique vainqueurs, essuyé de très-grandes pertes d'hommes et de vaisseaux : après avoir recueilli des débris et des cadavres, ils rentrèrent dans leur ville et y dressèrent un trophée. Les vaincus ne redemandaient pas leurs dépouilles : l'excès de leur abattement ne leur laissait d'autre pensée que de s'enfuir, s'il était possible, à la faveur des ténèbres de la nuit. Démosthène, qui n'avait pas renoncé à tout espoir, vint proposer à Nicias de découvrir de troupes les bâtiments qui leur restaient, et de forcer le passage au lever de l'aurore. Ils avaient conservé au moins soixante vaisseaux capables de tenir la mer, et l'ennemi n'en possédait plus que cinquante. Pour le malheur d'Athènes, ces deux généraux ne purent entraîner les équipages à tenter ce dernier moyen de salut public, les Athéniens ne se croyaient plus en état de sortir vainqueurs d'aucune bataille, et ne voulaient songer qu'à opérer leur retraite par terre. Le Syracusain Hermocrate se douta de ce projet, et engagea les magistrats à le prévenir. Il ne fallait pas, disait-il, permettre aux Athéniens de s'échapper nuitamment et d'aller dévaster d'autres cantons de la Sicile. Il demandait que tous les Syracusains et tous les alliés sortissent pour fermer les issues et occuper les défilés. Les magistrats auraient approuvé ces mesures, mais ils désespéraient de les faire agréer à un peuple enivré de joie et impatient de reprendre du repos. D'ailleurs c'était, ce jour-là, la fête d'Hercule; on la célébrait en buvant, et cette fois en se réjouissant du nouveau triomphe. Comme Nicias avait toujours à Syracuse des amis qui allaient l'avertir de ce qui se passait dans la ville, Hermocrate imagina de lui faire donner un faux avis : il lui envoya quelques hommes qui feignirent d'être dévoués aux Athéniens, et qui lui conseillèrent de ne pas se mettre en route durant cette nuit, parce que les ennemis gardaient les routes. On se prit à ce piège, et l'on perdit encore la journée du lendemain en préparatifs; il fallait, disait-on, laisser aux soldats le loisir d'emporter au moins les objets qui leur seraient le plus strictement nécessaires. Gylippe et son armée employèrent ce délai à prendre de l'avance, et à embarrasser les chemins, à occuper les passages des ruisseaux et des rivières; à écarter, brûler ou remorquer près de la ville des vaisseaux athéniens. Enfin l'ordre du départ fut donné par Nicias le surlendemain de la bataille navale. Ce qu'il y avait de lamentable dans cette retraite, ce n'était pas seulement de la faire après un tel désastre, et quand d'imminents périls menaçaient l'armée et la république elle-même : le camp d'où l'on sortait présentait le plus douloureux spectacle; on abandonnait et la flotte entière, et les morts sans sépulture, et, ce qui était plus affreux, les malades et blessés sans secours. Ces infortunés suppliaient qu'on les emmenât; ils imploraient à grands cris la pitié de leurs amis, de leurs parents; ils s'accrochaient, se suspendaient aux habits, aux bras de leurs compagnons d'armes, et les suivaient tant que pouvaient le permettre le peu de forces qu'ils retrouvaient. On s'éloignait douloureusement d'une terre où l'on avait tant souffert; et, ainsi qu'il arrive en de telles catastrophes, on s'accablait mutuellement de reproches et d'accusations. Quarante mille hommes fuyaient ainsi, emportant à peine de quoi subsister ou languir pendant quelques jours. Les valets avaient déserté, les hoplites et les cavaliers, accoutumés à ne porter que leurs armes, marchaient chargés de leurs munitions. De quel éclat, dans quelle misère on était tombé! Cette armée, qui naguère arrivait menaçante et se flattant de tout asservir, comment la reconnaître dans une troupe fugitive, qui redoute à chaque pas la rencontre de ses vainqueurs et la honte de l'esclavage? Elle était sortie d'Athènes au chant des pæans, aux acclamations d'un peuple ivre d'orgueil et d'espérance : elle fuyait poursuivie d'augures sinistres; elle se traînait à pied, laissant les navires qui l'avaient portée dans l'appareil d'un triomphe. Nicias osa se présenter à ses soldats, et leur adresser une dernière exhortation : le malheur animait sa voix et la rendait plus forte qu'à l'ordinaire : le discours qu'il prononça est le dernier qui se rencontre dans l'ouvrage de Thucydide, et, comme c'est en même temps l'un des plus courts, je vous le rapporterai tout entier, mais sans pouvoir encore emprunter la version beaucoup trop pénible de Lévesque. « Dans l'extrémité où vous êtes réduits, ô Athéniens et alliés, il faut savoir espérer encore; d'autres ont échappé à des dangers plus terribles. Pourquoi vous reprocher à vous-mêmes des maux que vous n'avez pas mérités? Je ne suis pas moins affaibli que vous : j'ai, par-dessus-tout, vos souffrances, celle d'une maladie opiniâtre; et, après avoir été aussi heureux que tout autre dans ma vie privée et publique, je partage aujourd'hui le sort et les périls des plus infortunés mortels. Cependant j'ai rempli tous mes devoirs envers les dieux, j'ai acquitté toutes mes dettes envers la patrie. J'ai vécu juste et généreux; c'est ce qui me remplit d'espoir et d'audace. Ces malheurs que nous n'avons point à nous imputer à nous-mêmes, ils sont enfin épuisés, et le bonheur de nos ennemis l'est aussi sans doute; s'il est vrai que nous leur ayons fait la guerre contre la volonté des dieux, nous en avons été assez punis; rien ne nous reste à expier. D'autres avant nous se sont montrés agresseurs; leurs fautes étaient de celles qui échappent à la faiblesse humaine; ils n'ont subi que les peines qu'elle peut supporter. « Oui, vous avez, dès ce moment, un refuge assuré, mais vous n'en avez point d'autre, et la nécessité vous force à triompher de vos malheurs. Vous qui nous suivez sans être citoyens d'Athènes, évitez aujourd'hui de tomber aux mains de l'ennemi, et si vous reverrez les lieux, les objets que vos vœux réclament; et vous, o Athéniens, vous relèverez là puissance, si déchue, de votre cité; une cité, ce sont les hommes qui la composent, et non des murs ou des vaisseaux vides qui la constituent. » Démosthène tenait à peu près le même langage aux troupes qu'il commandait. Mais au fond, Messieurs, toutes ces paroles n'exprimaient que les difficultés et les périls de la situation des fugitifs. Arrivés au passage de l'Anapus, ils trouvèrent sur les bords de ce fleuve un détachement de Syracusains, le repoussèrent, et continuèrent d'avancer. Une cavalerie les harcelait, des troupes légères tiraient sur eux. Ils parcoururent dans la journée environ quarante stades et vingt le lendemain. Puis ils campèrent dans un lieu habité, d'où ils se proposaient de tirer de l'eau et des vivres. Cependant l'ennemi s'était porté en avant, et avait muré un passage. C'était une hauteur appelée le roc Acrée, et sous laquelle se voyaient, des deux côtés, des ravins escarpés et profonds. Les Athéniens s'y présentèrent, y soutinrent les attaques des cavaliers, les traits des troupes légères, et furent enfin forcés de retourner à leur camp, sans avoir pu se procurer de subsistance, la cavalerie ne leur permettant pas de s'écarter. Dès l'aurore du jour suivant, ils reprirent leur marche, et s'ouvrirent de vive force le passage jusqu'au tertre fortifié. Ils trouvèrent devant eux une infanterie disposée sur un ordre profond, le lieu étant fort étroit : en vain ils attaquèrent le mur; accablés de traits lancés d'en haut, ils ne réussirent point à le forcer. Un orage, qui survint pendant qu'ils se retiraient et qu'ils prenaient quelques instants de repos, orage qui n'avait rien d'extraordinaire dans ce pays et dans cette saison (l'on était en septembre), leur parut un nouveau présage de leur perte. Gylippe profita de leur inaction et de leur terreur pour envoyer un détachement élever derrière eux une muraille; ils en expédièrent un pour empêcher de la bâtir. Toute leur armée se rapprocha de la plaine et passa la nuit en chemin. L'ennemi les entourait de toutes parts, les excédait de fatigues, les affaiblissait par des blessures, reculait quand ils avançaient sur lui, fondait sur eux dès qu'il les voyait reculer, pressait surtout les derniers rangs, afin de répandre l'effroi dans tous les autres. Ils tinrent ferme cependant; et, malgré ces manœuvres, qui durèrent assez longtemps, ils traversèrent cinq ou six stades, au bout desquels ils se reposèrent encore dans la plaine, tandis que les Syracusains s'éloignaient et regagnaient leur camp. Ainsi, tous les pas que firent les malheureux Athéniens, ils eurent à les disputer. Dans cette longue suite d'attaques, le nombre de leurs blessés s'accroissait rapidement, et les munitions de toute espèce leur manquaient de plus en plus. Nicias et Démosthène prirent le parti de conduire l'armée, durant la nuit et à l'aide de feux allumés, vers la mer. Au lieu de se diriger vers Catane, elle suivait la route qui menait à Camarina et à Géla, route opposée à celle où les ennemis l'attendaient. Malgré des terreurs paniques, la division de Nicias prit de l'avance; celle de Démosthène se coupa et marcha en désordre, et cependant, au point du jour, parvenue au rivage, elle s'avança par la route nommée Hélorine, jusqu'au fleuve Cacyparis, dont elle pouvait suivre le cours pour pénétrer dans l'intérieur des terres, et dans l'espoir de rencontrer les Sicules qu'on avait mandés. Aux bords du fleuve, un détachement ennemi élevait un mur, et plantait des pilotis, afin de fermer le passage. Les Athéniens le forcèrent, et continuèrent leur marche vers un autre fleuve qui s'appelait Erinée. Informés de l'évasion des Athéniens, les Syracusains se plaignirent amèrement de Gylippe, l'accusèrent de négligence, et se mirent aussitôt à la poursuite des vaincus. Ils atteignirent, vers le milieu du jour, la division de Démosthène, qui était toujours en retard. Celle de Nicias avait une avance de cent cinquante stades (cinq lieues) : ce général avait su lui imprimer un mouvement plus rapide : il pensait qu'en de si fatales conjonctures, le moyen de se sauver n'était pas de faire des pauses volontaires, ni de livrer des combats; qu'au contraire il convenait d'user de toute la célérité possible, et de ne jamais se battre, sans y être forcé. Démosthène, parti le dernier, avait marché plus lentement, plus irrégulièrement, et soutenu plus d'attaques. Les ennemis harcelèrent sa troupe; il la voulut mettre en ordre de bataille, et y perdit un temps précieux qui aurait été bien mieux employé à gagner du terrain. Les Syracusains se bornaient à des escarmouches; ils les préféraient à une bataille réglée contre des fugitifs, à qui le désespoir pouvait rendre des forces invincibles : sûrs de les réduire par la fatigue et par des continualement échecs, ils ne voulaient pas risquer, dans une affaire générale, les fruits des manœuvres de plusieurs jours. Des traits lancés çà et là devaient suffire pour mettre aux abois une armée si malheureuse, si déroutée, enveloppée de toutes parts, emprisonnée entre des murailles et des plantations d'oliviers. Gylippe et ses alliés envoyèrent offrir la liberté à ceux des Siciliens qui abandonneraient la troupe de Démosthène et passeraient dans la leur. Quelques-uns, mais en petit nombre, prirent ce parti. Le général athénien, convaincu de l'inutilité et des périls d'une plus longue résistance, n'hésita plus à se rendre. La convention portait que ses soldats remettraient leurs armes; on s'engageait à leur laisser la vie et la liberté, à n'y attenter ni par des violences, ni par des chaînes, ni par le refus de l'absolu nécessaire. A ces conditions, ils se rendirent au nombre de six mille, livrèrent leurs armes et leur argent, dont on remplit quatre boucliers. On les conduisit à Syracuse, tandis que Nicias parvenait aux bords de l'Erinée et campait sur une hauteur. Atteint lui-même dès le jour suivant, il apprit que son collègue s'était rendu, et ne voulut pourtant le croire que sur le rapport d'un cavalier qu'il envoya pour s'assurer du fait. Alors Nicias, par le ministère d'un héraut, déclara que, si on laissait partir son armée, il stipulerait, au nom d'Athènes, que cette cité rembourserait aux vainqueurs tous les frais de la guerre, et leur livrerait, jusqu'au paiement de la somme, un nombre déterminé d'otages, savoir, un par talent. On n'accepta point ces propositions; on investit les Athéniens, on les assaillit, on tira sur eux jusqu'au soir. Quoique manquant de vivres et de munitions, ils résolurent de profiter du repos de la nuit pour s'évader; mais les Syracusains s'aperçurent des préparatifs de leur départ, et chantèrent le pané. Trois cents Athéniens forcèrent la garde; les autres virent bien qu'ils ne pourraient plus cacher leur retraite. Nicias, cependant, au retour de l'aurore, mit encore son armée en marché : bravant les flèches, les javelots et les insultes des cavaliers, elle courait au fleuve Asinarus, à la fois pressée par la soif et par l'espoir de se sauver, si elle avait le bonheur de le traverser. Tous s'y précipitèrent à l'envi et en désordre : vivement poursuivis et obligés de se serrer, ils tombaient les uns sur les autres, se heurtaient contre les javelots de leurs voisins, s'embarrassaient dans leurs ustensiles : les uns se blessaient à mort; le courant emportait les autres. Les rives étaient escarpées, et les Syracusains, postés sur l'une, tiraient d'en haut sur des infortunés, dont le plus impatient besoin, au milieu de tant de dangers, était d'étancher leur soif. Les vainqueurs impitoyables descendirent dans ce fleuve profond, et y firent un carnage horrible, qui troublait et bouleversait l'onde : bourbeuse et sanglante, on la buvait encore, on se la disputait les armes à la main. Voyant toute son armée détruite, les cadavres entassés dans le fleuve, et ceux qui n'y avaient point péri, menacés par une cavalerie qui tout à l'heure allait les atteindre, Nicias se remit à la discrétion de Gylippe, en le pria d'arrêter le massacre : il avait plus de confiance dans un Lacédémonien que dans les Syracusains. Gylippe ordonna de faire les Athéniens prisonniers; les Syracusains en avaient caché plusieurs; on emmena vivants tous les autres, et l'on poursuivit avec tant d'ardeur les trois cents qui avaient échappé à la garde, qu'on les arrêta. En tout, néanmoins, le nombre des captifs au profit de l'État ne fut pas considérable; les particuliers en avaient dérobé davantage. Ceux-là n'appartenaient ni à Syracuse ni à Lacédémone; leurs maîtres les répandirent dans toute la Sicile. Les derniers combats avaient moissonné une multitude d'Athéniens. Toutefois il s'en évada beaucoup, soit des champs de bataille, soit après avoir été réduits en servitude. |
http://www.mariowiki.com/FP | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Flower Point
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“It is written that Flower Power (FP) rules the world.”
Frogfucius, Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars
Flower Points (FP; also known as Flower Power) are a stat in Mario RPG games, and are similar to Magic Points or Mana Points in other RPG games such as Final Fantasy. Mario and his party use FP to perform special moves.
Flower Points first appear in Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars, where they can be used for attacks such as Mario's Super Jump attack and Mallow's Psychopath. Mario's party has a combined supply of Flower Points. The maximum of Flower Points is not raised by a Level Up as in the Paper Mario series. Instead, Mario's party has to collect items such as Flower Jars and Flower Boxes to increase their total FP rating. While adventuring, there are several ways to replenish the party's FP count. There are a variety of syrups, items which restore FP. Flower Points are also restored when Mario sleeps in an Inn or when he finds a Mushroom in a Treasure Chest, which will refill the party's FP supply and HP, or Health Points.
In the Paper Mario series, Flower Points returned and were used for many of Mario's and his partners' attacks. Mario can choose to increase his maximum FP when leveling up. Items like Honey Syrups, Maple Syrups, and Jammin' Jellies recover FP. Though they were absent in Super Paper Mario, Happy Flowers have the exact same appearances as they do in the first two Paper Mario games.
Solely in Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga, Bros. Points replaced Flower Points. However, in the third installment, Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story, they are called Special Points.
[edit] See Also
[edit] Names in Other Languages
Language Name Meaning
Spanish Puntos del Flor Flower Point
French Points fleurs Flower point
German Blütenpunkt Flower Point
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Participants:
Scene Title Simple Matter of Time
Synopsis A SESA agent approaches Des, but not for the reason she expects.
Date April 29, 2018
Jackson Heights
It might be a simple matter for Odessa to sit in a diner undisturbed, usually. Who would even have a reason to bother her during this fine lunch hour?
Rasheed is walking by the diner, his car parked nearby. He's taking a bit of a break from some routine SESA activities. But then something tugs on his mind, feels a bit off, and it's coming from the diner. "Damn, here we go." he says with the tone of someone who doesn't particularly feel like dealing with this at the moment, but this stuff always has the potential to go south.
He enters the diner, follows that feeling until he sees Odessa sitting there. He doesn't recognize her, but he takes a seat across from her, and immediately sits his SESA ID on the table. "Agent Mustang, SESA. Don't worry, you're not in trouble, I don't even know who you are."
Leaning forward, though, hand on his badge, he whispers, "But why don't you tell me about the time travel while I order us some coffee and lunch."
There’s a cherry cola sitting in front of Des as she looks over the menu, swirling he straw through the bubbles absently. When someone approaches her table, her guard goes up. When that someone identifies themselves as SESA, it’s all she can do to keep her expression neutral and not rabbit right out of there.
I don’t even know who you are.
If it’s true, then how does he know about— No. Odessa Knutson-Price doesn’t time travel. Not as part of her ability. And not on any record.
Dark brows furrow together quizzically. “I don’t know what you’re talking about.”
"Then let me ask you something." Rasheed says after casually reading off his order to the waitress, ordering some waffles, because why not have some diner waffles for lunch.
Once the waitress is gone, his focus returns to Odessa. "Were you recently kidnapped? Did you experience missing time? Met someone suspicious?" he wonders, sounding very routine in his questions.
He doesn't seem particularly alarmed or troubled by her presence. And he also ordered coffee, which is sat in front of him. He starts to prepare it with a bit of sugar, and pours around three cups of the cream into it.
"Make no mistake about it, you did time travel, I'm just trying to make sure that you weren't the victim of a crime, or that you aren't in some kind of trouble." He starts to stir his coffee now, watching at her, his gaze very relaxed. This is all routine. "Time travel is very serious. It's not a crime, but if you have an out of control ability, or someone is victimizing you, I'd rather be the one you tell."
“So you… what? Sense when someone’s—” She stops herself and shakes her head. A display of too much knowledge of this subject is definitely suicide. Des laughs and looks around the diner. “Is this a joke? Did someone put you up to this to mess with me?” She turns back to him and pulls her drink closer, keeping both hands wrapped around the glass.
“I don’t have the ability to travel through time, and to the best my knowledge, I have no recent periods of time unaccounted for.” And if he’s a lie detector, she’s told no lies. As far as she’s aware, she didn’t cause anyone to travel through time, and those lost days from her experiment with Eve are accounted for.
"And yet you've time travelled." Rasheed states, right before taking a sip of his coffee. "I hope you realize that the more things you deny, the more you narrow down the possibilities. Did you know that I literally went to college for investigation?" he laughs a little, sitting his coffee down and taking a moment to look out the window.
It's a pretty nice day out, but he has to focus on Odessa, so he returns his gaze to her. "Well, since you're clearly either holding something back, or maybe had your memory manipulated…"
He stares dead into her eyes now, watching for the slightest tell, even a hint of reaction, his next words meant to give him something of use. "Have you ever heard of or made contact with a man named Adam Monroe?"
Des rises from her seat in an instant. “I’m leaving. You said I’m not in any trouble, so I’m leaving. You’re freaking me out and I’m uncomfortable. Please don’t follow me.” She steps back once, twice, and starts to turn with the intent of making a quick, but casual escape out the diner’s front door. She knows better than to bolt.
"I hope you realize that you didn't give me a 'no'." Rasheed answers with his hands wrapped around his coffee. "In fact, your leaving has told me a lot more than I think you intended, so I'll have to go and figure out a few things on my own."
He doesn't stop her, but before she leaves, all he adds is, "Or, you, someone whose name I don't even know, could cooperate. Up to you."
Des closes her eyes heavily and weighs her options. She could say not here. She could propose somewhere else. It could lead him to her front door. There’s an urge to cry, because she has tried so hard to keep her head down, and her nose clean, but her past always comes back to haunt her.
Her seat is reclaimed and she stares at him with sad confusion. “I just want Monroe to stay firmly in my past. I don’t want to even think about him, let alone discuss him. Please…”
"I don't know much about Adam Monroe, all I know is that the last person I saw who time travelled, apparently got her head cut off by him, if I understood that right. Which means, based on your reaction…" Rasheed takes a sip, allowing the mood to become slightly more intense by a few seconds, knowing all the right pauses to make to shake someone's nerve even more.
"Somehow you have a relation to Eve Mas, and somehow Adam Monroe is tied to your time travel. Am I off base?" He's at least somewhat off base, which should at least be a sign that he doesn't know a lot about the situation. "When I asked Eve Mas about her time travel, we had a bit of a discussion. She called me a Time Fairy."
Eve.
Richard told her that she would be the death of her. Maybe Des should have listened for a change, instead of being drawn in by the — Well, Des would call it charm, but Des isn’t the most well-adjusted person to be assigning adjectives to a person.
“That sounds pretty fantastic, Agent Mustang.” Des leans forward, hands around her drink again. “Let’s say everything you’ve just said applies to me. What of it?”
"I'm interested in Adam Monroe. He's a name I've heard whispered around, but I've never really dug into anything, just one of those names you hear. But Mas didn't seem like she had a particularly good experience with him, and you don't seem to have the best impression of him, and I just want to know…" Rasheed pushes his coffee off to the side.
Because his plate of waffles is sat in front of him, and once the waitress walks away, he continues. "Is Adam Monroe someone I need to worry about? Is he someone I should be looking into? Two people who have time travelled under mysterious circumstances, one of which had her head cut off, and the other seems to be… should I say terrified of him?"
"Let me lay this out, Jane Doe, can I call you Jane? Unless you'd like to introduce yourself." He starts to cut into his waffles. "Who you are, why you're so jittery, I'm not interested in that. I want to know about Adam, what he has to do with time travel, and why he's cutting heads off and making women terrified."
He pours some warm syrup over his waffles, then holds a fork of it out to Des. "Waffle?"
“Jones,” Des modifies. “Plain Jane Jones. Jane’s fine.” She smiles thinly. “Yes, you should be concerned about that name. You should be concerned about that man. I have no desire to cross his path again. He’s a womanizer and charming while he does it.” Which is enough of a strike against him, she feels.
Des looks at the offered waffle and shakes her head. No, thank you. “He’s a tyrant and a fiend. I don’t know why he would cut someone’s head off, but I’m sure he thought it was great sport.” Her responses are terse, her jaw tight. If she looks like she’d still like to run, it’s because she would.
Rasheed sits his fork down to take some notes. A tyrant and a fiend, womanizer and charming, Adam Monroe.
Alright.
Sitting his notepad down to instead take up eating his waffles again, he considers the topic they strayed off of. "And what does he have to do with time travel? You've still carefully left out the details of that. But…"
Chew, chew, chew, swallow. "I'll see if Monroe has a file, call some contacts at the FBI. If he's someone going under our radar, I need to know. It's one of those things… I feel a hunch in my bones."
“You don’t want to mess with him, Mustang.” Des shakes her head again and leans back in her seat, taking a sip of her soda. “Whatever he wants, he gets, and he can’t be stopped.” Except, perhaps, that one time…
“It’s your funeral if you tangle with him.”
"He can't be stopped, huh?" Rasheed asks, before he starts to chew again. He doesn't sound particularly impressed. "You know, I've been dealing with a lot of strange cases for years, I never really got tangled in with the big guys, plenty of people seemed to have that covered. But I probably could have."
He stares at her from behind his mug, sipping. Then, as he lowers his mug, he lets out a gentle sigh of satisfaction. "There's no one who can't be stopped. I've never seen an ability that couldn't be stopped."
There's a slight laugh, pointing at her with the bit of waffle on the end of his fork. "I wonder if people would say I couldn't be stopped if I was some big bad tyrant instead of a chill ass dude from Philly." While there's humor in his tone, this is said with some measure of ominous intent, before he goes back to eating waffle. "Guess I'll stop Adam Monroe. Everyone's time runs out eventually."
"Well, except maybe mine."
Politely, Des listens, sipping again at her soda while she does. He does seem chill, and she chalks that up to the man having no idea what he’s wading into. He reminds her of some of the people she once knew from the Company. Idealistic and so very wrong about how fucked up shit really is out there.
Still, she admires his passion for what he perceives as justice. But it’s his last comment that really gets her attention. Des’ brows lift and she smirks briefly, amused. “And how do you figure that?”
"Everyone has their secrets, Jane. I'm sure Eve Mas thinks she knows all of mine, but I only told her the very surface." Rasheed reaches into his blazer to pull out his wallet, smiling while taking out a ten and some fives. "I've never had my head cut off before, might be an interesting experience."
"Well, not that I remember at least."
He sounds more politely amused than anything, reaching into his blazer for a card now, sliding it over to her. Agent Rasheed Mustang, along with his number and email and such. It's a SESA card. "If you need anything, let me know. And stay out of trouble."
“Everyone has secrets,” Des agrees, “and no one knows everything about anybody. Including themselves.” That part she knows all too well.
The card is slid the rest of the way across the table and into the brunette’s pocket. “You’ve got a pretty head, Agent Mustang. You might work to keep it on your shoulders.” She smiles thinly. “If I need SESA for anything, you’ll be the first person I call.”
"It's never too late, even with your head cut off." Rasheed slides from the booth, leaving the cash behind, then he walks over to offer her his hand. "If Adam Monroe is a problem for you, I'll get to the bottom of it. I've met a lot of people who were victims of other people, and that person always seems like the most powerful human being who ever walked the Earth."
But, he shakes his head. "He isn't. He's just a man."
How wrong he is.
Against her better judgement, Des glances down at the offered hand and then gives hers in return to shake politely, a smile faint. “Good luck, Agent.” The only faith she has is that digging into Adam Monroe will get him killed.
"I'll see you around, I'm sure. Maybe time travel less if you don't want to be found." Rasheed laughs, taking his hand back, casually heading out the door to leave her to do as she pleases.
At least he covered both their checks.
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cu31924083881460_17 | US-PD-Books | Public Domain | "One from England, and the other from Calais; th« latter arrived by express, and seems of great importance." "From Calais! Who the deuce can have written to me from Calais?" "'I think I can recognize the handwriting of your friend the Comte de Wardes." "Oh!" cried the chevalier, forgetting his intention of acting the spy, "in that case I will come up at once." This he did, while the two unknown beings disappeared at the end of the court opposite to the one by which they had just entered. We shall now follow them, and leave the cheva- lier undisturbed to his correspondence. When they had arrived at the grove of trees, the foremost of the two halted, somewhat out of breath, and cautiously raising her hood, said, "Are we still far from the tree?" "Yes, madame; more than five hundred paces; but pray rest awhile, you will not be able to walk much longer at this pace." "You are right," said the princess, for it was she; and she leaned against a tree. "And now," she resumed, after having recovered her breath, "tell me the whole truth, and conceal nothing from me." "Oh, madame!" said the young girl, "you are already angry with me." "No, my dear Athenais; reassure yourself, I am in no way angry with you. After all, these things do not concern me personally. You are anxious about what you may have said under the oak; you are afraid of having offended the king, and I wish to tranquillize you by ascertaining myself if it were possible you could have been overheard." "Oh, yes, madame, the king was so close to us." "Still, you were not speaking so loud that some of your remarks may not have been lost." "We thought we were quite alone, madame." "There were three of you, you say?" "Yes; La Valliere, Montalais, and myself." "And you, individually, spoke in a light manner of the king?" "I am afraid so. Should such be the case, will your highness have the kindness to make my peace with his majesty?" "If there should be any occasion for it, I promise you to do so. However, as I have already told you, it will be better not to anticipate evil, and to be quite sure that evil has been committed, The night is now very dark, and the TEN YEARS LATER. "It was not Montalais. Montalais said nothing; it was La Valliere." Madame started as if she had not known it perfectly already. "No, no," she said, "the king cannot have heard. Besides, we will now try the experiment for which we came out. Show me the oak. Do you know where it is?" she continued. "Alas! madame, yes." "And you can find it again?" "With my eyes shut." "Very well; sit down on the bank where you were, where La Valliere was, and speak in the tone and to the same efEect as you did before; I will conceal myself in the thicket, and if I can hear you I will tell you so." "Yes, madame." "If, therefore, you really spoke sufficiently loud for the king to have heard you, in that case " Athenais seemed to await the conclusion of the phrase with some anxiety. "In that case," said madame, in a suffocated voice, aris- ing doubtless from her hurried progress; "in that case I forbid you — " And madame again increased her pace. Suddenly, however, she stopped. "An idea occurs to me," she said. "A good idea, no doubt, madame," replied Mile, de Tonnay-Charente. "Montalais must be as much embarrassed as La Valliere and yourself." "Less so, for she is less compromised, having said less." "That does not matter; she will help you, I dare say, by deviating a little from the exact truth." "Especially if she knows that your highness is kind enough to interest yourself about.me." 314 TEN YEARS LATER. "Very well; I think I have discovered what we want." "How delightful." "You will say that all three of you were perfectly well aware that the king was behind the tree, or behind the thicket, whichever it might have been; and that you knew Monsieur de St. Aignan was there too." "Yes, madame." "For you cannot disguise it from yourself, Athenais, St. Aignan takes advantage of some very flattering remarks which you made about him." "Well, madame, you see very well that one can be over- heard," cried Athenais, "since Monsieur de St. Aignan overheard us." Madame bit her lips, for she had thoughtlessly committed herself. "Oh, you know St. Aignan's character very well," she said; "the favor the king shows him almost turns his brain, and he talks at random; not only that, he very often invents. That is not the question; the fact remains. Did or did not the king overhear?" "Oh, yes, madame, he did hear," said Athenais, in despair. "In that case, do what I said: maintain boldly that all three of you knew — mind, all three of you, for if there is a doubt about any one of you, there will be a doubt about all — persist, I say, that you knew that the king and Monsieur de St. Aignan were there, and that you wished to amuse yourselves at the expense of those who were listening." "Oh, madame, at the king's expense; we never dare say that!" "It is a simple jest, an innocent deception readily per- mitted in young girls whom men wish to take by surprise. In this manner everything is explained. What Montalais said of Malicorne, a mere Jest; what you said of Monsieur de St. Aignan, a mere jest, too; and what La Valliere might have said of " ] "And which she would have given anything to have recalled." "Are you sure of that?" "Perfectly so." "Very well; an additional reason, therefore. Say the whole affair was a mere Joke. Monsieur de Malicorne will have no occasion to get out of temper; Monsieur de St. Aignan will be completely put out of countenance, he will be laughed at instead of you; and, lastly, the king will be punished for a curiosity which was unworthy of his rank. TEK IBABS LATER. 315 Let people laugh a little at the king in this affair, and I do not think he will complain of it." "Oh, madame, you are indeed an angel of goodness and sense!" "It is to my own advantage." "In what way?" "Do you ask me why it is to my advantage to spare my maids of honor the remarks, annoyances, and perhaps even calumnies, which might follow? Alas! you well know that the court has no indulgence for this sort of pecadilloes. But we have now been walking for some time; shall we be long before we reach it?" "About fifty or sixty paces further; turn to the left, inadame, if you please." "And so you are sure of Montalais?" said madame. "Oh, certainly." "Will she do what you ask her?" "Everything. She will be delighted." "As for La Valliere— " ventured the princess. "Ah, there will be some diflBculty with her, madame; sht would scorn to tell a falsehood." "Yet, when it is her interest to do so " "I am afraid that that would not make the slightea-i difference in her ideas." "Yes, yes," said madame, "I have been already told that; she is one of those overnice and affected, particular persons who place heaven in the foreground to conceal themselves behind it. But if she refuse to tell a falsehood — as she will expose herself to the jestings of the whole court — as she will have annoyed the king by a confession as ridiculous as it was immodest — Mademoiselle de la Baume le Blanc de la Valliere will think it but proper that I should send her back again to her pigeons in the country, in order that, in Touriane yonder, or in Le Blaisois — I know not whtjre it may be, she may at her ease study sentiment and a pastoral life together." These words were uttered with a Tshemence and harshness which terrified Mile, de Tonnay- Charente; and the consequence was, that, as far as ushe was concerned, she promised to tell as many falsehoods as might be necessary. It was in this amiable frame of mind, respec- tively, that madame and her companion reached the pre- cincts of the royal oak. "Here we are," said Tonnay-Charente. "We shall soon learn if one can overhear," replied inadame. S16 TEK TEARS LATER, "Hush!" said the young girl, holding madame bacK with a hurried gesture, entirely forgetful of her comDaniou's rank. Madame stopped. "You see that you can hear/' said Athenais. "How?" "Listen." Madame held her breath; and, in fact, the following words, pronounced by a gentle and melancholy voice, floated toward them: "I tell you, vicomte, I tell you I love her madly; I teL you I love her to distraction." Madame started at the voice; and, beneath her hood, a bright joyous smile illumined her features. It was she who now stayed her companion, and with a light footstep lead- ing her some twenty paces back, that is to say, out of the reach of the voice, she said, "Eemain there, my dear Athenais, and let no one surprise us. I think it may be you they are conversing about." "Me, madame?" "Yes, you — or rather, your adventure. I will go and listen; if we were both there we should be discovered. Go and fetch Montalais, and then return and wait for me with her at the entrance of the forest." And then, as Athenais hesitated, she again said, "Go!" in a voice which did not admit of a reply. Athenais thereupon arranged her dress so as to prevent its rustling being heard, and by a path which crossed the group of trees, she regained the flower- garden. As for madame, she concealed herself in the thicket, leaning her back against a gigantic chestnut-tree, one of the branches of which had been cut in a manner to form a seat, and waited there full of anxiety and apprehen- sion. "Now," she said, "since one can hear from this place, let us listen to what Monsieur de Bragelonne and that other madly in love fool, the Comte de Guiche, have to say about me." CHAPTER XLV. IK WHICH MADAME ACQUIRES A PROOF THAT LISTENERS CAN HEAR WHAT IS SAID. There was a moment's silence, as if all the mysterious sounds of night were hushed to listen, at the same time as madame, to the youthful and passionate disclosures of De Guiche. fm YDAKS tATBS. M It was Eaoul who was about to speak. He leaned in- dolently against the trunk of the large oak, and replied in his sweet and musical voice, "Alas, my dear De Guiche, it is a great misfortune." "Yes," cried the latter, "great indeed." "You do not understand me, De Guiche. I say that it is a great misfortune for you, not that of loving, but that of not knowing how to conceal your love." "What do you mean?" said De Guiche. "Yes, you do not perceive one thing, namely, that it is no longer to the only friend you have — in other words, to a man who would rather die than betray you — you do not perceive, I say, that it is no longer to your only friend that you confide your passion, but to the first one who approaches you." "Are you mad, Bragelonne," exclaimed De Guiche, "to say such a thing to me?" "The fact is so, however." "Impossible! How, in what manner could I have become indiscreet to such an extent?" "I mean, that your eyes, your looks, your sighs, speak, in spite of yourself, that every exaggerated feeling leads and hurries a man beyond his own control. In such a case he ceases to be master of himself; he is a prey to a mad passion, which makes him confide his grief to the trees, or to the air, from the very moment he has no longer any liv- ing being within reach of his voice. Besides, remember this: it very rarely happens that there is not always some one present to hear, especially those very things which ought not to be heard." De Guiche uttered a deep sigh. "Nay," continued Bragelonne, "you distress me; since your return here you have a thousand times, and in a thousand different ways, confessed your love for her; and yet, had you not said anything, your return would alone have been a terrible indiscretion. I persist, then, in drawing this conclusion: that if you do not place a greater watch over yourself than you have hitherto done, one day or anothei something will happen which will cause an explosion. Who will save you then? Answer me. Who will save her? for, innocent as she will be of your affection, your affec- tion will be an accusation against her in the hands of her enemies." "Alas!" murmured De Guiche; and a deep sigh accom- panied the exclamation. "That is not answering me, De Guiche." 818 TEN YEARS LATER. "Yes, yes." "Well, what reply have you to make?" "This, that when the day arrives I shall not be less a living being than I feel myself to be now." "I do not understand you." "So many vicissitudes have worn me out. At present, 1 am no more a thinking, acting being; at present, the most worthless of men is better than I am; therefore, my re- maining strength is now exhausted, my latest-formed resolu- tions have vanished, and I abandon myself to my fate. When a man is out campaigning, as we have been together, and he sets off alone and unaccompanied for a skirmish, it sometimes happens that he may meet with a party of five or six foragers, and although alone, he defends himself; afterward, five or six others arrive unexpectedly, his anger is aroused, and he persists; but if six, eight, or ten others should stiU be met with, he either sets spurs to his horse, if he should still happen to retain it, or lets himself be slaiii, to save an ignominious flight. Such, indeed, is my own case. First, I had to struggle against myself; afterward, against Buck- ingham; now, since the king is in the field, I will not con-- tend against the king, nor even, I wish you to understand, will the king retire; nor even against the nature of that woman. Stul I do not deceive myself; having devoted myself to the service of that afEection, I will lose my life in it." "It is not her you ought to reproach," replied Eaoul; "it is yourself." "Why so?" "You know the princess' character — somewhat giddy, easily captivated by novelty, susceptible to flattery, whether it come from a blind person or a child, and yet you allow your passion for her to eat your very life away. Look at her — love her, if you will — for no one whose heart is not engaged elsewhere can see her without loving her. "Oh, I know her better than you do, then!" exclaimed De Guiche. "She is not giddy, but frivolous; she is not attracted by novelty, she is utterly oblivious, and is without faith; she is not simply susceptible to flattei'y, she is a practiced and cruel coquette. A thorough coquette! yes, yes, I am sure of it. Believe me, Bragelonne, I am suffer- ing all the torments of hell; brave, passionately fond of danger, I meet a danger greater than my strength and my courage. But believe me, Eaoul, I reserve for myself a. victory which shall cost her floods of tears." "A victory," he asked, "of what kind?" "Of what kind, you ask?" "Yes." "One day I will accost her, and will address her thus: 'I was young — madly in love; I possessed, however, sufficient respect to throw myself at your feet, and to prostrate my- self with my forehead buried in the dust, if your looks had not raised me to your hand. I fancied I understood your looks, I arose, and then, without having done anything toward you than love you yet more devotedly, if that were possible — you, a woman without heart, faith, or love, in very wantonness of disposition, dashed me down again from mere caprice. You are unworthy, princess of the royal blood though you may be, of the love of a man of honor; I offer my life as a sacrifice for having loved you too tenderly, and I die hating you.' " "Oh!" cried Eaoul, terrified at the accents of profound truth which De Quiche's words betrayed, "I was right in saying you were mad, De Guiche." "Yes, yes!" exclaimed De Guiche, following out his own idea; "since there are no wars hero now, I will flee yonder, to the north, seek service in the empire, where some Hungarian, or Croat, or Turk will perhaps kindly put mf out of my misery at once." De Guiche did not finish, ot- rather, as he finished, a sound made him start, and at the same moment made Eaoul leap to his feet. As foi De (rniche, buried in his own thoughts, he remained seated, with his head tightly pressed between his hands. The branches of the trees were pushed aside, and a woman, pale 3aO TEN- TEARS lATEH. and much agitated, appeared before the .wo young' meiln With oue hand she held back the branches, which would have struck her lace^ and with the other she raised the .'lood of the mantle which covered her shoulders. By her jlear and lustrous glance, by her lofty carriage, by her haughty attitude, and, more than all, by the throbbing of his own heart, De Guiche recognized madame, and, utter- ing a load cry, he removed his hands from his temples, and coverea his eyes with them. Raoul, trembling and out of countenance, merely muttered a few formal words of respect. "Monsieur de Bragelonne," said the princess, "have the goodness, I beg, to see if my attendants are not somewhere yonder, either in the walks or in the groves; and you. Mon- sieur de Guiche, remain here; I am tired, and you will pei'- haps give me your arm." Had a thunderbolt fallen at the feet of the unhappy young man he would have been less terrified than by her cold and severe tone. However, as he himself had just said, he was brave; and as in the depths of his own heart he had just decisively made up his mind, De Guiche arose, and, observing Bragelonne's hesitation, he turned toward him a glance full of resignation and of grateful acknowledgment. Instead of immediately answering madame, he even ad- vamced a step toward the vicomte, and holding out toward him the hand which the princess had just desired him to give her, he pressed his friend's hand in his own with a sigh, in which he seemed to give to friendship all life that was left in the depths of his heart. Madame, who in her pride had never known what it was to wait, now waited until this mute colloquy was ended. Her royal hand re- mained suspended in the air, and when Eaoul had left, it sank without anger, but not without emotion, in that of De Guiche. They were alone in the depths of the dark and silent forest, and nothing could be heard but Eaoul's hastily retreating footsteps along the obscure paths. Over their heads was extended the thick and fragrant vault of branches, through the occasional openings of which the stars could be seen glittering in their beauty. Madame ^,oftlydrew De Guiche about a hundred paces away from that indiscreet tree which had heard, and had allowed so joaany things to be heard, during that evening, and leading him to a neighboring glade, so that they could see a certain distance around them, she said in a trembling voice, "I have brought you here, because yonder where you were everything can be overheard." TEN TEARS LATER. 331 "Everything can be overheard^ did you say, madame?" 'replied the young man mechanically. "Yes." "Which means — " murmured De Guiche. "Which means that I have heard every syllable you h»T8 said." "Oh, Heaven! this only was wanting to destroy me," stammered De Guiche; and he bent down his head, like an exhausted swimmer beneath the wave which ingulfs him. "And so," she said, "you judge me as you have said." De Guiche grew pale, turned his head aside, and was silent; he felt almost on the point of fainting. "I do not complain," continued the princess, in a tone of voice full of gentleness; "I prefer a frankness which wounds me to flattery which would deceive me. And so, according to your opinion. Monsieur de Guiche, I am a coquette and a worthless creature." "Worthless!" cried the young man; "you worthless! No, no; most certainly I did not say, I could not have said, that that which was the most precious object in life for me could be worthless. No, no; I did not say that!" "A woman who sees a man perish, consumed by the fire she has kindled, and who does not allay that fire is, in my opinion, a worthless woman." "What can it matter to you what I said?" returned the comte. "What am I compared to you, and why should you even trouble yourself to know whether I exist or not?" "Monsieur de Guiche, both you and I are human beings, and, knowing you as I do, I do not wish you to risk your life; with you I will change my conduct and character. I will be, not frank, for I am always so, but truthful. I im plore you, therefore, to love me no more, and to forge; utterly that I have ever addressed a word or a glance toward you." De Guiche turned round, bending a look full of pas- sionate devotion upon her. "You," he said; "you excuse yoisrself; you implore me!" "Certainly; since I have done the evil, I ought to repair the evil I have done. And so, comte, this is what we have agreed to. You will forgive my frivolity and my coquetry. Nay,, do not interrupt me. I will forgive you for having said I was frivolous and a coquette, or something worse, perhaps; and you will renounce your idea of dying, and will preserve for your family, for the king, and for our sex, a cavalier whom every one esteems, and whom many hold 522 TEN" TEARS LATER. Madame pronounced these last words in such an accent of frankness, and even of tenderness, that poor De Quiche's heart felt almost bursting. "Oh! madame, madame!" he stammered out. "Nay, listen further," she continued. "When you shall have renounced all thought of me forever, from necessity in the first place, and, afterward, because you will yield to my entreaty, then you will judge me more favorably, and I am convinced you will replace this love — forgive the folly of the expression — by a sincere friendship, which you will be ready to offer me, and which, I promise you, shall be cordially accepted." De ftuiche, his forehead bedewed with perspiration, a feel- ing of death in bia heart, and a trembling agitation through his whole frame, bit his lip, stamped his foot on the ground, and, in a word, devoured the bitterness of his grief. "Ma- dame," he said, "what you offer is impossible, and I can- not accept such conditions." "What!" said madame, "do you refuse my friendship?" "No, no! I need not your friendship, madame; I prefer to die from love than to live for friendship." "Comte!" "Oh! madame," cried De Guiche,"the present is a mo- ment for me, in which no other consideration and no other respect exists, than the respect of a man of honor toward the woman he worships. Drive me away, curse me, de- nounce'me, you will be perfectly right; I have uttered com- plaints against you, but their bitterness has been owing to my passion for you; I have said that I would die, and die I shall. If I lived, you would forget me; but dead, you would never forget me, I am sure." And yet she, who was standing buried in thought, nnd as agitated as De Guiche himself, turned aside her head as he but a minute before had turned aside his. Then, after a moment's pause, she said, "And you love me, then, very much?" "Madly; madly enough to die from it, whether you drive me from you or whether you listen to me still." "It is, therefore, a hopeless case," she said, in a playful manner; "a case which must be treated with soothing ap- plications. Give me your hand. It is as cold as ice." De Guiche knelt down, and pressed to his lips, not one, but both of madame's hands. "Love me, then," said the princess, "since it cannot be otherwise.'' And almost imperceptibly she pressed his TEK TEARS lATEft. 323 fingers, raising him thus, partly in the manner of a queen, and partly as a fond and afEectionate woman would have done. De Gniche trembled throughout, from head to foot, and madame, who felt how passion coursed through every fiber of his being, knew that he indeed loved truly. "Give me your arm, comte," she said, "and let us return." "Ah! madame," said the comte, trembling and be- wildered; "yon have discovered a third way of killing me." "But, happily, it is the longest, is it not?" she renlied; as she led him toward the grove of trees she had left. GHAPTEE XLVI. AEAMIS' CORRESPONDENCE. While De Guiche's affairs, which had been suddenly set to rights without his having been able to guess the cause of their improvement, assumed that unexpected change which we have seen, Eaoul, in obedience to the request of H. K. H., had withdrawn in order not to interrupt an explana- tion, the results of which he was far from guessing, and he had joined the ladies of honor who were walking about in the ilower-gardens. During this time the Chevalier de Lorraine, who had returned to his own room, read De Wardes' letter with surprise, for it informed him, by the hand of his valet, of the sword-thrust received at Calais, and of all the details of the adventure, and invited him to communicate to De Guiche and to Monsieur, whatever there might be in the affair likely to be most disagreeable to both of them. De Wardes particularly endeavored to prove to the chevalier the violence of madame's affection for Buck- ingham, and he finished his letter by declaring that he thought this feeling was returned. The chevalier shrugged his shoulders at the latter paragraph, and, in fact, De Wardes was very much behindhand, as may have bgen seen. De Wardes was still only at Buckingham's affair. The chevalier threw the letter over his shoulder upon an adjoin- ing table, and said in a disdainful tone: "It is really in- credible; and yet poor De Wardes is not deficient in ability; but the truth is, it is not very apparent, so easy is it to grow rusty in the country. The deuce take the simpleton, who ought to have written to me about matters of importance, and who writes such silly stuff as that. If it had not been for that miserable letter, which has no meaning at all in it, 324 TEN YEARS LATER. I should have detected in the grove yonder a charming httle intrigue, wliich would have compromised a woman, would have perhaps been as good as a sword-thrust for a man, and have diverted Monsieur for some days to come." He looked at his watch. "It is now too late," he said. "One o'clock in themoDiing; everyone must have returned to the king's apartments, where the night is to be finished; well, the scene is lost, and iinless some extraordinary chance — " And thus saying, as if to appeal to his good star, the chevalier, much out of temper, approached the window, which looked out upon a somewhat solitary part of the garden. Immediately, and as if some evil genius had been at his orders, he perceived returning toward the chateau, accompanied by a man, a silk mantle of a dark color, and recognized the figure which had struck his atten- tion half an hour previously. "Admirable!" he thought, striking his hands together, "this is my mysterious afl:air." And he started out precipi- tately along the staircase, hoping to reach the courtyard in time to recognize the woman in the mantle, and her com- E anion. But as he arrived at the door in the little court, e nearly knocked against madame, whose radiant face seemed full of charming revelations beneath the mantle which protected without concealing her. Unfortunately, madame was alone. The chevalier knew that since he had seen her, not five minutes before, with a gentleman, the gentleman in question could not be far off. Consequently, he hardly took time to salute the princess as he drew up, to allow her to pass; then when she had advanced a few steps, with the rapidity of a woman who fears recognition; and when the chevalier perceived that she was too much occu- pied with her own thoughts to trouble herself about him, he darted into the garden, looked hastily round on every side, and embraced within his glance as much of the hori- zon as he possibly could. He was just in time: the gentle- man who had accompanied madame was still in sight; only he was i'apidly hurrying toward one of the wings of the chateau, behind which he was just on the point of disap- pearing. There was not a minute to lose; the chevalief darted in pursuit of him, prepared to slacken his pace as he approached the unknown; but in spite of the diligence he used, the unknown had disappeared behind the flight of steps before he approached. It was evident, however, that as he whom the chevalier pursued was walking quietly, in a very pensive manner, TEN TEARS LATER. 335 with his head bent down, either beneath the weight of grief or of happiness, when once the angle was passed, unless, indeed, he were to enter by some door or another, the chevalier conld not fail to overtake him. And this cer- tainly would have happened, if, at the very moment he turned the angle, the chevalier had not run against two persona, who were themselves turning it in the opposite direc- tion. The chevalier was quite ready to seek a quarrel with these two troublesome intruders, when looking up he recog- nized the surintendant. Fouquet was accompanied by a person whom the chevalier now saw for the iirst time. The stranger was His Grace the Bishop of Vannes. Checked by the important character of the individual, and obliged from politeness to make his own excuses when he expected to receive them, the chevalier stepped back a few paces; and as M. Fouquet possessed, if not the friendship, at least the respect of every one; as the king himself, although he was rather his enemy than his friend, treated M. Fouquet as a man of great distinction, the chevalier did what the king would have done, namely, he howed to M. Fouquet, who returned his salutation with kindly politeness, perceiving that the gentleman had run against him by mistake, and without any intention of being rude. Then, almost imme- diately afterward, having recognized the Chevalier de Lor- raine, he made a few civil remarks, to which the chevalier was obliged to reply. Brief as the conversation was, the Chevalier de Lorraine saw, with the most unfeigned dis- pleasure, the figure of his unknown becoming less and less in the distance, and fast disappearing in the darkness. The chevalier resigned himself, and, once resigned, gave his entire attention to Fouquet: "You arrive late, monsieur," he said. "Your absence has occasioned great surprise, and I heard Monsieur express himself as much astonished that, having been invited by the king, you had not come." "It was impossible for me to do so; but I came as soon as I was free." "Is Paris quiet?" "Perfectly so. I will ask you, therefore, to inform me if the king is within the chateau or not, if I shall be able to see him this even- ing, or if I am to wait until to-morrow." "We have lost sight of his majesty during the last half hour nearly," said the chevalier. 326 TEN TEARS LATER, "Perhaps he is in madame's apartments," inquii-ed Fouquet. ''Not in madame's apartments, I should think, for I have just met madame as she was entering by the small staircase; and unless the gentleman whom you just now passed was the king himself — " and the chevalier paused, hoping that, in this manner, he might learn who it was he had been hurrying after. But Fouquet, whether he had or not recognized De Guiche, simply replied: "No, monsieur, it was not he." The chevalier, disappointed in his expectation, saluted them; but as he did so, casting a parting glance around him, and perceiving M. Colbert in the center of a group, ne said to thesurintendant: "Stay, monsieur; there is some one under the trees yonder who will be able to inform you better than myself." "Who?" asked Fouquet, whose near-sightedness pre- vented his seeing through the darkness. "Monsieur Colbert," returned the chevalier. "Indeed! That person, then, who is speaking yonder to those men with torches in their hands, is Monsieur Colbert?" "Monsieur Colbert himself. He is giving his orders per- sonally to the workmen who are arranging the lamps for the illuminations." "Thank you," said Fouquet, with an inclination of the head which indicated that he had obtained all the informa- tion he wished. The chevalier, on his side, having, on the contrary, learned nothing at all, withdrew with a profound salutation. He had scarcely left when Fouquet, knitting his brows, fell in a deep reverie. Aramis looked at him for a moment with a mingled feeling of compassion and sadness. "What!" he said to him, "that man's name alone seemed to affect you.' Is it possible that, full of triumph and delight as you were, just now, the sight merely of that man is capable of dis-| piriting you? Tell me, have you faith in your good star?" ' "No," replied Fouquet dejectedly. "Why not?" "Because I am too full of happiness at this present moment," he replied in a trembling voice. "You, my dear D'Herblay, who are so learned, will remember the his- tory of a certain tyrant of Samos. What can I throw into the sea to avert approaching evil? Yes; I repeat it once more, I am too full of happiness! so happy that I wi^h for nothing beyond what I have. ... I have risen so high. TEN TEABS LATER. 327 • • . You Icnow my motto: ^Quo non ascendamV I have risen so h'gh that nothing is left me but to descend from my elevation. I cannot believe in the progress of a success which is already more than human." Aramis smiled as he fixed his kind and penetrating glance upon him. ''If I were aware of the cause of your happi- ness/'he said, "I should probably fear for your disgrace; but you regard me in the light of a true friend; I mean, you turn to me in misfortune, nothing more. Even that is an immense and precious boon, I know; but the truth is, 1 have a just right to beg you to confide in me, from time to time, any fortunate circumstances which may befall you, and in which I should rejoice, you know, more than if they had befallen myself." "My dear prelate," said Fouquet, laughing, "my secrets are of too profane a character to confide them to a bishop, however great a worldling he may be." "Bah! in confession." "Or I should blush too much if you were my confessor." And Fouquet began to sigh. Aramis again looked at him without any other betrayal of his thoughts than a quiet smile. "Well," he said, "discretion is a great virtue." "Silence," said Fouquet; "that venomous beast has recognized us, and is coming this way." "Colbert?" "Yes; leave me, D'Herblay; 1 do not wish that fellow to see you with me, or he will take an aversion to you." Aramis pressed his hand, saying, "What need have I of his friendship, while you are here?" "Yes, but I may not be always here," replied Fouquet dejectedly. "On that day, then, if that day should ever come," said Aramis tranquilly, "we will think over a means of dispens- ing with the friendship, or of braving the dislike of Mon- sieur Colbert. But tell me, my dear Fouquet, instead of conversing with this fellow, as you did him the honor to style him, a conversation the ntility of which I do not per- ceive, why do you not pay a visit, if not to the king, at least to madame?" "To madame?" said the surintendant, his mind occupied by his souvenirs. "Yes, certainly, to madame." "You remember," continued Aramis, "that we have been tpld tJj^t w^4ame stands high in favor during the last tWQ 328 "' TEX TEARS LATER. or three days. It enters into your policy, and forms part, of onr plans, that you should assiduously devote yourself to his majesty's friends. It is a means of counteracting the growing influence of Monsieur Colbert. Present yourself, therefore, as soon as possible to madame, and, for our sakes, treat this ally with consideration." "But," said Fouquet, "are you quite sure that it is upon her the king has his eyes fixed at the present moment?" "If the needle has turned, it must be since the morning. You know I have my police." "Very well. I go there at once, and, at all events, I shall have a means of introduction in the shape of a mag- nificent pair of antique cameos set round with diamonds." "I have seen them, and nothing could be more costly and regal." At this moment they were interrupted by a servant fol- lowed by a courier. "For you, monseigneur," said the courier, aloud, pre- senting a letter to Fouquet. "For your grace," said the lackey, in a low tone, hand- ing Aramis a letter. And as the lackey carried a torch in his hand, he placed himself between the surintendant and the Bishop of Vannes, so that both of them could read at the same time. As Fou- quet looked at the fine and delicate writing on the envelope, he started with delight; they who love, or who are beloved, will understand his anxiety in the first place, and his hap- piness in the next. He hastily tore open the letter, which, however, contained only these words: "It is but an hour since I quitted you, it is an age since I told you that I love you." And that was all. Mme. de BelliSre had, in fact, left Fouquet about an hour previously, after having passed two days with him; and, apprehensive lest his remembrance of her might not be effaced for too long a period from the heart she regretted, she dispatched a courier to him as the bearer of this important communication. Fouquet kissed the letter, and rewarded the bearer with a handful of gold. As for Aramis, he, on his side, was engaged in reading, but with more coolness and reflection, the following letter: "The king has this evening been struck with a strange fancy; a woman loves him. He learned it accidentally, as he was listening to the conversation of this young girl with fEir YEARS tATEfi. 339 her companions; and his majesty has entirely abandoned himself to this new caprice. The girl's name is Made- moiselle de la Valliere, and she is suiBciently pretty to warrant this caprice becoming a strong attachment. Be- ware of Mademoiselle de la Valliere." There was not a word about madame. Aramis slowly folded the letter and put it in his pocket. Fouquet was still engaged in inhaling the perfume of his epistle. "Monseigneur," said Aramis, touching Fouquet's arm. "Yes, what is it?" he asked. "An idea has just occurred to me. Are you acquainted with a young girl of the name of La Valliere?" ' "Not at all." "Eeflect a little." "Ah, yes, I belieye so; one of madame's maids of honor." "That must be the one." "Well, what then?" "Well, monseigneur, it is to that young girl that you must pay your visit this evening." "Bah! why so?" "Nay, more than that, it is to her you must present your cameos." "Nonsense." "You know, monseigneur, that my advice is not to be regarded lightly." "Yet this was unforeseen " "That is my afEair. Pay your court in due form, and without loss of time, to Mademoiselle de la Valliere. I will be your guarantee with Mme. de Belliere that your devotion is altogether politic." "What do you mean, my dear D'Herblay, and whose name have you just pronounced?" "A name which ought to convince you that, as I am so well informed about yourself, I may possibly be as well in- formed about others. Pay your court, therefore, to La Valliere." "I will pay my court to whomsoever you like," replied Fouquet, his heart filled with happiness. "Come, come; descend again to the earth, traveler of the seventh heaven," said Aramis. "Monsieur de Colbert is approaching. He has been recruiting while we were read- ing; see how he is surrounded, praised, congratulated; he is decidedly becoming powerful." In fact, Colbert was advancing, escorted by all the cour- 330 TEN TEARS LATER. tiers who remained in the gardens, every one of whom com- plimented him upon the arrangements of the f&te, and which so pufied him up that he could hardly contain him- self. |
github_open_source_100_1_61 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Copyright 2021, CS GROUP - France, http://www.c-s.fr
#
# This file is part of EODAG project
# https://www.github.com/CS-SI/EODAG
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
def check_ipython():
"""Check if called from ipython / notebook"""
try:
__IPYTHON__
return True
except NameError:
return False
class NotebookWidgets(object):
"""Display / handle ipython widgets"""
ipython = False
html_box = None
html_box_shown = False
display = None
def __init__(self):
self.ipython = check_ipython()
if self.ipython:
from IPython.display import display
from ipywidgets import HTML
self.display = display
self.html_box = HTML()
else:
pass
def display_html(self, html_value):
"""Display HTML message"""
if self.ipython:
self.html_box.value = html_value
if not self.html_box_shown:
self.display(self.html_box)
self.html_box_shown = True
def clear_html(self):
"""Clear HTML message"""
if self.ipython:
self.html_box.value = ""
|
8149292_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Petition for writ of certiorari to the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit denied.
|
6640569_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Manuel Larraín Errázuriz (Santiago, 17 de dezembro de 1900 – Rengo, 22 de junho de 1966) foi um prelado chileno da Igreja Católica, bispo de Talca e presidente do Conselho Episcopal Latino-Americano.
Biografia
Estudou Direito na Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Chile, para depois entrar no Seminário e completar sua formação na Pontifícia Universidade Gregoriana. Foi ordenado padre em 16 de abril de 1927.
Foi nomeado pelo Papa Pio XI como bispo-coadjutor de Talca em 7 de maio de 1938, sendo consagrado como bispo-titular de Tubune na Numídia em 7 de agosto do mesmo ano, por Carlos Silva Cotapos, bispo de Talca, coadjuvado por Juan Subercaseaux Errázuriz, bispo de Linares e por Jorge Antonio Larraín Cotapos, bispo de Chillán. Na formação do Conselho Episcopal Latino-Americano, foi seu primeiro vice-presidente.
Junto com o cardeal Raúl Silva Henríquez, em 1962 deu início à implementação da reforma agrária chilena, nas Sés da Diocese de Talca e da Arquidiocese de Santiago do Chile. De 1962 a 1965 teve uma participação destacada no Concílio Vaticano II, onde fez parte do setor mais progressista. Foi um dos quarenta bispos que assinaram o Pacto das Catacumbas de Domitila, pelo qual prometiam caminhar com os pobres assumindo um estilo de vida simples e renunciando a todos os símbolos de poder.
Em 1963, torna-se o segundo Presidente do Conselho Episcopal Latino-Americano.
Morreu em um acidente de carro enquanto viajava de Santiago para Talca, em 22 de junho de 1966. Seus funerais foram realizados em 25 de junho de 1966 com a assistência do então Presidente do Chile Eduardo Frei Montalva e de grande parte de seu gabinete.
Ligações externas
Naturais de Santiago (Chile)
Alunos da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Chile
Alunos da Pontifícia Universidade Gregoriana
Bispos católicos do Chile.
|
github_open_source_100_1_62 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
namespace SetVersion.Lib
{
/// <summary>
/// Represents a version number string, such as "1.2.3-pre" or "1.2.3.4-pre".
/// The full format is "MAJOR.MINOR.REVISION.BUILD"
/// Note that this class is also used to parse patterns, so the components
/// can be variables such as "{{Inc}}".
/// </summary>
[DebuggerDisplay("{ToString()}")]
public class VersionString
{
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="VersionString"/> class.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="versionNumber">The version number.</param>
/// <exception cref="System.ArgumentNullException">If <paramref name="versionNumber"/> is null.</exception>
public VersionString(string versionNumber)
{
Val.ThrowIfNull(versionNumber, nameof(versionNumber));
int idx = 0;
Major = Eat(versionNumber, ref idx);
if (Major == null)
{
Major = "";
return;
}
Minor = Eat(versionNumber, ref idx);
Revision = Eat(versionNumber, ref idx);
// Consume the remainder.
if (idx < versionNumber.Length)
Build = versionNumber.Substring(idx);
}
/// <summary>
/// Represents the Major component of the version string.
/// For example, in the string "1.2.3.4-pre" Major is "1".
/// </summary>
/// <value>
/// The Major component of the version string.
/// </value>
public string Major { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Represents the Minor component of the version string.
/// For example, in the string "1.2.3.4-pre" Minor is "2".
/// </summary>
/// <value>
/// The Minor component of the version string.
/// </value>
public string Minor { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Represents the Revision component of the version string.
/// For example, in the string "1.2.3.4-pre" Revision is "3".
/// </summary>
/// <value>
/// The Revision component of the version string.
/// </value>
public string Revision { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Represents the Build component of the version string.
/// For example, in the string "1.2.3.4-pre" Build is "4-pre".
/// </summary>
/// <value>
/// The Build component of the version string.
/// </value>
public string Build { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// The full version number.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>
/// The full version number.
/// </returns>
public override string ToString()
{
string s = Major;
if (Minor != null)
s += "." + Minor;
if (Revision != null)
s += "." + Revision;
if (Build != null)
s += "." + Build;
return s;
}
private string Eat(string versionNumber, ref int startIdx)
{
if (startIdx >= versionNumber.Length)
return null;
int start = startIdx;
again:
int idx = StringExtensions.IndexOfAny(versionNumber, startIdx, ".", "{{", "##", "%%");
if (idx == -1)
{
startIdx = versionNumber.Length;
return versionNumber.Substring(start);
}
char c = versionNumber[idx];
if (c == '.')
{
// The first thing we found was a field separator. Just eat the front bit.
startIdx = idx + 1;
return versionNumber.Substring(start, idx - start);
}
else if (c == '{' || c == '#' || c == '%')
{
// The first thing we found was a variable start. Try and skip to the
// end of the variable and start again from there.
string end = VarEnd(c);
idx = versionNumber.IndexOf(end, idx + 2);
if (idx == -1)
{
// Could not find end of the variable, consume all the remaining input.
startIdx = versionNumber.Length;
return versionNumber.Substring(start);
}
else
{
// Found the end of the variable, so start looking for a '.' again just after it.
startIdx = idx + 2;
goto again;
}
}
else
{
throw new InvalidOperationException("Should not reach here.");
}
}
private string VarEnd(char c)
{
if (c == '{')
return "}}";
else if (c == '#')
return "##";
else if (c == '%')
return "%%";
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(c));
}
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_63 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import os
import pytest
import functools
from unittest import mock
from asserts import assert_cli_runner
from meltano.cli import cli
from meltano.core.plugin import PluginType
from meltano.core.plugin_install_service import PluginInstallReason
from meltano.core.plugin.error import PluginMissingError
from meltano.core.m5o.dashboards_service import DashboardsService
from meltano.core.m5o.reports_service import ReportsService
class TestCliAdd:
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"plugin_type,plugin_name,file_plugin_name",
[
(PluginType.EXTRACTORS, "tap-carbon-intensity", None),
(PluginType.LOADERS, "target-sqlite", None),
(PluginType.TRANSFORMS, "tap-carbon-intensity", None),
(PluginType.MODELS, "model-carbon-intensity", None),
(PluginType.DASHBOARDS, "dashboard-google-analytics", None),
(PluginType.ORCHESTRATORS, "airflow", "airflow"),
(PluginType.TRANSFORMERS, "dbt", "dbt"),
],
)
def test_add(
self,
plugin_type,
plugin_name,
file_plugin_name,
project,
cli_runner,
config_service,
):
# ensure the plugin is not present
with pytest.raises(PluginMissingError):
config_service.find_plugin(plugin_name, plugin_type=plugin_type)
with mock.patch("meltano.cli.add.install_plugins") as install_plugin_mock:
install_plugin_mock.return_value = True
res = cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", plugin_type.singular, plugin_name])
assert res.exit_code == 0, res.stdout
assert f"Added {plugin_type.descriptor} '{plugin_name}'" in res.stdout
plugin = config_service.find_plugin(plugin_name, plugin_type)
assert plugin
plugins = [plugin]
if file_plugin_name:
assert f"Added related file bundle '{file_plugin_name}'" in res.stdout
file_plugin = config_service.find_plugin(
file_plugin_name, PluginType.FILES
)
assert file_plugin
plugins.append(file_plugin)
install_plugin_mock.assert_called_once_with(
project, plugins, reason=PluginInstallReason.ADD
)
def test_add_multiple(self, project, cli_runner, config_service):
with mock.patch("meltano.cli.add.install_plugins") as install_plugin_mock:
install_plugin_mock.return_value = True
cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", "extractors", "tap-gitlab"])
with mock.patch("meltano.cli.add.install_plugins") as install_plugin_mock:
res = cli_runner.invoke(
cli, ["add", "extractors", "tap-gitlab", "tap-adwords", "tap-facebook"]
)
assert res.exit_code == 0, res.stdout
assert (
f"Extractor 'tap-gitlab' is already in your Meltano project"
in res.stderr
)
assert f"Added extractor 'tap-adwords'" in res.stdout
assert f"Added extractor 'tap-facebook'" in res.stdout
tap_gitlab = config_service.find_plugin("tap-gitlab", PluginType.EXTRACTORS)
assert tap_gitlab
tap_adwords = config_service.find_plugin(
"tap-adwords", PluginType.EXTRACTORS
)
assert tap_adwords
tap_facebook = config_service.find_plugin(
"tap-facebook", PluginType.EXTRACTORS
)
assert tap_facebook
install_plugin_mock.assert_called_once_with(
project,
[tap_gitlab, tap_adwords, tap_facebook],
reason=PluginInstallReason.ADD,
)
def test_add_transform(self, project, cli_runner):
# Add dbt and transform/ files
cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", "transformer", "dbt"])
cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", "files", "dbt"])
res = cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", "transform", "tap-google-analytics"])
assert res.exit_code == 0
assert (
"dbt-tap-google-analytics"
in project.root_dir("transform/packages.yml").open().read()
)
assert (
"tap_google_analytics"
in project.root_dir("transform/dbt_project.yml").open().read()
)
def test_add_dashboard(self, project, cli_runner):
def install():
return cli_runner.invoke(
cli, ["add", "dashboard", "dashboard-google-analytics"]
)
res = install()
assert res.exit_code == 0
dashboards_service = DashboardsService(project)
dashboards_count = len(dashboards_service.get_dashboards())
assert dashboards_count > 0
reports_service = ReportsService(project)
reports_count = len(reports_service.get_reports())
assert reports_count > 0
# Verify that reinstalling doesn't duplicate dashboards and reports
res = install()
assert res.exit_code == 0
assert len(dashboards_service.get_dashboards()) == dashboards_count
assert len(reports_service.get_reports()) == reports_count
def test_add_files_with_updates(
self, session, project, cli_runner, config_service, plugin_settings_service
):
result = cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", "files", "airflow"])
assert_cli_runner(result)
# Plugin has been added to meltano.yml
plugin = config_service.find_plugin("airflow", PluginType.FILES)
assert plugin
# Automatic updating is enabled
value, _ = plugin_settings_service.get_value(
session, plugin, "update.orchestrate/dags/meltano.py"
)
assert value == True
# File has been created
assert "Created orchestrate/dags/meltano.py" in result.output
file_path = project.root_dir("orchestrate/dags/meltano.py")
assert file_path.is_file()
# File has "managed" header
assert (
"This file is managed by the 'airflow' file bundle" in file_path.read_text()
)
def test_add_files_without_updates(self, project, cli_runner, config_service):
result = cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", "files", "docker-compose"])
assert_cli_runner(result)
# Plugin has not been added to meltano.yml
with pytest.raises(PluginMissingError):
config_service.find_plugin("docker-compose", PluginType.FILES)
# File has been created
assert "Created docker-compose.yml" in result.output
file_path = project.root_dir("docker-compose.yml")
assert file_path.is_file()
# File does not have "managed" header
assert "This file is managed" not in file_path.read_text()
def test_add_files_that_already_exists(self, project, cli_runner, config_service):
project.root_dir("transform/dbt_project.yml").write_text("Exists!")
result = cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", "files", "dbt"])
assert_cli_runner(result)
assert (
"File transform/dbt_project.yml already exists, keeping both versions"
in result.output
)
assert "Created transform/dbt_project (dbt).yml" in result.output
assert project.root_dir("transform/dbt_project (dbt).yml").is_file()
def test_add_related(self, project, cli_runner, config_service):
# Add dbt and transform/ files
cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", "transformer", "dbt"])
cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", "files", "dbt"])
with mock.patch("meltano.cli.add.install_plugins") as install_plugin_mock:
install_plugin_mock.return_value = True
res = cli_runner.invoke(
cli, ["add", "--include-related", "extractor", "tap-gitlab"]
)
assert res.exit_code == 0
tap = config_service.find_plugin("tap-gitlab", PluginType.EXTRACTORS)
assert tap
transform = config_service.find_plugin("tap-gitlab", PluginType.TRANSFORMS)
assert transform
model = config_service.find_plugin("model-gitlab", PluginType.MODELS)
assert model
dashboard = config_service.find_plugin(
"dashboard-gitlab", PluginType.DASHBOARDS
)
assert dashboard
install_plugin_mock.assert_called_once_with(
project,
[tap, transform, model, dashboard],
reason=PluginInstallReason.ADD,
)
def test_add_missing(self, project, cli_runner, config_service):
res = cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", "extractor", "tap-unknown"])
assert res.exit_code == 1
assert "extractor 'tap-unknown' is not known to Meltano" in res.stdout
assert res.stderr
# ensure the plugin is not present
with pytest.raises(PluginMissingError):
config_service.find_plugin("tap-unknown", PluginType.EXTRACTORS)
@pytest.mark.xfail(reason="Uninstall not implemented yet.")
def test_add_fails(self, project, cli_runner, config_service):
res = cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", "extractor", "tap-mock"])
assert res.exit_code == 1, res.stdout
assert "Failed to install plugin 'tap-mock'" in res.stdout
assert res.stderr
# ensure the plugin is not present
with pytest.raises(PluginMissingError):
config_service.find_plugin("tap-mock", PluginType.EXTRACTORS)
def test_add_custom(self, project, cli_runner, config_service):
stdin = os.linesep.join(
# namespace, executable, pip_url
["custom", "-e path/to/tap-custom", "tap-custom-bin"]
)
with mock.patch("meltano.cli.add.install_plugins") as install_plugin_mock:
install_plugin_mock.return_value = True
res = cli_runner.invoke(
cli, ["add", "--custom", "extractor", "tap-custom"], input=stdin
)
plugin = config_service.find_plugin("tap-custom", PluginType.EXTRACTORS)
assert plugin.name == "tap-custom"
assert plugin.executable == "tap-custom-bin"
install_plugin_mock.assert_called_once_with(
project, [plugin], reason=PluginInstallReason.ADD
)
|
5653465_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | MARKS, J.
This is an appeal from a judgment canceling a policy of insurance issued by plaintiff to Gr. F. Calkins under date of August 28, 1934, because of fraud, misrepresentation and concealment on the part of Calkins in making his application for the policy protecting him against liability on his automobile.
In his application Calkins stated that his occupation was that of “Rancher”, and in answer to the question, “For what purpose is ear used ? ”, he replied that his automobile was used for “Business and pleasure”. It is admitted that these statements were warranties. The policy contained a provision that it should be void if the insured “concealed or misrepresented in writing or otherwise any material fact or circumstance concerning this insurance or the subject thereof, or if the insured or his agent shall make any attempt to defraud the Exchange either before or after the loss”.
The trial court found that Calkins warranted and represented to plaintiff that his occupation was that of rancher and that the automobile was used by him for business and pleasure as such rancher; that Galkins was in fact an agent and employee of the Fontana County Fire Protection District (hereafter called the district) and was a fireman employed by that district; that he used his automobile as such public agent and employee of the district; that on June 8, 1935, while using his automobile as such fireman in responding to a fire call, it came into collision with an automobile driven by defendant Johnson, causing both property damage and personal injuries for which Johnson recovered judgment against Calkins and the district; that on July 8, 1935, plaintiff notified Calkins that it had cancelled and rescinded the policy and tendered him the premium he had paid. The numerous other findings need not be particularized.
On October 3, 1935, Johnson commenced an action against Calkins and the district in which he sought to recover damages for his injuries. He alleged that in driving the automobile at the time of the accident, Calkins was the agent, servant and employee of the district acting within the scope of his employment. This was admitted in the answers. The judgment which Johnson recovered against both defendants has long since become final. This judgment has not been paid. Johnson instituted an action against the district and others to compel the district to pay the judgment, or, the *392officers of the district to levy a tax sufficient to raise the money to pay it. He has been successful in that proceeding. (Johnson v. Fontana County Fire Protection Dist., 15 Cal. (2d) 380 [101 Pac. (2d) 1092].)
In the Johnson case just cited the Supreme Court considered and decided two questions of law that are important here. (1) That the district falls within the classification of a '‘district established by law” so that under the provisions of the former section 1714½ of the Civil Code (sec. 400, Vehicle Code) it is liable for the negligent use of an automobile in the performance of its governmental functions; and, (2) that the district was estopped by the judgment against it in the Johnson damage action to deny that Calkins was its employee and on its business at the time Johnson was injured.
In reaching these conclusions the Supreme Court reviewed the organization of the district under the act of the legislature (Stats. 1923, p. 431; amended, Stats. 1925, p. 671; amended, Stats. 1931, p. 1599) authorizing its creation and government.
In 1928 the board of supervisors of San Bernardino County appointed five citizens to act as a board of fire commissioners of the district, having, generally, powers of management of its affairs. This board seemingly continued to function until after the accident in which Johnson was injured although all authority of law for the existence of such a board had been removed from the statute by the amendment of 1931 (Stats. 1931, p. 1599) which vested the management of the affairs of the district in the board of supervisors of San Bernardino County where such powers have remained ever since. ■
It would appear that the board of fire commissioners appointed Earl- B. Beeves as chief of the fire department of the district. When that appointment was made does not appear. Reeves appointed Calkins a volunteer fireman probably in 1933. Neither Beeves nor Calkins were appointed by the board of supervisors nor did that body ever authorize anyone to appoint either of them. As Calkins was not appointed a volunteer fireman of the district by anyone possessing authority to make such an appointment it would seem to follow that he was never an actual and qualified volunteer fireman of the district who could become its agent and employee; *393that whatever service he performed in connection with fires in the district was a community service as a volunteer citizen who was interested in the welfare of the district and its property owners. This is strongly suggested by the Supreme Court in the Johnson decision above cited. It was there held that, because of the estoppel of the judgment in the Johnson damage action, the district could not, in that case, maintain that Calkins was not its employee at the time of the accident.
Counsel argue two questions: (1) Was Calkins the agent, servant or employee of the district at the time Johnson suffered his injuries? (2) Was the notice of rescission of the policy signed by a duly authorized agent of plaintiff and was the tender of the premium to Calkins sufficient?
Because of the view we take of the case we do not consider answers to these questions necessary. Therefore, we will assume, without holding, that both questions should be answered in the affirmative.
It should be observed that plaintiff sought cancellation of the policy issued to Calkins because of his fraud, concealment and misrepresentations by stating in his application that his “occupation” was “rancher” and that his automobile was used for “business and pleasure”, without disclosing that he was employed as a volunteer fireman by the district and used his automobile in that employment.
There is strong presumption of innocence of fraud and the burden of proving these allegations rested heavily on the plaintiff. As was said in Everett v. Standard Acc. Ins. Co., 45 Cal. App. 332 [187 Pac. 996]: “The presumption is always against fraud. This presumption approximates in strength that of innocence of crime. (Truett v. Onderdonk, 120 Cal. 581, 588, [53 Pac. 26].) One who seeks relief from fraud must allege it and prove it by clear and satisfactory evidence. A mere suspicion of fraud is not sufficient.”
We should also observe that we are considering an application for insurance and an insurance policy which were prepared by plaintiff and which must be strictly construed against it. As was said in Witherow v. United American Ins. Co., 101 Cal. App. 334 [281 Pac. 668]:
“We are considering an instrument which we are justified in assuming was prepared by the insurance carrier and under which it is attempting to escape liability under its *394insurance policy and work a forfeiture of the same. ‘It is well established that conditions which provide for a forfeiture of the assured or other persons claiming under the policy are to be strictly construed against the insurance company, and if there is any ambiguity in a policy which may reasonably be solved by either one of two constructions, the interpretation shall be adopted which is most favorable to the assured, or in this particular case to the beneficiary in the deed of trust. ’ (Welch v. British American Assur. Co., 148 Cal. 223 [113 Am. St. Rep. 223, 7 Ann. Cas. 396, 82 Pac. 964, 965].) In the case before us the court is not required to give any more liberal interpretation to the language of the mortgage clause than its strict construction requires. ’ ’
The only representations made by Calkins concerning his occupation and the purpose for which his car was used were contained in his application for insurance. He there- stated that his occupation was “Rancher” and that he used his car for “business and pleasure” not “for business and pleasure purposes as such rancher” as is alleged in the complaint and as is found by the trial court. The italicized words find no support in the record.
The sole question necessary for our decision is this: Were the statements made by Calkins, that his occupation was that of rancher, and that his ear was used for business and pleasure, untrue; and in making them did he conceal material facts that misled and tended to defraud plaintiff?
The answer to this question depends on the generally accepted definitions of the word “occupation”.
“ ‘Occupation’, ... as understood commonly, will signify a vocation, calling, trade,—the business which one principally engages in to procure a living or to obtain wealth.” (State v. Austin Club, 89 Tex. 20 [33 S. W. 113, 30 L. R. A. 500].) It has been repeatedly held that a person’s principal business and chief means of obtaining a livelihood is his occupation; that the term as generally understood, does not include an isolated or semi-occasional and temporary adventure in another line of endeavor. (See Union Mutual Acc. Assn. v. Frohard, 134 Ill. 228 [25 N. E. 642, 23 Am. St. Rep. 664, 10 L. R. A. 383]; Love v. State, 31 Tex. Cr. App. 469 [20 S. W. 978]; Kenny v. Bankers’ Acc. Ins. Co., 136 Iowa, 140 [113 N. W. 566]; Village of Dodge v. Guidinger, 87 Neb. *395349 [127 N W. 122, 138 Am. St. Rep. 494]; Everson v. Gen. Fire & Life Assur. Corp., 202 Mass. 169 [88 N. E. 658]; Supreme Lodge v. Baker, 163 Ala. 518 [50 So. 958]; Evans v. Woodman Acc. Assn., 102 Kan. 556 [171 Pac. 643, L. R. A. 1918D, 122]; Industrial Commission of Ohio v. Roth, 98 Ohio St. 34 [120 N. E. 172, 6 A. L. R. 1463]; People v. DeRose, 230 Mich. 180 [203 N. W. 95]; Union Health & Acc. Co. v. Anderson, 66 Colo. 195 [180 Pac. 81]; Central Business Men’s Assn. v. Faith, 8 Fed. (2d) 325; Benefit Assn. v. Secrest, 239 Ky. 400 [39 S. W. (2d) 682].)
In Everett v. Standard Acc. Ins. Co., supra, the court said: “The word ‘occupation’ means the principal business in which a man engages. ’ ’ This case must be considered as controlling on the question before us. There the insured represented to the insurer that his occupation was “superintendent of the West Redlands Company, a mutual irrigation company”, and also “an orange grower with supervising duties only”. It was proved that occasionally he performed small tasks of repairs on the water distributing system and that “he did some manual labor in and about the groves and around his home place” consisting of light work. The insurance company was held liable on the policy because the occupation of the insured was correctly stated and the fact that he occasionally did small jobs involving manual labor did not change the nature of his occupation.
The uncontradicted evidence shows that Calkins received 14 calls consuming a total of 20 hours and 4 minutes in 1933, 12 calls consuming 12 hours and 36 minutes in 1934, and 17 calls consuming 14 hours and 34 minutes in 1935, or a total of 47 hours and 14 minutes used in duties as a fireman in three years. He received $1.25 for the first hour, and $1 for each additional hour or fraction thereof. It would seem that he received less than $100 for his services as fireman during the three-year period.
Calkins testified that his occupation during the years 1933, 1934 and 1935 was that of rancher. There was no evidence contradicting this testimony. It seems to us that it would have been a gross misrepresentation if, in his application for insurance, he had given his occupation as volunteer fireman.
It was incumbent on plaintiff to prove untrue the statement in the application that Calkins’ occupation was that of rancher. This it failed to do for the evidence of Galkina *396on that subject stands uncontradieted. He answered the next question in the application by giving the information that he used his ear for business and pleasure. This was not proven to be untrue. If he had the business of occasionally acting as volunteer fireman, and if he used his car in that business, his answer would still be true. He was not asked on what kind or kinds of business he used it.
Had plaintiff desired to know each particular business in which the automobile was used, such questions could have been included in the application. This was not done. The failure to inquire into that subject indicates an entire lack of interest in it. In fact certain rules of plaintiff introduced in evidence support this supposition because those rules do not specify the use of Calkins’ car by a volunteer fireman among the uses which were not acceptable for insurance.
The only evidence in the record indicating that the use of the car as a vehicle for a volunteer fireman was not acceptable to the insurer is the evidence of one of its officers which was received over the strenuous objections of defendants. In Everett v. Standard Acc. Ins. Co., supra, it was held that such evidence was inadmissible.
We find nothing in the record to indicate that Calkins’ statements that his occupation was that of rancher and that he used his automobile for business and pleasure, were false. In fact all the evidence shows them to be true. It follows that the findings are not supported by the evidence and that the judgment cannot be sustained.
The judgment is reversed.
Barnard, P. J., and Griffin, J., concurred.
|
github_open_source_100_1_64 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /**
* Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
* @format
**/
const React = require('react');
const CWD = process.cwd();
const CompLibrary = require(`${CWD}/node_modules/docusaurus/lib/core/CompLibrary.js`);
const Container = CompLibrary.Container;
const MarkdownBlock = CompLibrary.MarkdownBlock;
const TutorialSidebar = require(`${CWD}/core/TutorialSidebar.js`);
const bash = (...args) => `~~~bash\n${String.raw(...args)}\n~~~`;
class TutorialHome extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<div className="docMainWrapper wrapper">
<TutorialSidebar currentTutorialID={null} />
<Container className="mainContainer documentContainer postContainer">
<div className="post">
<header className="postHeader">
<h1 className="postHeaderTitle">Welcome to the PyTorch3D Tutorials</h1>
</header>
<p>
Here you can learn about the structure and applications of Pytorch3D from
examples which are in the form of ipython notebooks.
</p>
<h3> Run interactively </h3>
<p>
At the top of each example you can find a button named <strong>"Open in Colab"</strong> which will open the notebook in <a href="https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/intro.ipynb"> Google Colaboratory </a> where you can run the code directly in the browser with access to GPU support e.g.
</p>
<img align="center" src="https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg" alt="Open In Colab"/>
<p> You can modify the code and experiment with varying different settings.
Remember to install pytorch, torchvision, fvcore and pytorch3d in the first cell of the colab notebook by running: </p>
<MarkdownBlock>{bash`!pip install torch torchvision
!pip install 'git+https://github.com/facebookresearch/pytorch3d.git'`}</MarkdownBlock>
<h3> Run locally </h3>
<p> There is also a button to download the notebook and source code to run it locally. </p>
</div>
</Container>
</div>
);
}
}
module.exports = TutorialHome;
|
https://openalex.org/W2917291673_1 | Spanish-Science-Pile | Various open science | Nuevas desigualdades urbanas: la apropiación global
del patrimonio en los centros históricos mexicanos
David Navarrete Escobedo*
Resumen. La desigualdad urbana en los centros patrimoniales
se ve marcada por la implantación de equipamientos turísticos,
culturales y de servicios de alta gama que generan atmósferas
aseptizadas y cosmopolitas en espacios históricamente populares y heterogéneos. Esos llamados “rescates” de los centros
históricos pueden explicarse en parte por la presencia de poblaciones extranjeras, sean residentes secundarios o turistas.
En el siglo xxi, esa presencia esconde procesos complejos que
conducen a la acentuación de las desigualdades urbanas bajo la
tutela del Estado, del mercado y de actores locales y globales. Es
una transformación económica, social, espacial y política que
excluye a los habitantes y usuarios tradicionales de los centros
históricos de las ciudades mexicanas quienes se ven despojados
del goce patrimonial.
Palabras clave. Gentrificación, turismo, patrimonio, exclusión,
ciudad media.
New urban inequalities: the global appropriation
of heritage in mexican historical centers
Abstract. Urban inequalities in heritage centres are inducted
by the creation of tourist, cultural and high-end services that
* Profesor investigador en la Universidad de Guanajuato, México. Correo electrónico:
[email protected]
Volumen 16, número 39, enero-abril, 2019, pp. 77-99
Andamios
77
David Navarrete Escobedo
g enerate aseptized and cosmopolitan atmospheres in historically popular and heterogeneous spaces. These so-called “rescues”
of historic centres can be explained in part by the presence of
foreign populations as secondary residents or as tourists. This
presence hides complex processes that lead the accentuation of
urban inequalities, under the tutelage of the State, the market
and local/global factors an economic, social, spatial and political transformation seeks to respond to the expectations of the
international middle classes with a higher purchasing power. In
consequence, the exclusion targets inhabitants and traditional
users who are deprived of the patrimonial enjoyment of the
historical centres in many Mexican cities.
Key words. gentrification, tourism, heritage, exclusion, middle-size city.
Introducción
La desigualdad urbana ha sido definida por David Harvey (1977) en
oposición a la justicia distributiva territorial. Ese concepto plantea que
la división de los beneficios y la asignación de cargas entre los ciudadanos sea equitativa en los procesos sociales, específicamente del trabajo
y la producción. En el siglo xxi, las desigualdades urbanas conllevan
inéditas escalas, sujetos, políticas y procesos sociales que entran en el
juego de la justicia territorial (Secchi, 2015). Trabajos como el de Sigler
y Wachsmuth (2014), han dejado en evidencia una nueva escala de la
desigualdad urbana que caracteriza a varias ciudades latinoamericanas.
Esa nueva escala es la global. Las nuevas inequidades urbanas en Latinoamérica se diferencian de las dominantes hasta el último cuarto del
siglo xx, en la medida que estas últimas se explicaban esencialmente
por condiciones endógenas de sistemas sociales, políticos y económicos que se materializaban en la realidad de un orden socioespacial más
o menos segregado en cada ciudad. Con la llegada del régimen económico neoliberal a nivel planetario, las transformaciones de las ciudades
y la desigualdad que las acompaña son interpretadas mayoritariamente
78
Andamios
Nuevas desigualdades urbanas
como procesos de adaptación de las condiciones locales a la injerencia
de actores globales come el capital transnacional, tal como lo conceptualizó la economista Saskia Sassen (1996).
En el siglo xxi, los estudios urbanos reconocen la influencia del
neoliberalismo capaz de reproducir desde lo transnacional las desigualdades estructurales de las ciudades latinoamericanas (Harvey 2013;
Secchi 2015; Paquot, 2006; Ascher, 2001, Mongin 2005). Sus puntos
de apoyo son personas, ideas, proyectos y políticas mundializadas que
se constituyen como principales vectores de la globalización y del modelo de ciudad neoliberal (Delgadillo, 2016). La movilidad es clave para
explicar el impacto que personas y capitales extranjeros con sus valores
y prácticas sociales tienen en la producción y reproducción de desigualdades urbanas en América Latina (Hayes 2018; Torres y Momsen,
2005; Augé, 1992; Urry, 2007). Esa movilidad transnacional afecta dos
actividades centrales del modelo económico de ciudad neoliberal: la de
segunda residencia y la de turismo (Hiernaux, 2012; Delgadillo, Díaz
y Salinas, 2015; Covert, 2017). Para la primera encontramos su mayor
referente en la migración transnacional con una nueva cualidad: la dirección norte-sur de las clases medias de las economías desarrolladas.
Para la segunda, encontramos su mejor manifestación en el turismo
internacional que también refuerza sus flujos masivos hacia los países
del sur desde los años setenta.
Este artículo aborda a esos sujetos transnacionales como potenciadores de las desigualdades urbanas en sectores patrimoniales de ciudades
medias del Sur Global (Lees, 2012). Es decir, indaga los procesos de
exclusión socioespacial vehiculados por la presencia importante de poblaciones extranjeras en calidad de residentes o turistas provenientes de
países del norte con altos ingresos. Desde nuestra perspectiva reconocemos, al igual que Nik, Peck y Brenner (2019), que el neoliberalismo y
las transformaciones urbanas que él induce poseen complejas interfaces
institucionales, geográficas y sociales. En ese entendido, los expatriados
se han instalado gracias a una historia de intercambios culturales y a la
interacción con élites económicas, políticas y sociales locales. Es decir,
las clases altas y medias nacionales también participan en el proceso de
desigualdad pero en menor grado, ya que incluso ellas son relegadas
por los superiores ingresos de los expatriados. Consideramos que la
Andamios
79
David Navarrete Escobedo
presencia extranjera explica el nivel tan amplio de la brecha de desigualdad que la sola elite local no explicaría o no la llevaría a ese grado.
El expatriado, con el permiso de los actores locales, estaría definiendo
una parte importante de la mayor disparidad entre ricos y pobres, que
según Secchi (2009 y 2015) definen la cuestión urbana de la ciudad de
los siglos xx y xxi.
Proponemos conceptualizar las desigualdades urbanas latinoamericanas por medio de fenómenos de exclusión socioespacial presentes
en ciudades con patrimonio urbano-arquitectónico relevante que el
capital marginalizó durante buena parte del siglo xx. Esas condiciones
permitieron que por medio del proceso de Rent Gap (Smith, 2012),
se creara un nicho de oportunidad de recuperación de valor, que fue
retomado primero por las clases medias locales a las cuales se les compraron propiedades a un precio rozable en las últimas décadas del siglo
xx. Posteriormente la mayor recuperación de Rent Gap paso a manos
de extranjeros provenientes de países con mayor ingreso per cápita
que desde el siglo xxi dominan y especulan con amplios márgenes de
ganancia un mercado inmobiliario patrimonial transnacionalizado. A
principios del siglo xxi, el neoliberalismo acentuó la apropiación transnacional, residencial y de ocio al expandir un nuevo mercado global de
tierras (Sassen, 2015). El resultado determina procesos de exclusión
que caracterizan a varias ciudades medias en México, Colombia, Perú,
Ecuador o Brasil, y que no hubiesen sido posible, al menos no en esas
dimensiones, desde la base de la demanda local, metropolitana o nacional de vivienda y de turismo.
Este artículo también busca responder a dos preguntas planteadas por
el dossier de la revista Andamios: “América Latina, nuevas desigualdades
urbanas”, a saber: ¿qué papel desempeña la ciudad latinoamericana en la
generación y reproducción de las desigualdades sociales y económicas?
¿Las llamadas ciudades intermedias y pequeñas son mejores escenarios
para confrontar las inequidades urbanas, que las megaciudades? Así, a
través del análisis de los distritos históricos de Guanajuato y San Miguel
de Allende (centro-occidente de México), estudiamos nuevas geografías y
modalidades de desigualdad urbana: ciudades medias patrimonializadas,
con importantes poblaciones extranjeras, mayoritariamente estadounidenses y con usos turísticos dominantes.
80
Andamios
Nuevas desigualdades urbanas
Esta investigación de corte cualitativo aborda dos aspectos importantes que introducen nuevas desigualdades urbanas en los centros
patrimonializados: la migración por estilo de vida de jubilados ricos
y el turismo. Se analizaron los perímetros protegidos por la unesco en
Guanajuato (1988) y en San Miguel (2008) para observar su usos y las
clases sociales que las habitan/utilizan. La apropiación transnacional
de los edificios patrimoniales y del espacio, nos da cuenta de un proceso de transformación vinculado con el modelo de ciudad neoliberal
en el que el Estado se vuelve garante del capital y de actores sociales
privilegiados, élites y extranjeros preferentemente. Surge un soporte
espacial de la desigualdad urbana ensamblado de espacios habitacionales de lujo, de hoteles boutique y de boutiques de productos alta
gama, de gastronomía de autor o bistrós, de galerías de arte, así como
de espacios de alta cultura. Ese modelo polariza social y espacialmente
los centros históricos y la ciudad en su conjunto. El impacto del nuevo
uso del centro patrimonial prioritariamente para extranjeros y turistas,
se hace sentir en los indicadores de la desigualdad urbana de las ciudades patrimoniales que frecuentemente muestra ser más acentuada que
aquellas que no lo tienen (coneval, 2018).
Antiguas y nuevas desigualdades urbanas
en las ciudades latinoamericanas
La desigualdad nace con la ciudad, que a lo largo de su historia ha sido
productora y reproductora de la diferenciación entre ricos y pobres
(Paquot, 2006; Secchi, 2015). La ciudad latinoamericana no escapa a
este principio, desde las ciudades prehispánicas al periodo colonial de
los siglos xvi al xviii, la era republicana del xix y la moderna del xx; las
estructuras sociales y espaciales eran y son segregativas (De la Torre
y Navarrete, 2016; Arango, 2012; Galeano, 2014). Históricamente, las
desigualdades urbanas se han constituido de soportes materiales (equipamientos, edificios, límites, espacios cerrados y espacios urbanos) e
inmateriales (prácticas, usos, estigmas, códigos, políticas, proyectos,
valores morales y de clase) (Orbeti y Prétecille, 2016; Secchi, 2015;
Harvey, 1977). Dos mecanismos clásicos son determinantes para
Andamios
81
David Navarrete Escobedo
comprender las inequidades de la ciudad: la estructura de clases y la
estructura urbana. Es decir que las “formas espaciales [deben ser tratadas] no como objetos inanimados dentro de los cuales se despliegan
los procesos sociales, sino como cosas que ‘contienen’ procesos sociales en la misma medida en que los procesos sociales son espaciales”
(Harvey, 1977, p. 3). Las formas espaciales producen y reproducen las
desigualdades. Es en la mezcla del espacio con las prácticas cotidianas
de apropiación donde toda la desigualdad se concretiza (Secchi, 2013).
En el periodo neoliberal, las prácticas cotidianas de apropiación de
la estructura urbana de mayor calidad (mejor estado de conservación,
servicios urbanos eficientes y mejor equipamiento urbano) por parte
del capital privado y de clases sociales pudientes, son legitimadas por
el Estado (Delgadillo, 2016). En México, la entrada al neoliberalismo
económico cuyos detonantes fueron la privatización de bancos desde
1992; la firma de acuerdos comerciales como el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte, vigente desde 1994 y renegociado en
2018; y la concesión de recursos energéticos y minerales acelerada por
la reforma energética de 2013; implicaron desde inicios del siglo xxi el
surgimiento de inéditos ordenes desiguales en las estructuras sociales
y espaciales de las principales ciudades mexicanas (Garza, 2003). A
partir de los años ochenta, el crecimiento de las ciudades ya no dependió exclusivamente de los planes e infraestructuras financiados por
el Estado, que debilitó su intervención y fue garante para la entrada
de capitales privados con frecuencia extranjeros para la explotación y
administración de varios servicios de su exclusividad. Particularmente
la era neoliberal se manifestó con el surgimiento de un mercado inmobiliario internacionalizado, que a la par de un urbanismo de proyectos
(Carrión y Erazo, 2016), ha marcado el orden socioespacial de varias
ciudades mexicanas y latinoamericanas.
Lo global impacta en la apropiación de estructuras urbanas por parte de las clases privilegiadas en la era neoliberal de la ciudad (Sassen,
1996 y 2015). Se ha detectado a nivel planetario que con el surgimiento
de territorios emblemáticos, neoliberalismo implica polarización de las
estructuras espaciales y de clases (Secchi, 2015; Harvey, 2011; Sassen
2015; Delgadillo 2016). La ciudad neoliberal no da pruebas de heterogeneidad en sus territorios (ciudades globales o barrios I nternacionales
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de negocios, enclaves residenciales en forma de torres y clubes de alto
standing o barrios históricos tematizados por el turismo y el consumo
cultural). No hay interacción/integración con el conjunto de territorios
y grupos sociales que constituyen la ciudad neoliberal. Bajo este esquema, las desigualdades estructurales de la ciudad mexicana y latinoamericana se acentúan.
En este trabajo nos interesamos por la dimensión territorial de la
desigualdad que se encuentra estrechamente relacionada con cualidades simbólicas del territorio (Secchi, 2015; Urry, 1990). Es el caso del
valor histórico, la concentración de capital cultural, social, educativo y
de recreación de ciertos barrios patrimoniales, particularmente aquellos
reconocidos por gobiernos nacionales o por instituciones internacionales como la unesco. La apropiación de las clases altas de los espacios de
mayor calidad urbana, que incluye arquitectura, monumentos, espacios
públicos, servicios, instituciones artísticas y culturales, museos, teatros,
escuelas y fuertes tejidos asociativos, es determinante para la desigualdad territorial. Un factor determinante en este proceso es el nivel de
consumo que por el ingreso puede ser hasta nueve veces superior para
los extranjeros (Yomich, 2018) comparado con un local y en función de
él se da la exclusión. En la medida que el mayor porcentaje de riqueza
se concentra en minorías sociales, el orden socioespacial de la ciudad
neoliberal se presenta fuertemente polarizado.
El patrimonio: nuevo actor en las desigualdades urbanas
El patrimonio arquitectónico es clave para entender las nuevas desigualdades urbanas de Latinoamérica (Janoschka, Sequera y Salinas,
2014; Delgadillo, Díaz & Salinas, 2015; Sigler & Waschmouth, 2014).
En él se materializan procesos socioculturales de apropiación por parte
de poblaciones ricas como los extranjeros que emigran a ciudades del
sur (Covert, 2017; Hayes, 2018). Michaela Benson (2012) argumenta
que esa migración está determinada por imaginarios colectivos y marcos culturales de los individuos que deciden expatriarse. Ella es sensible a los valores de la clase media de los países del norte, que según
John Urry (1990) siente una fuerte nostalgia por el pasado a través de
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David Navarrete Escobedo
e xperiencias (cotidianas y turísticas) asociadas al patrimonio y a la cultura. Siguiendo a Bourdieu (1979), es con el patrimonio arquitectónico
que las clases medias occidentales buscan nutrir su capital cultural y
simbólico. En esa nueva migración se ha detectado que el patrimonio y
la cultura son ámbitos en los que los expatriados cierran el círculo de se
éxito social (Hiernaux, 2012). Esta perspectiva culturalista se combina
con los factores económicos del periodo neoliberal y las constantes
crisis financieras que por el Rent Gap hacen atractivo migrar al sur.
Además, el patrimonio construido tiene un alto valor comercial en
la organización de la ciudad neoliberal (Delgadillo, 2016). La ciudad
patrimonial se ha vuelto objeto de deseo para la inversión inmobiliaria
debido a la alta rentabilidad de los espacios de consumo turístico-comerciales (Montaner y Muxí 2012). Esos procesos han conducido a
una gentrificación patrimonial (Delgadillo, Díaz y Salinas 2015) en los
sectores centrales de las principales capitales mundiales (Londres, París,
Nueva York, Barcelona). En esos contextos se ha identificado que la
gentrificación y la turistificación producen tensiones, contradicciones y
disputas por los espacios gentrificados (Smith, 2012). Incluso que en su
proceso de acentuación, la gentrificación patrimonial participa de una
“destrucción creativa” (Harvey, 2011), pues destruye las cualidades socioespaciales que le dieron origen (Moskowitz, 2018) y puede alcanzar
una sobregentrificación (Lees, 2012), amenazando los intereses de los
actores que la crearon y que en su momento fueron los más beneficiados.
En resumen, queremos focalizar este estudio en la relación entre la
migración transnacional, el turismo y el patrimonio edificado. Es con
ese vínculo que el modelo neoliberal de ciudad orquesta transformaciones urbanas en contextos espaciales hasta hace poco excluidos del
circuito de capitales internacionales, como las ciudades medias con títulos de la unesco. Igualmente argumentamos que la concomitancia del
trinomio migración-turismo-patrimonio es determinante para la acentuación de las exclusiones territoriales. En nuestro universo de análisis,
la explotación turística del patrimonio arquitectónico se encuentra a
la par y realimenta la apropiación y la recuperación del valor de renta,
conducida dominantemente por las clases medias transnacionales.
Proponemos el surgimiento de nuevas desigualdades urbanas en
ciudades medias latinoamericanas con centros históricos de valor
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Nuevas desigualdades urbanas
atrimonial, que desde la segunda mitad del siglo xx han comenzado
p
una apropiación liderada por migrantes extranjeros cuyo poder adquisitivo les ha permitido convertirse en los mayores propietarios o usuarios de los edificios históricos más relevantes de una ciudad para su uso
(habitacional) o de consumo (cultural, de ocio, turístico y comercial).
Nuestra modalidad de desigualdad resultaría de la relación triangular
de, primero, la migración internacional; segundo, la turistificación del
patrimonio promovida por el Estado; y tercero, el interés empresarial de
las elites económicas locales para explotar la demanda transnacional.
La desigualdad urbana se caracterizaría por la apropiación del uso de
espacios patrimoniales por dos condiciones: la primera, de un comercio de servicios de prestigio con vocación turística e internacional; la
segunda, de ocupación de habitantes extranjeros en las viviendas de los
perímetros mejor equipados y de mayor calidad estética y ambiental. El
surgimiento de una ciudad de ricos expulsaría por medio del consumo
a los pobres y aportaría una cuota de nuevos habitantes/usuarios permanentes y temporales dominada por clases medias transnacionales.
Lo anterior acentuaría las diferencias sociales. El estilo de vida de los
residentes de las clases medias transnacionales y de las prácticas turísticas, culturales y de consumo de ricos (nacionales y extranjeros),
constituyen fuerzas globales que inyectan un fuerte grado de exclusión
socioespacial que con la sola combinación de factores locales no se
daría, al menos no en esa magnitud.
Aspectos metodológicos
Los elementos patrimoniales a partir de los cuales se analizaron las
desigualdades derivadas de la turistificación y gentrificación, fueron
los edificios de mayor lujo: los hoteles boutique y los de 4 o 5 estrellas, las galerías de artes y los restaurantes tipo bistró. Se consultó
el Directorio Nacional de Unidades Económicas (dnue) del Instituto
Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (inegi) para identificar
su distribución geográfica. Se consultaron los documentos de las declaratorias de la unesco de 1988 para Guanajuato y de 2008 para San
Miguel de Allende, en los que se establecen los polígonos protegidos.
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David Navarrete Escobedo
Por último, se consultó el catálogo de monumentos históricos del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (inah) para sobreponer los
espacios gentrificados y turistificados con edificios protegidos en cada
ciudad. En el espacio público (banquetas, portales, plazas y jardines) se
realizó una observación directa para analizar las prácticas de consumo
de clases ricas.
Se identificaron los polígonos (ageb, unidades geográficas establecidas por el inegi) de uso habitacional y que coinciden con las zonas
patrimoniales en donde declararon su domicilio extranjeros. La colecta
de esos datos se realizó con los resultados del último censo disponible, el Censo General de Población del inegi 2010 y el Conteo 2015.
Igualmente se consultó el sitio Airbnb para identificar los espacios
habitacionales en renta de las ciudades. Con esos datos se analizaron
las desigualdades de la gentrificación patrimonial desde la perspectiva
habitacional en las dos ciudades.
El trabajo de campo consistió en aplicar matrices de observación sobre el edificio patrimonial y su dinámica excluyente: uso de suelo, giro,
perfil del usuario, aspectos estético-formales, cámaras de vigilancia, valet-parking, policías privadas, extensión de terrazas en espacio público,
explotación de azoteas como bares o restaurantes. Se identificó también
el uso de suelo por predio y edificio a lo largo de la calle, donde se instaló el hotel boutique y se identificaron los edificios vacantes en venta o
renta y se indagó su precio con la agencia inmobiliaria respectiva.
En el aspecto habitacional, el trabajo de campo consistió en detectar
los barrios que acusan importante presencia de vivienda de extranjeros.
Igualmente se utilizó una matriz de observación sobre calidad de la
vivienda, número de niveles, presencia de cámaras de vigilancia, electrificación, aspectos estético-formales y porosidad urbano-arquitectónica.
El trabajo de gabinete consistió en realizar los mapas temáticos de la
turistificación y la gentrificación para luego cruzarlos con datos estadísticos. Las matrices generaron un diagnostico de las modalidades de
desigualdad derivadas de la gentrificación patrimonial. Además, se realizaron entrevistas no estructuradas a informantes clave de los institutos
municipales de planeación de las dos ciudades.
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Ciudades patrimoniales desiguales:
Guanajuato y San Miguel de Allende
El perfil de la población extranjera en los centros de San Miguel de
Allende y de Guanajuato se puede dibujar con la siguiente información.
Las estadísticas disponibles para el estado de Guanajuato establecen
que se trata mayoritariamente de norteamericanos (Estados Unidos
40% y Canadá 3.5%) y sudamericanos (brasileños 4%, argentinos
3% y colombianos 2%) (inm, 2009). En cuanto al rango de edades, la
población de más de 60 años está sobrerrepresentada con un 36.5%,
le siguen la de 50 a 60 años con un 15%, en total más de la mitad de
la población tiene 50 años o más. En términos de género, 58% son
mujeres y 42% hombres. En cuanto a sus actividades principales, un
36% son jubilados, 25% trabajan, 4% estudian y el resto no especificó
su actividad. Entonces, el perfil dominante es el estadounidenses de la
tercera edad, jubilado y de altos ingresos, en promedio de tres mil 833
dólares en 2018 por hogar de retirados (Yochim, 2018).
El peso relativo de la población extranjera que daría cuenta de su
dominio en el consumo y actividades de los centros históricos es importante, sobre todo en San Miguel de Allende, donde habitan unos 17
mil extranjeros (Covert, 2017) para una población de 25 mil personas
en el polígono unesco (since, 2010). En Guanajuato, el fuerte peso relativo es del turismo (nacional y extranjero), ya que para una población
de 38 mil personas en el polígono unesco, hay una presencia anual de
cerca de un millón de turistas.
La tematización turística y la apropiación mayoritariamente extranjera del patrimonio construido es una constante en los dos casos
analizados. La primera acusa mayor grado en Guanajuato y la segunda en San Miguel. Se observa en el perímetro central de los centros
declarados como Patrimonio de la Humanidad una especialización
en usos de suelo de servicios con vocación internacional y con fuerte
presencia de usuarios extranjeros y, en menor medida, clases altas nacionales. Alrededor de los hoteles boutiques, el tejido económico se va
constituyendo de otros giros complementarios, principalmente bares
y bistrós, cafeterías, boutiques de ropa de diseñador, galerías de arte y
diseño y otros hoteles. Se ha observado en los dos casos de estudio que
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David Navarrete Escobedo
luego de la instalación de un hotel de lujo en un edificio patrimonial
se sustituyen en los inmuebles aledaños los comercios tradicionales por
otros de consumo turístico y de alta gama, igualmente en las calles y
plazas aledañas se presenta una mutación comercial. Para el caso de
San Miguel de Allende, esta especialización se observa en las calles
alrededor del Jardín Principal hacia la calle Mesones, San Francisco,
Umarán, De la Canal, Aldama y Parque Juárez. La hegemonía de los
usos de suelo turísticos, culturales y de servicio de alta gama tematizan
el centro histórico para los gustos de ocio y el alto poder adquisitivo de
las clases ricas.
Ciudad
Superficie Centro
Histórico (km2)
Nº edificios
catalogados
Nº total hoteles
Nº hoteles edificios
catalogados
Nº de turistas
anuales
Nº de Extranjeros
habitantes (inegi).
Nº boutiques
o tiendas de arte
Tabla 1. Comparación de recursos patrimoniales, turísticos y urbanos
de los centros históricos de Guanajuato y San Miguel de Allende
gto
2.22
556
747
15
936 003
303
37
sma
1.60
260
294
10
505 272
1526
53
Fuente: Elaboración propia a partir de sectur gto, 2015; dnue, 2015; since, 2010.
Cabe mencionar que en ambos centros se confirma la tendencia a la
extinción del uso habitacional en su primer cuadrante, lo que implica
ya un desplazamiento incluso de residentes adinerados. Actualmente,
la totalidad de los inmuebles patrimoniales de la hotelería de lujo y
otros servicios caros tienen uso comercial y el residencial se ha extinguido. Ello no solo en el inmueble en cuestión sino en las manzanas de
implantación por la dinámica económica que se genera en torno a un
establecimiento de esta naturaleza.
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Los usos excluyentes de los inmuebles patrimoniales conducen también una privatización del espacio urbano. Los efectos de la desigualdad urbana no terminan en el límite del inmueble de lujo, sino que se
extienden, usan, aseguran y controlan el espacio público contiguo a
su fachada o plazas. Aquí los actores políticos son determinantes pues
manifiestan un favoritismo empresarial. En el caso de Guanajuato, el
poder municipal permite el usufructo de banquetas y plazas públicas a
restaurantes, hoteles y boutiques a razón de 342 pesos mensuales por
metro cuadrado. Hacia 2014 se tenían registrados, según el servicio
local de fiscalización municipal, 1 252 m2 de uso comercial de espacio
“público” rentado a hoteles y restaurantes hacia los frentes de los inmuebles. La mayoría de esas superficies se encuentran en plazas como
la de San Fernando, la de la Paz y el Jardín Reforma.
El uso habitacional también observa una tematización turística por
la presencia de clases medias internacionales y nacionales. Se trata de la
ocupación de vivienda que a veces combina habitantes extranjeros con
visitantes también extranjeros o visitantes nacionales. Este fenómeno
queda ilustrado por la puesta en servicio de espacios de vivienda en
renta por medio de aplicaciones como Airbnb. En el caso de Guanajuato
observamos una distribución de este tipo de vivienda en los barrios de
amortiguamiento o Buffer Zone según la declaratoria de la unesco, con
una mayor concentración al norte y noreste del centro histórico. Hacia
enero de 2018, en la base de datos disponible de Airbnb, se ofertan
en Guanajuato 240 espacios de renta para turistas, de los cuales 119
son viviendas enteras, es decir, un 50% de ellas están sin habitantes
permanentes la mayoría del año. Es decir, desplazan habitantes menos
rentables para vivir cerca del centro patrimonial.
En San Miguel de Allende se repite el esquema de renta de vivienda
para visitantes en las zonas de amortiguamiento que conservan una
buena calidad urbano-patrimonial y tienen cercanía con el núcleo
turístico principal. Observamos una concentración mayor al norte del
centro histórico en las colonias Guadalupe, Azteca y Barrio del Tecolote. En enero de 2018, Airbnb registra, para el centro histórico de San
Miguel de Allende, 306 espacios de renta para turistas, de los cuales
273 son viviendas enteras que se rentan, es decir, un 90% de ellas están
sin habitantes permanentes la mayoría del año.
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David Navarrete Escobedo
En ambas ciudades, Airbnb ha surgido en colonias que no se caracterizan por tener viviendas en desuso. Por su ubicación se deduce que
la integración a la explotación se ha dado por compra a propietarios
nacionales mayoritariamente, pero comercializados por extranjeros
(Aguado, 2018). En la vivienda para uso o para renta adquirida por
extranjeros se concretiza la transferencia de capital y la recuperación
del Rent Gap a escala transnacional. Según datos de la Asociación de
Inmobiliarias de San Miguel, en 2017 se vendieron 362 propiedades
en el centro a un precio promedio de 400 mil dólares y el 65% de los
compradores eran de origen extranjero (El Universal, 2017).
Los datos del inegi sobre habitantes extranjeros en el centro de San
Miguel de Allende, muestran que se sitúan mayoritariamente en las zonas de amortiguamiento alrededor del hipercentro turistificado, coincidiendo con la zona de vivienda en renta Airbnb descrita en los párrafos
anteriores. El recorrido de campo detectó las cualidades arquitectónicas
y los usuarios presentes en esa zona, se verifica una concentración de
la población extranjera en calles y barrios bien equipados, asegurados
y con buen estado de conservación, que forman un anillo alrededor del
núcleo central de monumentos.
La cuota de habitantes de origen extranjero en el centro de Guanajuato es sustancialmente menor que la de San Miguel de Allende (Tabla
1). Ella se concentra en el polígono declarado de la unesco, aunque
en enclaves más reducidos y disgregados. Lo anterior alrededor de las
plazas y callejones de la mejor calidad urbana y paisajística de la zona
monumental. Esa distribución pasa al norte por las calles De Pocitos,
de Alonso al sur, el callejón Del Potrero (también al sur), la subida de
San Miguel, la Plaza de los Ángeles y el Callejón del Beso.
Nuevas desigualdades urbanas en ciudades medias patrimoniales
La apropiación del patrimonio arquitectónico construido aparece como
uno de los principales soportes de las nuevas desigualdades en ciudades históricas latinoamericanas. En ella se materializa una exclusión
social, económica, cultural y espacial. Así podemos establecer una
relación entre la desigualdad urbana y la mutación arquitectónica del
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patrimonio de una ciudad conducida por la explotación comercial y de
servicios requeridos para la migración por estilo de vida. El binomio de
fuerzas globales (turismo y migración) y de fuerzas locales (patrimonio,
élites políticas y empresariales), pone en cuestión el acceso al valor cultural de los edificios, tematizando los centros históricos de Guanajuato
y San Miguel de Allende. Así, la arquitectura en su calidad de capital
cultural distintivo de la clase media internacional, se adapta a funciones de consumo turísticos y de viviendas de lujo que trastocan el valor
cultural e identitario, limitando el uso para clases populares.
Al tratarse de un tipo de desigualdad urbana basada en parte en
la terciarización del patrimonio, con ello se depredan usos menos o
poco rentables como el de vivienda de clases medias y bajas locales. Se
observa en los perímetros turísticos que los dueños de las propiedades
prefieren cambiar la vocación habitacional del edificio patrimonial para
recibir rentas más altas. Así, construcciones que antes se utilizaban
como vivienda en renta, sobre todo para estudiantes y clases trabajadoras del centro, son remozadas y transformadas para fines de uso comercial. Esto aparece como una tendencia clara en el primer cuadrante de
los centros históricos analizados, en los cuales la desaparición del uso
habitacional es casi total.
Las nuevas desigualdades urbanas se activan fuertemente por las
prácticas de consumo, turísticas y culturales, de las poblaciones ricas
que ahora son dueñas del patrimonio. Parte de la economía urbana
de San Miguel esta dolarizada, específicamente en su núcleo fundacional. El consumo en restaurantes, bares, galerías de arte y hoteles
boutique, pero también de buen número de panaderías, cafeterías y
mercados “hipsterizados” es prohibitivo para el poder adquisitivo de
las clases populares de San Miguel. En ellos, una tarta puede costar 4
o 5 dólares, al igual que una cerveza artesanal local, el equivalente al
salario mínimo diario de un mexicano (88.36 pesos mexicanos). Los
productos y servicios de lujo atienden a las necesidades y gustos de
consumo prioritariamente de la población expatriada y de los turistas. Lo anterior no excluye necesariamente a las clases medias y altas
nacionales, pues ellas participan en menor medida de la exclusión
al compartir cierto cosmopolitismo selectivo. Cuando la desigualdad
urbana está mayoritariamente a cargo de un grupo extranjero, se da
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David Navarrete Escobedo
una mayor ruptura en términos sociales, culturales y económicos entre
gentrificadores y locales. En los lugares de consumo se observa una
mínima o a veces inexistente interacción entre los expatriados (que se
comunican en inglés) y los nacionales, sobre todo los de clase popular, los cuales ni siquiera frecuentan o se reconocen en los renovados
espacios patrimoniales.
Desde las declaratorias de Patrimonio de la Humanidad de Guanajuato en 1988 y de San Miguel de Allende en 2008, la presión por la
explotación turística o residencial de lujo ha ido en aumento. En estas
ciudades, diferentes niveles de gobierno, tanto municipal, estatal y federal, han participado para que la mejor parte de la ciudad pertenezca
al uso de grupos sociales privilegiados y en beneficio de sus círculos
empresariales locales aliados y de importantes capitales, sobre todo de
cadenas hoteleras. En varios proyectos se pueden rastrear conflictos de
interés en los que los compadrazgos locales o el desarrollismo se antepone al estricto cumplimiento de las normas de protección patrimonial,
al del crecimiento urbano ordenado y al del bien común o del mayor
número de ciudadanos. Podemos citar tres casos. En Guanajuato, un
hotel boutique en el barrio de la Presa (de capital nacional pero de
clientela extranjera) que durante su ampliación ha incumplido varias
normas urbanas y patrimoniales, afectando estructuras de inmuebles
vecinos catalogados. En este caso, el presidente municipal en turno
(2016) tenía vínculos familiares o profesionales con los inversionistas
hoteleros. En San Miguel, el Hotel Aqua Live (de capital extranjero)
destruyó parte de una construcción del siglo xviii (Aguado, 2016). Por
último, el fraccionamiento Puerta de Piedra en el perímetro de amortiguamiento de la declaratoria de San Miguel de Allende, por la altura
y densidad de sus edificios deterioró la calidad paisajística del centro.
Los actores políticos y económicos locales recuperan parte del Rent
Gap, pero la tendencia es que cada vez participan menos de las transacciones inmobiliarias. La recuperación del Rent Gap se dio en un primer
momento a finales del siglo xx a favor de las élites locales. Actualmente,
la mayoría de las transacciones se realizan entre extranjeros, 60% según
el Delegado de la Asociación de inmobiliarios, y los precios alcanzan
niveles muy superiores a los de las primeras adquisiciones entre locales y extranjeros (El Universal, 2017). En ese sentido, los extranjeros
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acaparan el nuevo valor de uso, las empresas extranjeras explotan los
servicios turísticos y cuando la recuperación del Rent Gap es la más alta
(después de varias transacciones inmobiliarias) ya no la comparten con
los locales.
La estructura urbana resulta importante en el proceso de constitución de las nuevas desigualdades. En ella se materializan los procesos
de disputa social y cultural de escala global. La convergencia de gentrificadores extranjeros y de turistas internacionales genera una fuerte
competencia por el espacio, esto acentúa los procesos de especulación
inmobiliaria y apuntala los precios prohibitivos que alcanzan las propiedades en los centros históricos, que pueden alcanzar precios por
30 millones de dólares para una casona en el centro de San Miguel
(Anuncio de una agencia inmobiliaria a proximidad en junio de 2018
de Hotel 11 y Jardín Juárez). En esa competencia por el espacio, las
clases pobres son las que más pierden. Ello por la mayor diferencia
de ingreso que existe entre un hogar sanmigueleño de clase media o
popular con ingreso promedio ocho mil pesos (since, 2010) y un tejano
de clase media o alta con ingreso promedio 75 mil pesos en octubre de
2018.
El sujeto extranjero aparece como el productor del espacio gentrificado (comprador-revendedor de propiedades) y el consumidor del
espacio gentrificador (usuario de servicios turísticos y habitacionales
de lujo). Lo anterior impacta en las desigualdades por medio de las
restricciones del acceso al mercado inmobiliario (especulación y dolarización) y a las prácticas de consumo (desigualdad de ingresos).
Conclusión
Las desigualdades urbanas neoliberales se suman con nuevos mecanismos a las que históricamente se han constituido en las metrópolis y las
ciudades medias de América Latina. Su construcción conceptual aquí
planteada, el desplazamiento residencial vehiculado por la presencia de
poblaciones extranjeras, se realimenta de exclusiones urbanas basadas
en prácticas de consumo, las del patrimonio histórico turistificado para
nuestros casos. Otro elemento planteado por las nuevas desigualdades
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David Navarrete Escobedo
neoliberales es que exclusiones propias de los centros del capitalismo
global o grandes metrópolis latinoamericanas también se manifiesten
en ciudades pequeñas, territorios que aparentemente se encuentran
fuera de los circuitos de la globalización. Con respecto a una de las
preguntas iniciales, sobre la naturaleza de la desigualdad urbana en
ciudades medias, concluimos que ellas no la contienen mejor, sino que
incluso, por su tamaño y menor diversidad de actividades económicas,
pueden ser más desiguales que las metrópolis. El modelo neoliberal
plantea la conquista de ciudades pequeñas y medias de países peri
féricos, donde ha encontrado un campo fértil para el capital global
que se beneficia de un diferencial de renta por medio de individuos
de clase media internacional o de las empresas inmobiliarias y turísticas también transnacionales, que se las apropian con ayuda de los
actores locales. En ese sentido, reconocemos que las desigualdades
urbanas asociadas a la gentrificación y a la turistificación plantean un
escenario complejo de gobiernos, autoridades, consumidores solventes
y capitalistas extranjeros y en menor medida nacionales, en un mercado inmobiliario y de servicios en el que los expatriados van ganando
terreno paulatinamente.
Los casos de San Miguel de Allende y de Guanajuato en México,
ilustran una dimensión inédita, al menos en escala cuantitativa, de una
gentrificación consumada no en favor de las clases altas y medias de la
estructura social guanajuatense (aunque participan minoritariamente),
sino en favor de clases medias transnacionales, norteamericanas principalmente, que se insertan en la cúspide social de las ciudades patrimoniales en los países del sur. Las implicaciones sociales en términos
de desigualdad por el hecho de que sean grupos extranjeros los que la
induzcan, tienen la particularidad de que la brecha económica, espacial
y cultural que se abre es mucho más amplia; ello debido al diferencial
de ingresos y a la disparidad de practicas culturales y de consumo entre
los extranjeros y las clases locales, bajas y medias e incluso altas. Esta
desigualdad cualitativa y cuantitativa no sería tan contrastada sin la
presencia de los expatriados.
Las nuevas desigualdades urbanas neoliberales se confrontan también con la necesidad de una ciudadanía transnacional o global (Borja,
2013; Paquot 2015). Desde hace al menos quince años, el prestigio de
94
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Nuevas desigualdades urbanas
San Miguel de Allende se disparó gracias a los medios de comunicación.
Los extranjeros instalados, según las consideraciones de la revista Travel
& Leisure, en la “mejor ciudad del mundo para visitar o vivir”, debido,
en parte, a su encanto cosmopolita, resienten la presión turística. Ellos
han comenzado a sentir un deterioro en la tranquilidad y calidad de
vida de sus barrios, propio de los estados avanzados de gentrificación
(Lees, 2012; Moskowitz, 2018).
Lo anterior ha llevado a que en 2018 las principales organizaciones
sociales de extranjeros como La Biblioteca de San Miguel ac, se organicen para manifestar su preocupación sobre la turistificación excesiva
del patrimonio arquitectónico de San Miguel de Allende (Aguado,
2018). La población extranjera reconoce que el factor político, sobre
todo el local, es determinante en este proceso de transformación turística que experimenta su ciudad adoptiva. Sin embargo, la Constitución
mexicana establece en su artículo 33 que los extranjeros no pueden
inmiscuirse en ningún acto político, con lo cual sus aspiraciones de
contener o manejar la presión turística, se ve truncada por su condición
de extranjería, a pesar de ser un activo social fundamental de la población del centro histórico de San Miguel de Allende. La “destrucción
creativa” de la gentrificación ha encendido su foco rojo y las disputas y
resistencias no han hecho más que comenzar.
Por último, las nuevas desigualdades urbanas latinoamericanas nos
revelan la limitación del derecho a la ciudad, que en el contexto de
las fuerzas neoliberales, sufren las poblaciones locales más vulnerables.
Los casos de Guanajuato y San Miguel, que pueden ser representativos
de varias ciudades en el subcontinente, nos muestran que es solo cuestión de tiempo para que los reacomodos socioespaciales de la ciudad
neoliberal acentúen las desigualdades territoriales. Más aún si esos procesos son impulsados por la intervención gubernamental, que busca
asegurar un nuevo desarrollo económico de la ciudad, haciendo de los
sectores patrimoniales renovados los ejes principales de las actividades
comerciales y de las clases sociales clave de la globalización.
Las importantes inversiones públicas sobre el patrimonio con fines
de atracción económica y turística benefician a los capitales extranjeros
y a una élite capitalista muy reducida. Esta especialización del territorio implica la limitación de derechos y la exclusión de actividades
Andamios
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David Navarrete Escobedo
y de poblaciones menos adaptadas a los objetivos de competitividad
turístico-residencial internacional. En general, no hay en las intervenciones de los gobiernos locales mexicanos, una estrategia para incluir
a los ciudadanos menos acomodados, ni actividades tradicionales y
de proximidad y mucho menos de vivienda social, en los renovados
centros patrimoniales. En este contexto, la desigualdad urbana impulsada por el Estado mediante la renovación de las áreas urbanas con
declaratoria patrimonial, se presenta como una forma erosiva del derecho a la ciudad, ya que exacerba la exclusión social de una parte
de la población, especialmente en el ámbito de trabajo, de actividades
de consumo, de cultura, de vivienda y, claro está, de “su” patrimonio
histórico construido.
Fuentes consultadas
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Arango, S. (2012). Ciudad y arquitectura. Seis generaciones que construyeron la América Latina moderna. México: Fondo de Cultura
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Carrión, F. (2007). El financiamiento de la centralidad urbana: el inicio
de un debate necesario. En F. Carrión (ed.). Financiamientos de
los centros históricos de América Latina y el Caribe (pp. 9-23).
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|
146553_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 自転車道（じてんしゃどう、英:bicycle way）とは、自動車交通から構造的に分離された、自転車専用（一部は歩行者との共用）の通行空間である。
自転車道には大きく分けて、
主に、日常生活での自転車移動を安全にするために市街地の車道に併設されるもの
主に、サイクリングのために郊外（川沿いや廃線跡など）に独立して設置されるもの
の2種類がある。英語では前者を cycle track, separated bike lane, segregated cycle lane, protected bike lane、protected bike path、後者を solitary cycle track, （歩行者との共用の場合は）shared-use path などと呼ぶ。
この他、日本では自動車との混在通行区間を含むサイクリングコースを自転車道と呼ぶことがある。これは bicycle route（あるいは signed bicycle route）の概念に近い。
欧米の自転車道
歴史と現状
イギリス
イギリスでは、19世紀後半に自転車愛好家たちが団体を組織するなどの運動を展開し、1888年にイギリスの議会は彼らの求めていた「荒廃した道路の整備」に着手することと自転車を交通手段として公認を決めた。
イギリスで車道併設型の自転車道が初めて整備されたのは1934年、ロンドンのWestern Avenueで、コンクリート舗装、幅員 2.5 m という仕様だった。1935年に実施された調査では沿道の自転車利用者の80％がこの自転車道に満足していたが、自転車愛好家たちは車道を走れなくなる不満から、自転車道を無視して大人数で車道を走るデモ行為を繰り返したり、近隣の別の自転車道で始終端に杭を打って他の自転車利用者を車道に誘導したり、交通省を頻繁に訪れて反対意見を述べるなどの抵抗を続けた。戦後になると、自転車愛好家たちからの反対に加え、道路予算を高速道路網の整備に優先投入したこと、緊縮財政が続いたことから、イギリスにおける自転車道の整備は停滞した。
1950年代にはニュータウンの一つ、スティーブニッジで自動車の道路網から独立した質の高い自転車道のネットワークが計画的に整備されたが、その自転車道は徐々に利用されなくなり、現在は住民の2.7%にしか使われていない。1960年代にも別のニュータウン、ミルトン・キーンズで同じく自動車の道路網から独立した自転車道のネットワークが整備されたが、自転車の交通分担率は3%に留まっている。
自転車道の整備が再び本格的に動き出すのは2010年代に入ってからで、ロンドンではの一部路線が、車道から縁石で分離された構造で整備（CS2は当初の自転車レーンから改修）された。他の都市でも、マンチェスターのOxford Road、ケンブリッジのHills RoadとHuntingdon Roadに自転車道が整備されている。
オランダ
19世紀末、地形的条件などから自転車が急速に普及したオランダで、世界最初の自転車道路が造られたとされる。これは危険な馬車から自転車を保護するための分離を図ったものと考えられている。
戦後はオランダでも、市民の所得向上で自動車の保有率が上昇する反面、自転車の利用率低下が続き、車こそが未来の移動手段で自転車はいずれ完全に無くなるものとの考え方が一般的だった。しかし1970年代に入ると、モータリゼーションによる死亡事故の多発や排気ガスが社会問題になり、自動車中心の政策に反対する市民運動（Stop de Kindermoordなど）が活発化した。1972年にローマクラブが発表した『成長の限界』や、1973年のオイルショックも、自動車中心だった政策にパラダイムシフトをもたらす切っ掛けになった。
そんな中、自転車の安全な通行空間などを求める利益団体（Eerste Enige Echte Nederlandse Wielrijdersbond、現Fietsersbond）が1975年に設立される。ENWBは大規模なデモ走行を実施したり、道路の危険箇所をリスト化したり、自転車通行空間のない危険な道路に自転車レーンを違法にペイントして警察に逮捕されるなどしていたが、同じく自動車中心の政策を疑問視していた政治家から注目されるようになり、交通政策は自動車一辺倒から自転車に配慮したものへとシフトしていく。自転車道整備の社会実験はまず1970年代にハーグとティルブルフで、続いて1980年代にデルフトで実施され、自転車の経路選択の変化や利用者数の増加に繋がったため、これをモデルとして他の都市も自転車インフラを整備するようになっていった。1990年代に入ると中央政府が“Masterplan Fiets”という枠組みのもと、多数のプロジェクトや研究の実施を促した。
自転車道の整備延長は下表のように増加してきている。
同国の道路の総延長は、2015年の統計では 138,912 kmであり、自転車道（独立型も含む）の整備延長はその 24〜25% の規模に達する。参考として、日本の道路総延長に占める歩道設置道路は2016年4月1日時点で14.7%である。
オランダの自転車通行環境はこの他、自転車道のないローカル道路（lokale wegen）55,000 kmや、自転車レーンを有する車道 4,700 kmで構成されている。
近年は、元々あった自転車レーンを撤去して自転車道に改修する例が、ユトレヒト、デンボス、アイントホーフェンなど各都市で見られる。アムステルダムの Bilderdijkstraat では自転車レーンから自転車道への改修後、死傷事故が 50% 減少したと報告されている。
ドイツ
オランダと同様に「西ドイツでもアウトバーンの改修・新設には、りっぱな自転車道路を併設することが義務づけられた」 。
2015年12月にはドイツ初となる自転車専用高速道路が開通した。
アメリカ
アメリカでは1967年、初めての本格的な自転車レーンがカリフォルニア州デイビスの3路線に整備されたが、このうちの1本は停車帯によって自動車の流れから保護された、事実上の自転車道（“separated bikeway”）だった。ところが1970年代に Vehicular cycling と呼ばれる運動が興り、「自転車は車両の運転者として振る舞い、扱われることで最大の能力を発揮できる（“cyclists fare best when they act and are treated as drivers of vehicles”）」との思想に共鳴した自転車愛好家たちが各地の住民説明会で自転車道の整備に強く反対した。
当時、自転車利用者を対象に実施された、自転車インフラの安全性についてのアンケート（“ratings of protection from cars afforded by the bikeway”）では、自転車道（“Separated bikeways”）が自転車レーン（“Bike lanes”）や自転車推奨ルート（“Signed Routes”）の2倍以上の高い評価を得ており、自転車インフラの設計指針を作成していた連邦道路局（FHWA）も自転車道の反対者たちがノイジー・マイノリティーであることを認識していた。しかし1976年版の設計指針は、自動車からの構造的な分離を求める圧倒的多数の自転車利用者と、一切の自転車インフラ整備に反対する僅かな数の自転車愛好家の要望の中間をとって、自動車の通行帯と停車帯に挟まれた自転車レーンを推奨する内容となった。この結果、アメリカでは自転車道の整備が進まない状況が長年続いた。
アメリカで自転車道（構造的に分離された自転車レーン; protected bike lane）が再び日の目を見るのは2000年代に入ってからである。2007年、ニューヨーク市は車道の一部を樹脂製ボラードなどで簡易的に分離した自転車道を試験的に導入した。市交通局は従来型の自転車レーンを採用しなかった理由として、二重駐車で塞がれることや安心感が低いことなどの問題があったと指摘している。自転車道が導入された路線では、交通事故の減少や自転車交通量の増加、沿道店舗の売上増加などの効果が見られた。ニューヨーク市ではその後も毎年数マイルずつ整備が進められており、合計整備延長は2018年現在で100マイル（約160km）を超えている。
他の都市もニューヨークのような自転車道の整備を検討していたが、当時の設計指針にはそれが掲載されていなかったため、都市の交通担当者からなるNACTO（National Association of City Transportation Officials）が世界各地の自転車インフラの設計を調査し、2011年にUrban Bikeway Design Guideとして発表した。このような条件が整ったこともあり、自転車道は現在、オースティン、ボストン、シカゴ、ロサンゼルス、ポートランド、サンフランシスコ、シアトルなど合衆国の他の都市にも広がっている。
自転車道の代替インフラ
自転車レーン
オランダやドイツなどでは、車道から構造的に分離された自転車道の設置に早くから取り組んできたが、自転車の通行空間に占める割合は必ずしも高くない。費用や空間上の制約、安全観の変化などの要因によって、かつてはこうした自転車道の代用として考えられた自転車レーンの整備が現実的と判断されるようになっている。
バス自転車共用レーン
「バスレーン#自転車通行空間としてのバスレーン」を参照。
日本の自転車道
定義
日本では、道路法令（道路法と道路構造令）に規定された自転車の通行に供される自動車から分離された各種の道路または道路の部分を指す。一般的な用法としてはこのほかに、道路交通法に基づく交通規制による「自転車専用通行帯」（自転車レーン）や自転車以外の通行禁止規制が実施された道路、自転車が通行することのできる「歩行者用道路」、道路法上の道路ではない道路（施設扱いのサイクリング道路や河川管理道路など）を含む場合がある。日本国外の自転車走行空間については、国・地域によって定義が異なる場合があるが、それにかかわらず「自転車道」と呼ぶことがある。
日本における各種の「自転車道」については、道路行政当局や関係団体において、機能面から大きく2種類に分類されている。自転車道設計指針では、次の通りA種、B種に区分されている。
A種の自転車道は、交通の安全と円滑を主目的とし、日常生活で利用される自転車交通を対象としたものであり、多くの場合それ自体独立した道路ではなく、道路の一部として自動車等のための車道に併設される。道路構造令と道路交通法に定められた自転車道は、工作物によって区画され、車道だけでなく歩行者のための歩道からも分離されたもので、道路交通法により自転車以外の通行は認められていない。自転車道の設置されている道路において、普通自転車は自転車道を通行することが原則として義務づけられている。
B種の自転車道は、スポーツやレクリエーションとして自転車を利用すること（サイクリング）を主な目的とした道路を指す。この場合道路法にいう自転車専用道路等として整備されることがあり、一般にサイクリングロードと呼ばれる。ただし日本においては自転車専用である場合はごくわずかな例外に過ぎず、歩行者の通行も認められていることが圧倒的に多い。自転車道という用語は、こういった道路の路線名の一部として使用される場合もある。
歴史
日本では、1951年、日本自転車産業協議会の事業計画が、自転車道路の必要性に言及するが、自転車道の法制化機運が高まるのは本格的なモータリゼーションを経た1960年代後半のことで、実際に法制化されるのは1970年である。
外国の自転車道について言及した記述としては、新渡戸稲造の『修養』（明治44年刊）第十三章「道」内の「人の履む道は広いか狭いか」の項にみられ、馬車道、乗馬道、歩道の他、「近頃では自転車の道もあり」と外国の道路事情について紹介している。
法制化以前
自転車道法制化以前は1958年に制定された道路構造令（旧令）に見られるように、自転車は車道・緩速車道を通行する自動車との混合交通を前提とした。1964年には、徳島市左古町に自転車道（併設型、後のA種相当）が設置され、これが日本初の自転車道と考えられている。翌1965年には、高知市電車通りに歩道を改造した自転車道が設置された。これら法制化前に出現した短い距離の自転車道は、所轄警察署の要請により国道事務所が事故多発地点に設置したものである。一方、1967年10月には、神奈川県青少年サイクリングコース（金目川サイクリングコース）が開通する。専用道路型、B種相当、つまりサイクリングロードと呼ばれるタイプのさきがけとなるが、道路法上の道路とは認められず、「施設」扱いとされた。1965年には、国会に制化を求める請願が寄せられ始めた。
自転車道路協会の発足とその活動
1967年4月、自転車道路建設促進協議会が発足した。1968年8月には、協議会が自転車道のサンプルと位置づけた東京・神宮外苑サイクリングセンターが実現する。これは、警視庁・明治神宮など関係各方面に働き掛け、休日の公道で自動車等の通行を禁止する交通規制を実施し、サイクリングに開放したもので、初の「自転車公園」とされた。1970年には常設の代々木公園サイクリングコース、1975年には休日の交通規制によるパレスサイクリングが開設されたほか、東京以外の各地にも広がった。協議会は1968年9月に改組して財団法人自転車道路協会となった。この月、協会は太平洋岸自転車道構想を含む全国一周自転車道路網構想を建設大臣に陳情した。
法制化と制度改正
自転車道法制化の動きは国会でも具体化し、超党派の「自転車道路建設推進議員連盟」が結成され、1969年7月に議員立法による「自転車道の整備等に関する法律案」の提出に漕ぎ着けた。その審議過程では、特にオランダ、デンマーク、スウェーデンでは自転車道は完備に近く、イギリス、アメリカ、フランス、ドイツといった諸国でも自転車道の整備が進んでいるとの認識が示された。この法案は、自衛隊法・防衛庁設置法改正案や大学臨時措置法などの上程による影響で、ほかの20あまりの生活関連法案とともに審議未了となるといった紆余曲折を経て、翌1970年の3月に成立、4月に公布された。
1970年には、「交通戦争」ともいわれた交通事故多発の対策として、道路・交通関連の法令の新規制定や改正が相次いだ。まず前述のように「自転車道の整備等に関する法律」が成立した。また道路交通法と道路構造令に「自転車道」などの規定が加わり、「交通安全施設等整備事業に関する緊急措置法」に自転車道の整備に関する規定が盛り込まれた。これらの新規定により自転車を自動車交通から分離する方向性が固まった。道交法改正に伴い「道路標識、区画線及び道路標示に関する命令」が改正され、「自転車専用」（325の2）と「自転車及び歩行者専用」（325の3）の道路標識が定められた。翌1971年には道路法改正により自転車専用道路、自転車歩行者専用道路の規定が加わる。1980年には、「自転車の安全利用の促進及び自転車駐車場の整備に関する法律」（旧自転車法）が公布され、自転車道・自転車歩行者道の整備、自転車専用車両通行帯の設置など「良好な自転車交通網の形成」を図る規定が盛り込まれた。
整備事業
1973年に大規模自転車道整備事業が始まり、一般にサイクリングロードと呼ばれる道路の建設が緒につく。翌1974年には、建設省都市局長・道路局長通達「自転車道等の設計基準」が出され、詳しい仕様が固まる。
道路交通法の1970年と1978年の改正で自転車の歩道通行が認められ、うやむやのうちに一般化する一方、歩行者との共用でない自転車道などの通行空間の整備は、「我が国の道路状況において……容易ではない」ことを理由に「十分とは言い難い」状況が今日まで続いている。
日本における法令上の定義
広義の自転車道
1970年に制定された「自転車道の整備等に関する法律（以下「整備法」）」にいう「自転車道」は、以下のように定義され、法令上最も広義である。
もつぱら自転車の通行の用に供することを目的とする道路の部分（第2条第3項第1号）
自転車及び歩行者の共通の通行の用に供することを目的とする道路又は道路の部分（第2条第3項第2号）
これにより整備法の「自転車道」は、自動車等からは構造的に分離され、歩行者とは分離されているとは限らない次に挙げる自転車の通行空間の総称とされる。この場合の「自転車道」の総延長は2006年4月1日現在、7万8638kmとなる。
自転車専用道路（道路法第48条の13第1項）
自転車歩行者専用道路（道路法第48条の13第2項）
自転車道（道路構造令第2条第2号）
自転車歩行者道（道路構造令第2条第3号）
なお道路構造令では、特に同令に規定される自転車道と自転車歩行者道の総称として自転車道等という名称を用いている。
なお、道路法の規定により、道路全体を専ら自転車（あるいは自転車および歩行者）の通行に供用するものが「自転車専用道路」あるいは「自転車歩行者専用道路」であり、これらは道路法令上の名称である。一方、道路そのものの名称としては、「〇〇自転車道線」と付く場合が多いが、道路法上の規制と名称は無関係のため、「〇〇自転車道」と言う名称であっても道路法上の規制は「自転車歩行者専用道路」である場合も数多い。また、「自転車歩行者専用道路」として供用される道路を単に「自転車歩行者道」と呼称する場合もある。
これらは「自転車道等」と総称されることがあり、「自転車走行空間」「自転車通行空間」などと言い換えられることも多い。自転車走行空間としては、他に車道の一部として設けられ普通自転車専用通行帯として指定されることが想定されている自転車通行帯(道路構造令第2条第15号)、法令ではないが国交省、警察庁による文書「安全で快適な自転車利用環境創出ガイドライン」に規定された矢羽根型などの自転車ナビマークの道路標示のみで自転車の通行箇所を示す車道混在がある。
狭義の自転車道
道路構造令第2条第2号
専ら自転車の通行の用に供するために、縁石線又はさくその他これに類する工作物により区画して設けられる道路の部分
道路交通法第2条第1項第3号の3
自転車の通行の用に供するため縁石線又はさくその他これに類する工作物によつて区画された車道の部分
本節以降では単に自転車道といった場合、道路交通法の自転車道や道路構造令の自転車道という意味で使う。
道路構造令の自転車道は、「縁石線又はさくその他これに類する工作物により区画」された道路の部分であり、自動車等のための車道の各側に一体となって建設され、あとから構造分離された道路は含まれない。なお、道路構造令の車道は「自転車道を除く」と明記されているが、道路交通法の自転車道は「車道の部分」である。ただし道路交通法でも、第3章の交通方法に関しては、第16条第4項により「自転車道と自転車道以外の車道の部分とは、それぞれ一の車道」として別個に扱われる。
普通自転車は、「自転車道が設けられている道路においては、自転車道以外の車道を横断する場合及び道路の状況その他の事情によりやむを得ない場合を除き、自転車道を通行しなければならない」（道路交通法第63条の3）とされている。そのため、自転車道がある道路の側を通行する場合には、自転車道以外の車道や、歩道上の普通自転車通行可部分があったとしても、原則としてそれらは通行できない。
なお、自転車道は、前述のように自転車道以外の車道とは別個の車道として扱われるため、通行すべき左側部分も別個になり、原則として双方向通行となる。普通自転車は道路全体において進行方向右側にしか自転車道がない場合でも、（道路を横断するなどして）そこを通らなければならない。
二輪又は三輪の自転車および普通自転車サイズ（長さ190cm、幅60cm）以下の四輪自転車であって、普通自転車に該当しないもの（これらのうちサイドカーまたはサイクルトレーラー付きを除く）は、自転車道を通行できる。ただし、法第63条の3は適用されないため、自転車道と、自転車道以外の車道ほかを通行するかは、任意である。
なお自転車のうちサイドカーまたはサイクルトレーラー付きの場合や、普通自転車サイズ（長さ190cm、幅60cm）を超える四輪自転車は自転車道を通行できない（道路交通法第17条第3項）。自転車道を通行できないこれらの自転車は、自転車道以外の車道を通行することになる。自転車以外の軽車両も同様である。
なお、産業競争力強化法による区域・期間を限定した特例措置に基づく特定小型電動車、および2023年（令和5年）7月1日改正法施行による特定小型原動機付自転車については上記の限りではない。この場合、これらの車両は法令に基づき自転車道を通行する（詳細は各項目へ）。
自転車道の要件
自転車道は、縁石線、さく（柵）などの工作物や植樹帯といった分離施設によって連続して区画されていることが要件である。また「自転車専用（325の2）」の道路標識が設置され自転車道であることが示されている。
道路交通法第20条第2項の規定による車道上の車両通行帯のうち、「車両通行区分（327）」「専用通行帯（327の4）」「普通自転車専用通行帯（327の4の2）」の道路標識や「車両通行区分（109の3）」「専用通行帯（109の6）」の道路標示により「自転車専用」と指定されたものは、工作物ではなく区画線や道路鋲によって区画されているため、自転車道には該当しない。「自転車の安全利用の促進及び自転車等の駐車対策の総合的推進に関する法律（自転車法）」で自転車専用車両通行帯と称され、一般に「自転車レーン」と呼ばれるが、この部分は依然、車道の一部分であるため、自転車道の場合とは異なり、車道全体で見た左側通行の規制を受ける。
歩道をガイドポストや断続した植樹帯などによって分離している場合であっても、「自転車及び歩行者専用（325の3）」の道路標識および「普通自転車の歩道通行部分」の道路標示（114の2）がある場合、依然として道路交通法第63条の4第1項により普通自転車が通行することができるとされた歩道である。
この部分は「歩道の自転車レーン」と俗称されることがあるが、自転車道には該当しない。「普通自転車の歩道通行部分（114の3）」、道路交通法第63条の4第2項にいう「普通自転車通行指定部分」となる。従来歩道とされていた部分を工作物で分離したものであっても、車道上に設けられたものではないので自転車道とはいえない。
サイクリングロード
一般に「サイクリングロード」と呼ばれるものは、B種の自転車道に分類され、道路法の自転車専用道路等として整備されることが多い。自転車（または「自転車および歩行者」）の通行のために設けられる独立した道路である。整備法の第6条第1項では、道路管理者としての市町村に自転車専用道路等の設置について努力義務を課し、同第2項では河川や国有林野の管理者が協力するものとし、同第3項では国が財政支援の努力義務を負うこととしている。国の支援策としては、大規模自転車道整備事業が知られている。このほかに道路法にいう道路には該当しない施設扱いの“いわゆる自転車道”なども、サイクリングロード（あるいはサイクリング道路など）と呼ばれる。日本以外の諸外国においても、同様の道路の整備例が見られる。
設計基準
各種の自転車道の幅員は、道路構造令により定められている。自転車道は2メートル以上を原則とし、やむを得ない場合1.5メートルまで縮小できるとされる（第10条）。自転車専用道路は3メートル以上を原則とし、やむを得ない場合2.5メートルとされ、自転車歩行者専用道路は1993年以降自転車専用道路より広い4メートル以上とされる（いずれも第39条第1項）。
設計速度は、A種・B種の違いに応じて差異がある。まちなかの道路に併設される環境からスピードが制限されるA種の自転車道では、通常の自転車の速度と考えられた時速15キロメートル、専用道路で快適な走行が目的となるB種の自転車道では時速30キロメートルとされた。これらの規定速度を確保する設計が不経済とされる場合には、双方とも時速10キロメートルとされた。
日本における現状と問題
自動車交通から構造的に分離された自転車の通行空間の総延長は7万8638キロメートルとされるが、このうちの91.7%にあたる7万2119キロメートルは「自転車歩行者道」である。設計の上で自転車の通行を意識したことになっているとはいえ、運用の上では自転車には歩行者を優先するために徐行や一時停止をする義務が課せられる「自転車通行可の歩道」にすぎない。自転車歩行者道については該当項目に譲り、本項では自転車道とサイクリングロード（自転車専用道路等とそれに類似したもの）の現状について述べる。
自転車道の現状
都市交通の中での自転車専用の通行空間とされる自転車道の延長は、2004年現在、1199kmに過ぎず、歩道延長15万5786kmの100分の1にも満たない。自転車道の設置に際しては、自動車交通から自転車を分離し、混合交通による自動車の速度低下を防ぐことも意識されてきた。半面、設置・管理が高コストであり、自転車道の存在自体が自動車交通の処理能力の低下を招くとも考えられた。車道の幅員確保や歩道の設置・拡幅（幅員2メートル以上の歩道では、普通自転車を歩道に上げることも可能とされる）が優先され、自転車道の設置は進まなかった。
また自転車道は車道の付帯施設と認識されたため、独自の連続したネットワークを形成していないという問題も指摘されている。
自転車の歩道通行については、双方向通行が認められていることと、車道との間の分離施設によって、自転車が右左折する自動車からの死角に入り、自動車対自転車の交通事故を誘発する危険性が指摘されている。自転車道は事故防止を図ることを目的として導入されたものの、歩行者と構造的に分離されていることを除いて歩道との共通点が多いことから、自転車道にも同じ問題が存在するとの見解がある。ただし、現実に整備された自転車道の事故リスクについては日本国内では研究が見当たらない。カナダとオランダの研究では、自転車道が最も安全な自転車インフラであるとの結果が出ている。
歩行者と自転車の分離という面では、自転車道の整備は大きな成果を上げている。東京都三鷹市のかえで通りでは、自転車道の整備前に80.9%だった自転車の歩道通行率が整備後は6.1%に激減した。東京都江東区亀戸の国道14号でも、自転車道の整備前に71.0%だった歩道通行率が整備後は25%に低下した。一方、車道端をペイントによって視覚的に区分した自転車レーンなどでは、路上駐車に塞がれる、横を通る車が怖いなどの問題から、自転車の歩道通行率はあまり下がらない傾向がある。東京都渋谷区の旧玉川水道道路では、自転車レーンの整備前に84%だった歩道通行率は整備後も68%までしか低下していない。京都府京都市の河原町通と丸太町通では、車道の端に矢羽根型路面表示を試験整備したが、整備前に74.7〜92.4%だった歩道通行率は整備後も73.7〜88.9%と高止まりしている。この京都市の実験では住民アンケートで「横を車が通り過ぎると怖い」「駐車中の車の横を走るのがこわい」などの意見が寄せられている。
サイクリングロードの現状
サイクリングロードの設置場所は、河川敷がほとんどで、このほかに湖沼の沿岸、海岸、鉄道廃線跡が挙げられる。
自転車専用道路等の総延長は5113kmになるが、そのうちの90.8%は自転車歩行者専用道路が占める。このほか、河川敷や堤防上に設置された河川管理道路や緊急用道路は、一般の自動車・原動機付自転車による通行を禁じていることから、サイクリングコースとして使用されている例が多い。東京都内の荒川緊急用河川敷道路など、自転車愛好者にはサイクリングロードとして認識されているものが、実はあくまで河川管理道路であるということもある。
サイクリングロードは、設計上自転車の高速走行の快適性を重視し、ほかの道路と平面交差する箇所が市街地の一般道路に比べて少ないため、自転車の走行速度が速くなる傾向が強い。一方でこの構造的条件はランニングやウォーキングといった運動や散歩にも適している。またサイクリングロードや自転車道などと呼ばれていても、大部分で歩行者は排除されていない。このため歩行者の利用も多い。高速な自転車と大勢の歩行者が混在している状況で、両者の間にトラブルが多発し、主に歩行者から苦情が管理者に寄せられ、管理者としては対策として自転車に対して何らかの規制・措置を行う方向で動きが見られる。このことからサイクリングロードでは、自転車に対してスピードを落として歩行者に注意し優先するよう呼び掛ける標示や掲示物が目立つようになった。自転車歩行者専用道路に代表される自転車と歩行者が混在する状況に対しては、古くから自転車愛好者らによる批判がある。しかし両者を分離して自転車専用道路と歩行者専用道路を設置しようとする動きは、ほとんど見られない。
脚注
注釈
出典
関連項目
日本の自転車
日本の道路
自転車専用道路
自転車歩行者専用道路
自転車歩行者道
大規模自転車道
日本の自転車道一覧
ナショナルサイクルルート
歩道
歩行者専用道路
車道
自動車道
自動車専用道路
サイクリングターミナル
サイクルトレイン
外部リンク
自転車活用のまちづくり - 国土交通省道路局
道路
都市計画.
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newyorkmedicoch00bushgoog_27 | US-PD-Books | Public Domain | At half past three in the afternoon I again visited him. All symptoms of collapse had disappeared ; the surface generally was warm, and he complained of a Uttle pain in his head, which he said felt confused, but he was otherwise perfectly sensible, and expressed his fears that it was all over with him. The pupils were not at all more dilated than usual, but the pulse had risoi^ to 96, and was rather full ; and he complained of heat and ten- derness of the scalp. At my first visit I had requested the head to be completely shaved, and I now directed that a bladder of ice- water should be constantly applied to it. About half an hour after the bleeding, a powder, consist'mg of a scruple of jalap and ten grains of calomel, was administered. At ten o'clock at night, I visited him for the third time ; the pulse had regained its fulness and frequency, and the same symptoms had manifested them- selves, with the addition of a disposition to coma ; I therefore bled to twelve ounces, when he again became faint The bowels had not been relieved, and a conmion enema was in consequence in- jected. A saline cathartic mixture was also directed to be given at intervals of four hours, to increase the action of the medicines, which had been previously administered. Early on the following morning, between six and seven, I again saw him, and found that he had passed a tranquil night, having slept for some two or three hours at a time. The head, as might be expected, was a httle painful, but there ^\^s much" less heat and tenderness 6f the scalp. All disposition to coma had disappeared ; the pupils were perfeetly natural, and the pulse 88,' soft and compressible. The bowels had been copiously re- lieved, and upon the whole he felt very comfortable, excepting a rttifihftfls and dryness of the &C6 *, to reheve whit^ I directed that Si^« 52 Gleanhigs from Foreign Journals. • it should be gently spohged with tepid water every four hotirs^ taking care, however, not to remove the dressings. Nothing" more in the shape of diet than thin gruel and toast and water ^ere allowed him. At two o'clock, p. M. I found him precisely in the same state; all was tranquil, and he had experienced much relief from the tepid sponging. At ten at night, however, it was iar otherwise ; he had been much disturbed by the neighbours cpiarrelling under his window, and I found him complaining of more pain in his head than he had hitherto had ; his pulse had risen to 116, and was hard and full ; the scalp was hot and tender, and there was a genial in- crease of heat upon the surface of the body, and a great deal of thirst- I bled him immediately to sixteen ounces, and ordered him to continue his remedies as before. But lest I should occupy too much space in your widely-circulated Journal, I will not trou- ble you with the daily reports, as I have entered them in my case- book. I will, therefore, content myself with stating, that for the first fortnight I regularly visited him three times a day, although at the distance of a mile from my own residence, in order that I might carefully watch every untoward symptom as it manifested itself, and, if possible, immodiately check it. During that time I |6und it necessary to abstract altogether nearly 110 ounces of blood. After that period all inflammatory tendency appeared to have completely subsided, and the boy was so far free from any- thing like immediate danger, that I really began secretly to flat- ter myself with a hope of recovery, although with his friends, with whom I found great difficulty in enforcing obedience to my dbeo- tions, my prognosis was exceedingly guarded. On the third day after the accident, an emollient poultice was applied to the face, which was continued for four days, and the wound afterwards carefully dressed ^ath simple cerate. The burnt edges soon sloughed away, and granulations of a healthy character made their appearance. From the expiration of the first fortnight to the conclusion of the following fourth week, making six weeks from the occurrence of the accident, he continued to improve, and cherished hopes of recovery. At the termination of that |>eHod the deformity (rf the face, through the contractions of the granu- lations, had very much diminished; the adductor oculi had re- covered its power, and vision was in no way impaired. Towards the close of the seventh week, however, he became the subject of irritative fever, which assumed the intermittent form, and was exceedingly irregular in its duration. It was moreover accom- panied with excessive tenderness of the scalp generally, so much so, that the hair, which had been allowed to grow, he would not permit to be shaved o£f on that account ; notwithstanding which G^ Gleanings from Foreign Journals. 53 ice-blaclders were kept constandy applied. He Ufcewise became exceedingly petulant and morose in his temper, and would swear most profenel^, if only asked to take nourishment. During the continuance of this state, which remained unchecked by any of the remedial measures which 1 adopted, the granulations became shrivelled and pale, and speedily dried up. The SchneideriaQ membrane of the nasa, which before secreted muco-purulent mat- ter, also became jpale and dry, as also the lining membrane of the mouth, so as to give the appearance of hair-lip, only that the situa- tion of this cleft was rather more lateral than usual. Through the aperture in the orbitar process of the frontal bone, which was large enough to admit a fuU-size hazel-nut, the brain could be stiU distinctly seen pulsating, and detached all around nearly to the extent of an inch. That part of it immediately exposed to view was black, and appeared as if covered with a hard, dry scab, whilst all around it was of a beautiful deep-pink colour. A few days after the accession of irritative fever this scab, or slough, separated and came away, and was quickly followed by a copious discharge of pus, hiU not the smallest fragment of bone or anu other foreign bodj/j neither could any be felt with a probe. This discharge of pus was productive of great relief to his symptoms, and he continued to improve for about a week, during which time his irritability much diminished, and he was more sociable with those about him. In a very short time, however, he re- lapsed, and with the return of fever there was a disposition to coma, which if roused from he would swear most dreadfully. At night low muttering delirium supervened, under which state he would frequently get out of bed, tear the dressings from his face, and mourn and groan most piteously. Post-mortem Ex/xmination, During the movement of the body from the bed to the inspect- ing table, a quantity of pus issued from the opening in the frontal bone, and on careftdly sponging it away two fragments of bone were seen lying loose near to the aperture. The removal of these by the forceps was followed by the discharge of about a teaspoonfril of pus. On removing the calvaria, the adhesions of wluch to the dura mater were not stronger than usual, three shots were found near to the middle' and upper part of the parietal bone. Elach of * -. 54 Gleanings from Foreign Journals* these were surrounded by a small zone of inflammation, and be- yond these there was also a small semicircular line of redness, about tvv^o inches in length. Upon detaching the dura mater in the usual way, several other shots were found upon the left hemi- sphere of the brain, immediately beneath the dura mater, each surrounded either by a small zone of inflammation, or by a little suppurating cavity. On cutting through this hemisphere two abscesses, filled with pus, were laid open ; the first, the size of a walnut, was situated on the upper part of the brain, nearly in the centre of the centrum ovale ; the other, the size of a common nut, more anteriorly and inferiorly ; a third was found within about an inch of the frontal aperture, and was the one which contained the fragments of bone that had escaped during the movement of the body. Besides these abscesses, several shots were found scat- tered about in the substance ojf the left hemisphere, twenty-three of which were collected, and are now in my possession. The right hemisphere of the brain, except being rather more injected than usual, was apparently healthy. There was a trifling effu- sion into the lateral ventricles, and also at the base of the brain, but no other unhealthy appearance was detected. Re^dts of the dissection of three double monsters. By D. C. Mayer, Professor at Bonn, — {Zeitschrift fivr Physiologie.) The first of these monsters was a calf, which had come to ma- turity, and lived several hours after its birth. It had two complete heads and necks which were separate, but the two bodies were so joined together that the double vertebral column could be felt be- neath the skin as far down as the pelvis. It had two hearts. The right subclavian artery in the animal of the right side came off from the pulmonary artery; the two primitive carotids and the left subclavian were furnished by the aorta. , The arteria inno- minata served for the common trunk of the two primitive carotids. The second monster was the fetus of a sheep, with a single head but double vertebral column, and eight complete legs. The heart was single ; the pulmonary artery furnished the subclavi- ans ; the oesophagus and trachea formed but one canal. The third monster was also the fetus of a sheep. The heads were double, but at the occiput were so confounded together as to have but one occipital foramen. The body was natural The oesophagus and trachea formed but one canaL The right pulmonary artery was furnished by the aorta. On the physiological action of counter stimulants^ hy a Phy- sician at Macerata^ 1826. (Nuovo Giornale dei letteraiL) The conductor of the Italian journal asserts, that neither the *" doctrine of M. Santardili, nor the ideas by which M. Semtini baa C \ Gleanings from Foreign Journals, 55 m endeavored to sustain it, have been able to convince him of the error of the opinion he has formed, which is, thajithe time has not yet arrived, when the science of medicine can be established upon an unerring and solid basis. He says that the new doctrine of M. Santareili, is founded upon a principle which has always ap- peared to him hypothetical, and which is borrowed from tie wri- tings of Brown, upon " Excitability." According to this principle, the systems of organs are passive and inert, and their actions are only produced and sustained by t^vo orders of agents, which our author calls stimulants, and counter stimulants. Can it be admit- ted, that life is the result of the action of external causes, and not an inherent attribute of organization ? If we examine bodies really or apparently dead, we shall see that in the last, the fibres maintain their action for a certain length of time, and that in the former for instance, in women who die enceintes^ the ute- rus exercises its proper functions, and expels the living fetus. . These facts certainly disprove the new doctrine of Brown, upon the passiveness of the muscular fibres, which serves as the foun- dation of the theory of M. Santareili. The Italian Journalist next examines the action which M. Santareili attributes to counter stinnilants which are made to play a conspicuous part as well in life and health, as in disease and death. Brown considers inter- nal and external agents whether ponderable or imponderable, but as stimulants acting upon the organization according to their na- ture, their quality, and their influence. Rasori profiting by ex- perience, lias modified the principles of his master, and created a new series of causes, not of life, but of diseases, which he names counter stimulants. If the first series of agents put in operation the action of life by animating the vital principle, or maintaining its excitability, and preserve the health within certain limits by the slow consumption of those agents, or produce sickness by their too strong or too weak action ; the second series deranges the health by a depression of the strength or by a weakening of the normal action. This idea was to Rasori a luminary in the path of medication. He discovered that medicaments were divided into those which depress, and those which sustain and re-animate the powers of Dfe, consequently that by a knowledge of these contrary actions acquired by experience, we can restore the body to its normal state. This is the origin of the stimulant and counter stimulant or depressing plans of medication. The professor San- tareili has not discarded any of these ideas. He only remarks that in a normal state, the counter stimidants act differently from what they do in a state of disease. Which means, that those substan- ces which in a state of health, the school of Brown consider as counter stimulants, only serve to depress or moderate the action of stimulants ; whilst in a state of sickness they may either depress 56 Gleanings frotn Foreign Journals. or exalt the vital action, and p^oduce dropsies, fevers, and iaflam- xnations. Thus we see that according to M. Santarelli, we can have fevers and inflammations of stimulation as well as of counter stimulation, and that we must employ in fevers and inflamma- tions proceeding from stimulation, counter stimulating remedies, and in those caused by counter stimulation we should use sti- mulating medicaments. Afler the expose of the system of M,M. Santarelli and Santini, the Journalist addresse«i to them the following questions : — Does there exist in any substance the specific power of acting on the human body in a state of health in a diflferent manner than in a state of sickness ? For example, can we conceive that wine which taken in two great quantities in a state of health, oppresses the vital powers, can loose its stimulating qualities and become a counter stimulant ? He doubts if digitalis, squills, and scammony which are em- ployed in dropsies as hydragogues, excite inflammation by coun- ter stimulation, and he does not think it expedient to substitute stimulants for them. On the contrary, he thinks that the imme- diate aption of these substances upon certain parts, is to produce . irritation and inflammation. He does not adopt the opinion of M. SantareUi, that caloric is a stimulant, cmd oxygen a counter stimu- lant, and that nature has united these two substances in order to make the action of one temper or neutralize the action of the oth- er. Experiments made upon men and animals, prove the respi- ration of pure oxygen gas, quickly excites various degrees of in- flammation, and that the muscular action is energetic in propor- tion to the oxygenation of the blood. Das Aufrechterscheinen der Gesicht suhjecte — par Ar. Ad. Berthold a Goettingue. Of the correct appearance of objects notwithstanding their reversed position upon the retina. — By Ar- Ad. Berthold, &c. The author tries to explain the above phenomena by the gene- ral feeling of the visual organs. The eye he says, has a senti- ment of heaviness, of which we are conscious whenever we at- tempt either to raise it, or to move it from side to side. Thus in order to see the height of an object, we are obliged to elevate the eye in a direction contrary to this feeling of heaviness, and to see its base we let fall the organ by its own weight, so that it is this consciousness of weight, or the absence of it, which enables us to judge of what is high and what is low. From this it will be seen, that it is not the visual act itself, but the innate tact of the organs themselves, which enables us to perceive objects in a coiTect posi- tion, and in one offltrary to that in which they are impressed up- on the retina. NEW-YORK MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL BULLETIN. rUBLISBXD KONTHLT, IN NUMBERS, BACH CONTilNING 72 PAGES. EDITED BY GEORGE BUSHE, M.D. Vol. n.] • DECEMBER 1, 1831. [No. 2. ■BBBBBiBai^i=BsSBs^asBssi^sBB=i^iasssssBass=SEasaBasBsaaBiba0 FOREIGN BODIES IN THE TRACHEA. The sagacious Theophilus Bonetus counseled bronchotomy ia the case of a boy who had a small bone lodged in the trachea ; biit, unfortunately, the surgeon with whom this erudite anatomist consulted, opposed the operation, and the child died. He says, " Puer septennis, Aurifabri Genenensis Dom. Ganier filius, anno 1660, oryzam juri carnium incoctam comedens, ossiculum de- glutit^ quod k consueto tramite deerrans, asperam arteriam subit, lUi impactum haerens, digito locum designabat, circa colli me- dium : wic difficilis cum tussi anhelitus, maxime in inspirationCy dolbcque punctorius : cum nee progredi nee regredi ossiculo dare- tur, In'onchoiomiam suasi, alteri medico ineptam visam, et sexto demum die, sed ab obitu factum : exemptumque os teres, aereae monetae crassitie, triplici augulo parietibus arterise asperee affixum: Spes erat salutis in mature instituta operatione."* Willis Ukewise recommended the operation in a similar case, but he was opposed by the medical men who were in attendance.t Notwithstanding such sound advice, Muys, (who it may be presumed was acquaint- ed with the immortal works of Bonetus and Willis,) allowed a patient toperish from suffocation, induced by a bean in the tra- chea, t The first case in which bronchotomy was performed, for the removal of a foreign body from the trachea, is detailed by Verduc The operator made a free incision through the trachea, and extracted from it a small bone.§ Raw was the next person * Sepulchretum tiye Anatomia Practica, Tomos Primus, lib. ii. De Af- lactionibus Pectoris, sectio 1. De Respiratlone LsBsa, Observatio 1, p. 483. OeneTB, mdcc. t Pharm. Rat. Part ii. sect. 1. cap. iii. X Fract. Chir. Rat. Dec. vii. Obs. ix, 1690. # Path, de Chimrg. torn. ii. chap. 26. Amsterdam, 1717. VOL. II. 8 58 Foreign Bodies in the TratJie^ who succ«fleA]Dy extracted a finreign body (a bean) firofh the tm« chea. Heister, who ascertained this fact from Kaw, also per- formed bronchotomy, and extracted a portion of a mushroom from the trachea. After describing the operation of bronchotomy, he says, '^ Ainsi que j'eus le bonh«ur d'extraire dans cette ville^ {Helmstad) un morceau de champignon cuit, qui etoit tomb^ dans la trach^e art^re d'un homme, pendant qu*il avaloit eo riant, a grands traits, mi bouillon, oH se trouvoient, parmi beaucoup d'autres choses, des champignons : cet honmie 6toit sur le point de sufToquer."* After such tests of the beneficial effisctff of this operaticm, in cases otherwise necessarily fatal, it would be thought that its utility was established; nevertheless, in March, 1759, some of the ablest surgeons in France, among 'Whom was the illustrious Bordenave, opposed the sagacious Louis, and would not allow him to operate on an infant who had a bean lodged in the trachea. He says, '^ M. Bordenave, qui avoit vu la maladc> vint le vendredi matin pi'apprendre cette mort; il m'avoit pr4- venu en demandant aux parens Pouverture du corps. II la fit ce jour la m^me a six heures du soir, devant une nombreuse assem- U^e que le bruit de ce cas y avoit attir^e. Apr^s avoir fiut-une incision longitudinale a la peau et a la graisse le long de la trach^ art^re, entre les muscles stemohyoldien et entre les deux bran- chiques, il fendit la trach^e art^re en long, en coupant tiois de ses anneux. Au m^me instant tout le monde vit la feve, et je la tirai avec de petites pinces. Ou reconnut par la fecilitat^ d'ex- traire ce corps Stranger, que Population auroit eu sur fe vivant Feffet le plus prompt et le plus salutaire."t From this time no surgeon has hesitated to perfonn bronchoto- my, when the evidence of a foreign body in the trachea has de- manded it ; but there are di^ulties connected with this point, which are not always easily solved^ and which the following case^ are intended to illustrate. Case 1. In March, 1821 ^a woman from Smithfield was biragiU to the Richmond Hospital, DubUn, nearly exhausted fix)m difficult respiration. Her friends informed me, that a few minutes pre- viously, while eating her dinner of boiled pork and cabbage, she suddenly became affected with symptoms of suffocation. With as little delay as possible, I thrust the forefinger of my right hand into the fauces, and perceived a hard substance lodged between the epiglottis and rima glottidis, which with a crow-billed forceps I extracted, and on examination found it to be a piece of bone, of an irregular figure, and about the siz^ of a filbert * Inftitutions Chimr^e, tome troisieme* p! 149. t MemoirM dePAcademie Rojale de Chirntgie, tom.>u. p.»9. mjhxjulit. 'Foreign Bodies in the Tracked. 69 Case 2. On the 17th Feb. 1828, a soldier's wife swallowed a pin, when she was immediately seized with spasmodic and in[e- gular respiration ; her face became livid, and she appeared as if about to die. Being on the spot, I perceived her situation, and with as litde delay as possible passed my finger into her throat, and with considerable difficulty extracted the pin, which lay across the rima glottidis. These two cases fully demonstrate the dreadful symptoms which ensue from foreign bodies -coming in contact with the larynx. They excite spasm of the muscles, and thus by dimi- nishing the rima glottidis, produce suffocation. Fabricius Hildanus mentions a case similar to the first; a young man swallowed a bone, which lay in contact with the Atynz ; he was was suddenly seized with convulsions and died* Case 3. A patient, with anthrax, under the care of Mr. Car- micfaael, in the Richmond Hospital, Dublin, in the year 1822, while eating his dinner of boiled mutton, was suddenly seized with difficult respiration, and before Mr. Belton, (who was then Mr. C.^s assistant,) arrived, from an adjacent ward, he had soffo- cated. I assisted Mr. B. in the post mortem examination, and we found that death had been caused by a tough piece of mutton, which -completely filled the mouth of the lar}Tix. The fdlowing case, by Thos. Bartholinus, is similar to this, — ^* Sueno Olai, juvenis robustus, sed pallida faciei calore, annorum 19, cum in coena convivis, jussu hospitb inserviret, linguse fiiis- tulum bubulce, in patina residuum, clam et festinanter on injecit, node statim vox sublata et respiratio, nee caro degluta conatu ullo aut vi uUa potuit elice, antequam advocatur chirurgus, sofib- catur. Postridie cadaver apertum fuit, inventumque est firustu- lum illud linguae bubulae, pondere uncise unius cum dimidia, inter epiglottida et laryngh rimulam se insinuasse, totamque laryn« gem obturasse, tarn arete ut vix raanu eximi potuerit; unde minim non est subito et vocem cessasse et perisse respira* tionem.''t Ca^e 4. Private James Smith, aged 37, of the 25th regiment, CD the llth January, 1828, was seized while at dinner with diffi- cult respiration, cmd in a few minutes died. On examination after death, a piece of beef, as large as a pullet's egg, was found impacted in the upper part of the cesophagus. Fabricius Hildanus mentions two cases similar to this: la the first, an infant was suffocated by the lodgment of a piece of hard ca^ in the cesophagus ; and in the second, a man, by a * Coat. Obf. 96. t Coot 1. Hiftor. zi. B«*^^IH 60 Foreign Bodies in the Trachea, piece ot meat * NicoL QuL P. Backers, in MiciceQ. Cur. mentieM the case of a young man who was immediately sufTocated by ihe lodgment of a piece of meat in the upper part of the <Bsophagus« Case 5. In the summer of 1824, 1 assisted the kte Mr. Todd in the examination of a child two years old, who had died of chr(Miic laryngitis. On opening the larynx, we found a grain of wheat in the left ventricle, with tumefaction and engorgement of the mucous membrane throughout its entire extent. When the pa- rents were informed of the result of the dissection, they recollected that seven months previously, (the period at which the disease commenced,) the infant had been playing in a granary, in which was depoeoted a large parcel of wheat. Tulpius mentions the case of a roan in Amsterdam, who had a piece of th« shell of a filbert nut lodged in the larynx for seven years, during which time he had distressing cough and laborious respu-ation ; but when the foreign body was ejected he perfectty recovered. Here are his words, — " Civi» Amstelredamensis, sep- tem amplius annos, divexatus ab indefatigabili tussi, traxit conti- nenter spiritiim, adeo difficulter : ut corpus ipsi summopore emar- cuerit. Sed ejecto tandem, per vehementissimam tussim, puta- mine, nucis avellano : duxit iLico spiritim commodius ; et evasit cellerrime, quod vitse intentabatur, periculum. Inhteserat autem hoc putamen (quod adsequabat unguem humanum) circa caput asperse arteris ; uti satis distincte indicavit sBger.^f Phillipus Heechstetterus relates a similar case. A man had a ducat of gold lodged in the larynx for two years and two months, during which time his voice was altered, and he had much cough and expectoration, t Louis asks, what situation do foreign bodies occupy, which are lodged in the larynx for a length of time ? and thus replies, " L'Ana- tomie rfisoudra cette diflScult^ : elle nou^ montre une depression & chaque cdte de la glotte, entre cette overture et la face interne des ailes du cartilage th}Toide ; — les corps Strangers peuvent y so- journer assez long- temps et occasioner des syinpt6mes diffOrens, suivant la sensibility des parties, plus ou moins grande dans diaque sujet La situation du corps Stranger, sa figure, son volume seront la cause d'une plus grande ou d'une moindre g6ne."5 Ccise 6.* On the 9th June, 1827, 1 visited a pensioner's son, aged 3 years, who, he informed me, had great difficulty of breath- ing for 16 days, which he attributed to swallowing a pea. The lower part of his neck was oedematous, and he complamed of pain • Ceut. 1. Ob«. 35. t ObflervatioiieB Medicae, lib. ii. caput yii. p. 109. Amstelredainif cb. lof^^™- t Obf. Decad. yi. Ctm. z. { Op. Cit. p. 312. Fi^eign Sadies in the Trachea, 61 immediately bdow the thyroid gland. His breathing was Vfery heavy, and his voice very imperfect. Frequently he would sleep for two hours at a tiine, and then be aroused by a spasmodic cough, producing lividity of the face, and threatening suffocation. I opened the' trachea^ extracted the pea, and saved the boy's life. /Jeise 7, On the 4th of April last, Dr. Wright called me in con- sultation on the case of a female infant, between five and six months of age. He informed me, that three months previously die child had swallowed a piece of a cocoa-nut, which he had endeavored to dislodge by emetics and other judicious means, but without effect The infant was emaciated and feverish, and though it had only spasmodic cough at intervals, still k had con- stantly more or less dyspnoea, and its voice was hoarse and feeble. The tracheal region was painful, and when the ear was applied to it, the rustling of the foreign body was very audible, particu-^ larly when the respiration was hurried. I confirmed the doctor's opinion respecting the propriety of bronchotomy, an operation, which after the &ilure of emetics he unceasingly urged, but the parents would not consent. On tke 7th, the symptoms having become extreme, they made up their "minds to the result of the operation, and at 1 o'clock I visited the child with Dr. Wright. At this time I entertained great doubts, whether it could bear the operation ; but as otherwise it must perish, I soon determined on affording it the only chance for life which remained ; therefore, with the assistance of Drs. Wright, Stevenson, and Craft, I pro- ceeded to and performed the operation. When the tracnea was opened, the little sufferer immediately became tranquil, and breathed freely through the opening. The foreign body did not show itself, and as the infant was exceedingly weak, I did not protract the search after it. From this date until the 13th, she rallied wonderfully, and breathed freely through the wound, from which a great quantity of mucus was discharged. On this day the foreign body, (a piece of cocoa-nut about the size of a barley-corn,) was ejected in a fit of coughing, and a rapid recovery ensued.* Dupuytren has performed bronchotomy three times for the ex- traction of foreign bodies lodged in the trachea. In two cases he extracted the body during the operation ; in the other this could not be done, but it was discharged per se. The above cases prove that foreign bodies can remain a long time in the trachea without producing death. * In this child the arteria Innominata laj m front of the trachea, above the Mernuro ; it was exposed in the inferior angle of the wound^ and held down \jike handle of a teo-ipoon, (curved for the purpose,) while the trachea WM opened. B3 fSff^eign Bodies in the TVacAea. Jn the case mention^ by Tbeophi]us Bmetue, already nferriS to, the patient lived for fire days mth a smaU bcHie in the trachea; tn those of Muys and Louis, «lao mentioned befiare, the children lived, one for three weeks and the other for ihreedays. Sabalier has very well explained why foreign bodies remaio aa long in the trachea without destroying life. He says, " Rien n'a plus contribuf! a jetcr doutea sur la presence de ce corps dans la trachfie — artere que les intervalles de ttanquillitfi aasez loDgs qu'avait la maJade, ou pcnsait qu'il devait y causer une irritatiOfi coDliuuelle qui ne permeitrait pas les alternatives de bien et db itoal que avoient lieu. Mais ces corps 6taH lisse ; il Stait descehdh' t glotte, donl la eensibilitfi est sans dDUt« [Jus de la tn^h^e, et ne causait d'accidens retnarqua- port« dans les mouvemena de la respiration venc re de la glotte, il venait en heurter les Ugtunenb uvenure, de sorte que I'ak ne pouvidt ■'echamer dinaire. Cest a cetle cause qu'il f<iut attrUmer It il a &t6 tajt mention, parceque Fair, oUig£ de poumons, a dil rompre quelqu'une des cdhdee bronchiques, s'lnsinuer dans le tissu cellulaire de c« risc^re, et s'etendre de bas en haul, jusqu'S la partie iofSrieuiB du ecu d(Wit il a BDulev^ les hymens."* Editor. OLEANINQS FROM FOREIOIT JOURNALS. Experiments made mth the Virginia Snake Root. {PefygatU Senega.) [Conliuugd from pi(s 18.] This medicine was administered to ten members of the Society of Experiment, in doses vatying from two scruples to A drachm and a half, infused in from four U> eight ounces of water ; abo lb seven of the menibers, in powders, diluted 'with a smaB quan- tity of the same liquidj in doses of from 15 grains to one drachm. These experiments proved that the Senega acts as an excitaOt' of the intestinal canal ; that it produces congestions in all the viscera of the abdomen ; arid that il causes flatulence, rather than mucous secretions. In the greater number of cases it produced enictations, nausea, vomiting, pain' and heaviness in the sloniacb, horborygmua, tf^ether with pain in the small Inlestines. fa these symptoms were added, frequent discharges of wind, tenes- mus, without the evacuation of fecal -matter, some sticky etooiB, the entire loss, and sometimes the increase of appetite ; gno- flation of the belly, particularly of the epigastric region, togelhec with great itching around the anus. In some cases M. Jeig ob- served^ OS a consequence of the ingestion of this subetanoe, a mtt • JtUdeoiiM Opmtoin, torn* qutrita«, p. fi9, 60. iOUanings frrnn JPoreign Jaumats* ^ Mftrkd augmeptatioo of the natural heat, particularly about thi9 head, togetoer with heaviness and pain in that region ; and IW therefore concludes that it also acts upon the encephalon, and pro4uces congestions in it In other cases it augmented the ac ' tivity of the circulation, and again it increased the urinary secre- tion. This last effect depended probably upon its action on the imucous membrane of the intestinal canal. From what we have said it will be seen that the action of th^ lSen^[a is &r from being Aniforni. M. Jeerg considers it as fnofe efficacious than tlie valerian, and tliat its exciting properties are IVMM decided upon the intestinal canal. The infusion appeaiB to act particularly upon the head, the powder directs itself to the ab^ donunal oigans. When this medicine is administer^ in small doses, he action oontiaues from 8 to 12 hours, when in large doses, from 18 to 20 l]pur9 1 . therefore it should not be exhibited more than once o)r twice in the 24 hours. For an adult the proper dose is from a scruple to a drachm, either in powder or infused in water^ From these experiments we infer, that the Senega is indicated wtten we wish to increase the vitality of the intestinal canal A$ it JiensiUy diminishes the secretions of the mucous membrane of the intestines, it might be useful in chronic diarrhoea, without iur flammatiop, and in certain cases of colliquative diarrhosa. It is cootra-indiGoited whenever there is congestion or inflanuuation of the abdominal viscera. Experiments made with the flowers and root of the Leopard^ s Bane, {Arnica Montana,) 1. Flowers. Thirteen members of the society (9 men, 2 wo- ■nen, and 2 children) took the flowecs of the Leopard's Bane, in doBes varying from 2| to 36 grains, infused in-from one drachm and a half to m ounces of w^^r; by which it was shown that this substance irritates and inflames the alimentary canal from the mouth to the anils ; that it irritates the oesophagus, the sto- mach, and the smaU more than the large intestines ; and that its acticm is directed rather to the muscular fibres than to the vascu- lar tissue of the digestive organs ; from which it results, that it excitis their contractile rather than their secreting or absorbing Cwers. " The exciting power of the medicament extends to the ad, piobaWy," says M. Jeerg, " through the medium of the ab» dominiGd ^exus of nerves, which comes immediately under its influence.'' The excitation of two such important apparatuses as the head and digestive canal, necessarily produces secondary edects. These ipeie, a marked acceleration of the circulation, an augmentation c(^ cutaneous tranqriiation, together with the other ^ects of a 64 Oteanings from Fhreign JhumaU. general stimulation. On the other hand^ by reason of its action on the alimentary canal, this substance sensibly modifies the quantity and composition of the urinary secretion. The effect it produces on the pharynx and larynx excites cough, especially in those whose air passages are at all irritable. Its action is pro- longed from 24 to 36 hours. The proper dose for patients of an irritable habit Is two grains of the flowers infused in half an ounce of water; in common cases four or five grains may be taken. After its action has commenced, the dc^e should not be repeated before the expiration of 24 or 36 hours. It results from what we have said, that the flowers of the Leo- pard's Bane sboukl never be €idminlstered in inflammatory fiflfec- tions, or those accompanied with irritation of the head or abdo- men. It acts favorably in cases of general and local debility, where it is desired to stimulate sluggish organs or parts affected with paralysis. It may be usefully employed when we wish to call up the action of the intestines, especially their muscular tunic ; also in certain affections of the brain depending on e^- sion, " In short,'' says M. Jarg, " it is an excellent means of renewing the strength of the sensitive, locomotive, and circulatory systems. It should only be employed in chronic, never in acute aiTections." An infiision of the flowers being applied to the skin, produced a burning, itching affection, followed by irrili^tion, but without redness ; kept in contact with it by means of sticking plaster, it caused vi(Jent itching, succeeded lit the end of eight hours by a well marked redness, which soon disappeared. This property reconmiends it in cases where it is wished to irritate the skin without implicating the epidermis, as in the cheek or the neck. It 10 very effectual in cases of local paralysi?, either in the form of fomentations, lotions, or baths. It is also useful to stonulate ulcers, whicn are about passing into a state of induration or gangrene. 2. The Root, The effects of the root of the Leopard's Bane are different from the flowers. Infused in water, it is not so irri- tating to the mouth, the oesophagus, the stomach, or the smsdl intestines ; it affects particularly the muscular fibres of the intes- tinal canal, but its chief action seems to be directed to t|^^ead. Consequently it should have preference in all cases where it is necessary to renew the organic strength without irritating the alimentary canal. It should be select^ in chronic and colliqua- tive diarrhoea, in preference to the flowers, M. Jeerg says, the tincture is a better preparation than the aqueous infusion, and he has made the same remark of several other vegetable substances. He thinks the medicine under consideration might be useful in cases of atony of the stomach and alimentary canaL He recom- Ohanings from Fiireign JourfMM, 65 aiiends it io be taken m doees of % to 40 or 50 drops evory S4 or 36 hours. The mfiision of the root^should be adminiBtered m the same quantity as the flowers. ** To conchide,^' (says M. J«erg,) " the experiments I have made prore that the Lec^xard's Bane is a decided resolutive. It stimu- lates the absorbents, and acts as a derivative upon the brain ; ccm- 4iequently it can be empk^ed with success in cases of cerebral effu- sion, and against the induration of certain organs." Esperiments made with Camphor, These experiments were made upon almost all the members of the society. At first the camphor was administered, dissdved iu spirits of wine, in the proportion of one grain to eight drops. The doaes varied from 4 to 30 drops. When taken in substance, from half a grain to 12 grcdns were administered. M. Jaerg has drawn the following conclusions. " Camphor acts primarily as an excitant of the digestive canal and the brain; its secondary action is upon the genito- urinary mgans, the skin, and the circulating system. By reason xji the vdtetfle principle it contains, it acts as a strong diflTusible «timulaut It produces a feeling of heat in the mouth, the stomach, and the intestineb, together with an actual increase of the bodily temperature: Mixed with alcohol, its action is sensibly augment- ed. It also contains bitter And acrid principles, but their actions ace very uncertain and difficult to be distinguished. When the volatile princif^e acts alone, its duration is very short, but when the bitter and acrid principles act upon the digestive canal, its effects continue for a much greater space of dme. " It results from what has been said, that the camphor, whether acting by means of its volatile, its bitter, or its acrid princifde, is a powCTful stimulant It augments the heat of the body, produces sweating, accelerates the circulation, increases the force of the pulse, modifies in a remarkable manner the quantity and quality of the urinary secretion, and stimulates powerfidly the organs of generation. The generally received opinion that camphor acts as a sedative upon these organs, is evidently incorrect ; and," observes M. Jeei^, " though it is often employed against stranguary caused by the action of cantharides, the observations I have nmde leave no doubt on my mind as to its injurious effect in all irritations of the genito-urinary apparatus. Camphor is contra indicated in cases of fever or acute inflammation of important organs, as well as in cases of compression of the brain, resulting either bora eflfusion or depression, as it produces or augments the turgescence of the vessels. It is indicated in cases of general weakness, pro- duced or continued firom atony of the digestive organs, as it does not cause congestions in the viscera of the abdomen, and fx this VOL. II. 9 , 66 OUanings from Foreign JoumdU. reason should be preferred to the valerian, the snake roc*, or tfcs leopard's bane. One of the most constant effects of this substance is congestion of the nervous centre. " When taken in small doses its action does noC last more than three or four houft, so that when it is intended to obtain 8timiri»r tion, they should be repeated every four or six hours. "The proper dose is from half a grain to a grain, administered ai proper intervals." Experiments made with the Cantor, Those members of the society who had been found most suscep- tible to the action of medicines, were submitted to the cJxpcrimcnto with the castor, amongst whom were the three females. From 5 to 20 grains were taken, without producmg any other effect thaii disagreeable eructatioas ; from which M. Jaerg condudes that k is perfectly inert, and should be banished from [Hractice. Experiments m>€tde with Musk. This substance was taken by nine members of the wcieQr, (amongst whom were two women and two children,) in doM varying from 2 to 15 ^ains, either in water or mixed with twke its weight of magnesia. It did not prove itself so powerful a medicine as has generally been considered. Its greatest actioa was upon the brain a!hd intestinal canal. It first manifested itself by eructations, heaviness in the stomach, diminution or augmen- tation of the appetite, dryness of the oesophagus, together with pain imd heaviness in the head, and vertigo ; its secondary ^bcts were rather upon the brain than the alimentary canal ; they were, gaping, desire of sleep, weakness and heaviness of the body, end- ing in a long-continued and heavy sleep. When the dose wa» very strong, its action on the nervous system was well marked, such as tremblings of the limbs, smd sometimes convulsions. At other times it augmented the activity of the circulation, and in- creased the fullness and rapidity of the pulse. M. J«rg has, therefore, been correct in ranging it amongst the general excitants whose action is principally directed to the centre of the nervous system. Writers who have treated on the subject say, ttat the odor of the musk may be detected in the perspiration and other evacuations of those persons to whom it has been administered, which M. Jeerg denies. He says, " that the smell of this substance is caused by the frequent eructations by which their clothes are impregnated." " From these facts it results," says our author, " that the musk can only be usefully employed in cases where the brain and ner- Gleanings from Foreign Journals. 67 TtMfi system are debilitated, but without congestion or compression. St is however an errOT to consider this medicine as so excellent an excitant ; my experience proves that camphor is much more effi- cacious, particularly in renewing the powers of assimilation. The efiects of musk are not always in accordance with the doses in which it is administered ; three grains will produce a much greater impressioa on some persons than ten or fifteen will on others ; for a person of irritaUe temperament 3 (m* 5 grains are sufficient, but those of ordinary temperament may take 6, 10, or 12 grains. The diould not be renewed oftener than once in 8 or 12 hours." Experiments made with St. Ignace^s Bean, Eleven members of the society took at different times, and in doses varying from 9 to 90 drops, the tincture of the bean of St Ignace, made in the foRowing manner: — R. St. Ignace Bean, bruised, Sj. Rectified Spirits, Sviij. Four members took it in powder, in doses of from half a grain to four grains. The foUow- mg resuhs were obtained. This substance increased the secretion of the sublingual gbnds and of the tonsils, produced nausea, pain and heaviness in epigastrio, augmentation or diminution of the appetite, frequent eructations, colic, borborygmus, constipation or looseness, together with itching and heat in the region of the anus. ^ As a sequence of these primitive effects, we have weight in the head, vertigo, weighty pains in the occipital, frontal, and tem- poral regions, inflammation of the eyes, tc^ether with increas- ed secretions of the meibomian glands, finally, great depression, somnolency, and general apathy. These secondary effects are sometimes followed by a great acceleration of the pulse, by op- pression, and a pricking, smarting feeling in the urethra. |
https://www.owasp.org/index.php?title=Relative_Path_Traversal&oldid=62875 | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Relative Path Traversal
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This is an Attack. To view all attacks, please see the Attack Category page.
Last revision (mm/dd/yy): 05/28/2009
Overview
This attack is a variant of Path Traversal and can be exploited when the application accepts the use of relative traversal sequences such as "../".
Related Security Activities
How to Avoid Path Traversal Vulnerabilities
See the OWASP Guide article on how to Avoid Path Traversal Vulnerabilities.
How to Test for Path Traversal Vulnerabilities
See the OWASP Testing Guide article on how to Test for Path Traversal Vulnerabilities.
More detailed information can be found on Path_Traversal
Description
TBD
Examples
The following URLs are vulnerable to this attack:
http://some_site.com.br/get-files.jsp?file=report.pdf
http://some_site.com.br/get-page.php?home=aaa.html
http://some_site.com.br/some-page.asp?page=index.html
A simple way to execute this attack is like this:
http://some_site.com.br/get-files?file=../../../../some dir/some file
http://some_site.com.br/../../../../etc/shadow
http://some_site.com.br/get-files?file=../../../../etc/passwd
Risk Factors
TBD
Related Threat Agents
Related Attacks
Related Vulnerabilities
Related Controls
References
TBD.
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US-201716329848-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Device and method for attaching a balancing weight to a mounting surface on an inner side of a wheel rim
ABSTRACT
The invention relates to a device for attaching a balancing weight ( 2 ) to a mounting surface ( 17 ) on an inner side ( 3 ) of a rim dish of a wheel rim ( 4 ) and provides for a mounting head ( 1 ) to be dimensioned in such a way that it fits into the rim dish. The mounting head ( 1 ) includes a support element ( 5 ), which is radially displaceable relative to the wheel rim ( 4 ) and on which a feeler element ( 6 ) is axially movably arranged, the feeler element ( 6 ) having a convex contact surface ( 14 ) and a receptacle ( 12 ) for at least one balancing weight ( 2 ), said receptacle being oriented towards the inner side ( 3 ). The mounting head ( 1 ) is configured in such a way that the contact surface ( 14 ) may be brought into contact with a boundary surface ( 18 ) of the inner side ( 3 ), and may be displaced along said boundary surface until the balancing weight ( 2 ) comes radially into contact with the mounting surface ( 17 ).
The invention relates to a device for attaching a balancing weight to amounting surface on an inner side of a rim dish of a wheel rim, andprovides for a mounting head to be dimensioned in such a way that itfits into the rim dish and which includes a support element, which isradially displaceable relative to the wheel rim and on which a feelerelement is axially movably arranged. Furthermore, the invention relatesto a method for attaching a balancing weight to a mounting surface on aninner side of a rim dish of a wheel rim.
When balancing vehicle wheels, detected imbalances are compensated bymounting balancing weights on the wheel rims, since material removal isout of the question. For this purpose, in the case of steel rims, thebalancing weights are clamped on the inner and outer edge of the wheelrim of the corresponding balancing points. In contrast, in the case ofalloy rims, the balancing weights are usually glued in the rim dish intwo axially spaced balancing planes.
From DE 10 2007 014 461 A1, a method for balancing vehicle wheels isknown, in which adhesive weights are glued to at least one determinedbalancing surface within a vehicle wheel by using a balancing head and aprogram-controlled handling device.
Furthermore, from DE 10 2010 002 002 A1 a fully automatic system forbalancing imbalances of vehicle wheels is known, in which the imbalanceof the vehicle wheels is first measured in an imbalance measuringstation and the vehicle wheels are then conveyed into a balancingstation. In the balancing station, the balancing weights, which areproduced to a suitable size on the basis of the measured values by anautomatic cutting device, and which are provided with an adhesive layer,are fastened by gluing to the vehicle wheels by means of a mountingdevice. The mounting is carried out with the aid of a setting head,which is provided with two receptacles for two balancing weights andwhich may secure them sequentially in two balancing planes of thevehicle wheel intended therefor.
DE 10 2013 108 048 B4 describes a device for mounting balancing weightsfor balancing imbalances on a rotating body to be balanced, having asupply unit, which may successively supply individual balancing weights,a mounting device which is intended and provided for attaching thebalancing weights to a rotating body to be balanced and which has afirst receptacle for a first balancing weight and a second receptaclefor a second balancing weight.
Due to weight considerations, alloy wheels or disc wheels with undercutsare often used in which there is a cavity in front of the spoke root.The balancing weights should preferably be inserted into an annularsurface (undercut annular surface) provided thereon.
In the case of wheel rims with an undercut, the space permitted forattaching a balancing weight in the axial direction is extremelylimited. This is essentially due to the fact that the rim contour isfixed on the tyre-facing side, which means that the height of themounting surface, which is used for attaching the balancing weight, isseverely limited. The balancing weight must not protrude into the radiiabove or below the mounting surface, which results in a reduction in theadhesion of the balancing weights. An automatic balancing of vehiclewheels with undercuts is known from DE 10 2007 014 461 B4. The rollingroller for attaching the adhesive weight has a conical rolling surface,so that the undercut annular surface may be reached by a tangentialrolling process. The disadvantage, however, is that the robot control isvery onerous and the adhesive weights may not be placed accurately.Alternatively, the undercut surface may be measured before attaching thebalancing weights, but this is complicated by the painting of the wheelrim and is also time-consuming.
The object of the invention is to provide a device and a method of thetype mentioned at the outset, which allow the attachment ofself-adhesive balancing weights at concave mounting surfaces of a wheelrim within short cycle times, without previously requiring a measurementof the mounting surface.
The object is achieved according to the invention by a device accordingto claim 1 and a method according to claim 13. Further developments andadvantageous embodiments of the invention are specified in the dependentclaims.
The object is achieved according to the invention by providing a devicefor attaching a balancing weight to a mounting surface on an inner sideof a rim dish of a wheel rim, and provides for a mounting head to bedimensioned in such a way that it fits into the rim dish and whichincludes a support element, which is radially displaceable relative tothe wheel rim and on which a feeler element is axially movably arranged,the feeler element having a convex contact surface and a receptacle forat least one balancing weight, said receptacle being oriented towardsthe inner side and the mounting head being configured in such a way thatthe contact surface may be brought into contact with a boundary surfaceof the inner side, and may be displaced along said boundary surfaceuntil the balancing weight comes radially into contact with the mountingsurface.
By means of the device according to the invention, it is possible inparticular to attach a balancing weight designed as an adhesive weightto the undercut annular surface provided on the inner side of the wheelrim, without the need for prior measurement of the mounting surfaceprovided in the undercut annular surface. Due to the limited space inthe case of rims with undercuts, collision-free moving of the mountinghead into the mounting position of the balancing weight is difficult.The inventive design not only simplifies the positioning of the mountinghead, but also accelerates the entire process of attaching and removingthe mounting head.
A mechanical sensing of the mounting surface for a balancing weight isperformed, in which a contact between the contact surface and a boundarysurface of the wheel rim extending to the undercut annular surface isobtained. Due to the radial movement of the mounting head, the feelerelement deviates axially, so that the contact between the contactsurface of the feeler element and the boundary surface is maintaineduntil the receptacle with the balancing weight radially reaches theundercut annular surface and thus the mounting surface. The mountinghead is moved depending on the sensing results. The present solution ispurely mechanical and simple, which also improves the cycle time of theattaching process.
According to one proposal of the invention, the feeler element isprovided at its free end with a feeler head, which is designed such thatit is movable into a cavity of the wheel rim. The feeler head may bringthe balancing weight in position on the mounting surface in a cavity ofa rim, in particular with an undercut.
The force acting on the wheel rim during the positioning of thereceptacle may be reduced in that, according to a proposal of theinvention, the support element is designed to be radially displaceableand in particular the support element is mounted in a slide guide and isradially displaceable in the slide guide against the force of a spring.
In one embodiment of the invention, the feeler element is mounted on thesupport element within a linear guide and is axially movable against theforce of a spring from a basic position into an end position. The feelerelement is axially displaced against the spring force by the contactestablished between the contact surface and the boundary surface of thewheel rim from the basic position into the end position in which thereceptacle with the balancing weight rests against the mounting surfaceand at the same time the contact between the contact surface and theboundary surface is maintained. As soon as the balancing weight isattached to the mounting surface and the mounting head moves radiallyaway from the inner side of the wheel rim, the feeler element is broughtback into the basic position by the spring force. The leaving andreturning to the basic position may be monitored by a sensor. The sensormay be provided on the support element or the feeler element and maydetect the axial movement of the feeler element out of the basicposition. This prevents erroneous contact with the wheel rim.
As an alternative to springs, in one embodiment of the invention, thefeeler element may be arranged to be axially movable on the supportelement by means of a lifting cylinder. The cylinder may be a pneumaticor a hydraulic cylinder, the cylinder of which is attached to thesupport element and the piston of which is attached to the feelerelement, so that the feeler element is repositioned by the forces of thelifting cylinder.
It is also possible that the feeler element is arranged axially movablyon the support element by means of a linkage mechanism. The feelerelement may be attached to the support element via articulated rods, sothat at least an axial mobility of the feeler element is achieved. Thelinkage mechanism is low-maintenance and allows directional movement ofthe feeler element. Alternatively, the feeler element may be attachedaxially movably to the support element via a roller bearing linearslide.
In order to allow contact between the feeler element and the inner sideof the wheel rim without damaging the wheel rim, it is proposed that thecontact surface is coated at least in part with a plastics material. Asa result, good sliding properties, high abrasion and wear resistance anda long service life may be achieved. The contact surface may also bepart of a component, such as a bar, which is attachable to the feelerelement by means of mounting means. The component is arranged in aregion of the feeler element, in particular the feeler head, in whichthe contact with the boundary surface of the wheel rim is to beestablished.
According to a proposal of the invention, the mounting head may berotatably mounted about an axis in any desired mounting position on themounting surface by means of a rotary drive, which is controllable by acontrol device. In order to enable a movement to different balancingpositions, the mounting head may be rotatable about its axis ofrotation. In this regard, it is also advantageous if the feeler elementhas a plurality of receptacles, so that after attaching a firstbalancing weight in a first balancing position, the mounting head movesinto a further balancing position for attaching a further balancingweight. A fast turning of the mounting head is achieved by the rotarydrive.
The mounting head may be provided with a pressing device, which can beactuated by a control device, for pressing the balancing weight againstthe mounting surface of the wheel rim. The balancing weight designed asan adhesive weight may be rolled by means of the pressing device ontothe mounting surface, in particular in the undercut annular surface, forexample, so that a planar contact is produced.
In one embodiment of the invention, the mounting head is arranged on anarm of a program-controlled handling device. The handling device may bedesigned as a program-controlled robot, on the arm of which the mountinghead is arranged. The robot may be movable in all three spatial axes.However, simple handling devices may also be selected, which onlycontrol the insertion of the mounting head into the rim dish and theradial movement thereof. The control of the mounting head may beforce-controlled or stroke-controlled. The mounting head mayadvantageously be attached to the arm of the handling device by means ofa quick-change coupling. Furthermore, in another embodiment, themounting head may be arranged in a stationary manner on a machine frame,so that the wheel rim to be balanced is slipped over the operating arm.
The invention further relates to a method for attaching a balancingweight to a mounting surface on an inner side of a rim dish of a wheelrim, comprising the following steps: moving a mounting head into the rimdish, wherein the mounting head has a feeler element with a receptaclefor at least one balancing element;
moving the mounting head radially outwards so that contact is madebetween a convex contact surface of the feeler element and a boundarysurface of the inner side of the wheel rim; continuing the radialmovement, wherein the contact surface slides along the boundary surfaceof the inner side until the balancing weight comes radially into contactwith the mounting surface; attaching the balancing weight to themounting surface. It is advantageous if the feeler element, whilesliding along the contact surface on the boundary surface, axiallydeviates in a linear guide. As a result, damage to the wheel rim by thefeeler element may be avoided.
The advantages presented above, as well as advantageous embodiments ofthe device apply analogously to the method.
The invention will be explained in more detail in the following withreference to an embodiment of the invention shown in the drawings, inwhich:
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a mounting head in a rim dish ofa wheel rim;
FIG. 2 shows a feeler element of the device resting on the rim dish; and
FIG. 3 shows the positioning of a receptacle for a balancing weight on amounting surface.
FIG. 1 shows a mounting head 1 for attaching a balancing weight 2 to aninner side 3 of a rim 4 of a vehicle wheel. The mounting head 1 isrotatable about its axis of rotation and may be attached by means of aquick-change coupling to the end of an articulated arm of a handlingdevice, such as a robot, whose movement is controllable in all threespatial axes. However, arms of simpler handling devices may also beselected, which introduce the mounting head 1 at least linearly in therim dish and move radially to the inner side 3 of the wheel rim. Themounting head 1 may be mounted in a radially pivotable manner on the armof the handling device and rotatably mounted as a whole. The mountinghead 1 may be positioned under the control of a program so that it maymove the balancing weights 2 to each balancing point in thepredetermined balancing planes.
However, it may also be provided that the mounting head 1 is arranged ina stationary manner on a machine frame and the wheel rim 4 is slippedover the stationary mounting head 1 by means of a gripper of a handlingrobot. Embodiments of a mounting head 1 are known from DE 10 2013 108048 B3.
The mounting head 1 may be arranged on a support which extendstransversely to the axis of rotation and on which a support element 5extending parallel to the axis of rotation and extending into the rimdish is arranged. The support element 5 may be mounted in a radiallydisplaceable manner in that it is movable within a slide guidetransversely to the axis of rotation and, for example, against the forceof a spring.
On the support element 5, a stepped feeler element 6 is mounted in anaxially movable manner. For this purpose, the feeler element 6 may beguided by means of a linear slide, which is movably supported by meansof a roller bearing 7 in a guide 10, which is delimited by an upper anda lower end stop 8, 9. In the guide 10, a return spring 11 is arrangedbetween the support element 5 and the upper end stop 8 of the feelerelement 6, so that the feeler element 6 is moved axially against theforce of the return spring 11 from an end position. By arranging afurther spring, which is attached to the lower end stop 9, the feelerelement 6 may be present in a central position, from which it is movableaxially upwards or downwards against the force of the springs. A sensormay monitor the position of the feeler element 6 and be used to controlthe mounting head 1. The sensor may be arranged on the support element 5or the feeler element 6. The feeler element 6 may also be arrangedaxially movably on the support element 5 via a pneumatic or hydrauliccylinder. The mounting of the feeler element 6 on the support element 5by means of a linkage mechanism is also possible, wherein the feelerelement 6 is movably mounted on the support element 5 by means ofarticulated rods.
At a free end of the feeler element 6, a receptacle 12 for at least onebalancing weight 2 is arranged. The receptacle 12 may consist of acurved rail of rectangular cross section with a convex surface. Thereceptacle 12 may comprise magnetic material and be designed to holdmagnetisable balancing weights 2. Due to the magnetic effect, thebalancing weight 2 may be held on the receptacle 12 for transport. Also,a clamping of the balancing weight 2 in the receptacle 12 may beprovided. In this case, the balancing weight 2 may be held in positionby means of locking fingers. It is also possible to hold the balancingweight 2 by means of a negative pressure. The mounting of the balancingweight 2 on the wheel rim 4 is obtained by gluing. For this purpose, thebalancing weight 2 is coated on the side facing the inner side 3 with anadhesive layer. The attachment of the adhesive weight may be achieved bya continuous radial movement of the mounting head 1, wherein theadhesive weight is resiliently held in the receptacle 12 in order toachieve a corresponding minimum contact pressing force without damagingthe wheel rim 4.
The balancing weight 2 may be rolled on, for example.
The feeler element 6 has a feeler head 13 comprising the receptacle 12,the side of which facing the wheel rim inner side 3 is bent radiallyaccording to the curvature of the inner side 3. Adjacent to thereceptacle 12, a convex contact surface 14 is arranged with a circularlycurved edge region. The slope of the contact surface 14 has aninclination of approximately 45° and runs over the full width of thefeeler head 13. The contact surface 14 may also be curved. The contactsurface 14 is made of a sliding plastics material or is at least coatedtherewith. For manufacturing reasons, the feeler element 10 may be madeentirely or at least in part of a plastics material.
Balancing of vehicle wheels with adhesive weights is also possible incase of wheels having an undercut. In this case, a cavity 15 is presentin front of the spoke root. The predetermined balancing planes areusually located on a concave undercut annular surface 16 which ispresent in the cavity 15 and are axially spaced from one another, i.e. acylindrical mounting surface 17 of the balancing weights 2 lies withinthe undercut annular surface 16. The specific balancing points and thesize of the balancing weights 2 are calculated by an imbalance measuringdevice and transmitted, for example, to an electronic robot controller.
The mounting head 1 is controlled for attaching the balancing weight 2to the mounting surface 17 so that it dips into the rim dish and thereceptacle 12 faces the wheel rim inner side 3 essentially at a radialdistance. The receptacle 12 in this initial position is not yet at thesame height as the mounting surface 17, but lies slightly lower, so thatthe contact surface 14 of the feeler element 6 faces an oblique boundarysurface 18 of the wheel rim inner side 3 extending towards the undercutannular surface 16.
FIG. 2 shows a contact of the feeler element 6 of the device with therim dish, and FIG. 3 shows the positioning of the receptacle 12 for thebalancing weight 2 on the mounting surface 17. The mounting head 1 movesby performing a radial movement transversely to the axis of rotation inthe direction of the wheel rim inner side 3, wherein the contact surface14 of the feeler element 6 comes into contact with the oblique boundarysurface 18. Due to the continuous radial movement of the mounting head1, the contact surface 14 slides along the oblique boundary surface 18.The feeler element 6 deviates here due to the movable mounting on thesupport element 5 in the axial direction against the force of the returnspring 11 and is moved out of a basic position. The basic position maybe, depending on the configuration of the axially movable mounting ofthe feeler element 6 on the support element 5, an end position or amiddle position. It is also possible that the feeler head 13 comes intocontact with an element of the wheel rim 4 which is not shown and whichis arranged above the mounting surface 17, so that the feeler head 13senses the mounting surface 17 and the feeler element 6 deviatesdownwards from its normal position. Due to the movable mounting of thefeeler element 6, the forces acting on the wheel rim inner side 3 aresmall and damage to the wheel rim 4 is avoided.
The radial movement of the mounting head 1 and the axial deflection ofthe feeler element 6 continue until the balancing weight 2 radiallyabuts the undercut annular surface 16 or the mounting surface 17provided here. At the same time, the feeler element 6 is in an endposition in which the return spring 11 is compressed. The balancingweight 2 may then be attached to the mounting surface 17, for example,by rolling on. After successful attachment, the mounting head 1 movesradially into the starting position, so that the contact surface 14slides along the oblique boundary surface 18 and the feeler element 6 ismoved by the spring force of the return spring 11 from the end positioninto the basic position.
The height of the contact surface 14 of the feeler element 6 is designedsuch that it may slide along the oblique boundary surface 18 of thewheel rim, reaching the end position when the balancing weight 2 abuts,with its adhesive surface, the mounting surface 17 provided in theundercut annular surface 16. The feeler head 13 of the feeler element 6,which surrounds the receptacle 12 and protrudes into the cavity 15 ofthe undercut, is dimensioned in such a way that, on the one hand, thecontact surface 14 comes into contact with the oblique boundary surface18 of the wheel rim 4 and also remains in contact therewith during theattachment of the balancing weight 2 and, on the other hand, thereceptacle 12 with the balancing weight 2 is pressed against themounting surface 17. When the balancing weight 2 is pressed against themounting surface 17, an optionally radially displaceably mounted supportelement 5 is displaced against the force of springs, so that noexcessive force, which may damage the wheel rim 4, acts on the rim.
The displaceability of the feeler element 6 and the return spring 11ensure an exact height positioning. The radial displaceability, whichmay act against a spring force, of the support element 5 ensures aminimum contact force. The control of the mounting head 1 need not beforce-controlled, but may be positional, which can be achieved bysensors. Furthermore, proximity switches may verify whether the supportelement 5 and the feeler element 6 are moved far enough duringpositioning of the feeler head 13 so that the return spring 11 and otheroptional springs may be loaded according to a required minimum contactforce.
1. A device for attaching a balancing weight (2) to a mounting surface(17) on an inner side (3) of a rim dish of a wheel rim (4), comprising amounting head (1) which is dimensioned in such a way that it fits intothe rim dish and which includes a support element (5), which is radiallydisplaceable relative to the wheel rim (4) and on which a feeler element(6) is axially movably arranged, the feeler element (6) having a convexcontact surface (14) and a receptacle (12) for at least one balancingweight (2), said receptacle being oriented towards the inner side (3)and the mounting head (1) being configured in such a way that thecontact surface (14) can be brought into contact with a boundary surface(18) of the inner side (3), and may be displaced along said boundarysurface until the balancing weight (2) comes radially into contact withthe mounting surface (17).
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the feelerelement (6) has at its free end a feeler head (13), which is configuredsuch that it is movable into a cavity (15) of the wheel rim (4).
3. Thedevice of claim 1 wherein the support element (5) is radiallydisplaceable.
4. The device of claim 1, wherein the feeler element (6)is supported on the support element (5) within a straight guide and isaxially movable against the force of a spring (11) from a basic positionto an end position.
5. The device of claim 3, wherein the feeler element(6) is axially movably positioned using a lifting cylinder on thesupport element (5).
6. The device of claim 1, wherein the contactsurface (14) is at least partially coated with a plastics material. 7.The device of claim 1, wherein the contact surface (14) is part of acomponent which may be attached to the feeler element (6).
8. The deviceof claim 1, wherein on the support element (5) or the feeler element (6)a sensor is provided, which senses the axial movement of the feelerelement (6).
9. The device of claim 1, wherein the mounting head (1) ismounted on the mounting surface (17) in such a way that it is rotatableabout an axis in any mounting position by means of a rotary drive, whichis controllable by a control device.
10. The device of claim 1, whereinthe mounting head (1) is positioned on an arm of a program-controlledhandling device.
11. The device of claim 10, wherein the mounting head(1) is attached to the arm of the handling device by means of aquick-change coupling.
12. The device of claim 1, wherein the mountinghead (1) is positioned stationary on a machine frame.
13. A method forattaching a balancing weight (2) to a mounting surface (17) on an innerside (3) of a rim dish of a wheel rim (4), comprising the followingsteps: moving a mounting head (1) into the rim dish, wherein themounting head (1) has a feeler element (6) with a receptacle (12) for atleast one balancing element (2); 25 moving the mounting head (1)radially outwards so that contact is made between a convex contactsurface (14) of the feeler element (6) and a boundary surface (18) ofthe inner side (39 of the wheel rim; continuing the radial movement,wherein the contact surface (14) slides along the boundary surface (18)of the inner side (3) until the balancing weight (2) comes 30 radiallyinto contact with the mounting surface (17); attaching the balancingweight (2) to the mounting surface (17).
14. The method of claim 13,wherein while the contact surface (14) is sliding along the boundarysurface (18), the feeler element (6) axially deviates within a straightguide..
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bpt6k6153623t_15 | French-PD-Books | Public Domain | 2. L'administration des domaines paiera au sieur Decotte la valeur du terrain donné en échange par son aïeul, et aujourd'hui enclavé dans le jardin des Tuileries, ladite valeur calculée sur le prix actuel des autres terrains qui l'avoient avoisiné. 3. Notre grand juge ministre de la justice et notre ministre des finances sont chargés, chacun en ce qui le concerne, de l'exécution du présent décret. Décret du 31 juillet 1812. (1062) N°. 85. DROITS POSITIFS. — ADMINISTRATION ACTIVE. — COMMUNE, — BOISSONS. Les communes imposées aux droits sur les boissons et qui doivent en être dispensées d'après la loi du 21 novembre 1818, n'ont de recours qu'auprès de l'administration active. (La commune de Phalsbourg.) Un arrêté du préfet de la Moselle, en date du 23 décembre 1808, assujettissait la ville de Phalsbourg aux droits établis sur les boissons, par les lois du 25 novembre précédent : une décision du ministre des finances, en date du 9 octobre 1810, avait confirmé l'arrêté du 22 décembre 1808. Le maire de la commune de Phalsbourg se pourvut au conseil d'état, et demanda l'annulation de l'arrêté du 22 décembre 1808, et de la décision du 9 octobre 1810. Pour moyens, il alléguait que la ville de Phalsbourg ne se trouvait pas dans le tableau des communes qui avaient une population agglomérée de deux mille habitants, et que dès lors, aux termes de la loi du 25 novembre 1808, elle ne devait pas être assujettie aux droits établis par cette même loi. Une lettre du ministre de l'intérieur, en date du 22 février 1812, attestait la véracité du fait allégué par le maire de la commune ; et comme il ne s'agissait plus que de faire l'application de la loi du 25 novembre 1808, et que cette application était un acte administratif qui appartenait au ministre des finances, la réclamation du maire de Phalsbourg y fut renvoyée; Suit la teneur du décret. N° 86. — Sur le rapport de notre commission du contentieux ; Vu la requête du maire de Phalsbourg, tendant à ce qu'il nous plaise annuller une décision du ministre des finances, en date du 9 octobre 1810, qui confirme un arrêté du préfet de la Meurthe, du 22 octobre 1808, d'après lequel la ville de Phalsbourg est assujettie aux droits établis sur les boissons, par la loi du 25 novembre même année ; Vu la décision, l'arrêté et la loi dont il s'agit ; Vu la lettre du ministre des finances du 29 décembre 1811, dans laquelle il annonce que la suppression ou la conservation des droits dont il s'agit est subordonnée à la décision du ministre de l'intérieur sur la population de la ville de Phalsbourg; Vu l'expédition dûment légalisée d'une lettre du ministre de l'intérieur en date du 22 février 1812, par laquelle il annonce au préfet de la Meurthe qu'il a informé le ministre des finances que la ville de Phalsbourg ne se trouvait pas dans le tableau des communes qui ont une population agglomérée de deux mille habitants; Considérant, d'après ces lettres, que la légitimité de la réclamation du maire de Phalsbourg n'est plus en question; qu'il ne s'agit plus que d'appliquer la loi du 25 novembre 1808, et que cette application est un acte purement administratif qui appartient au ministre des finances. Notre Conseil d'Etat entendu, Nous avons décrété et décrétons ce qui suit: La requête du maire de Phalsbourg, avec les pièces à l'appui, sont renvoyées au ministre des finances pour y faire droit. Décret du 31 juillet 1812. Une contestation entre acquéreurs de biens nationaux, relativement au bornage de leurs propriétés, est de la compétence de l'autorité administrative; si les motifs de la décision peuvent être pris dans les procès-verbaux d'adjudication, et résulter de l'interprétation de ces actes; mais si ces mêmes actes sont muets, et qu'il faille recourir à l'usage, ou à des titres antérieurs, la décision doit être renvoyée aux tribunaux. En l'an 4, le sieur Chenet acquit, de l'État, le domaine de Mousseaux, situé dans la commune de Boynes, arrondissement de Pithiviers, département du Loiret, et provenant de M. de Boynes, émigré. Les sieurs Gandon frères, achetèrent, à la même époque, une terre labourable, limitrophe de la propriété du sieur Chenet et attenant à une allée nommée l'allée des Frênes; cette terre avait la même origine que le domaine de Mousseaux. —Il s'éleva, en l'an 10, une contestation entre le sieur Chenet et les sieurs Gandon, relativement au bornage de leurs propriétés respectives. Le sieur Chenet soutenait, qu'aux termes de la coutume d'Orléans, alors en vigueur, on devait laisser vingt-quatre pieds de distance entre les allées (telles que celles des frênes et les terres labourables); mais pour terminer amiablement, il consentit à ce qu'on ne laissât qu'une distance de douze pieds, la proposition fut acceptée par les sieurs Gandon, et les bornes posées en conséquence. En l'an 13, le sieur Chenet acquit du sieur Isaac Gandon sa moitié dans la pièce de terre indivise entre son frère et lui, et demanda au sieur Pierre Gandon de s'entendre avec lui pour procéder au bornage de la nouvelle acquisition qu'il venait de faire. Pierre Gandon s'y refusa. Chenet l'assigna devant le tribunal de Pithiviers, qui se déclara incompétent, et renvoya l'affaire devant l'autorité administrative. Les parties présentèrent leurs mémoires respectifs au conseil de préfecture du Loiret ; le sieur Chenet soutenait qu'un intervalle de vingt-quatre pieds, suivant l'article 259 de la coutume d'Orléans, ou tout au moins de douze pieds suivant la convention faite entre les parties, devait séparer leurs possessions. Le sieur Gandon prétendait, au contraire, avoir le droit de faire labourer jusqu'à cinq pieds de distance des arbres qui bordaient l'allée du sieur Chenet, et il alléguait, à l'appui, de cette prétention, que les fermiers de la pièce de terre acquise par son frère et lui, avaient labouré jusqu'à cette distance. Le préfet ordonna qu'il serait procédé à la vérification des lieux par un commissaire ; sur son rapport, le conseil de préfecture déclara que la pièce de terre en question serait mesurée à partir de deux mètres, ou six pieds de distance, distance des arbres formant la rangée extérieure de l'allée des Frênes. Le sieur Chenet s'est pourvu contre cet arrêté, et a soutenu qu'il avait été mal jugé au fond, et a demandé, subsidiairement, que la décision fût annullée comme incompétentement rendue, puisque le conseil de préfecture n'avait pas pris les motifs de son jugement dans les contrats, soit des sieurs Gandon, soit de lui Chenet; contrats qui ne donnaient aucun éclaircissement; mais que la contestation avait été décidée par l'application de l'usage des lieux et des titres antérieurs à l'époque où l'État était devenu propriétaire du domaine de Mousseaux, usages et titres dont les tribunaux avaient seuls le droit de connaître. Sur ce, est intervenu le décret suivant : N. — Sur le rapport de notre commission du contentieux; Vu le jugement rendu par le tribunal civil de Pithiviers, département du Loiret, sous la date du 3 juillet 1807, entre le sieur Chenet et le sieur Gandon, sur une demande à fin de bornage de leurs propriétés acquises de la Nation, lequel jugement, avant faire droit, renvoya les parties devant l'autorité administrative, pour faire décider si la pièce de terre, dont le bornage fait l'objet de la contestation doit être mesurée à partir de douze pieds de distance de l'allée des Frênes, appartenant au sieur Chenet, ou seulement à la distance de six pieds; Vu l'arrêté du conseil de préfecture du même département, sous la date du 4 juillet 1809, lequel, statuant en exécution du jugement ci-dessus, et par suite d'un procès-verbal dressé, sur les lieux contentieux, par le juge de paix du canton de Beanne, commissaire nommé à cet effet par le sous-préfet de Pithiviers, arrête que la pièce de terre appartenant au sieur Gandon sera mesurée à partir de deux mètres de distance de l'allée des Frênes; Vu la requête du sieur Chenet, tendant à obtenir l'annulation de l'arrêté comme ayant mal jugé au fond; Considérant que la demande du sieur Chenet contre le sieur Gandon n'avait d'autre objet que le bornage de leurs propriétés respectives; Que leurs procès-verbaux d'adjudication sont également muets sur ce point; Que leurs droits ne peuvent être jugés que d'après l'usage ou des titres antérieurs; Et que dès lors les tribunaux sont seuls compétents pour y statuer; Notre conseil d'État entendu, Nous avons décrété et décrétons ce qui suit : Art. 1er. L'arrêté du conseil de préfecture du département du Loiret, sous la date du 4 juillet 1809, est annulé; Le jugement rendu par le tribunal civil de Pithiviers, le 3 juillet 1807, est déclaré comme non avenu; Les parties sont renvoyées à se pourvoir devant les tribunaux ordinaires. 2. Notre grand-juge ministre de la justice et notre ministre des finances sont chargés, chacun en ce qui le concerne, de l'exécution du présent décret. Décret du 31 juillet 1812. (1065) N°. 87. CHEMIN VICINAL. — PROPRIÉTÉ. — PROVISOIRE. — COMPÉTENCE. L'usage des chemins vicinaux doit être provisoirement conservé aux communes qui en sont en possession; sauf le renvoi aux tribunaux pour la question de propriété. ( Le sieur Colonge. ) Le 19 ventôse an 12, le sieur Colonge avait acquis, des héritiers de M. Baglion, ci-devant seigneur de Quincieux, département du Rhône, les bâtiments formant l'ancien auditioire de justice, ensemble un jardin avec deux pièces de terre, l'une labourable, l'autre plantée en vigne, le tout attenant et dépendant du château de Baglion. Il paraît que pour communiquer plus facilement du château à l'auditoire de justice, les anciens seigneurs avaient fait pratiquer entre les deux pièces de terre ci-dessus un sentier ; lorsque les héritiers Baglion vendirent le fonds sur lequel il était pratiqué, ils ne s'en réservèrent point l'usage. Au mois de mars 1811, M. Colonge fit ouvrir un fossé aux deux extrémités du sentier dont s'agit, et par ce moyen, le réunit à ses propriétés, qu'il séparait dans une longueur de soixante-cinq mètres. Le maire de la commune de Quincieux fit constater le fait par un procès-verbal, le 22 mars 1811, et par suite le conseil municipal prit une délibération le 11 mai suivant, portant que le maire était autorisé à poursuivre le sieur Colonge, pour le faire contraindre à rétablir le chemin. Le maire de Quincieux porta sa réclamation au conseil de préfecture du département du Rhône, qui, par arrêté du 26 juillet 1811, ordonna le rétablissement du chemin dans la partie en face des fonds du sieur Colonge et aux trais de ce dernier. Le sieur Colonge forma opposition à cet arrêté, et demanda la visite et vérification du local par l'un des inspecteurs des chemins vicinaux ; mais le 13 septembre suivant le conseil de préfecture prit un second arrêté, portant qu'il n'y avait pas lieu à délibérer sur la nouvelle petition du sieur Colonge, et que l'arrêté du 26 juillet précédent serait exécuté. Le sieur Colonge s'est pourvu au conseil d'État, et a demandé l'annulation des deux arrêtés, des 26 juillet et 13 septembre 1811. Pour moyens, il a dit qu'il s'agissait uniquement de savoir à qui appartenait le sentier qui faisait l'objet du procès ; Que le maire prétendait que le chemin avait été usurpé sur la commune ; que lui, Colonge, soutenait au contraire que ce chemin lui appartenait ; qu'il excipait de son contrat d'acquisition du 19 ventôse an 12 ; que tout, dans un pareil débat, était d'un intérêt purement privé, et ne touchait en rien à l'ordre et au bien général ; que dès lors la condition des parties, relativement à la juridiction était nécessairement réglée par la loi du 24 août 1790, qui commettait aux juges ordinaires toutes les causes personnelles et réelles ; Que la loi du 9 ventôse an 13 n'était applicable que quand il s'agissait de la délimitation d'un chemin, mais que dans l'hypothèse, la contestation soumise au conseil de préfecture présentait une question de propriété à écarter, et nullement une délimitation à faire ; en conséquence il a demandé que les deux arrêtés des 26 juillet et 13 septembre 1811 fussent cassés et annullés comme incompétentement rendus, et que les parties fussent renvoyées devant les tribunaux ordinaires pour leur être fait droit. En réponse, le maire de la commune de Quincieux a soutenu que la contestation par sa nature était dans les attributions de l'autorité administrative; que l'article 6 de la loi du 9 ventôse an 13 imposait à l'administration publique l'obligation de faire rechercher et reconnaître les anciennes limites des chemins vicinaux, et de fixer, d'après cette reconnaissance, leur largeur suivant les localités; Que l'article 8 de cette loi portait, que les poursuites en contravention aux dispositions de la loi du 9 ventôse an 10, seraient portées devant le conseil de préfecture, sauf le recours au conseil d'état; Il a ajouté que le chemin dont s'agit existait de temps immémorial, qu'il était rappelé pour confined au fonds formant l'article troisième de l'acquisition faite par le sieur Colonge, le 19 ventôse an 12, et que dès lors toute entreprise qu'on avait pu y faire avait dû être réprimée par l'autorité administrative, soit comme chargée de la voierie, soit en vertu de l'article 6 de la loi du 9 ventôse an 13; Que dans l'espèce il s'agissait d'une contravention commise par le sieur Colonge à une loi, en détruisant un chemin public; qu'il devait la réparation de cette contravention, sauf à faire valoir son titre devant un tribunal de droit. Ces moyens n'ont pas prévalu: La commission du contentieux a considéré que le droit de passage, réclamé par le maire de Quincieux, au nom de sa commune, était une servitude sur la propriété du sieur Colonge, dont il n'appartenait qu'aux tribunaux ordinaires de juger l'existence. Dans cet état, est intervenu le décret dont la teneur suit : Nous ; — Sur le rapport de notre commission du contentieux ; Vu la requête du sieur Colonge, propriétaire à Quincieux, arrondissement de Villefranche, département du Rhône, tendant à ce qu'il nous plaise annuller, pour cause d'incompétence, deux arrêtés du conseil de préfecture de ce département, sous les dates des 26 juillet et 13 septembre 1811, qui condamnent le requérant, à enlever sous huitaine, les barrières qu'il a fait poser sur le sentier qui conduit de la place de Quincieux au hameau de Seran ; Vu le mémoire du maire de Quincieux en réponse à cette requête ; Vu les deux arrêtés du conseil de préfecture ; Considérant que la difficulté qui s'est élevée entre le sieur Colonge et le maire de la commune de Quincieux, porte sur une question de propriété qui est du ressort des tribunaux ordinaires ; Considérant néanmoins que la commune de Quincieux étant en possession et en jouissance du sentier dont il s'agit; il doit rester ouvert jusqu'à ce qu'il en ait été autrement ordonné ; Notre conseil d'État entendu, Nous avons décrété et décrétons ce qui suit : Art. 1er. Les deux arrêtés du conseil de préfecture mentionnés ci-dessus sont annullés. Les parties sont renvoyées à se pourvoir devant les tribunaux ordinaires. En conséquence, la commune de Quincieux se retirera, s'il y a lieu; devant le conseil de préfecture du département du Rhône, afin qu'il décide, sauf le retour de droit, si elle doit être autorisée à plaider. 2. Le sentier dont il s'agit restera ouvert jusqu'à ce qu'il en ait été autrement ordonné. 3. Notre grand-juge, le ministre de la justice, et notre ministre de l'intérieur sont chargés, chacun en ce qui le concerne, de l'exécution du présent décret. Décret du 4 août 1812. (1061) N°. 88. ADMINISTRATION ACTIVE— FRAIS.—LIMITES. — COMMUNES. Lorsque la délimitation d'une propriété particulière entraîne celle de deux communes, c'est celui qui provoque cette opération qui est passible des frais qui en résultent. Un préfet est compétent pour fixer les honoraires des personnes employées à cette opération. (Le sieur Berulle.) Par arrêt rendu par la Cour d'appel de Paris, le 19 février 1808, dans une contestation élevée entre le sieur de Berulle et le sieur Cornisset, relativement au partage d'un immeuble appelé le bois des Chauffeurs, provenant de la succession du sieur Berulle père, il fut: ordonné que des experts vérifieraient si cet immeuble était commodément partageable, et que, dans ce cas, ils en feraient trois lots, dont deux seraient tirés au sort par le sieur Berulle, et un par le sieur Cornisset. L'opération des experts donna lieu à une nouvelle contestation. Le sieur Berulle prétendit que la vérification à faire devait s'étendre non seulement sur la partie du bois des Chauffeurs située commune de Berulle, département de l'Aube, mais encore sur une autre partie de trente-cinq arpents situés commune de Cérilly, département de l'Yonne. Le sieur Cornisset soutint, au contraire, que ces trente-cinq arpents ne se trouvaient pas sur Cérilly, mais bien sur Berulle ; et il appuyait son allégation sur un plan dressé en 1787. Le sieur Berulle contestant l'authenticité du plan produit, s'adressa aux préfets des départements de l'Aube et de l'Yonne, pour obtenir la fixation des limites des deux communes qui formaient en même temps celles des deux départements. Par arrêtés des 12 et 17 juin 1809, ces deux fonctionnaires nommèrent respectivement des commissaires pour procéder à la délimitation dont il s'agît. Sur le rapport desdits commissaires, le préfet de l'Aube et celui de l'Yonne furent d'avis que les limites des deux communes de Berulle et Cérilly étaient les mêmes que celles posées dans le plan de 1787, produit par le sieur Cornisset. Ces avis furent approuvés, le 13 octobre 1810, par le ministre de l'intérieur. Des réclamations furent adressées au préfet de l'Aube, tant par l'ingénieur en chef du département de l'Yonne, que par le contrôleur des contributions et un expéditionnaire, à l'effet d'être payés de l'indemnité qui leur était due pour avoir, en exécution des arrêtés des préfets de l'Yonne et de l'Aube, des 12 et 17 juin 1810, coopéré à la reconnaissance des limites des communes de Cérilly et de Berulle. Par un arrêté du 14 novembre 1811, le préfet de l'Aube a fait droit à ces réclamations, et a alloué, tant aux réclamants qu'à l'ingénieur et au contrôleur des contributions du département de l'Aube, une somme de 553 fr. Les motifs de cet arrêté sont que le sieur de Berulle ayant succombé dans la demande qu'il avait formée à fin de changements dans les limites des deux communes de Cérilly et de Berulle, doit seul supporter les frais que l'instruction de cette affaire a occasionnés. Le sieur Berulle a réclamé contre cet arrêté, en ce qu'il lui faisait supporter une dépense qu'il prétendait devoir être à la charge des deux communes, attendu qu'elle avait eu lieu, disait-il, pour une question qui intéressait la généralité des habitants. Il déclina la compétence du préfet, et conclut à son renvoi devant le conseil de préfecture, et, au fond, à être déchargé des condamnations prononcées contre lui par ledit arrêté, sauf au conseil de préfecture à prendre le montant de l'indemnité due aux ingénieurs et contrôleurs de l'Aube et de l'Yonne, et à leur expéditionnaire, sur le fonds du cadastre des deux départements, ou des deux communes de Berulle et Cérilly. Mais, par arrêté du 22 janvier 1812, le préfet de l'Aube a rejeté cette demande sur le motif, 1°. Que la vérification des limites des communes de Berulle et Cérilly avait été provoquée par le sieur de Berulle, pour l'instruction d'une contestation élevée entre lui et le sieur Cornisset, et dans laquelle ledit sieur Berulle a succombé; 2°. Qu'il est de principe que les frais que nécessite l'instruction d'une affaire, soit administrative, soit judiciaire, sont à la charge de celui dont les prétentions sont reconnues mal fondées; 3°. Que c'est à l'administrateur qui a été saisi de la contestation à régler les frais dont il s'agit; 4°. Enfin, que la délimitation cadastrale est totalement étrangère à l'espèce, et devra toujours avoir lieu dans les formes prescrites malgré la vérification qui a été faite d'une partie des limites de Berulle et de Cérilly. Tels sont aussi les motifs sur lesquels est fondé le décret suivant, intervenu sur le pourvoi du sieur Berulle. N°. — Sur le rapport de notre commission du contentieux ; Vu la requête qui nous a été présentée par le sieur de Bertille, demeurant à Paris, pour qu'il nous plaise annuller deux arrêtés pris par le préfet de l'Aube, les 14 novembre 1811 et 22 janvier 1812, qui mettent à sa charge et l'obligent à payer une somme de 553 fr., pour frais de reconnaissance des limites des communes de Cérilly et de Berulle, situées, la première, dans le département de l'Aube, la seconde dans le département de l'Yonne; Vu lesdits arrêtés et toutes les pièces relatives à cette affaire ; Considérant que cette délimitation a été faite sur la demande du requérant ; que les dépenses qu'elle a entraînées doivent être à sa charge, et que le préfet était compétent pour fixer les honoraires des ingénieurs et contrôleur employés dans cette opération ; Notre Conseil d'Etat entendu, Nous avons décrété et décrétons ce qui suit : Art. 1er. La requête du sieur de Berulle est rejetée, et les arrêtés du préfet du département de l'Aube, en date des 14 novembre 1811 et 22 janvier 1812, sont maintenus. 2. Notre grand juge ministre de la justice et notre ministre de l'intérieur sont chargés de l'exécution du présent décret. Décret du 7 août 1812. (1069) N°. 89. TABACS. — EXPERTISE. C'est à la justice administrative contentieuse à décider s'il y a lieu de réformer une décision ministérielle, qui annulle une expertise pour l'évaluation des tabacs achetés par la régie des droits réunis, en vertu du décret du 29 décembre 1810, et approuve la réexpertise qui en a été faite. (Williet Leroy.) Pour assurer l'exécution du décret du 29 décembre 1810, ordonnant que les tabacs en feuille existant chez les cultivateurs, négociants et fabricants seraient achetés par la régie des droits réunis qui en prendrait livraison, les ferait déposer dans ses magasins et en paierait comptant la valeur, la régie afferma les magasins du sieur Williet, propriétaire de tabacs en feuille à Merville, département du Nord, pour y établir un entrepôt. Indépendamment des tabacs appartenant au sieur Williet qui se trouvèrent dans lesdits magasins, et dont le récépissé lui fut délivré, ce négociant était encore intéressé pour moitié dans une autre partie de tabacs achetés par le sieur Leroy, emmagasinés chez ce dernier à Estaires, et dont la livraison fut effectuée dans le magasin particulier de Merville. Les experts de ce magasin avaient déjà procédé au classement d'une partie desdits tabacs, lorsque l'inspecteur de la régie invita les mêmes experts à recommencer leur opération, sur le motif qu'ils avaient porté dans la troisième classe des tabacs non marchands et de nature à être brûlés. Les experts s'y refusèrent, et soutinrent que leur opération devait être maintenue, attendu que si quelque partie de tabac paraissait inférieure à la classe où elle avait été affectée, la différence était plus que compensée par d'autres parties qui pouvaient entrer dans une classe supérieure. Ce refus détermina l’inspecteur à ordonner la suspension du classement. Il dressa procès-verbal de celui qui avait eu lieu comme préjudiciable aux intérêts de la régie, et rendit compte du tout à l’inspecteur général, lequel obtint du préfet du Nord que de nouveaux experts seraient nommés, et que le sous-préfet d’Hazebrouck serait chargé de se rendre au magasin de Merville, pour vérifier les faits énoncés au procès-verbal de l’inspecteur particulier. Le résultat de cette vérification, dont procès-verbal fut dressé, fut que les deux tiers des tabacs formant l’objet de la contestation devaient rester dans la troisième classe, et que parmi l’autre tiers, une partie était susceptible d’être portée dans la seconde classe, une autre ne pouvait être estimée que vingt à vingt-quatre francs; et qu’enfin l’autre partie ne pouvait être que brûlée. À l’égard des tabacs provenant des cultivateurs; le même procès-verbal constatait que le classement avait été fait d’une manière avantageuse pour le gouvernement. Cependant les experts du magasin de Merville furent remplacés par d’autres experts, et les livraisons des tabacs du sieur Williot et de son associé, qui avaient été suspendues, s’effectuèrent. Dans cet état, les tabacs provenant des sieurs Williot et Leroy furent expédiés sur le magasin général de Lille. Là, il fut reconnu qu'ils étaient de mauvaise qualité, et qu'une partie était échauffée et pourrie. Un triage devenait nécessaire. Les sieurs Williot et Leroy refusèrent de se trouver à l'expertise nouvelle, qui cependant eut lieu, et dont procès-verbal fut dressé. Il en résulta que les mêmes tabacs, qui avaient été estimés par les experts de Merville à 40,000 francs, ne furent évalués par les experts du magasin de Lille qu'à la somme de 18,000 francs, et qu'en conséquence, la différence au préjudice de la régie était de 32,000 fr. Les sieurs Williot et son associé contestèrent l'identité de ces tabacs avec ceux qu'ils avaient livrés. Ils prétendirent que leurs tabacs ayant été confondus dans les magasins de Merville avec les tabacs des cultivateurs, il en résultait que ceux composant l'expédition faite au magasin de Lille était un mélange des uns et des autres; que, quant à leur détérioration, elle provenait de ce qu'ils avaient été voiturés par eau et entassés dans un bateau dans les plus grandes chaleurs de l'été; que, d'ailleurs, ces tabacs ne leur appartenant plus, ils étaient étrangers à ces avaries, comme à tout ce qui avait pu contribuer à en altérer la qualité. Par ces motifs, ils refusèrent d'adhérer au nouveau classement et à la nouvelle estimation qui avait été faite de leurs tabacs. C'est dans cet état de choses qu'est intervenue la décision du ministre des finances, en date du 6 octobre 1811, contre laquelle les sieurs Williot et Leroy se sont pourvus au Conseil d'État, et qui, entre autres dispositions, portait l'annulation du classement fait par les experts de Merville, ainsi que du récépissé délivré au sieur Williot des tabacs en feuille qu'il avait à Merville, et l'approbation du classement fait au magasin de Lille. Devant le Conseil d'État, le sieur Williot et consorts ont objecté : 1°. Que dès avant le procès-verbal dressé par le sous-préfet d'Hazebrouck, leurs tabacs n'étaient pas les seuls réunis dans les magasins ; que ceux appartenant à d'autres négociants ou cultivateurs y avaient été introduits et confondus avec les premiers, et que le défaut de soin, ou toute autre cause qui leur était étrangère, avait pu occasionner la détérioration de tout ou partie desdits tabacs ; 2°. Qu'on ne pouvait les rendre garants ni responsables des avaries survenues depuis la livraison de leurs tabacs ; que ces avaries provenaient du fait de la régie ; que du moment où elle avait pris livraison, ces tabacs étaient devenus sa propriété, et que jamais le vendeur n'est passible des accidents qui peuvent arriver à la chose vendue, lorsqu'elle est entre les mains de l'acheteur et que d'ailleurs cette livraison avait été précédée d'une vérification et d'une estimation légales et contradictoires ; 3°. Que, dans le droit, une expertise ordonnée par la loi devenait invariablement la règle des parties, lorsqu'il y avait été procédé régulièrement ; que, dans l'espèce, l'estimation avait été faite en exécution du décret du 29 décembre 1810, et qu'elle avait tous les caractères d'authenticité et de légalité qu'on pouvait désirer. La régie des droits réunis opposait que la confusion alléguée par les sieurs Williot et Leroi n'avait jamais eu lieu; que cette preuve résultait du procès-verbal dressé à Lille, par lequel il était constaté que ces tabacs étaient les seuls qui existaient dans les magasins de la régie de cette nature et origine; qu'il était attesté en outre que ces tabacs n'avaient éprouvé aucune avarie dans leur transport; mais que leur détérioration provenait de ce qu'ayant été saucés, une grande partie était déjà échauffée et pourrie avant le chargement dans le bateau. Sur quoi est intervenu le décret suivant : N° 5 — Sur le rapport de notre commission du contentieux : Vu la requête qui nous a été présentée par les sieurs Villiot-Vignoble et Leroy, négociants dans le département du Nord, pour qu'il nous plaise annuller une décision de notre ministre des finances en date du 2 octobre 1811; Vu ladite décision et les procès-verbaux dressés et signés par l'inspecteur des droits réunis dans le département du Nord, par le sous-préfet d'Hazebrouck et les experts du magasin général de Lille; Considérant qu'il résulte des pièces précitées, que les tabacs livrés par les réclamants ont été mal classés au magasin de Merville, et qu'ils ont été estimés à leur véritable valeur à la réexpertise du magasin général de Lille; Notre conseil d'État entendu, Nous avons décrété et décrétons ce qui suit : Art. 1er. La requête des sieurs Villiot-Vignoble et Leroy est rejetée. 2. Notre grand-juge ministre de la justice et notre ministre des finances sont chargés, chacun en ce qui le concerne, de l'exécution du présent décret. Décret du 7 août 1812. Lorsqu'il s'agit de savoir si des déblais sont posés sur ou près une voie publique récemment existante ; c'est à l'administration à déterminer la largeur de la voie publique ; l'autorité judiciaire ne peut se permettre de statuer sous prétexte de constater une anticipation (Avis du Conseil d'état du 18 juin 1809, et art. 471 du Code pénal.) Le sieur Crancy. Au mois de mai 1811, le sieur Crancy, propriétaire à Amance, arrondissement de Vesoul, département de la Haute-Saône, avait déposé sur deux terrains voisins de sa maison, des terres et matériaux qui obstruaient le chemin public. Le maire de la commune d'Amance fit enlever ces terres et matériaux, et les fit employer à la réparation des chemins vicinaux. Crancy s'est pourvu devant le juge de paix contre la commune d'Amance et la personne du maire ; il a conclu à ce qu'il fut gardé et maintenu dans la jouissance et possession des deux espaces vides, dépendants de sa maison, avec défense de le troubler à l'avenir, et que pour l'avoir fait et avoir ordonné l'enlèvement des matériaux et déblais qu'il y avait déposés, à ce que la commune fût condamnée à rétablir les choses au même état où elles étaient, à payer 150 francs de dommages-intérêts et les dépens. Et subsidiairement il a demandé d'être admis à prouver que, depuis dix, vingt et trente ans, et notamment dans l'année qui a précédé le trouble, il a joui paisiblement, et à titre de propriétaire, des terrains en question ; que ces terrains ont toujours été des dépendances de sa maison, qu'il y déposait exclusivement des déblais, sables, bois, pierres et autres objets, etc. Le maire a soutenu qu'il n'avait fait enlever que des déblais déposés sur la voie publique, sur le refus fait par Crancy de les enlever; que ce dernier était non-recevable dans les fins de sa demande. Le maire de la commune a ajouté que l'autorité administrative était seule compétente pour connaître des anticipations sur la voie publique, pourquoi il demandait le renvoi de la cause devant le conseil de préfecture. Le juge de paix, par un jugement préparatoire, a ordonné la preuve par témoins des faits articulés par Crancy. Plusieurs témoins entendus ont attesté que de tout temps ils avaient vu divers matériaux sur les terrains en question, mais aucun n'a pu déclarer si ces terrains appartenaient à Crancy. Un jugement du 11 novembre 1811 a maintenu Crancy dans la possession et jouissance desdits terrains, avec défense à la commune de le troubler à l'avenir, et a condamné la commune aux dépens, le même jugement déboute Crancy du surplus de ses conclusions. Crancy s'est pourvu par appel devant le tribunal de première instance de Vesoul, en ce que ce jugement ne lui avait pas alloué le paiement des matériaux enlevés et les dommages-intérêts qu'il avait demandés; mais il a acquiescé aux dispositions de ce même jugement qui le maintient dans la possession et jouissance, et qui condamne la commune aux dépens. Pour obtenir le paiement de ces dépens, il s'est adressé au préfet du département; le maire a demandé à être autorisé à interjeter appel du jugement. Le préfet du département, au lieu d'autoriser le maire à se pourvoir par la voie de l'appel contre le jugement, a revendiqué la connaissance de cette affaire, et il a élevé le conflit par son arrêté du 23 février 1812. Cet arrêté est appuyé sur une instruction du ministre de l'intérieur du 7 prairial an 13, sur l'avis du conseil d'état, approuvé le 18 juin 1809, portant que les usurpations des fonds communaux ne peuvent être jugées que par les conseils de préfecture et sur l'arrêté du 13 brumaire an 10. Le ministre de la justice, consulté sur le mérite de ce conflit, a pensé que cette contestation présentait deux questions, la première, relative à l'usurpation que le suaire d'Amance soutenait avoir été commise par Crancy, sur la voie publique et sur une place servant à la tenue de la foire ; la deuxième question avait pour objet l'encombrement des terrains par les dépôts que Crancy y avait faits, et qui obstruaient la voie publique; Que la première question était du ressort de l'autorité administrative, conformément à l'avis du conseil d'état du 18 juin 1809, et aux instructions ministérielles du 7 prairial an 13 ; que sous ce rapport le conflit paraît être fondé, et la connaissance de cet objet appartenait à l'autorité administrative. Que relativement à la deuxième question, l'embarras de la voie publique était un délit prévu par le paragraphe 4 de l'article 471 du Code pénal; que ce délit aurait dû être constaté par un procès-verbal en forme, et poursuivi conformément au même code; Que sur ce point on ne voit pas qu'aucune formalité ait précédé l'enlèvement des matériaux appartenant à sieur Crancy; que l'usage qui en a été fait en les employant à la réparation des chemins vicinaux, ne peut couvrir l'irrégularité de cet acte, ni donner lieu à l'application des dispositions relatives aux chemins vicinaux, et que l'affaire, sous ce point de vue, devait être portée devant les tribunaux. Dans cet état, est intervenu le décret dont la teneur suit : N°. — Sur le rapport de notre commission du contentieux ; Vu le rapport qui nous a été présenté par notre grand-juge ministre de la justice, relativement au conflit élevé par le préfet de la Haute-Saône, dans la cause du sieur Crancy, appelant au tribunal de première instance de l'arrondissement de Vesoul, de la sentence du juge de paix d'Amance, en date du 11 novembre 1811 ; Vu la sentence du juge de paix qui déclare que la petite partie de terrain que la commune d'Amance prétend faire partie de la voie publique, était la propriété particulière du sieur Crancy ; Vu l'arrêté par lequel le préfet élève le conflit ; Considérant que l'existence du chemin vicinal n'est point contestée ; Que le maire d'Amance prétend que les terrains en litige en font partie ; Qu'aux termes des lois la connaissance des anticipations sur la voie publique est réservée à l'administration ; Et par conséquent que le conseil de préfecture est compétent pour prononcer sur les contestations dont il s'agit ; Notre conseil d'état entendu, Nous avons décrété et décrétons ce qui suit : Art. 1er. La sentence du juge de paix du canton d'Amance, sous la date du 11 novembre 1811, est déclarée nulle et non avenue. Le conflit élevé par le préfet de la Haute-Saône est maintenu. Les parties sont renvoyées à se pourvoir par devant le conseil de préfecture du même département. 2. Notre grand-juge ministre de la justice, et notre ministre de l'intérieur sont chargés, chacun en ce qui le concerne, de l'exécution du présent décret. Décret du 7 août 1812.(1071) N°. 91. CONSEILS DE PRÉFECTURE. INTERLOCUTEURS. — CHOSE JUGÉE. Un conseil de préfecture peut rétracter une décision purement interlocutoire. (Baylac.—C,—les propriétaires du moulin le Bazacle.) Dans le courant de l'an 10, Dominique Baylac fit construire un moulin à blé sur la Garonne, à Toulouse, à peu de distance et au-dessous de la digue qui conduisait les eaux de ce fleuve au moulin appelé le Bazacle. Sur la fin de l'an 11, les propriétaires du moulin le Bazacle firent placer des madriers sur cette partie de leur digue, et détournèrent les eaux de la portion de la digue correspondante au canal de service du moulin du sieur Baylac. Le sieur Baylac porta sa réclamation devant le conseil de préfecture de la Haute-Garonne, et demanda que les propriétaires du moulin le Bazacle fussent condamnés à lui payer une indemnité de 30,000 francs, et que défenses leur fussent faites d'intercepter à l'avenir les eaux nécessaires à son moulin. La contestation fut instruite contradictoirement: les propriétaires du moulin le Bazacle soutinrent qu'ils ne devaient aucune indemnité, qu'au contraire le sieur Baylac lui-même leur en devait 5 en conséquence, ils formèrent à cet égard leur demande. Dans cet état, un premier arrêté ordonna qu'avant faire droit il serait procédé, devant le maire de Toulouse, à une enquête administrative, où l'on fixerait, devant les parties, le temps qui s'était écoulé depuis l'époque où les propriétaires du Bazacle avaient bouché leur chaussée dans la partie correspondante au canal de prise d'eau du moulin de Baylac, jusqu'à l'époque où ils avaient enlevé lesdits ouvrages, pour, ensuite, être statué ce qu'il appartiendrait; par le même arrêté il fut dit, que la demande en indemnité formée par les propriétaires du moulin le Bazacle, contre le sieur Baylac, était rejetée. Il fut procédé à cette enquête ; il en résulta que les travaux du moulin du sieur Baylac avaient été pleinement interrompus pendant les mois de vendémiaire, brumaire, frimaire, nivôse et pluviôse an 12; et le 19 décembre 1809, le conseil de préfecture rendit un arrêté, qui, fixant à cinq mois, le temps pendant lequel le sieur Baylac avait souffert des dommages, ordonna qu'ils seraient évalués par experts. Cet arrêté était contradictoire. Pour guider les experts dans leurs opérations, l’arrêté, article 8, portait : "Les experts auront égard, dans l’évaluation des dommages dont il s'agit, 1°. au nombre des meules existantes, au 1er. vendémiaire an 12, dans le moulin du sieur Baylac; 2°. à la quantité de grains que pouvait moudre ledit moulin par vingt-quatre heures; ils consulteront, à ce sujet, les livres d’entrée et de sortie de grains et farines de différentes natures, pendant le cours des années 9, 10 et 11; le prix desdits grains sera fixé par lesdits experts d’après le prix moyen porté par les merciales du marché de la ville de Toulouse pendant les cinq premiers mois de l’année; 3°. au nombre des bêtes de somme employées au transport des grains et farines, ainsi qu’au nombre de garçons meuniers aux gages de Baylac dans ledit moulin, en se conformant à l’état de choses existant aux ans 9; 10 et 11; 4° à la diminution ou augmentation du volume des eaux pendant les cinq mois indiqués; ils prendront des renseignements, à cet égard, avec le patron de la navigation et les ingénieurs des ponts et chaussées chargés de la surveillance des ouvrages d’art sur la rivière de Garonne dans cette partie; 5°. à la diminution du volume d'eau qu'aurait pu produire, en vendémiaire an 12, la réparation de la chaussée du Bazacle dans la partie correspondante au canal de prise d’eau du moulin de Baylac, si ladite réparation eût été faite successivement et seulement dans l’espace de temps nécessaire pour la confection. Le même arrêté porte, article 9 : « les experts pourront prendre les renseignements qu'ils jugeront convenables pour parvenir au but de leurs opérations avec les parties intéressées ou d’autres personnes qu'ils croiront convenable de consulter, en se conformant, toutefois, dans le résultat de leur travail, à ce qui est prescrit dans l'article précédent. » Le sieur Baylac se disposait à poursuivre l’exécution de cet arrêté, pour faire déterminer les dommages-intérêts auxquels il avait droit. Les propriétaires du moulin le Bazacle réclamèrent contre cet arrêté devant le conseil de préfecture, et le 10 août 1810 intervint un nouvel arrêté, portant que, attendu les observations renfermées dans le mémoire des propriétaires du Bazacle, et les renseignements pris depuis l'arrêté du 19 décembre 1809, le conseil réformant les dispositions de l'article 8 dudit arrêté, arrête : Les experts qui seront nommés en vertu des art. 6 et 7 de l'arrêté du 19 décembre 1809, auront égard, dans l'évaluation des dommages, à la situation du moulin, à la confiance dont pouvait jouir le sieur Baylac lorsqu'il en était propriétaire, au genre de construction et à l'état de solidité dudit moulin; l'article 8 de l'arrêté du 19 décembre est rapporté. Le sieur Baylac a réclamé contre cet arrêté, pour demander le rétablissement des dispositions de l'arrêté du 19 décembre; et le 6 février 1811, le conseil de préfecture a rendu un dernier arrêté portant, qu'il persistait dans les motifs qui l'avaient dirigé dans la décision du 10 août 1810; que, dès lors, il n'y avait lieu à délibérer sur le mémoire du sieur Baylac; et qu'en conséquence l'arrêté du 10 août 1810 sortirait son plein et entier effet. Le sieur Baylac s'est pourvu au Conseil d'état, contre les deux arrêtés des 10 août 1810 et 6 février 1811. Pour moyens, il a dit que l'arrêté du 10 août 1810 renfermait un excès de pouvoir, qu'il n'était basé sur aucun motifs, et qu'il ne contenait aucun considérants. Qu'en matière contentieuse, les arrêtés de l'autorité administrative étaient de véritables jugements rendus entre les parties, qui avaient un droit acquis, au moment où ils étaient prononcés, et contre lesquels on ne pouvait recourir que devant l'autorité supérieure; Que lorsque un conseil de préfecture avait statué contradictoirement, sa décision devait subsister : qu'il n'était plus en son pouvoir de la modifier ni rétracter, parce qu'il ne pouvait être le réviseur de ses propres jugements; Que quoique cet arrêté ne fût qu'interlocutoire, il n'en était pas moins définitif par la manière dont les experts devaient opérer, pour déterminer la fixation des dommages ; que le mode prescrit par l'arrêté ne pouvait plus être changé par l'autorité qui l'avait rendu que cette autorité était liée, en ce sens, qu'elle ne pouvait pas détruire son propre ouvrage, sauf à elle, en prononçant au fond sur la quotité des dommages, à apprécier, suivant sa prudence, l'opération des experts ; en conséquence, il a demandé qu'en annullant les arrêtés des 10 août 1810 et 6 février 1811, il fût ordonné que l'arrêté du 19 décembre 1810 serait maintenu, pour être exécuté selon sa forme et teneur. |
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sn86072143_1889-03-15_1_3_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | The Burlington, VT., FREE PRESS FURNISHING AY 3RD TO, 1892. ALU AROUND THE HOUSE. Washington and Pacific Street, New York. Hemstitched in high favor on table linen, as well as in linen. A housekeeper, Littie, has chosen of plain hemstitched, drawn work or fringed for orders. Napkins and square center pieces for the table are finished in the same manner. Lunch and ten cloths are bound colored, and they are bound for almost any price, from pretty and inexpensive to gorgeous cloths of white and linen. These come in colors and white, and are used also for dinners. Those in bright yellow and in white are remarkably rich. Plain table drapery is also to be had in a great variety of patterns, and though much cheaper than that finished with costly needlework, yet it really is immaculate. Tray cloths are in great demand and are in the same patterns as centerpieces and napkins. They are made of silk wash silk, of linen worked with hemstitched. Mills, drawn work and embroidery, and can be had for as many different prices. One remarkably pretty set is of small linen squares finished in exquisite open work, laid on orange colored silk squares the same size as the doylies. Beautiful Color on Altar Cano Work. Artistic articles of cano work that have become discolored by time or usage may be given a really beautiful rosewood color. All that is required is to make a varnish composed of one pint of alcohol, one-eighth of a pound each of red ganders, dragon's blood and skin, to be applied with a brush after straining. Two parts will be sufficient. For brown, a solution of permanganate of potash may be used and original figures are introduced of darker line than the ground color, just in with a camel's hair pencil and softened with a lighter brush. Vibrio Decoration in the Country Home. The rich golden color and satin sheen of corn stalks have brought about their use by a few daring spirits as a decorative material in summer homes. They are commended by lightweight and fine natural finish, which suggests the bamboo cane, and very much admired by being within the reach of almost any body. A correspondent of Decorator and Farmer tells of a lady who, having the courage of her artistic convictions, made a desolate cottage into a bower of beauty by decorating it entirely with corn and corn stalks. A part of the performance was as follows: A dado was first arranged, stalks of uniform thickness were selected and cut the desired lengths and fastened to the wall with a double tack that is used in putting down matting. A thin strip of wood, heading or molding, fastened the stalks securely at the bottom. This particular dado was high enough to be out of the reach of the furniture and had a narrow shelf running around the top, but if this is not durable or practical, the upper edge may be finished with selected stalks laid transversely, secured by the long brads. The accompanying illustration shows this kind of a dado. A very pretty one might be made by using the full length of the stalks, not cutting off the stalks, which to my mind are quite the most part. Great care would have to be taken in this case to select a dado. Talks as nearly the same length as possible, and the transverse length of stakes should be fastened about a foot from the top. The wall between the dado and the frieze, This daring woman covered with blue denim, With a contrived design with the corn It's. The frieze was made of the tops of the stalks, with the fluffy part down; at irregular intervals through the frieze hung ears of rip corn, with the husks turned back. A whole irise might be made of corn in this fashion. If no shelf is used above the dado, one may have a wide shelf just below the frieze; pine boards, well finished and varnished, are very suitable and pretty. Long stalks, all starting from the center edge of the ceiling, turned toward the center, having only space enough for a cluster of peas and beans to be suspended by the husks, in the center of a chamber; red ears which are occasionally found add wonderfully to the effect. If desired, the ceiling might be covered with blue denim, using the lighter side, putting it on plain or full, gathering it together in the center. Clico Printers. Put about a pint of water into a saucepan with a piece of butter the size of an egg, the first bit of cayenne, and plenty of black pepper. When the water boils, throw gradually into it a little flour to form a thick paste; then fill the fire and work into it about the center. pound of ground cheese, and then the pound of three or four eggs and the whites of two beaten up into a froth. Let the paste re-l for a couple of hours, and proceed to fry by dr. popping pieces of it the size of a walnut into plenty of hot lard. Serve sprinkled with very fine salt. A New Country Dainty. A new restaurant dish which, according to nn admirer, "looks liko n poem and tastes liko tho o lor of crushed roso leaves," is rap id! up'i -"(ling tlionttraetionsof tho deviled crab r ud Welsh rarebit. It U reully a mix ture of both, and its nnmo is '-camipi) Loren 7 j." A perfect blending of deviled crab meat and choeso is fairly fuso;l upon a deli cate bit of f riod bi md. Tins is evidently put into an oven mid baked to a rich condition of brownness. Cleanliif; ;old .Jewelry. A very easy wuy to clean a gold chain, pin, ring or other pleco of gold jowelry is with a littlo ammonia In water, I)lp tho chain into tho water andmovo back and forth n few times, then wipe, it dry on a sott linen cloth, rubbing gently but well until no moro Hack comes uif. In enso of rings, bo care ful not to exjjoso any stones that can bo injured by them, such ns pearls, to tho action of water or ammonia, fumes. To Keep T.lnnlrum I'resli nnd Ilrlqlit. Linoleum may bo kept clean and bright by tvoihitiR it with an old hoft flannel, with tepid r.oap and watw, nml then carefully ilryinu with n kntt duster, or preferably an eld riIU liandltorchiof. Now anelnf;alii it may bo rubbed over with a very littlo liiiitod oil, vr siJm or butter wilk.. THfc CUUIO&ITY ar.or1. Kiss McLean's Touching Ton, "Be Slashed" "Do massa ob do sbcnpfol', "Dat Kiinrils tie hecpfol' bin, Look out in do sloomerln' mrailcwe, Where do lnnfj nlplit rain tfRla So bo call lo do blrelln' phepa'il, "Is my sheep, is dey all conio lnf" Oh, den says do blrelln' Ehcpa'd, "Dey's some, (ley's black and thin, And some, doy'n po' ol' wedda'B, But do res', (ley's nil binng in, But do res', (ley's nil binng in, But do res', (ley's nil l.rung in." Den do massa ob d" sbeepfol', "Dat Riuinl de f lirepfol' bin, Goes duuu in do ploomerln' mradems, Wlm'r de lone night ram begin So lie lo' down do ba's ob do shoepfol', Calln' sot', "Come In, come In." Den up t'ro' dn nloomerln' meailoivs, T'ro' do col' night rain and win'. And up t'ro do gloomrrln' rain put', Wha' do sleet la' plc'cln' thla, Do po' los' sheep ob do shecpfol' Dey nil conies padderla' In, De po' los' sbeiyj ob do shcepfol' Dey all couies gaiMer In the mental overwork. The English Anthropological society has been calling from reports of schoolmasters' observations on the symptoms of mental fatigue. The observations revealed that the sense of mind reveals itself under the influence of irritability and incapacity. Children at school showed such signs of mental irritability as sleeplessness and nervous laughter, while those who were fatigued could neither sleep nor get up their task work. The flagging will show itself by lolling, yawning, and a languid manner. Headache also resulted from overwork in study, when combined with defective ventilation. The London Lancet, commenting on these observations, says that mental and bodily overwork is the most general and the least regarded term of illness in this age. Its treatment is presumed that due attention be paid to the two great essentials of timely rest and wholesome diet. A man, says the Lancet, may work on a liberal scale, provided he will interrupt its continuance by timely and adequate intervals of rest and will eat heartily of plain food, too long as appetite and sleep are unimpaired. There is little danger of overwork, but the failure of either is nature's warning signal that the strain must be relieved. Suicides. The statistics of suicides show that the number of them does not greatly increase by year. In New York, from 1870 to 1873, suicides did not increase as rapidly as the population. They averaged the first three years of this period of fifteen years, 118, in the next three years (covering 785, 711, and 711), 15.5; in the next three years, 110, and in the next three years but 143. But in the last three years, 83, 85, and 85, all hard years, suicides rose to 1.5; but even this is not 60 percent greater than the hard years, 70, 74, and 85, although population has risen to this extent. O. A. R. Commanders. It has been asked who have been commanders of the Grand Army of the Republic, and which of them are still living! 1. Stephen A. Hurlbut, 1880, '07, '08; 2. John A. Logan, 1880, '07, dead; 3. Ambrose E. Buraside, 1871, '74, dead; -L. Charles Devins, Jr., 1873, '74; 5. John F. Hartmann, 1873, '74; 5. John C. Robinson, 1877, '78; 7. William Lanishaw, 1870; 8. Louis Wagner, 1880; 8. Louis Wagner, 1880; 9. George & Merrill, 1881; 10. Paul Wanderer, 1881; 11. Robert H. Beach, 1883; 12. John S. Kountz, 1883; 13. S. S. Burdette, 1883; 11. Lucius Fairchild, 1883, '67; 15, William Warner, 1883. Mrs. Humphrey Ward. Before Mrs. Ward was married, her name was Mary Augusta Arnold. She is the youngest daughter of Thomas Arnold, M.A., of University College, and follows of the Royal University of Ireland. She is granddaughter of Dr. Arnold Pugby and niece of the late Matthew Arnold. She was born in Hobart, the chief town of Tasmania, 100 miles southeast of Australia. In 1876, she was married to Thomas Humphrey Ward, fellow of Grace College, Oxford. Her home is on Russell Square, London. The Longest River. If we take the Mississippi and Missouri together, they probably form the longest river in four years. It then becomes the Holomocas. Taking its longest waterway, it is not so long as the Mississippi-Missouri, but longer than what we call the Mississippi. The Nile is supposed to have the longest waterway of any river in the world, but we must wait a little before accepting all the surmises concerning it. Twentieth Century Regains. The Twentieth century begins the instant after midnight, Dec. 31, 1900. The reason is this: The First century didn't end with the year 1900, but with the year 1900, the Second with the year 1900, the Nineteenth with the year 1900 just as your first hundred dollars ends with number 100, and your second begins. With 101 and ends with 100. Some people absolutely won't see this. Marriage Contract. Marrlago in itself is a double contract: (1) between the man and woman; (2) between them and the state. They have absolute power over their own contract. They may live together or separately. But over the contract between themselves and the state, they have no control. They cannot annul it without the consent of the state given by its courts. Danish. In America. In the United States, several Danish newspapers are published, among which may be mentioned Tint Danne, The Nordvesten and The Nordska BlaJo. Owing to the large number of Danes residing in the large cities, and throughout the west and northwest, all of these appear to enjoy a large patronage and to be doing a paying business. Pertinent for Desertion. During the civil war, 27 Union soldiers were executed by their comrades for desertion and other causes. All executions had to be approved by the department commander, and usually by the president or secretary of Avergust. The average height of an American man is C3.1 inches; woman, C3.9 inches. There is no standard height for "perfection." The Seven Sin. The wiven deadly fins are pride, wrath, envy, lust, gluttony, avarice, and bloth. Honor. Mr. N. Krallichstein of Mobile, Ala., writes: I take great pleasure in recommending Dr. King's Discovery for Consumption has been used for a severe attack of Bronchitis and Catarrh. It has been used for a severe attack of Catarrh. It has been found to be effective and entirely cured. I also believe that I had tried other remedies with no success. I have also tried other remedies with no success. Have also tried Electric Bitters and Dr. King's New Life Pills, both of which I can recommend. Dr. Kind's New Discovery for Coughs and Cold, if used on a private trial. Trial bottles free at Leaufort & Co.'s drug store. THE PUZZLER MIRTHFUL. He has a Oulet Than With a Mysterious Bottle. No. all. -A Battle. A verb; horse of a frog; a tribe of Indians; a covering for the head; not new; a small animal; hollow cylinders; awkward from sleep; one who tends horses; woven together; moving with rapidity; larger; a girl's name making firm; thoroughfares. The words placed in the order suggested above give the form of a bottle. No. Charade. My first is what all do after sleeping, my second is a plot of ground, my whole is a town in Massachusetts. No. 313. The verb represents two words from the arithmetic. What are they? No. 311. A Tale. Darnow can be a better hero, 10 dassus roles, Let's all the elements for the. No. 313. Letter Languid. My first is in Jackal, not in ox. My second is in bear, not in fox. My third is in deer, and in zebu. By fifth is in dormouse, also in hog. My sixth is in Jaguar, not in dog. My whole is aquaduped. No. 310. Acrostic. The initials compose the name of the last Aztec emperor of Mexico. 1. A famous Portuguese navigator. 2. A famous temple chief. 3. Pertaining to a nation. A. A play written by Shakespeare. 4. A king who was called the "Unready." 5. A queen of Palmyra. 7. All the heavenly bodies. 8. The messengers of the god. 9. A native, of a certain province north of Greece. No. 317. Mutation. An energetic band are we, To publish is our theme, And we'll always delighted be To hear of some new scheme. Like unto the cruel spider, We spire not great or small, Whether rug-m or p-aco abider, Who in our clutches fall. Although some people like us not, A deal of good we do, By living here and there a dot Of something that is new. No. nia. Decapitation. A massacre or a loss of life At tending war or deadly strife, Is first, and, If beheaded be, Result of mirth we quickly see. No. 310. Numerical Lumber. My 8 and my 11! and 10, delightful exceedingly bright; My 10 and my 1, and my 15 and 3, is seen in the still summer night; My 1, 7, 1, and my! and my 3, may always be found in the depths of the sea; While my 5, and 1, and likewise, my 6, is where "all ran lead" you'll doubtlessly agree. My 11, 11, is an article small: its importance you surely have guessed! While my 8 is a letter the English misuse, and my 6, by an hundred times ten, is expressed. My whole is a part of a proverb most true; It's meaning self evident must be to you. A Taper of Many Point. Wonderfully, absurdly weak, some of the books people read; how much letter to road attentively a good, sound, well written newspaper. Do you read one? Well, now, did you over consider what paper contains the most good points of all the papers? "No!" A paper of needles, of course! A Hibernian spirit. She gently strode into the dark cave of eternal night at six and a half o'clock in the morning. A I'luzler. A man has advertised for "A boy to open oysters with a reference." Wo don't boliovo it can bo done. .Tack and -Till each d '. n pill, Old-la-hnm Kind lull kivwu : .lack's went dimn ImU with a linwn .Illl died truni "( uue unkiKiwn." Smile- will iiic'.'dc ninny frowns and mnn di-( (imfoi t- will lie unknown, when Dr. I'ieiiu'- T'oi-iuil l'uruatic IVlleU intiiely -upereede, as they hid fair to do, tho larp and Ii etllcltiit pill of imr fdielailiei'h. livery du thev Kiiin new laiiiel-l .Miwt iicpular when uii-t ills nliound ! Ilmlili iiV A inii -a ,-nUo. Tnr. IIe-t Sai.ve In the orld for Cuts Prulbct, Soies, Ulcers, Salt liheuin. Fever ' Sores, Tetter, Chupped hand-. Chilblain?, 1 Conn nnd all Skin Kruptlons, anil positively (Uicii i neb or no pay ieipiiicu. 11. ; icuar.i teed lo uivo perfi ct uatislaution, or money re funded, l'nco !ii cenla per bo. i'or uim by llcuiin'oi Lowrey. (2uickot ranipdy known for Barkat'io anrt all uttier IV.hi ii hJ Acht. Wfi.iini h t S.trn nttHH, thir rn 'iit or InriR itnnilintr. It Satisfies Every Timo. Try One. Wonderfully SOOTHING PAIN KILLING CURATIVE and STRENGTHENING. lt'h Hopt. Umplurk (iuro ami lmu HalHam pn pnroil u tqiroint all rcfidy to Apply INSIST ON HAVING THIS KIND. Hold oTcmvhuw 2ov, 5 iorS !.()(, Mailed for pn oft. f nr-ifiwurr V HOP PLASTER CO., PKOPfllETOSS, BOSTON, on tut y'iiniif juoti. Q $rv; M ... 'IP Y0UR My Back.' BACK AGHDS t33l Apply ono of tho - j FAMOUS b ??iHi P r cna rsra rs A. 9 Cnstorln promotoi jDIkosUoii, nnd overcomes Flatulency, l'(iifl(.atl(ui, flour ritomaeh, Jlinrrho'n, and Fcveridmess. Thus tho child is rendered healthy nnd its sleep imturnl. Oiiloriiv contains no Morphino or oilier narcotic property. "t'nstorln Is n well ndnpted In children that 1 recommend It ns superior to any prescription known to uie." II. A. Anciir.n, M. !.. M rortlaml Ae., Brooklyn, N. Y. "I nso Cnstorln lit my prnrtleo, and find It specially adapted to alTcctlmis of ebildien." Al.r.x. Itnur.KlSos, M. I)., JiW.M Ave., New York. Tnr. Cextacti Co., 77 Murray St., K. Y. WILL BE MOUSED WHEH YOU KHOW IT I Keep Your Eyo on Ono. It is n Slimiilnr TMnjr I lint if von lmld this piece of luperin jour huml and ptinWy roiolve H in a cirelo fame a" you would t he Mrriblc circles of Prof. Erasmus Wllaon. F. R. S. Keeping one of jour e es tlxed on oncof the nbovo seals, thai itulll prartically flmal still whllo tho other, seen from the corner of tho eyo will appear to roobo rapidly. Try It. Jt it not a singular thin?, Iiowevr, tint LOUGtE'S VITALIZING GBWiPOUND is v Very Radical Cure for Hcriifnla, ''nnc,ro,l7...'.'.!,.!i3"r'. nilitlserla or Illcnd rnl-onlnor, libeumntism (wldeli !" Arid In the Hlond.) nyi-pcpsin, nropnynn-1 'dver CoiiiiitidiiN It Is not a new 1'reean.tlon, lnvlng brcn In use over Unlf a Century and only recently rt on Hie n-arket. Send nnl cct a rampliIetContuinliiKtiie Sworn TfHtlmonji ol 10 well-known ladles and gentlemen of nctusl cases, of the abovcdbcir.es. Tho blond la Uir fountain nfVfe: II Is the pravest Impoitanrutoilierlij-.'lcanyell IiMnnor tho rate lliat the Attn) fiiilil be p'lrjjnl ef all Impurities. Tills done, no ni r c tonics or quieting medicines aro needed, as;mr Hot maXti thr ivrv h.-n of It faith 2Xot ovrronc la llfty linic pure Mood, 1'Oi'aocd It. Oct a bottle 7 O-TiA V nnd take It n-Rnlarly with out ccahlug. blx bottles for f5. Atcllbcttdrugxisti. Lougco Mctlicino Co., Lynn, Mass. CUT THIS OUT fcWD TRYTO-DAY2 camn KILLr'R j is tho cry DcstR i isJy i'nr :i Cdugh 1 ever usi-d. A J. C HL'I :-'nrnnonv. Macs. e audjl.W. HINDERCORNS. Th ftnlr suro C uro for Corn BtnntiUi.atn. Knuroa romfortto m t o t. l."r attuatrk' -. Ill ixACo.,N.y, l.iitiltist mli. uii ibt vai a. tn-iiiriiH s, h 'uj'i n T ! io inr crt n'0 l (ili'ir-r in uif ruin i i ninivf, ti', l'Tt-ji-pxiA ui-1 l.owi-1 ti d-dcr , anil h innluutno for all "int:itftiitl I.uii,,' trouMf. I it witiu'Ut dflay if oii c uuj!i, lii oncl.lll.i, Aathi.i-i, ai Lur.s. Uxz, i. 31 vn rT Aiirv lf ,,u "nt to know 1 IM 1 V 1 JUj. what o;i oiiK'ht to know K-nd tor cfal CinMilar u-lativo to in ho--tLi'n .-u-t nit lMlN.a piompi nn t iurin:iiiont (i.i-r tor NirtM!" Ucoilitv. Wrakiic", tVr. I'ru-e 31 Ux. U IXtHKSTKIi CO.. CLvinUtN H William Strict, N. V. ntr.E in F.A.M ritu 0.,tM rngrtnc of it Ann-nl I uiMn c In Lrjutoti, in l)ib tlirrHJ Uofl A.M wmLiM, MtoUiRfl IliUklrktml Ccta!(n.e I hH .Mum nlr liunki 11 d T pn! iv w ire i r ft.ur Mm"tit- an i Mntii i . " -l I-i lwiijr, New Y-itk. -3 i Tills Spring Your IJIood Needs CleitiisiiiR- Hop I!i-nlenl, beinu (ii-rfin..ti d li a ph,-i rian prot-niiiicnth ni'ted .iinrraihiate nf alo Colli ki i-tand- llr-t a- a l'uril.,T. Thimu'li not fiet-lv ml vi rti-i'd hereli f-ire. a- kindud sara p.trillit Hi mi dies ha e l.ien, il 1- nevertliele-"-the inoct leliulile, mo-' puteiit, mil eflie'icloiH niedii'lne know ii, and iillei' a lair trial will bo found mtallilile In the cure ol di-e.i-e, no mat ter Iiiih ohbtinate, il lakin conjointly with tho other Heniidieii. Ix not fail to TaKE tfie Iti:SOI.Vi:NT, rue tho r.lnod, I'll.I.-i. lor the l.ler, OlM.MBM'. lor I ho Skill. si) for tin. Toilet. OUR TREATMENT BOX. A lm -ii i ii I n I litr a lO'iii Iete treatment of the 5lop lU'iiirilicH, value lot i'i..", will bo Font, with expln it din elK'U-, book of cure-, etc.. pi could, l ixpu-H, to utiy pail of tho United '-tntiK. for mi. 70. 'I he alioo l'.ox c.mtnin' - cakes of Soap, .rV , 1 lio tllhtnieiil.'Oi , I liottlc of Ile-iihelit, $1, 1 boltlu id I'lll-. st nil tin1 I'iuiI, ol cures. Drainage SILK. Anyone sending us 6x of our lion Toilet Stamps must I receive by mail, free from any advertisement on it, our "Hop Toilet Stamps," 15 Inches high. In clear flosh tint; an ornament to every home. Boston, Mass. Jan, a, For 30 years I have been troubled with a skin disease. Have been treated by various doctors, many of whom have been special in skin diseases; it has been known by them from very simple to remedy. That so-called "Ayer's Sarsaparilla" and numerous other remedies, none of which have failed to afford permanent good, until I tried the Hop Remedies; I have had none of in long troubled. An expert refers to me. J. OS AUSTIN. Boston, Mass. Our preparations are the finest in the world. Send for both of the Hop Remedies. The most reliable books. VU 101 Hudson, Mass. 3,000,000 Offered by the AMERICAN CLOTHING CO, :?S Church St., corner of Clay. LOST! A small boy about the size of a man, brought to his father's shoes on, had an empty bag on his back, containing two railroad tunnels and a bundle of bundles. ho wore a mutton chop coat, with beauso-ip linings, ho was crovs-eyed nt the back of his neck, and his hair cut curly, he was born beforo his older brother, his mother being present on the nrrnftu. When last, seen he was shovelling wind off the armory, with the intention of raising nionuy to buy a line SUIT OF CLOTHES AT THE AmericanClothing Go's .V.S' Church Slrcrf, Cornrv Chivri, Tie Only Headanarters Bargains CLOTH I NG UIHUiUl UUUillJ -AND- JEL A T S I In liiii-linxtnii. tn.tf 869 NEW CARPETS -AT THE Carpet Ha HI CHUHC II STRKHT. OPI2IIA HOUSE BLOCK. SOUTH STOItK. lew boring i o ern Opening every (lav, tn be sold r UiJ LOWEST GASH PRICES. W'c solicit an examination of the largest and most comprehen sive assortment of Carpets to be found in the State. Our orders were given for goods in November last, securing them before the re. cent advance in prices, so that vc are able to sell them at the same low prices they have been selling during the past year. It is a good time to make a selection, while the assortment is complete. "Jko Hive" Carpel Hall. PKCK JJUOTIIKItS. "l,tu,th&s. th-'lr vu.oii i or p.i.iut(! IWetlor; IM'ICM'UU. In u-liarK. m-an il. peiMlmi, Ml TEE, I ite" Iw, inmrh'' 6 friel l ATluti; OTiiiiLL, , V. i..lili,- i.n.lj.c, Ul!OVKI) TO CLARK ST.; ICoitdoorto thu Hownrtl Mt'UvV Utiiltliii";, AT Till. 11U.AI) Ol' C'llUHCil STKEET. D, K. Z0TTMAN, Agent. rST.ditwllin NOTICE. Horses fed lor 2." cents. Hny iiml Staliliii"; lt rents, CLARPC'S Hoat'dln, bno ami Kxelmnyo htalile, A pooil Mpik of IlOllsr.tf, CAItltlAOia, si.KKiiis, iiani:;.si:s, hours, iu.ank. i:TS, U llll's. tte., always on hand lor rale or ixchaiigo at icasuuablo price, i'loiiee uivo me u call. W. II.rl.AItlv. Corner Columbia and H., PluI SH., All St, New Spring Goods AT GTJ You are showing a very large line of new Dress Goods in combination patterns, Plaids, Stripes and Plain in all the new shades, and also some new Black Goods, which are very desirable. New Salines, Zephyr, Ginghams, Indigo, Cambrics, Prints and all kinds of Wash Dress Goods. We are offering some extra values in BLACK SILKS, in Faille Francaise, Gros Grain and Satin Rhadames, which will be of interest to buyers. Hamburg We are showing a large assortment of these goods at extremely low prices. If in want you cannot afford to buy without seeing our line. Georg 3 0 Church Street. IMPORTED NGLISH DERBY JUST RECEIVED. Direct from London, Very SPRING Now in stock, all the new shapes, in style. Knox, Dunlap, Youmans, Miller and Spellman Styles. SPRING OVERCOATS All SHADES, Prices from Five to Twenty-five Dollars. The Celebrated Stein Bloch Overcoats. SMITH & HUMPHREY. THE STOCK OF A. Men's life, the cream out the trust, Any competitor. The tea, the milk, and the cream, Any competitor. The cream, the milk, and the cream, Any competitor. Prospect, should, of Theology, The cream, the milk, and the cream, Any competitor. EPIPERS, butter, churns, and everything for factories and For sale, packing, and packing. VT. FARM MACMIWS CO., Bellows Falb, READ Tlio daily arcnuTit1 of FIRE LOSSES Volifit'H ' tlio lronc-fc illld llCMt Insurance Companies Are now tn ZDJEEZ IV J rT ZD Ami altt In utiK k with Hiekokft Bailey CJsyixiiiuiiio tUelr ' V. art st. KINSLEY'S j If you want i 1 1 you can buy one at alnv your own prico, for wc v j ot a large lot of them ' ; in Plushes, Newmarkets Jackets,, which have got to b. closed out at some price. Blankets and Comfortables ! to be closed out at half price, If you want any Wool Ho siery, in Gents', Ladies', o Misses'. Kinsley's is the pi to buy them, for wehave n.a! : some closing out prices on tb n. lousoKeeoio such as Table Linens, Napkins Bed Spreads, Towels, etc., we jean give you some prices that will please you. Kinsley, Nobby and Stvli !i io: Your: Ilen, - STY1 at tlio ew lUiupsUra tho bUov. la litui in,!, 10 -41 Tpcr cr. I'.O!'. IliJ - rt'- i....i lue I ' IES. 1. GRATEFUL-COMFORTING to n n n n r BREAKFAST. "By a thoruiitfU km.v, '.u,l-o fl tbe "-i ln v lui h yi' t-rn l!ie tiiiei'iitiuu of 1 ni'tl nutiitiiui, iiinl h umirnil 11 1, the fine iiinvetlie-, of wt-ll-siilc ''.... i:i o- lnw iru lil il-mrli. . -. Uelleiilelj ilinorrt il 1 ''t 111 !ll IllHOy llOfl lloitt'l-' I'll -. II Ir. l-i jmlieim uo "f m; 11'i 1 -i i I'tiintiition nun In i"lu u tr Utoiii; '"' n.'1. 1. it -i-.'m'-. 1 eilse. H.11 -'i-' "' - 1 " 111); unn 1.1 c - 1. 1 ( tea eal 1 " 1. 1 1 , luift by 1. 1., 1 pure lilooo 11 Cfrll St 1 1'ire t. Mndo eirnpl) Kol mil) lu liaif-iiouiiu.,i 1 1 cl thus i t)A;UliKVl's A CO., Homo..mJilert,. I!!, Lwuilon, LiiKlitnU, Wj,tUi, AK g Goods, HATS ! rnno L. HUBS J 'A m Zl m 1. trro ouuut'. |
github_open_source_100_1_66 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #pragma once
#include <wx/spinctrl.h>
#include <wx/wfstream.h>
#include <wx/wx.h>
#include "../helpers.hpp"
#include "../sharedNetworkCode/networkInterface.hpp"
#include "../sharedNetworkCode/serializeUnserializeData.hpp"
#include "buttonConstants.hpp"
#include "buttonData.hpp"
#include "dataProcessing.hpp"
class TasRunner : public wxDialog {
private:
std::shared_ptr<CommunicateWithNetwork> networkInstance;
rapidjson::Document* mainSettings;
DataProcessing* dataProcessing;
SerializeProtocol serializeProtocol;
wxBoxSizer* mainSizer;
wxBoxSizer* hookSelectionSizer;
wxSpinCtrl* firstSavestateHook;
wxSpinCtrl* lastSavestateHook;
wxBitmapButton* startTasHomebrew;
wxBitmapButton* startTasArduino;
// More will be added as needed
// wxBitmapButton* pauseTas;
// Stopping will also close the dialog
wxBitmapButton* stopTas;
void onStartTasHomebrewPressed(wxCommandEvent& event);
void onStartTasArduinoPressed(wxCommandEvent& event);
void onStopTasPressed(wxCommandEvent& event);
public:
TasRunner(wxFrame* parent, std::shared_ptr<CommunicateWithNetwork> networkImp, rapidjson::Document* settings, DataProcessing* inputData);
}; |
github_open_source_100_1_67 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using Android.Content;
using Microsoft.Maui.Controls;
using Microsoft.Maui.Controls.ControlGallery.Android;
using Microsoft.Maui.Controls.Compatibility;
using Microsoft.Maui.Controls.Compatibility.Platform.Android.AppCompat;
using FragmentTransaction = AndroidX.Fragment.App.FragmentTransaction;
[assembly: ExportRenderer(typeof(NavigationPage), typeof(_50787CustomRenderer))]
namespace Microsoft.Maui.Controls.ControlGallery.Android
{
public class _50787CustomRenderer : NavigationPageRenderer
{
public _50787CustomRenderer(Context context) : base(context)
{
}
protected override int TransitionDuration { get; set; } = 500;
protected override void SetupPageTransition(FragmentTransaction transaction, bool isPush)
{
if (isPush)
transaction.SetCustomAnimations(Resource.Animation.enter_from_right, Resource.Animation.exit_to_left);
else
transaction.SetCustomAnimations(Resource.Animation.enter_from_left, Resource.Animation.exit_to_right);
}
}
} |
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/er/2011/134893/abs/ | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Table of Contents Author Guidelines Submit a Manuscript
Enzyme Research
Volume 2011, Article ID 134893, 10 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/134893
Research Article
Expression, Purification, and Characterisation of Dehydroquinate Synthase from Pyrococcus furiosus
1Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
2Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
3Department of Chemistry, Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
Received 6 October 2010; Revised 28 January 2011; Accepted 8 February 2011
Academic Editor: Vasu D. Appanna
Copyright © 2011 Leonardo Negron et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Dehydroquinate synthase (DHQS) catalyses the second step of the shikimate pathway to aromatic compounds. DHQS from the archaeal hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus was insoluble when expressed in Escherichia coli but was partially solubilised when KCl was included in the cell lysis buffer. A purification procedure was developed, involving lysis by sonication at 30C followed by a heat treatment at 70C and anion exchange chromatography. Purified recombinant P. furiosus DHQS is a dimer with a subunit Mr of 37,397 (determined by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry) and is active over broad pH and temperature ranges. The kinetic parameters are KM (3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate) 3.7 μM and kcat 3.0 sec-1 at 60C and pH 6.8. EDTA inactivates the enzyme, and enzyme activity is restored by several divalent metal ions including (in order of decreasing effectiveness) Cd2+, Co2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+. High activity of a DHQS in the presence of Cd2+ has not been reported for enzymes from other sources, and may be related to the bioavailability of Cd2+ for P. furiosus. This study is the first biochemical characterisation of a DHQS from a thermophilic source. Furthermore, the characterisation of this hyperthermophilic enzyme was carried out at elevated temperatures using an enzyme-coupled assay..
|
351848_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | Petition for writ of mandamus denied..
|
sn84022835_1911-08-31_1_3_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | Siitotfn5w K. tU'rUFJ!riw,,e"- t. CRUSADE BETHEL HIGHWAYS There is any field of public spirited activity in the United States which stands out conspicuous above all others because of recent progress. It is that which concerns itself with the betterment of our public highways. If anybody had predicted a few years back that the beginning of the second decade of the twentieth century would be so marked and widespread an improvement of the public roads of the United States, he would probably have been laughed at by all save those few enthusiasts who were looked upon until a short time ago "cranks." This is not saying, mind you, that there is not much yet to be done to bring the highway system of this great land to the point where it ought to be and to maintain it there. We are still a very long way behind most of the countries of the old world notably our sister republic of France in the condition of our roads. But that is perfectly natural, not because the foreigners are any better road builders than we are, but also because of the fact that we are not in the mood to make any progress. As a result of the war, the United States has been in the making for many centuries, whereas we have mighty few turnpikes that are more than one hundred or at most two hundred years old. And furthermore, on top of the youth of our country in road building, there is the circumstance of the tremendous size of Uncle Sam's domain. No wonder the Europeans have been able to have good roads when half or two-thirds as many people as we have in this whole vast country have been contributing their work and their taxes to keep up the roads in a territory no larger than one of our medium size states. But for all the lead given by time and the advantage of dense population, it looks as though we would overtake our cousins overseas in the matter of the possession of good roads. Indeed, even now in some states, such as sections of Massachusetts, there are roads as fine as anything of similar character on the other side of the big pond. The secret of this boom in road building in America lies in organization as well as agitation and the country is likely to see new fruits from both during the middle week of September when a "Good Roads Week" will be held throughout the United States. This week of "missionary work" is expected to stir up a good share of our people on the question of good roads and it is hoped that some of the new converts and the old will that week practice what they preach to the extent of lending a hand to the building here and there of stretches of "model road" that will serve as convincing objects lessons. "Good Roads Week" is going to be held in connection with the first annual convention of the American Association for Highway Improvement which will be held at Richmond, Va and will be addressed by many of the most prominent men in the country. This national organization will, of course, be much in the public eye in this connection, but it is only one of scores of associations great and small that have been helping in this cause. There are state organizations and county organizations and even township organizations all over the country that have been supporting our national, state and municipal governments in what they have been doing for better roads, and the results attained prove what can be accomplished when a large number of people who are very much in earnest set out to all "pull together" toward a desired goal. A good many people who have not looked very deeply into the subject have gained the idea that the motorists are more largely responsible than any other class of people for this dawning era of good roads. Now, it would not be right to disparage what the automobilists have done, which has been considerable in one way or another, but in the interest of the truth it must be pointed out that the one factor supreme in influence for better roads has been the wide-awake farmer. To be sure, it is a fact, and a mighty significant one, that the largest and most powerful corporations in the country, business interests such as our biggest railroads and the steel trust and the Standard Oil corporation are working energetically with the new American Association for Highway Improvement because they realize that anything that will help the condition of the country at large will help their business. At the same time, it is the farmer class that are supplying the backbone of this movement just as they are of every other big movement affecting rural conditions and have been from time out of mind. It is just as well to admit right here, too, that the average farmer who is going in hard for the cause of better roads is not devoting his time and his labor to the project on any fanciful sentiment at the basis of any fanciful sentiment. Of course, it contributes to his pride to face his farm bounded or neglected by a splendid road and he is gratified that the good folk who go past his door pleasure riding should have an easy pathway, but the great underlying impetus is found in the need of good roads to enable the farmer to market his produce conveniently and economically. The average old-time farmer was prone to look upon bad roads as a necessary evil. He realized in a sense what a detriment they were to his interests, but he put up with the situation because he did not see any way out of the dilemma at least not without more work than he could afford to give. Then along came the United States government, when rural free delivery commenced to be introduced, and declared that these rural mail carriers could not be placed in districts where the roads were not in fair condition. This did much to awaken the farmers to the situation, for every rural home prizes the boon of a daily mail delivery. And, at about the same time, the farmers, who thus had their serious attention focused upon the good roads question, found, as they looked closer, that bad roads meant a hole in the pocketbook of every tillor of the soil. It began to be realized that if a farmer required the services of four horses and an entire day's time to get a load of produce to market via bad roads, the loss to him was just as serious as though he had to accept a very low price for the yield of his acres. Herein is found the supreme incentive among many that has enlisted the progressive farmer in behalf of better roads. One of the best things accomplished for the farmer by good roads is that it has broadened his markets. With rocky or muddy highways enforcing low progress, the average farmer was in the old days restricted to one market town, the one nearest his farm. Now, with good roads, he can in a shorter interval than was formerly required to reach any one of several communities located in different directions. This enables him to attain the market where he can get the best prices. Similarly, with good roads, the farmer is not likely to be so restricted to one railroad for shipping facilities. If the road nearest his farm will not give him the cars, he needs or otherwise play fair, he most likely has some redress by driving across the countryside to a rival line. And the very fact that the introduction of good roads is destroying such monopolies has served to render the railroads more obliging to their farmer clients. The new country-wide Highway Improvement association, which is to hold its first annual congress in the near future, will not seek to drive out or supplant the various good roads associations that have been organized all over the country and many of which are, as has been said, doing an excellent work within a more or less local sphere. However, the new national institution is designed to serve as a clearing house that will pass on all good roads schemes wherever they may originate and that will seek to bring together all the various local associations, harmonizing their plans and policies where in the past they have too often been working at cross purposes. The United States government is back of this new national organization upon which public attention is now being focused. Indeed, the first president of the body is Illicit Sam's chief expert on good roads, namely, Mr. Logan W. Page, director of the United States office of agriculture. And he should be noted that this public roads once-a-branch of the United States department of agriculture is doing a most important work for the cuts of road improvement throughout the length and breadth of the land. For one thing, laboratories are maintained at Washington, specially equipped to ascertain which of these are best adapted to use in any specified locality or under any given conditions. Even more important is the work of the government bureau in building stretches of "model road." Under this plan of building model roads to serve as objects lessons in the possibilities and benefits of highway improvements, Uncle Sam sends his force of engineers and experts into any community which seems to need to be aroused regarding good roads and with their own helpers, or by means of a force of workmen recruited in the neighborhood they construct a mile or two miles of just the sort of road that is ideal for that particular district. How beneficial these object lessons are is proven by the fact that thousands of miles of good roads have been built in various parts of the country this past few years with these governmental "sample roads" as patterns. The showing made by rural roads "before and after" treatment by the government road doctors has prompted state legislatures, county commissioners, local boards of trade, farmers' granges and other bodies to appropriate money for a more extensive good roads campaign in localities that have thus had a taste of the benefits, and in some states, notably Delaware, wealthy men have paid out of their own pockets for long stretches of improved public roads for the use of the whole community. Busy Times in Minnesota Those in charge of digging the state drainage ditches complain that they cannot keep men because the farmers grab the laborers to work in the harvest fields, says the St. Paul Dispatch. A Minneapolis man with an automobile tells how he was shanghaied by those who wanted a machine in which to ride to and from their work as burglars. It would seem as though no one is safe in the busiest harvest times. Review of the Kingdom of Judah Sunday School Lesson for Sept. 3, 1911 Specially Arranged for This Paper firmness is feminine and obstinacy is masculine so says a woman. "From the beginning, from the beginning to the end, the principal characteristics and the leading events of these Bible lessons should be impressed on the memory of all. This should be done in such a way as: To show what were the marked characteristics of each person, the relation of each person to the course of the history, the relation of each event to the movement of the history, the coming of the kingdom of God, the principles which each one sets forth clearly to shed light upon the path of life and progress today. Rehoboam. First king, H. C. S2 first year of the kingdom. Had Advice. Kolly. Threw away five-sixths of his kingdom. Event. Division of the kingdom, Asa. Third king, 11. C. 0C2 twenty-first year of kingdom. Reformer. Progression kingdom. Event. Great revival of religion. Jeliohlphat. Fourth king, 11. C. 0C2 sixty-second year of kingdom. Strong character. General, successful, religious, event. Intellectual, moral and religious progress. Suffered from bad alliance with Jezebel. Moabite stone. Several had rulers. Jehoshaphat, Aim Mah, Athallah, Introduction of Hana worship. Temple desecrated. Decline In morals and prosperity. John, Eighth king, D.C. 880 ninety-seventh year of kingdom. The bad king. Good so long as under good advisers. Events. Temple restored, and His worship. Hael: obe lisk. Aliaz. Twelfth king, H.C. 738 two hundred and forty-fifth year of the kingdom. Events. Assyrnus come in contact with Palestine. Dial of Ahaz. Isaiah prophesying. Hazekiah. Thirteenth king, D.C. 72.1 two hundred and sixtieth year of the kingdom. Good, religious, active reformer. Taylor cylinder. Events. Pall of Samaria end of Israel. Destruction of Sennacherib wide extended revival. Life prolonged 100 years in answer to prayer. Manassah. Fourteenth king, D.C. 694 two hundred and eighty-ninth year of the kingdom. The bad king suffered captivity changed life. Events. Assyrian domination partial reformation. Joelph. Sixteenth king, D.C. 68 three hundred and forty-fifth year of kingdom. Youthful consecration, cleansing of temple, widespread revival. Events. Finding The book of the law. Dible study, Jeremiah. Tcholakim. Eighteenth king, n. C. C07 three hundred and seventy-sixth year of the kingdom. Weak, wicked, defiant of God. Events. During the book of Jeremiah. Heginning of the captivity. Nebuchadnezzar besieges Jerusalem. Daniel carried to Babylon. The second captivity began at the close of his reign when many captives were carried to Babylon, with his son, King Icholachin. Zedekiah, Twentieth and last king, D.C. 59C-387. Weak and false to his Agreements. Events. Jeremiah imprisoned. At the close of his reign, Jerusalem and the temple were destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, and the end of the kingdom of Judah came in D.C. CSC, after 397 years of existence. There were three deportations by Nebuchadnezzar: 1. The fourth year of Jehoshaphat, Daniel, etc. 2. 10,000 at the close of his reign. 3. 4,600 in the three deportations of the final campaign. Geography. Study the map for the three kingdoms involved. Egypt, Palestine, Assyria, the great routes of travel, and the situation of Palestine between the two world powers; Jerusalem being one side from the routes between the other two. This is the key to the situation. Note, In this history, what were the things that urged or attracted the nation to the downward course. What was the essential element that would have enabled the nation to move upward to true success and character. No nation and no individual can attain the highest good from life without supreme consecration to God, a lofty ideal and a holy enthusiasm in the service of God and man. Trace in the history what God did for the people to inspire and move them to the upward course, as prophets, written scriptures, revivals, prosperity, rewards of obedience. What obstacles did. God put in the way of the downward course of the nation and puts them in the way of sinners today; as warnings, adversity, losses. Tho rlso and fall of Israel Is a picture of what Is going on continu ally among Individuals. Tho whole course or tho history Is n magic mir ror in which sinners may sco them Eclves. On tho bank of the Niagara river, a sign hoard bears this startling legend, 'Past Redemption Point,' bo cause It is bclloved In tho neighbor hood that nothing can pass that point and escapo destruction. One day a vessel was being towed across tho river when tho hnwser broke and sho drifted helplessly down stream, In full view of the horrified thousands on tho shoro. Just as sho reached Past Re demption point a broezo sprang up, all sails were set and she escaped. Tho wind of God's mercy blew upon the Hebrew ship of state, but no sails wer set, and sho was engulfed. m YC'X SAl.i: Mnvltm Picture film, la foot. II. Divln, Wnti-itown, Wis. Surely. 'Is that bargain really cut glaasT "Sine; It was marked down." Mr TttnMnw'4 HonlMnir Hvnip for CMMrea Irrtlilnp, Hoflrim tin-kii'im. rnlucM Itiflnrntnfc tlou, llr nlti,i'uri'H wind colic, 21c o, tout , A Commuter's Explanation. Tho man In tho Iron mask explained. "They assured mo thrro wero no mosquitoes here," he cried. I.ADIKN CAN WKAK HIIOP.M on tio mnllrr nfler uring Alli-n'i Foot-Emw, th iiiumpihiu puwunr w pa nnirn inio inn ftiKMt. i niaifliiiu nr nnw MkxmrmlMiir. UlMrnt comfort, iltuti niDiitiuln, t'nr KltHS) t.ig, ftddroti Alton 8. Olnmtod, Im tlof, KM't. rntn; trlJ r. M. Could Take Her Choice. As tho railroad train wan stopping, nn old lady nut accustomed to travel Ing hailed tho passing conductor onif asked : "Conductor, what door shall I get out by?" "Either door, ma'am," graciously answered thu conductor. "The out stops at both ends." Gnlcsburg Mall, Advice. "Now that you've heard my daughter sing, what would you advise me to do?" "Well," the music master replied, "I hardly know. Don't you suppose you could get her interested in settlement work or horseback riding or something like that?" A Human Cruet-Stand. Several villagers were discussing a departed sister who had been given to good deeds but was rather too fond of dispensing sharp spoken advice. "She was an excellent woman," said the deceased lady's pastor. "She was constantly in the homes of the poor and afflicted. In fact, she was the salt of the earth." "She was more than that," remarked a visitor. "She was the vinegar, the pepper, and the mustard as well. She was a perfect cruet stand of virtues." London Tit-Bits. - Avoid Disputation. The disputations person never makes a good friend. In friendship, men look for peace and concord and some measure of content. There are enough battles to fight outside, enough jarring and jostling in the street, enough disputing in the market place, enough discord in the workaday world, without having to look for contention in the realm of the inner life also. There, if anywhere, we ask for an end of strife. Friendship is the sanctuary of the heart, and the peace of the sanctuary should brood over it. Its chief glory is that the dust and noise of contest are excluded. Hugh, Black. A DIFFERENCE. Mrs. Jinks, my husband is making a collection of steins. Mrs. Boozo A. Lott, my husband is making a collection of the contents of steins. GET POWER. The Supply Comes From Food. If we get power from food, why not strive to get all the power we can. That is only possible by use of skillfully selected food that exactly fits the requirements of the body. Poor fuel makes a poor fire and a poor fire is not a good steam producer. "From not knowing how to select the right food to fit my needs, I suffered grievously for a long time from stomach troubles," writes a lady from a little town in Missouri. "It seemed as if I would never be able to and out the sort of food that was best for me hardly anything that I could eat would stay on my stomach. Every attempt gave me heartburn and filled my stomach with gas. I got thinner and thinner until I literally became a living skeleton, and in time was compelled to keep to my bed. A few months ago I was persuaded to try Grape-Nuts food, and it had such good effect from the very beginning that I have kept up its use ever since, I was surprised at the case with which I digested it. It proved to be just what I needed. All my unpleasant symptoms, the heartburn, the inflamed feeling which gave me so much pain disappeared. My weight gradually increased from 108 to 116 pounds, my figure rounded out, my strength came back, and I am now able to do my housework and enjoy it Grape-Nuts food did it." Name given by Postum Co., Battle Creek, Mich. A ten days' trial will show anyone some facts about food. Read the little book, "The Road to Wellville," in pages. "There's a reason." Over read the letter. A (one appears from time to time. There are certain, true, and fall: a safe way. |
43694938_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Prionapteryx brevivittalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1919. It is found in South Africa.
References
Endemic moths of South Africa
Ancylolomiini
Moths described in 1919.
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http://www.scp-wiki.net/forum/t-860581/j-idea:a-double-scpatty-burger | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | -J idea: A double SCPatty burger
Forum » Writing Help / Help: Ideas and Brainstorming » -J idea: A double SCPatty burger
Started by: RecursiveRecursion
Date: 13 May 2014 01:49
Number of posts: 5
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Summary:
I don't know if this is funny enough to make the cut.
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github_open_source_100_1_68 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | //
// GDWLoginViewController.h
// gchat
//
// Created by apple on 16/8/2.
// Copyright © 2016年 apple. All rights reserved.
//
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
@interface GDWLoginViewController : UIViewController
@end
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sn84026749_1933-05-24_1_22_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | JACK RUSSELL MAKING STRONG BID FOR STARTING ROLE Bl B| Im Br? /jb| Jk w' :> »- <v " - </W laSBgW |K£gMHHM|M|M|M| y*s X t? jAkk w st- » HL Ljk%v /19 vM| Ikk Wrf BL'*r B b| |p i HI wa»K Z T,* Mhw WW JWW [chop stroke fz — R i# Hh / JW sir fl j -J ißfjl z BHWHnHMHy ffiyl BHBBHP Mr ISWMB Jg ght : - Pr -? 'M.Wr<w, :■ '■ > <*.„ -W- BOw ; - *#. I ■ iifc J :'>*K3w - ; |k. ::::: St IIIHBBBb 'M™ g Llfef l ■/-■x \-^ : V' & i :*■-,. • J ':■• ■■■..<% x - ■ ME 'jillMß'-... WW - -wh jasfr, sgißl «? :<w ■ ■ "''S*,-’,l,'; z.-* ■ I* I ■ ;-a ■>,»:• Iback hand *■... ’•..■ ;vT\ >■ - ■ • X -■- |WK I f/ J. fl Stroke xft-'•*"%•. -?-u, :■• yuWMM BWMFB - HI > HECTOR CATT ARUZZA, 28-year-old Argentine Davis Cup player, exhibits several of his most potent SPORTS By KIRK MILLER Old Man Jim Jeff, Boken, Schulte, Has Hounded Griffs Goslin and Bluege To Very Little Avail All Get Injuries It is possible to figure a great many elements ahead of time in building a baseball club, such as pitching and batting, relief hurling, right and left-hand hitting, reserve strength and the like, but the jinx element is one item which can ruin the best laid plans of any manager or owner. Because of this, winter and spring predictions often amount to just so much idle chatter. All the more wonder, therefore, that Washington finds itself up among the leaders, despite the twixt season outlay, trades and general fortifications. For if ever Old Man Jinx trailed a ball club in an effort to make it falter, Washington has been trailed by that gentleman this year. For a month now, what was originally considered the first team, has been interrupted from making a 100 percent front. It started April 25 It was on April 25, which will go down in Washington baseball history as Black Tuesday, that Buddy Myer was ejected from the game for participation in personal warfare with Ben Chapman, of the Yankees. At that moment Old Man Jinx stuck his ugly noggin into the picture, and he’s been hovering around the club ever since. Drawing a five-day suspension, Myer was barely back in the game before he got beaned. In Detroit, being further unavailable to his club. Then, the kid who took Myer’s place in the lineup, Bobby Boken, succumbed to a twisted ligation, but only after doing some sensational hitting and personally stuffing three or four games into the win column for his team. On top of this, Ossie Bluege, a power on the defense for the better part of a decade, came down with a Charley horse and Cecil Travis, who now needs no introduction to Washington fans, had to be imported from the Chattanooga farm, to play third. This he has done capably, all things being considered. Reserves Do the Job But Myer and Boken and Bluege were not enough. To satisfy Mr. Jim, who it seems also had designs on the outfield. More recently this questionable character whom you’ll find lurking around all ball parks, has taken a fancy to Fred Schulte and Goose Goslin, the former being out with a fractured finger and Goslin having pulled a muscle in his leg. Meanwhile, Ossie Bluege gets back into the line-up for a fraction of a game, only to discover he hadn’t given his underpinning quite enough rest on his previous respite from play. So he’s out for the second time this season. There’s enough hard luck in the above incidents of unforeseen handicaps to give many a team the blues, but Washington seems to still have its chin high and determined to overcome any and all obstacles. And, as Joe Cronin says, if all of the known factors of his club ever get to clicking at once, he’ll have one good team on the field and another fair to middling one sitting on the bench. His reserves certainly have stood him in excellent stead over the last month. Killer Kane Gets Navy Sword Award ANNAPOLIS, May 24—William R. (“Killer”) Kane, of San Rafael, Cal., has been awarded the “Navy Sword,” awarded annually at the Naval Academy to the midshipman who excelled in athletics during the past year. He engaged in football, wrestling, baseball and track. Midshipman Charles Elliott Loughlin, of Lansdowne, Pa., has been awarded the “Navy Sword” for his work in the Navy. was awarded the cup given annually to the individual who did most to promote athletics at the Academy. BILL SHORES FARMED CINCINNATI, May 24.—The New York Giants today had shipped Bill Shores, former member of the Athletics, to Kansas City on option. It was believed the Giants would recall Pitcher John Salveson from Dallas to fill the vacancy on the roster. Popeye Picks: GOLLY—In the Second Race at Bowie THE WASHINGTON TIMES strokes with which he expects to score for the South American republic against the United States in the POLICE BATTLE IRON NINE TODAY By SID KATZNELL Nightsticks vs. Iron Works. That’s the attraction listed in the Industrial Baseball League today. B. R. Campbell will lead his husky lot of hard working police swatmen against Henry Gichner's smart collection of Ironmen at 5 o’clock on the South Ellipse. “Wild” Bill Payne, who is known throughout the sandlot circles as a pitcher of class, climbs the hill for the “Lawmen,” while in all probability “Lefty” Brown, who has seen service with several potent minor league teams, will be his opponent. Rauber Manages “Ty” Rauber, who used to coach at Central High School, has his investigation “Sleuths” in top shape for their clash with Matt Mattare’s Federal Unionists today at 5 o’clock on East Ellipse. It’s a Departmental League contest. Barber & Ross baseballers will Try to redeem themselves when they tackle a really, and truly strong foe in the Telephone nine in the National Capital circuit today at 5:15 o’clock on the West Ellipse. Thus far, the Ross men have dropped three straight engagements. Yesterday, weekday league games were not so hot. The winners won their games by lop-sided scores. Dixie Pigs defeated the Fairfax Farms in the Industrial loop, 18—3; Standard Oil swamped the Acacia, 14—1, in the National Capital outfit; Aggies trimmed the Union Printers, 9—2, in the good ole Departmental wheel, while Eldebrooke gave Calvary Baptist a 9-to-5 lacing in the church organization. Cherrydale Ready The Cherrydale unlimited baseball team has reorganized for the season and is anxious to book games with leading teams. Call Clarendon 757. Chevy Chase Grays are on the lookout for games with outstanding unlimited tossers. Telephone Cleveland 3681. The team meets tomorrow night at 7:30 o’clock at 3807 McKinley St. N.W. The American Legion athletic officers and managers will hold an important meeting Friday night at 7:30 o’clock in room 237, Transportation Building. Michigan Still Leads Big Ten Golf Race CHICAGO, May 24.—Michigan with a four-man total of 650 strokes, retained its hold on the Big Ten golf championship as play went into the final lap. Johnny Fischer, ace of the Michigan team and last year’s medalist in the national amateur, set the pace with a 78—76—154 on the first 36 holes. Additional Sports News On Page 24 The Box Score DETROIT AB R H O A E Fox, cf 5 1 2 2 0 0 Gehriuer, 2b 5 2 3 17 0 Stone, lf 5 2 4 0 0 0 Walker, lf 4 0 0 4 0 0 Greenberg, 1b 3 1 1 4 0 0 Owen, 3b 4 0 0 1 0 0 Rogell, lf 4 0 0 4 0 0 Hayworth, c 4 0 0 5 0 0 Marberry, p 4 0 0 0 4 0 Totals 38 7 10 27 15 0 WASHINGTON AB R H O A E Rice, cf 4 0 0 4 0 0 Myer, 2b 4 1 1 2 1 Mamixh, lf 3 0 0 1 0 0 Cronin, ss 3 0 1 6 0 Harris, lf 3 0 0 2 0 0 Kuhel, lb 3 0 0 1 8 0 0 Travis, 3b 3 0 1 0 2 1 Sewell, c for Russell in eighth. Detroit 01400002 o—7 WASHINGTON.... 00010000 o—1 Runs batted In —Hayworth, Stone (2), Walker, Owen (2), Greenberg, Cronin, 2-base hits—Gehriuer, Stone, 3-base hit —Stone. Double plays—Cronin to Myers to Kuhel (3); Rogell to Gehriuer to Greenberg. Left on bases— Detroit, 5; Washington, 2. Bases on balls—Off Marberry, 1; off Stewart, 1. Hits—Off Stewart, 4 in 2 Innings; off Russell, 4 in 6; off Burke, 2 in 1. Struck out—By Marberry, 3; by Burke, 1. Winning pitcher—Marberry. Losing pitcher—Stewart, empires—Dineen, Ormsby and Kolla. Time of game—1:34. RAYMOND SOILS MANLEY STRING Roy Manley, southpaw lightweight, will have to start on another winning streak as he was checked by Lew Raymond, Baltimore, in the eight-round feature boxing event at Portner’s Arena in Alexandria, Va., last night. Raymond was the master throughout the scuffle and easily solved Manley’s southpaw style. The Baltimorean also excelled in body punching and was superior at in-fighting. Manley, fiercely assailed in the fourth, survived the round and flashed his best form to win the sixth and seventh. Ken Overlin, Norfolk middleweight, gave a boxing lesson to Henry Irving, of this city, in the eight-round semifinal. Overlin floored Irving with a smoking right-hander in the second, the Northeast boy taking nine. Irving managed to last the distance after taking plenty about the body. Billy Strickler, local middleweight, outpointed Walter Kirkwood in a heated eight-round preliminary. Strickler was the better in the slugging exchanges. Harry Kersey, of Jacksonville, Fla., substituting for Chief Perry Knowles, kayoed Billy Eschinger in the second round. Goldie Ahearn, manager of Knowles, refused to permit the Indian to face Eschinger when learning the latter carried a 10-pound pull in the weights. BUSINESS METPLAY Georgia Avenue Business Men’s Association baseball team will play the Mt. Rainier Seniors Saturday at 1 o’clock on the Taft Park field. St. Joseph’s unlimiteds want A game for Saturday and a game for Decoration day. Call Frank Cinotti at Lincoln 8788. The National Daily American interzone finals at Chevy Chase Club, tomorrow, Friday and Saturday. Cattaruzza will assume the role of a former Tribe Star. He's been knocking at the door several times recently, and because he's shown to such excellent advantage while doing that knocking, it wouldn't be at all surprising to see Jack Russell, the handsome right-hander, get a starting chance as a Griff hurler soon. So far, the former Cleveland twirler has appeared only in relief roles since becoming a Griff, dividing these honors with Al Thomas, Bobby Burke, Bill McAfee, and General Alvin Crowder whenever Manager Joe Cronin has found it necessary to relieve a faltering regular. But the young hurler looks really “ready” to start a game at this stage of the season, and maybe it wouldn’t be a bad idea to give him a shot at the job, particularly with the regulars finding it pretty tough to get in those victories expected of them. Russell was used as a relief pitcher for the ninth time this year in yesterday’s game with the Detroit Tigers, which the Tigers won, 7 to 1, and hurled excellent ball during five of the six whole innings he pitched. Hit Him, But The Tigers combed his offerings for two hits and an infield out for two runs in the eighth, and Manager Joe Cronin, always trying to start a rally, put Cliff Bolton up to bat for him in the Griffs’ end of the frame. This procedure brought Bob Burke to the mound to finish out the string. Jack relieved Walter Stewart in the third when the Tigers jumped on the offerings of the veteran left-hander for what resulted in four runs. He retired the side, helped by a double play in this third, and then proceeded to pitch shutout ball until that Tiger uprising in the eighth. Heretofore, Russell has shown to as good advantage, if not better, when given relief assignments in recent games. Particularly did he turn in several bits of excellent twirling when the Griffs were out West earlier in the month. In one or two of the instances he was forced to truly “bear down” to retire the side after a faltering regular had gotten into trouble and in each case he came through with flying colors. Russell has had a varied career since entering the big leagues. He began with the Boston Red Sox about four years ago and pitched several excellent games only to lose because the Sox were such a weak team and could not bat behind him. Trade Brings Appearance Last year he spent most of the season with the Cleveland Indians, being purchased at an hour when they were in the midst of what they believed was a fight for the pennant. He continued his steady work, defeating the Griff men, particularly, while this winter he became one of Manager Cronin’s men when President Clark Griffith pulled off one of his famous trades. Whether Manager Cronin gives him a starting chance remains to be seen at this stage of the season when the regulars need all the work they can get in order to reach that condition expected, but even so it’s a cinch the young hurler looks “right” and ready to give a good account of himself as a starter if only handed the chance. Maybe Cronin will tell him to take a turn one of these days in the near future. Jack won’t be caught off guard, you can bet your sweet life on that. EASTERN BATS GONE TO LIFE Eastern High diamonders finally picked up the bats with hits in them, but it was much, much too late to mean anything as far as the interhigh school championship was concerned although it gave them a thumping 10-to-8 decision over Western. Eastern still has a forlorn chance of tying for second honors should Roosevelt trip up Central Thursday. However, the Lincoln Parkers are undisputed masters of the third rung come rain or shine, if that is any consolation. Coach Moore sent three twirlers to the mound, only to discover that each one was more welcome than the last as the hit-hungry Guyonites satiated their long pent-up appetite, clocking out 21 safeties, three homers, three triples and plenty of doubles and singles. The Western lads, too, were in a slugging mood, collecting twelve, but they were only a gentle breeze compared to the wild-walloping Easternites. Ed Fitzpatrick and Joe Mills led the whanging with four socks each. One of Fitzpatrick’s was a homer and Mills had a triple. Harry Bassin and Clarence Smith also circuit clouted. Attorney Wins Court Battle From Art Whataman Shires, the battling baseball player, will have to pay an attorney’s fee of $119.33 under a ruling handed down by Judge Joseph Cordes. The judgment sought by William H. Timlin, who defended Shires in a breach of contract suit, was ordered entered when Shires failed to appear in court here. No. 2 singles assignment. He is the third ranking net man of his country. Baseball Standings AMERICAN LEAGUE W. L. Pet. GB New York 20 11.645... WASHINGTON 26 15.571 2 Chicago 18 14.563 2% Philadelphia 16 14.533 3% 2 Cleveland 18 16.529 5% Detroit 13 19.406 7% 2 St. Louis 14 21.400 8 Boston 11 20.355 9 Games behind leader. Yesterday Results Detroit 7; WASHINGTON. 1. New York, 8; Cleveland, 6. Athletics, 8; St. Louis, 6. Chicago, 7; Boston, 0. Today’s Games Detroit at WASHINGTON. Cleveland at New York. St. Louis at Philadelphia. Chicago at Boston. NATIONAL LEAGUE W. L. Pct. Pittsburgh 21 11.645. New York 19 13.594 2 St. Louis 19 16.333 3 Brooklyn 14 15.483 5 Boston 17 19.472 6 Cincinnati 15 18.455 7 Chicago 15 19.441 7 Philadelphia 13 22.371 9 Games behind leader. Yesterday’s Results Pittsburgh 3; Brooklyn, 0. Philadelphia 9; Chicago, 5. New York, 6; Cincinnati, 4. Boston, 3; St. Louis, 1. Today’s Games Brooklyn at Pittsburgh. Philadelphia at Chicago. Boston at St. Louis. New York at Cincinnati. RUNS DRIVEN IN Klein, Phillies 37 Foxx, Athletics 39 Dickey, Yankees 38 Hartnett, Cubs 37 Gehrig, Yankees 36 HOME RUN DERBY American League—Gehrig, Yankees, 8; Izzz, Yankees, 7; Foxx, Athletics, 7; Ruth, Yankees, 6. National League—Berger, Braves, 10; Klein, Phillies, 8; Hartnett, Cubs, 7. COLEMAN PERIL FOR OUSEK Rapidly establishing himself as a distinct menace to the wrestling Duseks, Abe Coleman, California’s mighty midget, tries again tomorrow night. This time against title aspiring Ernie, whom he engages to a finish in open air at Griffith Stadium. Originally establishing himself as a big leaguer through successive upsets of “Rude Rudy” Dusek, the dynamic dwarf also has proven a complete puzzle to big Ernie, having recorded seven draws in as many bids against The rough working youngster. “Rude Rudy” is scheduled 45 minutes with Dick Raines in the semifinal. The preliminaries offer: Jim McMillan vs. Everett Marshall; Vic Christy vs. Nick Condos, and Fred Grobmier vs. Henry Piers. Western Jockey Star To Ride Head Play CHICAGO, May 24.—Head Play will be ridden by Lee Humphreys, sensational western jockey, in the American Derby at Washington Park June 30. With the arrival of the 3-year-old from the East, Humphreys’ contract was purchased by Warm Stable. MRS. MARTINEZ MEETS TENNIS SENSATION By GINO SIMI Abbie Sard, sensation of the current City of Washington tennis tournament now in progress at Rock Creek courts, faces her severest test of the event today when she clashes with Mrs. Ruth Martinez, No. 1 District net woman, in the semifinals. Mrs. Martinez, the odd son favorite, easily triumphed in her earlier matches. Miss Sard sprung a decided surprise when she eliminated Mrs. Stone, former City of Washington champion, in the second round and added to her prestige by trouncing Marian Butler, another highly regarded player, in a hard-fought three set match yesterday. Mangan vs. Latona A great tussle is in the offing in the men’s singles when Torr Mangan, one of the city's leading racquers for over a decade, meets Tony Latona. Washington’s latest “find,” in the semi-finals, Mangan is playing one of the strongest games of his career. Latona is noted for his fighting spirit and dogged determination. Gene Hermann faces his “Waterloo” in Dooly Mitchell, but he is sure to put up a strong fight before succumbing. Came From Behind Mangan had to come from behind to dispose of a stubborn Muscoe Garnett yesterday. Garnett took the first set and then fought Mangan to 6-all standstill in the second, but the wily veteran thundered home, blasting out eight straight games to Muscoe's. One. Mitchell, too, was given quite a struggle by Frank Shore, who five times defeated one set and one of the other. Hermann had trouble with Bill Buchanan in the first set but rode home easily in the second. Pat Deck failed to handle Latona very much. Summaries: SINGLES MEN Quarterfinals Matches —Mitchell defeated Shore, 11—9, 7—5, Hemmann defeated Buchanon, 13 —11, 6 Latona defeated Deck, 6 —2, 6—4. Mangan defeated Garnett, 4—6. B—G. 6—1. SINGLES WOMEN Quarterfinal Matches —Martinez defeated Kronman, 6—2, 6—0; Sard defeated Butler, 7—5, 4 —6, 7—5. Tabler defeated Colliday, 6 —2, 6—Davis defeated Whitfield, 6 —2, 2—6, 6—0. TODAY'S SCHEDULE SINGLES MEN Semifinals—Latona vs. Mangan, 4:30 p.m., Mitchell vs. Herman, 5 p.m. SINGLES WOMEN vs. Sard, 4:30 p.m.; Tabler vs. Davis, 4 p.m. DOUBLES WOMEN First Round—Turner Morris vs. Butler-Miller; Ryan-Philpitt vs. Omwake-Raver. BOWIE RACES BUSSES LEAVE 1416 F St. N.W. 1 P.M. ROUND TRIP, $1.00 PHONE NATIONAL 10W THE CAPITAL TRACTIONS CO. |
US-64393603-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Electronically controlled suspension apparatus for use in anti-squat control
ABSTRACT
An ECU of an ECS apparatus has a determination block for determining whether the TPS signal rises to be greater than a first reference value and for determining whether the TPS signal declines to be less than a second reference value; and a damper control block, which adjusts a damping force of the front damper according to the determination result. The damper control block sets the front damper into a hard rebound. mode when the determination block determines that the TPS signal rises to be greater than the first reference value, and then the damper control block sets the front damper into a hard compression mode when the determination block determines that the TPS signal declines to become less than the second reference value.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to an electronically controlled suspension (ECS) apparatus; and more particularly, to an electronically controlled suspension apparatus capable of performing anti-squat control in a manner that a squat of a vehicle and a subsequent dive thereof can be suppressed.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] In general, an electronically controlled suspension (ECS) apparatus is installed between a wheel axle and a vehicle body, so that it absorbs road shocks exerted on the vehicle axle to protect goods from damage and improve ride comfort. Further, the ECS apparatus controls an attitude (e.g. a roll, a squat or a dive) of the vehicle body experiencing forces incurred by, e.g., a turning, an acceleration, or a deceleration of a vehicle.
[0003] In order to perform such a vehicle attitude control, the suspension apparatus adjusts a damping force of a variable damper incorporated therein by activating an actuator of, e.g., a step motor type or a solenoid type, of the variable damper depending on driving conditions, such as a speed, a deceleration and an acceleration of the vehicle, and on a road surface condition.
[0004] For example, the variable damper having the actuator of the step motor type is provided with a control rod, which is rotated clockwise or counterclockwise by a certain angle by the actuator. And an effective cross-sectional area of an orifice in the variable damper is varied by the rotation of the control rod, which results in a variation of the damping force of the variable damper.
[0005] The variable dampers are usually classified into two types. One type is a reverse type, in which a rebound damping force and a compression damping force are individually controlled. The other is a normal type, in which the rebound damping force and the compression damping force are increased or decreased together.
[0006] By adjusting damping forces, the reverse type damper selectively produces three damper settings, i.e., a firm (or hard) rebound with a soft compression (hereinafter referred to as an H/S), a soft rebound with a soft compression (hereinafter referred to as an S/S) and a soft rebound with a firm (or hard) compression (hereinafter referred to as an S/H). And the normal type damper selectively produces two damper settings, i.e., a firm rebound with a firm compression (and hereinafter referred to as an H/H) and S/S.
[0007] Referring to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a conventional ECS apparatus for an anti-squat control, which includes a throttle position sensor (TPS) 10 for producing an electrical signal which is representative of a throttle opening angle, an electronic control unit (ECU) 20, a front left and front right dampers 30F and a rear left and rear right dampers 30R.
[0008] The conventional ECS apparatus performs an anti-squat control as follows: First, when the ECU 20 determines that the TPS signal produced from the TPS 10 becomes greater than a predetermined threshold ((a) of FIG. 2), it varies damping forces of the front and rear dampers 30F, 30R by activating actuators ((b) and (c) of FIG. 2). For example, if the TPS signal is greater than the threshold and the front and rear dampers 30F, 30R are of the reverse type, the ECU 20 sets the front variable dampers 30F into the H/S mode to provide hard rebound and soft compression strokes and sets the rear variable dampers 30R into the S/H mode to provide soft rebound and hard compression strokes. In contrast, if the front and rear dampers 30F, 30R are of the normal type, the ECU 20 sets the front and rear dampers 30F, 30R into the H/H mode to provide hard rebound and hard compression strokes.
[0009] The ECU 20 increases or decreases the damping force of the damper by a fixed amount, or by an amount proportional to a level of the TPS signal or of a differentiated value thereof. Further, the dampers are set into the S/S mode again after a predetermined period of time, i.e., a control time T1, so that the riding comfort can be recovered.
[0010] In such a conventional ECS apparatus, a squat (or nose-up) occurring when the TPS signal increases can be suppressed; however, when an acceleration pedal is released so that the TPS signal decreases and the vehicle is not accelerated anymore (see (d) of FIG. 2), there still occurs a dive, i.e., a sudden drop of a nose portion of the vehicle, thereby resulting in deterioration of the riding comfort of the vehicle. (In FIG. 2, it is assumed for simplicity that the vehicle is being accelerated from time t0 to t1.)
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0011] It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide an ECS apparatus for an anti-squat control which is capable of suppressing a squat occurring when a TPS signal rises and a drop of a nose portion of a vehicle occurring when the TPS signal declines after the rise thereof.
[0012] It is another object of the present invention to provide an ECS for an anti-squat control which is capable of suppressing a squat occurring when a differentiation value of the TPS signal rises and a drop of a nose portion of the vehicle occurring when the differentiation value of the TPS signal declines after the rise thereof.
[0013] In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an electronically controlled suspension apparatus, including:
[0014] a throttle position sensor for producing a TPS signal which is representative of an amount of a throttle opening;
[0015] at least one front damper mounted on a front portion of a vehicle body; and
[0016] an electronic control unit having:
[0017] a determination block for determining whether the TPS signal rises to be greater than a first reference value and for determining whether the TPS signal declines to be less than a second reference value; and
[0018] a damper control block, which adjusts a damping force of said at least one front damper according to the determination result made by the determination block,
[0019] wherein the damper control block sets said at least one front damper into a hard rebound mode to produce a hard rebound stroke during a first control time period when the determination block determines that the TPS signal rises to be greater than the first reference value, and then the damper control block sets said at least one front damper into a hard compression mode to produce a hard compression stroke for a second control time period when the determination block determines that the TPS signal declines to become less than the second reference value.
[0020] In accordance with another preferred embodiment of present invention, there is provided an electronically controlled suspension apparatus, including:
[0021] a throttle position sensor for producing a TPS signal which is representative of an amount of a throttle opening;
[0022] at least one front damper mounted on a front portion of a vehicle body; and
[0023] an electronic control unit having:
[0024] a differentiation block for differentiating the TPS signal;
[0025] a determination block for determining whether the differentiated TPS signal increases to be greater than a first reference value and for determining whether the TPS signal decreases to be less than a second reference value; and
[0026] a damper control block, which adjusts a damping force of said at least one front damper according to the determination result made by the determination block,
[0027] wherein the damper control block sets said at least one front damper into a hard rebound mode to produce a hard rebound stroke for a first control time period when the determination block determines that the differentiated TPS signal increases to be greater than a first reference value, and then the damper control block sets said at least one front damper into a hard compression mode for a second control time period when the determination block determines that the differentiated TPS signal decreases to be less than the second reference value.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0028] The above and other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments given in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0029]FIG. 1 is a conventional ECS apparatus for an anti-squat control in a block diagram;
[0030]FIG. 2 presents graphs illustrating a damping force profile provided by the conventional ECS apparatus and a vertical displacement of a nose portion of a vehicle;
[0031]FIG. 3 depicts an ECS apparatus for an anti-squat control in a block diagram and in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention;
[0032]FIG. 4 offers a graph illustrating a damping force profile provided by the ECS apparatus of the first preferred embodiment;
[0033]FIG. 5 sets forth an ECS apparatus for an anti-squat control in a block diagram and in accordance with a second preferred embodiment of the present invention; and
[0034]FIG. 6 releases a graph illustrating a damping force profile provided by the ECS apparatus of the first preferred embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0035] Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like parts appearing FIGS. 3 to 6 are represented by like reference numerals.
[0036] Referring to FIG. 3, there is illustrated an ECS (electronically controlled suspension) apparatus for anti-squat control in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention. The ECS apparatus for anti-squat control includes a TPS (throttle position sensor) 100 for producing an electrical TPS signal which is representative of a degree (or amount) of throttle opening, a vehicle speed sensor 105 for producing a speed signal which is representative of a speed of a vehicle, an ECU (electronic control unit) 110, front left and front right dampers 130F and rear left and rear right dampers 130R.
[0037] The ECU 110 determines damping forces of the dampers 130F, 130R in response to the TPS signals generated from the TPS 100 and optionally depending on the speed signals generated from the vehicle speed sensor 105. Then, the ECU 110 adjusts the damping forces of the front and rear dampers 130F, 130R according to the thus determined damping forces by way of activating actuators of, e.g., a step motor type or a solenoid type (not shown), of the dampers 130F, 130R.
[0038] The ECU 110 is provided with a determination block 111, which determines whether the TPS signal increases to be greater than a first reference value and also determines whether the TPS signal declines to be less than a second reference value; and a damper control block 113, which adjusts the damping forces of the dampers 130F, 130R according to the determination result made by the determination block 111.
[0039] The operation of the ECS apparatus of the present invention will now be described with reference to FIG. 4, which illustrates a damping force control profile provided by the ECS apparatus.
[0040] First, the TPS and speed signals are transmitted from the TPS 100 and the vehicle speed sensor 105 to the determination block 111 in which an increasing TPS signal is compared with a first reference value RV1 and a decreasing TPS signal is compared with a second reference value RV2, wherein the first reference value RV1 is different from and preferably greater than the second reference value RV2. If the determination block 111 determines that the TPS signal rises to exceed the first reference value RV1 at time t0 (see (a) of FIG. 4), the determination block 111 transmits an anti-squat signal to the damper control block 113 in order to operate the dampers 130F and 130R in an anti-squat mode as described below. Then, the damper control block 113 adjusts the damping forces of the dampers 130F, 130R substantially at time t0 in response to the anti-squat signal in order to suppress a squat.
[0041] As shown in (b) and (c) of FIG. 4, in a case where the dampers 130F, 130R are of the reverse type, the damper control block 113 sets the front dampers 130F into an H/S mode and maintains this damper setting from time t0 to time tl, i.e., during a control time period T1, to provide hard rebound and soft compression strokes, and sets the rear dampers 130R into an S/H mode and maintains this damper setting during the control time period T1 to provide soft rebound and hard compression strokes.
[0042] In contrast, if the dampers 130F, 130R are of the normal type, the damper control block 113 sets the front and rear dampers 130F, 130R into an H/H mode and maintains this damper setting during the control time T1 to provide hard rebound and hard compression strokes.
[0043] After the control time Ti, the determination block 111 transmits a reverting signal to the damper control block 113. Then, the damper control block 113 sets the front and rear dampers 130F, 130R into an S/S mode again and maintain this damper setting until the determination block 111 determines that the TPS signal decreases to be less than the second reference value RV2 at time t2 (see (a) of FIG. 4).
[0044] If the determination block 111 makes such a determination, it transmits an anti-dive signal to the damper control block 113 to operate the dampers 130F, 130R in an anti-dive mode as described below. Then, the damper control block 113 adjusts the damping forces of the dampers 130F, 130R substantially at time t2 in order to suppress a dive.
[0045] As shown in (b) and (c) of FIG. 4, when the dampers 130F, 130R are of the reverse type, the damper control block 113 sets the front dampers 130F into the S/H mode and maintains this damper setting from time t2 to time t3, i.e., during the control time period T2 to provide the soft rebound and hard compression strokes, and sets the rear dampers 130R into the H/S mode over the control time period T2 to provide the hard rebound and soft compression strokes.
[0046] In contrast, if the dampers 130F, 130R are of the normal type, the damper control block 113 sets the dampers 130F, 130R into an H/H mode during the control time T2 to provide the hard rebound and hard compression strokes.
[0047] After the control time T2, the determination block 111 transmits the reverting signal to the damper control block 113. Then, the damper control block 113 sets the front and rear dampers 130F, 130R into the S/S mode and maintain this damper setting until the determination block 111 determines that the TPS signal increases to be greater than the first reference value RV1 again.
[0048] The degree of the damping forces (i.e., the degree of the hardness and/or softness of the dampers) can be preferably made to be constant irrespective of the vehicle speed. In the present invention, however, the determination block 111 more preferably determines the degree of the damping forces of the dampers 130F, 130R depending on the speed signal transmitted from the vehicle speed sensor 105. In such a case, the anti-squat, and anti-dive signals transmitted from the determination block 111 to the damper control block 113 need to carry information about the degree of the damping forces. For instance, since the amount of squat and dive are likely to become greater at a lower vehicle speed, the degree of damping forces can be made to vary in inverse proportion to the speed of the vehicle at time t0 or time t2. Specifically, in case of the reverse type front dampers, the rebound and the compression of the dampers can be made harder and softer, respectively during the control time period T1 if the speed of the vehicle is lower at time t0. Similarly, the rebound and the compression of the front dampers of the reverse type can be controlled softer and harder during the control time period T2 for the lower vehicle speed at time t2. The rear dampers of the reverse type and the normal type dampers can be controlled in a similar manner. In addition, the lengths of the control time periods T1 and T2 can be made to vary depending on the vehicle speed detected by the vehicle speed sensor 105. Preferably, the lengths of the control times periods T1 and T2 are set in inverse proportion to the speed of the vehicle at time t0 and t2, respectively.
[0049] Further, if the time t2 precedes the time t1, the determination block 111 transmits the anti-dive signal to the damper control block 113 at time t2 without transmitting the reverting signal, so that the anti-squat control stops and the anti-dive control starts substantially at time t2.
[0050] As described above, the ECS apparatus for an anti-squat control in accordance with the first preferred embodiment sets the dampers into the anti-dive mode during the control time period T2 when the TPS signal decreases to be less than a second reference value. Therefore, a sudden drop of a front portion of the vehicle usually occurring when the TPS signal declines after a rise can be suppressed.
[0051] Referring to FIG. 5, there is illustrated an ECS apparatus for anti-squat control in accordance with a second preferred embodiment of the present invention. The ECS apparatus for anti-squat control of the second preferred embodiment includes a throttle position sensor (TPS) 200 for producing an electrical TPS signal which is representative of a degree (or amount) of throttle opening, a vehicle speed sensor 205 for producing a speed signal which is representative of a speed of a vehicle, an electronic control unit (ECU) 210, front left and front right dampers 230F and rear left and rear right dampers 230R.
[0052] The ECU 210 determines damping forces of the dampers 230F, 230R in response to the TPS signals generated from the TPS 200 and optionally depending on the speed signal generated from the vehicle speed sensor 205. Then, the ECU 210 adjusts the damping forces of the front and rear dampers 230F, 230R respectively according to the thus determined damping forces by way of operating actuators (not shown) of the dampers 230F, 230R.
[0053] The ECU 210 is provided with a differentiation block 211, which differentiates the TPS signal generated from the TPS 200; a low pass filter 212, which removes noises from the differentiated TPS signals; a determination block 213, which determines whether the processed TPS signal transmitted from the low pass filter 212 increases to be greater than a first reference value and also determines whether the processed TPS signal declines to be less than a second reference value; and a damper control block 215, which adjusts the damping forces of the dampers 230F, 230R according to the determination result made by the determination block 213.
[0054] The operation of the ECS apparatus of the second preferred embodiment will now be described with reference to FIG. 6, which illustrates damping force control profile provided by the ECS apparatus.
[0055] First, the TPS signal is transmitted from the TPS 200 to the differentiation block 211 in which the TPS signal is differentiated, and the speed signal is transmitted from the vehicle speed sensor 205 to the determination block 213. The differentiated TPS signal is transmitted to the low pass filter 212 which removes noises from the differentiated TPS signal. The differential value of the TPS signal generated from the low pass filter 212 is transmitted to the determination block 213 in which an increasing differential value of the TPS signal is compared with a first reference value RV3 and a decreasing differential value of the TPS signal is compared with a second reference value RV4. If the determination block 213 determines that the TPS signal rises to exceed the first reference value RV1 at time t0′ (see (b) of FIG. 6), the determination block 213 transmits an anti-squat signal to the damper control block 215 to operate the dampers 230F, 230R in an anti-squat mode as described below. Then, the damper control block 113 adjusts the damping forces of the dampers 230F, 230R substantially at time t0′ in response to the anti-squat signal in order to suppress a squat.
[0056] As shown in (c) and (d) of FIG. 6, in a case where the dampers 130F, 130R are of the reverse type, the damper control block 215 sets the front dampers 230F into an H/S mode and maintains this damper setting from time t0′ to time t1′, i.e., during a control time period T3, to provide hard rebound and soft compression strokes, and sets the rear dampers 230R into an S/H mode and maintains this damper setting during the control time period T3 to provide soft rebound and hard compression strokes.
[0057] In contrast, if the dampers 230F, 230R are of the normal type, the damper control block 215 sets the front and rear dampers 230F, 230R into an H/H mode and maintains this damper setting during the control time T3 to provide hard rebound and hard compression strokes.
[0058] After the control time T3, the determination block 213 transmits a reverting signal to the damper control block 215. Then, the damper control block 215 sets the front and rear dampers 230F, 230R into the S/S mode again and maintains this damper setting until the determination block 213 determines that the differential value of the TPS signal decreases to be less than the second reference value RV4 at time t2′ (see (b) of FIG. 6).
[0059] If the determination block 213 makes such a determination, it transmits an anti-dive signal to the damper control block 215 to operate the dampers 230F, 230R in an anti-dive mode as described below. Then, the damper control block 215 adjusts the damping forces of the dampers 230F, 230R substantially at time t2′ in order to suppress a dive.
[0060] As shown in (c) and (d) of FIG. 6, when the dampers 230F, 230R are of the reverse type, the damper control block 215 sets the front dampers 230F into the S/H mode and maintains this damper setting from time t2′ to time t3′, i.e., during the control time period T4, to provide the soft rebound and hard compression strokes, and sets the rear dampers 230R into the H/S mode during the control time period T4 to provide the hard rebound and soft compression strokes.
[0061] In contrast, if the dampers 230F, 230R are of the normal type, the damper control block 215 sets the dampers 230F, 230R into the H/H mode during the control time T4 to provide the hard rebound and hard compression strokes.
[0062] After the control time T4, the determination block 213 transmits the reverting signal to the damper control block 215. Then, the damper control block 215 sets the front and rear dampers 230F, 230R into the S/S mode and maintain this damper setting until the determination block 213 determines that the differential value of the TPS signal increases to be greater than the first reference value RV3 again.
[0063] The degree of the damping forces (i.e., the degree of the hardness and/or softness of the dampers) can be preferably made to be constant irrespective of the vehicle speed. In the present invention, however, the determination block 213 more preferably determines the degree of the damping forces of the dampers 230F, 230R depending on the speed signal transmitted from the vehicle speed sensor 205. In such a case, the anti-squat, and anti-dive signals transmitted from the determination block 213 to the damper control block 215 need to carry information about the degree of the damping forces. For instance, since the amount of squat and dive are likely to become greater at a lower vehicle speed, the degree of damping forces can be made to vary in inverse proportion to the speed of the vehicle at time t0′ or time t2′. Specifically, in case of the reverse type front dampers, the rebound and the compression of the dampers can be made harder and softer, respectively during the control time period T3 if the speed of the vehicle is lower at time t0′. Similarly, the rebound and the compression of the front dampers of the reverse type can be controlled softer and harder during the control time period T4 for the lower vehicle speed at time t2′. The rear dampers of the reverse type and the normal type dampers can be controlled in a similar manner. In addition, the lengths of the control time periods T3 and T4 can be made to vary depending on the vehicle speed detected by the vehicle speed sensor 205. Preferably, the lengths of the control time periods T3 and T4 are set in inverse proportion to the speed of the vehicle at time t0′ and t2′, respectively.
[0064] Further, if the time t2′ precedes the time t1′, the determination block 213 transmits the anti-dive signal to the damper control block 215 at time t2′ without transmitting the reverting signal, so that the anti-squat control stops and the anti-dive control starts at time t2′.
[0065] As described above, the ECS apparatus for anti-squat control in accordance with the second preferred embodiment sets the dampers into the anti-dive mode during the control time period T4 when the processed TPS signal decreases to be less than a second reference value. Therefore, a sudden drop of a front portion of the vehicle usually occurring when the processed TPS signal declines after a rise can be suppressed.
[0066] While the invention has been shown and described with respect to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.
What is claimed is:
1. An electronically controlled suspension apparatus, comprising: a throttle position sensor for producing a TPS signal which is representative of an amount of a throttle opening; at least one front damper mounted on a front portion of a vehicle body; and an electronic control unit including: a determination block for determining whether the TPS signal rises to be greater than a first reference value and for determining whether the TPS signal declines to be less than a second reference value; and a damper control block, which adjusts a damping force of said at least one front damper according to the determination result made by the determination block, wherein the damper control block sets said at least one front damper into a hard rebound mode to produce a hard rebound stroke during a first control time period when the determination block determines that the TPS signal rises to be greater than the first reference value, and then the damper control block sets said at least one front damper into a hard compression mode to produce a hard compression stroke for a second control time period when the determination block determines that the TPS signal declines to become less than the second reference value.
2. The electronically controlled suspension apparatus of claim 1, wherein the determination block allows the damper control block to set said at least one front damper into soft rebound and soft compression mode to produce soft rebound and soft compression strokes after the second control time period.
3. The electronically controlled suspension apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a vehicle speed sensor for producing a speed signal which is representative of a speed of a vehicle and transmitted to the determination block, wherein the electronic control unit adjusts the damping force in a manner that a degree of the damping force varies in inverse proportion to the speed of the vehicle.
4. The electronically controlled suspension apparatus of claim 1, further comprising at least one rear damper mounted on a rear portion of the vehicle, wherein the damper control block adjusts a damping force of said at least one rear damper according to the determination result made by the determination block, and wherein the damper control block sets said at least one rear damper into the hard compression mode to produce the hard compression stroke for the first control time period when the determination block determines that the TPS signal rises to become greater than the first reference value, and then the damper control block sets said at least one rear damper into the hard rebound mode to produce the hard rebound stroke for the second control time period when the determination block determines that the TPS signal declines to be less than the second reference value.
5. The electronically controlled suspension apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first reference value is greater than the second reference value.
6. An electronically controlled suspension apparatus, comprising: a throttle position sensor for producing a TPS signal which is representative of an amount of a throttle opening; at least one front damper mounted on a front portion of a vehicle body; and an electronic control unit including: a differentiation block for differentiating the TPS signal; a determination block for determining whether the differentiated TPS signal increases to be greater than a first reference value and for determining whether the TPS signal decreases to be less than a second reference value; and a damper control block, which adjusts a damping force of said at least one front damper according to the determination result made by the determination block, wherein the damper control block sets said at least one front damper into a hard rebound mode to produce a hard rebound stroke for a first control time period when the determination block determines that the differentiated TPS signal increases to be greater than a first reference value, and then the damper control block sets said at least one front damper into a hard compression mode for a second control time period when the determination block determines that the differentiated TPS signal decreases to be less than the second reference value.
7. The electronically controlled suspension apparatus of claim 6, wherein the damper control block sets said at least one front damper into soft rebound and soft compression mode to produce soft rebound and soft compression strokes after the second control time period.
8. The electronically controlled suspension apparatus of claim 6, further comprising a vehicle speed sensor for producing a speed signal which is representative of a speed of a vehicle and transmitted to the determination block, wherein the electronic control unit adjusts the damping force in a manner that a degree of the damping force varies in inverse proportion to the speed of the vehicle.
9. The electronically controlled suspension apparatus of claim 6, further comprising at least one rear damper mounted on a rear portion of the vehicle, wherein the damper control block adjusts a damping force of said at least one rear damper according to the determination result made by the determination block, and wherein the damper control block sets said at least one rear damper into the hard compression mode to produce the hard compression stroke for the first control time period when the determination block determines that the differentiated TPS signal is greater than the first reference value, and then the damper control block sets said at least one rear damper into the hard rebound for the second control time period when the determination block determines that the differentiated TPS signal is less than the second reference value..
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github_open_source_100_1_69 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import { shallow } from 'enzyme';
import * as React from 'react';
import AlertCopy from '../AlertCopy';
const defaultProps = {};
describe('AlertCopy.tsx', () => {
it('should render', () => {
const app = shallow(<AlertCopy {...defaultProps} />);
expect(app).toMatchSnapshot();
});
});
|
github_open_source_100_1_70 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | class Solution {
struct CitAndNum {
int citations=0; // exactly these number of citations
int num_papers=0; // for these number of papers
};
public:
int hIndex(vector<int>& citations) {
map<int, int> cits_to_num_papers;
for (int c : citations) {cits_to_num_papers[c]++;}
vector<CitAndNum> can;
for (const auto& kv : cits_to_num_papers) {can.push_back({kv.first, kv.second});}
std::sort(can.begin(), can.end(), [](const CitAndNum& lhs, const CitAndNum& rhs) -> bool {
if (lhs.citations != rhs.citations) return (lhs.citations < rhs.citations);
return (lhs.num_papers < rhs.num_papers);
});
const int total_papers=citations.size();
int sum_papers=0;
int h = can.back().citations;
int cp = can.size()-1;
for (; h>=0 && cp>=0; h--) {
if (h == can[cp].citations) {
sum_papers += can[cp--].num_papers;
}
if (sum_papers >= h) {
return h;
}
}
return citations.size();
}
};
|
github_open_source_100_1_71 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <template>
<div class="music-list">
<ul class='albums'>
<li v-for='obj in musicList' :key="obj.id">
<router-link :to="'/music/music_player/'+obj.id+'/aa'">
<img :src="obj.bg" alt="">
</router-link>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</template>
<script>
import Axios from 'axios'
export default {
data(){
return {
musicList: []
}
},
mounted(){
Axios.get('/static/musiclist.json')
.then((res)=>{
this.musicList = res.data.albums;
})
},
}
</script>
<style>
.albums{
position: absolute;
top : 1rem;
bottom : 1rem;
width : 100%;
}
.albums li{
width : 50%;
height: 33.33%;
float : left;
}
.albums li img{
width : 100%;
height: 100%;
}
</style>
|
a5c39a60436ac68908db457bf898a73c_1 | French Open Data | Various open data | RCS non inscrit
LANEIGES
Grégoire
Agir Formation Occitanie
Création
établissement principal
prestation de service commercial/télévente
60
Rue
Hervé Harant
34400
Lunel
2021-07-06
Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal
2021-07-01.
|
github_open_source_100_1_72 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
namespace App\Domain\Base\Categories\Categories\DTO;
use Spatie\DataTransferObject\DataTransferObject;
class CategoryDTO extends DataTransferObject
{
/* @var integer|null */
public $id;
public static function fromRequest($request)
{
return new self([
'id' => $request['id'] ?? null,
]);
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_73 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #include "fbcunit.bi"
SUITE( fbc_tests.overload_.op_cast_coercion )
const TEST_VAL_BYTE = 1
const TEST_VAL_SHORT = 2
const TEST_VAL_INTEGER = 3
const TEST_VAL_LONG = 4
const TEST_VAL_LONGINT = 5
const TEST_VAL_UBYTE = 6
const TEST_VAL_USHORT = 7
const TEST_VAL_UINTEGER = 8
const TEST_VAL_ULONG = 9
const TEST_VAL_ULONGINT = 10
const TEST_VAL_SINGLE = 11
const TEST_VAL_DOUBLE = 12
type foo
as byte pad
declare operator cast() as byte
declare operator cast() as short
declare operator cast() as integer
declare operator cast() as long
declare operator cast() as longint
declare operator cast() as ubyte
declare operator cast() as ushort
declare operator cast() as uinteger
declare operator cast() as ulong
declare operator cast() as ulongint
declare operator cast() as single
declare operator cast() as double
end type
#macro gen_test( tp )
operator foo.cast() as tp
return TEST_VAL_##tp
end operator
sub tp##_ref( byref v as tp )
CU_ASSERT_EQUAL( v, TEST_VAL_##tp )
end sub
sub tp##_val( byval v as tp )
CU_ASSERT_EQUAL( v, TEST_VAL_##tp )
end sub
TEST( tp##_test )
dim f as foo
tp##_ref( f )
tp##_val( f )
END_TEST
#endmacro
gen_test( byte )
gen_test( short )
gen_test( integer )
gen_test( long )
gen_test( longint )
gen_test( single )
gen_test( double )
gen_test( ubyte )
gen_test( ushort )
gen_test( uinteger )
gen_test( ulong )
gen_test( ulongint )
END_SUITE
|
5539577_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | *887Appeal dismissed, without costs, by the Court of Appeals sua sponte, upon the ground that the dissent at the Appellate Division is not by at least two Justices (CPLR 5601 [a]).
|
US-201916533138-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Corner shot firearm
ABSTRACT
A corner shot firearm comprises one or more clamp, a trigger actuator, a front grip, an accessory trigger, a pivot stud and an aim control wheel. The clamp includes a first mounting point disposed at a front end of the clamp, wherein the first mounting point is configured to mount a secondary firearm. Additionally, the trigger actuator is connected to the first mounting point. The front grip is attached to a rear end of the clamp. The accessory trigger is connected to the front grip such that the accessory trigger is actuatable by a finger of the human hand holding the front grip. Additionally, the pivot stud is connected to the first mounting point. Further, the aim control wheel is connected to the first mounting point.
The current application claims a priority to the U.S. Provisional Patentapplication Ser. No. 62/714,989 filed on Aug. 6, 2018.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention generally relates to firearms. More specifically,the present invention relates to a corner shot firearm.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
An individual's ability to aim or fire at two simultaneous targets indifferent locations has not currently been adequately addressed. Withindividuals in battle scenarios a firearm with the ability to shootaround a corner without exposing the individual will be beneficial tothe individual using the firearm.
Therefore, there is a need for an improved firearm that may overcome oneor more of the above-mentioned problems and/or limitations.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form, that are further described below in the DetailedDescription. This summary is not intended to identify key features oressential features of the claimed subject matter. Nor is this summaryintended to be used to limit the claimed subject matter's scope.
Disclosed is a corner shot firearm. The corner shot firearm comprises aclamp comprising a first mounting point disposed at a front end of theclamp, wherein the first mounting point is configured to mount asecondary firearm. Further, the corner shot firearm comprises a triggeractuator connected to the first mounting point, wherein the triggeractuator is configured to actuate a secondary trigger of the secondaryfirearm mounted to the first mounting point. Further, the corner shotfirearm comprises a front grip attached to a rear end of the clamp,wherein the front grip is configured to be held by a human hand.Further, the corner shot firearm comprises an accessory triggerconnected to the front grip such that the accessory trigger isactuatable by a finger of the human hand holding the front grip, whereinthe accessory trigger is coupled to the trigger actuator such than anactuation of the accessory trigger causes the trigger actuator toactuate the secondary trigger. Further, the corner shot firearmcomprises a pivot stud connected to the first mounting point, whereinthe pivot stud is configured to allow the first mounting point to bepivotally rotated in relation to the rear end of the clamp. Further, thecorner shot firearm comprises an aim control wheel connected to thefirst mounting point, wherein the aim control wheel is configured to berotated, wherein a rotation of the aim control wheel causes acorresponding pivotal rotation of the first mounting point.
Both the foregoing summary and the following detailed descriptionprovide examples and are explanatory only. Accordingly, the foregoingsummary and the following detailed description should not be consideredto be restrictive. Further, features or variations may be provided inaddition to those set forth herein. For example, embodiments may bedirected to various feature combinations and sub-combinations describedin the detailed description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of this disclosure, illustrate various embodiments of the presentdisclosure. The drawings contain representations of various trademarksand copyrights owned by the Applicants. In addition, the drawings maycontain other marks owned by third parties and are being used forillustrative purposes only. All rights to various trademarks andcopyrights represented herein, except those belonging to theirrespective owners, are vested in and the property of the applicants. Theapplicants retain and reserve all rights in their trademarks andcopyrights included herein, and grant permission to reproduce thematerial only in connection with reproduction of the granted patent andfor no other purpose.
Furthermore, the drawings may contain text or captions that may explaincertain embodiments of the present disclosure. This text is included forillustrative, non-limiting, explanatory purposes of certain embodimentsdetailed in the present disclosure.
FIG. 1 is a right side view of a corner shot firearm according to someembodiments.
FIG. 2 is a front view of the corner shot firearm according to someembodiments.
FIG. 3 is a right side view of a transmission of the corner shot firearmaccording to some embodiments.
FIG. 4 is a right side view of a transmission of the corner shot firearmaccording to some embodiments.
FIG. 5 is a right side view of the clamp of the corner shot firearmaccording to some embodiments.
FIG. 6 is a right side view of the corner shot firearm with a frontsection and a rear section of the corner shot firearm separated, inaccordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 7 is a rear view of a corner shot firearm in accordance with someembodiments.
FIG. 8 is a rear view of a corner shot firearm in accordance with someembodiments.
FIG. 9 is a top view of a secondary firearm brace for a secondaryfirearm in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 10 is a right side view of a clamp of a corner shot firearm with amounting point configured to mount a primary firearm, in accordance withsome embodiments.
DETAIL DESCRIPTIONS OF THE INVENTION
As a preliminary matter, it will readily be understood by one havingordinary skill in the relevant art that the present disclosure has broadutility and application. As should be understood, any embodiment mayincorporate only one or a plurality of the above-disclosed aspects ofthe disclosure and may further incorporate only one or a plurality ofthe above-disclosed features. Furthermore, any embodiment discussed andidentified as being “preferred” is considered to be part of a best modecontemplated for carrying out the embodiments of the present disclosure.Other embodiments also may be discussed for additional illustrativepurposes in providing a full and enabling disclosure. Moreover, manyembodiments, such as adaptations, variations, modifications, andequivalent arrangements, will be implicitly disclosed by the embodimentsdescribed herein and fall within the scope of the present disclosure.
Accordingly, while embodiments are described herein in detail inrelation to one or more embodiments, it is to be understood that thisdisclosure is illustrative and exemplary of the present disclosure, andare made merely for the purposes of providing a full and enablingdisclosure. The detailed disclosure herein of one or more embodiments isnot intended, nor is to be construed, to limit the scope of patentprotection afforded in any claim of a patent issuing here from, whichscope is to be defined by the claims and the equivalents thereof. It isnot intended that the scope of patent protection be defined by readinginto any claim limitation found herein and/or issuing here from thatdoes not explicitly appear in the claim itself.
Thus, for example, any sequence(s) and/or temporal order of steps ofvarious processes or methods that are described herein are illustrativeand not restrictive. Accordingly, it should be understood that, althoughsteps of various processes or methods may be shown and described asbeing in a sequence or temporal order, the steps of any such processesor methods are not limited to being carried out in any particularsequence or order, absent an indication otherwise. Indeed, the steps insuch processes or methods generally may be carried out in variousdifferent sequences and orders while still falling within the scope ofthe present disclosure. Accordingly, it is intended that the scope ofpatent protection is to be defined by the issued claim(s) rather thanthe description set forth herein.
Additionally, it is important to note that each term used herein refersto that which an ordinary artisan would understand such term to meanbased on the contextual use of such term herein. To the extent that themeaning of a term used herein—as understood by the ordinary artisanbased on the contextual use of such term—differs in any way from anyparticular dictionary definition of such term, it is intended that themeaning of the term as understood by the ordinary artisan shouldprevail.
Furthermore, it is important to note that, as used herein, “a” and “an”each generally denotes “at least one,” but does not exclude a pluralityunless the contextual use dictates otherwise. When used herein to join alist of items, “or” denotes “at least one of the items,” but does notexclude a plurality of items of the list. Finally, when used herein tojoin a list of items, “and” denotes “all of the items of the list.”
The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings.Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used in the drawingsand the following description to refer to the same or similar elements.While many embodiments of the disclosure may be described,modifications, adaptations, and other implementations are possible. Forexample, substitutions, additions, or modifications may be made to theelements illustrated in the drawings, and the methods described hereinmay be modified by substituting, reordering, or adding stages to thedisclosed methods. Accordingly, the following detailed description doesnot limit the disclosure. Instead, the proper scope of the disclosure isdefined by the claims found herein and/or issuing here from. The presentdisclosure contains headers. It should be understood that these headersare used as references and are not to be construed as limiting upon thesubjected matter disclosed under the header.
The present disclosure includes many aspects and features. Moreover,while many aspects and features relate to, and are described in thecontext of firearms, embodiments of the present disclosure are notlimited to use only in this context.
Overview
According to some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generallyto an apparatus for a rifle. Further, the disclosure relates to anapparatus for a firearm, shotgun, or any type gun that has a pivotingpistol or any type barrel mounted underneath the main firearm allowingfor an individual to shoot a target around a corner or aim on twoseparate targets at one time.
According to some embodiments, a corner shot firearm is disclosed. Thecorner shot firearm may be a useful gun that can be used by soldiers,police, security forces, recreational users, and any other interesteduser. Further, the firearm may be designed with aplastic/composite/metal/other material shell which can come in a varietyof colors, such as camouflage, dark red, purple, etc. Further, the topof the firearm allows for open sight. In an alternative embodiment, ascope may be mounted on the firearm with a light on top of the scope.
Further, the disclosed corner shot firearm may be fully operational andready to shoot around corners before it is attached to a firearm.Further, the corner shot firearm may be battery operated. The cornershot firearm has a clamp which holds a pistol. Further, this clamp maybe connected to a pivot stud which allows a user to pivot the pistolaround corners. Further, the corner shot firearm has an LCD displayscreen which shows images from a pivoting pistol attachment on thefirearm. Further, the corner shot firearm has an auto-trigger devicewhich allows the user to fire the weapon with an accessory trigger.
Further, the corner shot firearm has an aim control wheel which allowsthe user to pivot the attached pistol around corners.
Further, the corner shot firearm has space around the top of theattached pistol which allows the top of the pistol to eject shellcasings. Further, the corner shot firearm has a specific distance orpart of the brace that fastens to the pistol grip in order to facilitatethe attachment of the pistol to the firearm.
Further, the corner shot firearm has a small chain which ride upon gearsor any other method such as belt drive which facilitates the pivotingmotion of the corner shot firearm.
Further, the corner shot firearm has clamps which attach the corner shotfirearm to a hand rail or a barrel of the firearm. The corner shotfirearm has the pistol harness which may be moved by the chain drivenpivot and controlled by the aim control wheel. This pistol harness maybe designed to attach many different kinds of pistols.
Further, the corner shot firearm has an electric wire which connects thepistol sighting camera with the LCD display, this function may also bewireless.
Further, the corner shot firearm has the pistol harness which has anadditional brace. The pistol brace and the control wheel serve partly asa hand grip to operate the control wheel.
Further, the corner shot firearm has an LCD target monitor which may beattached to the left side but can be designed to fit the right sideabove the trigger of the firearm.
Further, the corner shot firearm has the LCD target monitor may bezooming capable and displays remaining rounds left to be fired, also canbe set in an open or closed position. The accessory trigger fits overthe primary trigger and may be designed to fit perfectly on any firearm.
Further, the corner shot firearm may be easily attached to the hand railor the barrel of a firearm. Additionally, the LCD target monitor may beeasily attached to the left side above the trigger of the firearm. Theaccessory trigger may be set in front of the primary trigger. Thisaccessory trigger may be in a convenient place for firing and allows forremote firing of the pistol trigger. The pistol brace has a pistolattached to it. A pistol can be attached and removed quickly.Additionally, the pistol brace can be attached with a pistol attached oronly the pistol can be removed. The user can rotate a pistol free handaround a corner if the pistol may be unlocked from the control wheel andpistol brace.
Further, the corner shot firearm provides an apparatus for a firearmthat has a pivoting pistol apparatus attached underneath a main firearm,so the individual can fire around a corner without exposing their bodyand at the same time be able to aim at a different target with the samefirearm.
Further, with the corner shot firearm, an individual has the ability tocover their front with a primary firearm and fire at various targets andaround corners. The corner shot firearm has a pivoting pistol or barrelapparatus attached underneath a primary firearm so the individual canfire around a corner without exposing their body and at the same time beable to aim at a different target with the same firearm.
Referring now to figures, FIG. 1 is a right side view of a corner shotfirearm 100 according to some embodiments. Further, the corner shotfirearm 100 may include a clamp 102. The clamp 102 may include a firstmounting point 104 disposed at a front end of the clamp 102. Further,the first mounting point 104 may be configured to mount a secondaryfirearm 106.
Further, the corner shot firearm 100 may include a trigger actuator 108connected to the first mounting point 104. Further, the trigger actuator108 may be configured to actuate a secondary trigger 110 of thesecondary firearm 106 mounted to the first mounting point 104.
According to further embodiments, the trigger actuator 108 may includean electromechanical actuator configured to actuate the secondarytrigger based on a control signal received from a controller. Further,the controller may be electrically coupled to the accessory trigger.Further, the controller may be configured to generate the control signalbased on actuation of the accessory trigger. Further, the corner shotfirearm 100 may further include a power source configured to provideelectrical energy to the electromechanical actuator.
Further, the corner shot firearm 100 may include a front grip 112attached to a rear end of the clamp 102. Further, the front grip 112 maybe configured to be held by a human hand.
Further, the corner shot firearm 100 may include an accessory trigger114 connected to the front grip 112 such that the accessory trigger 114may be actuatable by a finger of the human hand holding the front grip112. Further, the accessory trigger 114 may be coupled to the triggeractuator 108 such than an actuation of the accessory trigger 114 causesthe trigger actuator 108 to actuate the secondary trigger 110.
Further, the corner shot firearm 100 may include a pivot stud (shown inFIG. 3) connected to the first mounting point 104. Further, the pivotstud may be configured to allow the first mounting point 104 to bepivotally rotated in relation to the rear end of the clamp 102.
Further, the corner shot firearm 100 may include an aim control wheel116 connected to the first mounting point 104. Further, the aim controlwheel 116 may be configured to be rotated, wherein a rotation of the aimcontrol wheel 116 causes a corresponding pivotal rotation of the firstmounting point 104. Further, the aim control wheel 116 may be coupledwith the pivot stud.
According to some embodiments, the clamp 102 may further include asecond mounting point configured to mount a primary firearm. The primaryfirearm may at least one of a rifle, a shotgun, a long gun, a machinegun, an automatic rifle, an assault rifles. Further, the second mountingpoint may be configured to mount at least one of a hand-rail and abarrel of the primary firearm. Further, the clamp may include a fourthmounting point configured to mount at least one of a scope configured toprovide optical magnification, a light source configured to emit lightand a primary camera configured to capture an image, wherein a primaryoptical axis of the primary camera is parallel to a primary line of fireof the primary firearm mounted to the second mounting point.
According to some embodiments, the first mounting point 104 may includea quick release mechanism configured to facilitate mounting anddemounting of the secondary firearm 106 to the first mounting point 104.Further, the quick release mechanism may allow a user to easily andquickly remove an attached device, such as the secondary firearm 106.Further, at least one of an electroshock weapon, or a knife may bemounted at the first mounting point 104.
According to some embodiments, a locking mechanism may be coupled to thefirst mounting point 104. Further, the locking mechanism may beconfigured to be set in one of a locked state and an unlocked state.While in the locked state, the locking mechanism may be configured toprevent movement of the first mounting point 104 independent of therotation of the aim control wheel 116. While in the unlocked state, thelocking mechanism may be configured to allow pivotal rotation of thefirst mounting point 104 by a rotatory force imparted directly to thefirst mounting point 104.
For example, the locking mechanism may include a pin that prevents thefirst mounting point 104 (and any attached items, such as the secondaryfirearm 106) from rotating. This allows a user to steady the secondaryfirearm 106 and prevent undesired movements. Further, the lockingmechanism may be configured to lock the secondary firearm 106 in aforward facing position by default.
FIG. 2 is a front view of the corner shot firearm 100 according to someembodiments. Further, the corner shot firearm 100 may include a viewfinder 202. Further, the secondary firearm 106 may include a muzzle 204.
Further, the secondary firearm 106 may include a pistol. Further, thefirst mounting point 104 may include a receptacle (not shown) configuredto receive at least a portion of a hand-grip 208 of the pistol, whereina depth 210 of the receptacle may be based on a length of the hand-grip208. Further, a dimension of the receptacle corresponds to a dimensionof barrel of the secondary firearm 106.
Further, a structure of the first mounting point 104 may provide a spacearound a top of the secondary firearm 106 mounted to the first mountingpoint 104 in order to facilitate ejection of shell casings from thesecondary firearm 106.
FIG. 3 is a right side view of a transmission 302 of the corner shotfirearm 100 according to some embodiments. The transmission 302 isinstalled within the body of the clamp 102. Further, a first end of thetransmission 302 may be rotationally coupled to the aim control wheel116 and a second end of the transmission 302 may be rotationally coupledto the first mounting point 104.
In further embodiments, the transmission may include a power sourceconfigured to provide electrical energy. Further, the transmission mayinclude an electric motor rotationally coupled to the second end of thetransmission. Further, the electric motor may be electrically coupled tothe power source. Yet further, the transmission may include a rotationsensor coupled to the aim control wheel. The rotation sensor may beconfigured to generate rotation data corresponding to rotation of theaim control wheel. Further, the transmission may include a controllerelectrically coupled to the electric motor. The controller may beconfigured to control the electric motor based on the rotation data.
In some embodiments, the transmission 302 may include a plurality ofgears 304, 306, 310 forming a gear train. Further, a first gear 304 ofthe gear train may be rotationally coupled to the aim control wheel 116.Further, a second gear 306 of the gear train may be rotationally coupledto first mounting point 104. The second gear 306 may be rotationallycoupled to first mounting point 104 via a pivot stud 308. Yet further, athird gear 310 of the gear train may connect with both the first gear304 and the second gear 306.
FIG. 4 is a right side view of a transmission 402 of the corner shotfirearm 100 according to some embodiments. Further, the transmission 402may include a first pulley 404 rotationally coupled to the aim controlwheel 116. Further, the transmission 402 may include a second pulley 406rotationally coupled to the first mounting point 104. Further, thetransmission 402 may include a belt 408 configured to couple the firstpulley 404 to second pulley 406.
FIG. 5 is a right side view of the clamp 102 of the corner shot firearm100 according to some embodiments. The clamp 102 may include a mountingpoint 502, which may be used to mount one or more accessories such as acamera, a display, and a view finder.
FIG. 6 is a right side view of the corner shot firearm 100 with a frontsection 602 and a rear section 604 of the corner shot firearm 100separated, in accordance with some embodiments. An electric wire 606 mayconnect the clamp 102 to a display device 608, such as an LCD targetmonitor. The electric wire 606 is secured in the body of the corner shotfirearm 100.
FIG. 7 is a rear view of a corner shot firearm 700 in accordance withsome embodiments. Further, the corner shot firearm 700 may include asecondary camera 702 attached to a clamp 704 at a second mounting point706 on the clamp 704. Further, a secondary optical axis of the secondarycamera 702 is parallel to a line of fire corresponding to a secondaryfirearm mounted at the first mounting point of the clamp 704.
Further, a display device 708 may be attached to the clamp 704 at athird mounting point on the clamp 704. Further, the display device 708may be communicatively coupled to the secondary camera 702. Further, thedisplay device 708 may be configured to display an image captured by thesecondary camera 702. FIG. 7 shows the display device 708 in an openstate. FIG. 8 shows the display device 708 in a closed state.
Further, the third mounting point may include a left third mountingpoint on a first lateral side of the clamp 102 and a right thirdmounting point on a second lateral side of the clamp 102. Further, thedisplay device 708 may be attachable to each of the left third mountingpoint and the right.
Further, a power source (not shown) electrically coupled to each of thesecondary camera 702 and the display device 708. Further, the powersource may be configured to provide electrical energy to each of thesecondary camera 702 and the display device 708.
In further embodiments, the corner shot firearm 100 may include anammunition sensor (not shown) which may be configured to sense a numberof ammunition rounds remaining in the secondary firearm 106. Further,the display device 708 may be communicatively coupled to the ammunitionsensor, wherein the display device 708 may be further configured todisplay the number of ammunition rounds remaining.
FIG. 9 is a top view of a secondary firearm brace 902 for the secondaryfirearm 106 in accordance with some embodiments. Further, a first end ofthe secondary firearm brace 902 may be connected to the first mountingpoint 104 and a second end of the secondary firearm brace 902 may beconnectable to a hand-grip of the secondary firearm 106. Further, thesecondary firearm brace 902 may be configured to secure the secondaryfirearm 106 to the first mounting point 104 in spite of a recoil of thesecondary firearm 106 upon firing of the secondary firearm 106.
FIG. 10 is a right side view of a clamp 1002 of a corner shot firearm1000 with a mounting point configured to mount a primary firearm 1004,in accordance with some embodiments. Further, the clamp 1002 includes afirst mounting point configured to mount a secondary firearm 1006.
Further, the corner shot firearm 1000 includes a trigger actuatorconnected to the first mounting point, wherein the trigger actuator isconfigured to actuate a secondary trigger 1008 of the secondary firearm1006 mounted to the first mounting point.
Further, an accessory trigger 1010 may be connected to a rear grip 1012such that the accessory trigger 1010 may be actuatable by a finger ofthe human hand holding the rear grip 1012, wherein the accessory trigger1010 may be coupled to the trigger actuator such than an actuation ofthe accessory trigger 1010 causes the trigger actuator to actuate thesecondary trigger 1006.
Further, a primary trigger 1014 may be actuatable by a finger of thehuman hand holding the rear grip 1012. The primary trigger 1014 may beused to operate the primary firearm 1004.
According to some embodiments, at least one of the first mounting point104, the second mounting point, the third mounting point and the fourthmounting point may include a quick release mechanism configured tofacilitate mounting and demounting of the respective components mountedat the at least one of the first mounting point 104, the second mountingpoint, the third mounting point and the fourth mounting point.
Although the present disclosure has been explained in relation to itspreferred embodiment, it is to be understood that many other possiblemodifications and variations can be made without departing from thespirit and scope of the disclosure.
What is claimed is:
1. A corner shot firearm comprising: a clampcomprising a first mounting point disposed at a front end of the clamp,wherein the first mounting point is configured to mount a secondaryfirearm; a trigger actuator connected to the first mounting point,wherein the trigger actuator is configured to actuate a secondarytrigger of a secondary firearm mounted to the first mounting point; afront grip attached to a rear end of the clamp, wherein the front gripis configured to be held by a human hand; an accessory trigger connectedto the front grip such that the accessory trigger is actuatable by afinger of a human hand holding the front grip, wherein the accessorytrigger is coupled to the trigger actuator such than an actuation of theaccessory trigger causes the trigger actuator to actuate the secondarytrigger; a pivot stud connected to the first mounting point, wherein thepivot stud is configured to allow the first mounting point to bepivotally rotated in relation to the rear end of the clamp; and an aimcontrol wheel connected to the first mounting point, wherein the aimcontrol wheel is configured to be rotated, wherein a rotation of the aimcontrol wheel causes a corresponding pivotal rotation of the firstmounting point.
2. The corner shot firearm of claim 1 furthercomprising: a secondary camera attached to the clamp at a secondmounting point on the clamp, wherein a secondary optical axis of thesecondary camera is parallel to a line of fire corresponding to thesecondary firearm mounted to the first mounting point; a display deviceattached to the clamp at a third mounting point on the clamp, whereinthe display device is communicatively coupled to the secondary camera,wherein the display device is configured to display an image captured bythe secondary camera; and a power source electrically coupled to each ofthe secondary camera and the display device, wherein the power source isconfigured to provide electrical energy to each of the secondary cameraand the display device.
3. The corner shot firearm of claim 2, whereinthe third mounting point comprises a left third mounting point on afirst lateral side of the clamp and a right third mounting point on asecond lateral side of the clamp, wherein the display device isattachable to each of the left third mounting point and the right thirdmounting point.
4. The corner shot firearm of claim 2 further comprisingan ammunition sensor configured to sense a number of ammunition roundsremaining in the secondary firearm, wherein the display device iscommunicatively coupled to the ammunition sensor, wherein the displaydevice is further configured to display the number of ammunition roundsremaining.
5. The corner shot firearm of claim 1 further comprising atransmission, wherein a first end of the transmission is rotationallycoupled to the aim control wheel and a second end of the transmission isrotationally coupled to the first mounting point.
6. The corner shotfirearm of claim 5, wherein the transmission comprises a plurality ofgears forming a gear train, wherein a first gear of the gear train isrotationally coupled to the aim control wheel, wherein a second gear ofthe gear train is rotationally coupled to first mounting point.
7. Thecorner shot firearm of claim 5, wherein the transmission comprises: afirst pulley rotationally coupled to the aim control wheel; a secondpulley rotationally coupled to the first mounting point; and a beltconfigured to couple the first pulley to second pulley.
8. The cornershot firearm of claim 5, wherein the transmission further comprises: apower source configured to provide electrical energy; an electric motorrotationally coupled to the second end of the transmission, wherein theelectric motor is electrically coupled to the power source; a rotationsensor coupled to the aim control wheel, wherein the rotation sensor isconfigured to generate rotation data corresponding to rotation of theaim control wheel; and a controller electrically coupled to the electricmotor, wherein the controller is configured to control the electricmotor based on the rotation data.
9. The corner shot firearm of claim 1,wherein the clamp further comprises a second mounting point configuredto mount a primary firearm.
10. The corner shot firearm of claim 9,wherein the second mounting point is configured to mount at least one ofa hand-rail and a barrel of the primary firearm.
11. The corner shotfirearm of claim 9, wherein the clamp further comprises a fourthmounting point configured to mount at least one of a scope configured toprovide optical magnification, a light source configured to emit lightand a primary camera configured to capture an image, wherein a primaryoptical axis of the primary camera is parallel to a primary line of fireof a primary firearm mounted to the second mounting point.
12. Thecorner shot firearm of claim 1, wherein the first mounting pointcomprises a quick release mechanism configured to facilitate mountingand demounting of the secondary firearm to the first mounting point. 13.The corner shot firearm of claim 1, wherein the first mounting pointcomprises a receptacle, wherein a dimension of the receptaclecorresponds to a dimension of a barrel of the secondary firearm.
14. Thecorner shot firearm of claim 1, wherein the trigger actuator comprisesan electromechanical actuator configured to actuate the secondarytrigger based on a control signal received from a controller, whereinthe controller is electrically coupled to the accessory trigger, whereinthe controller is configured to generate the control signal based onactuation of the accessory trigger, wherein the corner shot firearmfurther comprises a power source configured to provide electrical energyto the electromechanical actuator.
15. The corner shot firearm of claim1, wherein the secondary firearm comprises a pistol.
16. The corner shotfirearm of claim 15, wherein the first mounting point comprises areceptacle configured to receive at least a portion of a hand-grip ofthe pistol, wherein a depth of the receptacle is based on a length ofthe hand-grip.
17. The corner shot firearm of claim 1, wherein astructure of the first mounting point is such as to provide a spacearound a top of the secondary firearm mounted to the first mountingpoint in order to facilitate ejection of shell casings from thesecondary firearm.
18. The corner shot firearm of claim 1 furthercomprising a locking mechanism coupled to the first mounting point,wherein the locking mechanism is configured to be set in one of a lockedstate and an unlocked state, wherein the locking mechanism, while in thelocked state, is configured to prevent movement of the first mountingpoint independent of the rotation of the aim control wheel.
19. Thecorner shot firearm of claim 18, wherein the locking mechanism, while inthe unlocked state, is configured to allow pivotal rotation of the firstmounting point by a rotatory force imparted directly to the firstmounting point.
20. The corner shot firearm of claim 1 furthercomprising a secondary firearm brace, wherein a first end of thesecondary firearm brace is connected to the first mounting point and asecond end of the secondary firearm brace is connectable to a hand-gripof the secondary firearm, wherein the secondary firearm brace isconfigured to secure the secondary firearm to the first mounting pointin spite of a recoil of the secondary firearm upon firing of thesecondary firearm..
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6625452_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Kidlington är en ort och civil parish i Storbritannien. Den ligger i grevskapet Oxfordshire och riksdelen England, i den södra delen av landet, km väster om huvudstaden London. Kidlington ligger meter över havet och antalet invånare är.
Terrängen runt Kidlington är platt. Den högsta punkten i närheten är meter över havet, km sydväst om Kidlington. Runt Kidlington är det mycket tätbefolkat, med invånare per kvadratkilometer. Närmaste större samhälle är Oxford, km söder om Kidlington. Trakten runt Kidlington består till största delen av jordbruksmark.
Kustklimat råder i trakten. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är °C. Den varmaste månaden är juli, då medeltemperaturen är °C, och den kallaste är december, med °C.
Kommentarer
Källor
Externa länkar
Orter i Oxfordshire
Civil parishes i Oxfordshire.
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github_open_source_100_1_74 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | //==================================================================================================
/*
EVE - Expressive Vector Engine
Copyright : EVE Contributors & Maintainers
SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
*/
//==================================================================================================
#pragma once
#include <eve/constant/inf.hpp>
#include <eve/constant/minf.hpp>
#include <eve/constant/valmax.hpp>
#include <eve/constant/valmin.hpp>
#include <eve/constant/maxflint.hpp>
#include <eve/constant/smallestposval.hpp>
#include <eve/constant/sqrtvalmax.hpp>
|
http://www.grandtheftwiki.com/index.php?title=User_talk:Chief_of_Staff&action=history | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Revision history of "User talk:Chief of Staff"
Jump to: navigation, search
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github_open_source_100_1_75 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import sqlite3
class BotDb:
def __init__(self):
self.con = sqlite3.connect('./Database/discord_bot.db')
self.cur = self.con.cursor()
def insert_messages(self, user_id, message_id, txt_c_id, vc_c_id):
self.cur.execute('insert into messages values(?, ?, ?, ?)'
, [user_id, message_id, txt_c_id, vc_c_id])
self.con.commit()
def get_message_id(self, user_id, vc_c_id):
self.cur.execute('''
select
message_id
from messages
where
user_id = ?
and target_voice_channel_id = ?
''', [user_id, vc_c_id])
return self.cur.fetchall()[0][0] |
github_open_source_100_1_76 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #include "core/genes/DiscreteGene.hpp"
DiscreteGene::DiscreteGene(Gene * other) : Gene(other) {}
void DiscreteGene::add(double addend) {
this->index = std::round(
this->target->closestIndex(this->index + addend)
);
}
void DiscreteGene::set(double value) {
this->index = std::round(this->target->closestIndex(value));
}
Gene* DiscreteGene::copy() {
return new DiscreteGene(this);
}
Gene* DiscreteGene::copy(double newIndex) {
return new DiscreteGene(
this->target,
this->target->closestIndex(newIndex)
);
}
Gene* DiscreteGene::increment() {
this->add(1);
return this;
}
Gene* DiscreteGene:: decrement() {
this->add(-1);
return this;
}
|
https://www.crummy.com/1998/07/22/0 | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | < Previous
Next >
: The Coffee Junction tracklist for tomorrow has been finalized. Woo-hoo. Now I have to rest.
Later: At Kris' rather halfhearted insistance, I put up my page of problems with Armageddon to complement his. Enjoy.
[Main] [Edit]
Unless otherwise noted, all content licensed by Leonard Richardson
under a Creative Commons License..
|
https://openalex.org/W4301909534_2 | Spanish-Science-Pile | Various open science | Dentro de su quehacer, CREAME busca
como estrategia alcanzar tres objetivos
principales. Primero, la creación de
empresas y el fortalecimiento empresarial
a través de los centros de desarrollo
empresarial y rural; segundo, mejorar las
condiciones de financiación de los nuevos
emprendimientos y los ya existentes por
medio de Capitalia Colombia; tercero,
APUNTES DEL CENES Nº. 56
Vol. 32, Julio - Diciembre de 2013
operar de manera conjunta programas de
emprendimiento con instituciones,
organizaciones y entes territoriales de la
región y el país.
Así, el Centro Integral de Servicios
Empresariales desarrolla su labor y
ofrecesus recursos y servicios en cinco
líneas estratégicas,a través de un modelo
en red por nodos que incluyen tres tipos
de servicios y recursos (presencial y
virtual) para apoyar a una masa crítica
de emprendedores permitiéndoles
elaborar su iniciativa de negocio hasta la
creación y fortalecimiento de sus
empresas, buscando resultados, impacto
y rentabilidad, tal y como se detalla en la
Tabla 7, la cual responde: con qué ofrece,
cómo ofrece y a quiénes ofrece sus
recursos y servicios.
Tabla 7. Descripción de la oferta de recursos y servicios de CREAME
¿Con qué ofrece 1) CREAME desarrollo empresarial: este centro de servicios fomenta el
los servicios? emprendimiento en Colombia mediante tres servicios: la transferencia de
Tres tipos de modelos de emprendimiento, el diseño y la operación de nodos empresariarecursos y
les y el diseño, la gestión y la operación de programas de emprendimiento
servicios
a la medida de las organizaciones e instituciones.
2) CREAME desarrollo rural: el centro gestiona de manera integral proyectos agroindustriales y de emprendimiento social, por medio de servicios de
acompañamiento como socio empresarial, e incubación y formación especializadas.
3) Capitalia Colombia (inversiones y finanzas): es un instrumento de conexiones financieras inteligentes, que opera como banca de inversión para
la pequeña y mediana empresa prestando asesoría en finanzas corporativas
e instrumentos de intermediación de capital.
¿Cómo ofrece 1. Creación de CREAME dispone de dos pisos completos en el
los recursos y empresas y forta- Tecnoparque del SENA, dedicados a personas emprenlecimiento empre- dedoras, equipado con oficinas, puntos de asesoramienservicios?
to, aulas de formación, salas de reuniones y un espacio
Cinco líneas sarial
de asesoramiento.
de actividad
Los servicios que ofrece son: a) Convocatorias de inio ejes de
ciativas empresariales y un acompañamiento integral de
intervención
1 año, denominado planeación o gestión, según el estado en el que se encuentra, b) Asesoría en temas jurídicos, gestión comercial, finanzas, modelación de negocios, red de contactos y herramientas para el control y el
seguimiento integrado de la gestión empresarial, c) Alianzas con centros educativos, empresas privadas y cajas
de compensación familiar, con el fin de aplicar un modelo
flexible que promueva la creación de empresas alrededor
de un nicho de mercado específico, d) Incubación especializada, e) Formación especializada y f), Acompañamiento como socio empresarial.
193
Las políticas públicas de desarrollo empresarial e innovación desde la perspectiva
Geovanny Perdomo Charry - José Enrique Arias Pérez
2. Asesorías en El centro dispone de una boutique financiera especialifinanzas corpo- zada para empresas con alto potencial de crecimiento,
rativas y acceso así como el diseño de prácticas metodológicas y finana capital.
cieras que se adaptan a las necesidades de cada cliente.
Algunos servicios son: valoración de empresas y gestión del valor, evaluación financiera de proyectos y empresas, diseño y desarrollo de herramientas de gestión y
planeación financiera, gestión y administración de fondos de capital de riesgo, gestión y administración de
Redes de Inversionistas Ángeles, canalización de recursos de financiación por medio de líneas de créditos especializadas y líneas de fomento, entre otros.
3.Operación de a) Diseño, gestión y operación de programas y proyecprogramas y pro- tos de emprendimiento a la medida de las organizaciones
yectos con enti- e instituciones locales, regionales y nacionales.
dades de desa- b) Nodos o centros de atención que se crean en alianzas
rrollo territorial. con centros educativos, empresas privadas y cajas de
4.Posicionamien- compensación familiar, con el fin de aplicar un modelo
to de la marca flexible que promueva la creación de empresas y
CREAME.
posicione la marca CREAME.
c) Transferencia de modelos de emprendimiento
estandarizados para la ejecución de programas de
emprendimiento social, agroindustrial, de valor agregado o de base tecnológica.
5.Aumento de la El modelo de operaciones de CREAME está soportado
rentabilidad a tra- en dos unidades de negocio: de un lado, el desarrollo
vés de las empre- productivo y empresarial que tiene dos líneas de trabajo
sas propias.
correspondientes a consultoría para el desarrollo de territorios y emprendimiento rural y social, y del otro, nuevos negocios, que tienen operación con Capitalia Colombia y la Certificadora.
¿A quién ofrece El modelo de operaciones de CREAME está soportado en dos unidades de
los recursos y negocio: de un lado, el desarrollo productivo y empresarial que tiene dos
servicios?
líneas de trabajo correspondientes a consultoría para el desarrollo de territorios y emprendimiento rural y social, y del otro, nuevos negocios, que
tienen operación con Capitalia Colombia y la Certificadora.
Fuente: elaborado por los autores, con base en CREAME (2011).
La tabla anterior muestra una orientación
del centro hacia la generación de nuevos
ingresos por medio de la operación de
programas y proyectos territoriales e
institucionales y la creación de nuevos
194
negocios, desarrollando labores más
transversales de conformación de
empresas y no de incubación propiamente
dicha en la ciudad y la región, que son
actualizados de forma permanente teniendo
en cuenta las demandas del entorno.
APUNTES DEL CENES Nº. 56
Vol. 32, Julio - Diciembre de 2013
Descripción y cronología de las
políticas y programas de emprendimiento
En el contexto anterior se puede señalar
que el Estado tradicionalmente establece
un marco jurídico del sistema de desarrollo
urbano, social y económico. Controla un
gasto importante en infraestructura para la
malla vial y la red de transporte nacional,
regional y local.
El Estado también asigna la mayor parte
de los fondos públicos para inversión social
y seguridad del país y la ciudad.
Adicionalmente hay una serie de políticas,
planes, programas y fuentes de financiación
que se dirigen específicamente al desarrollo
económico y empresarial del país y la
región, muchos de los cuales son
importantes para Medellín (BID, 2011).
lugar donde determinada comunidad
construye su relación con el entorno,
configurando la realidad que quiere
intervenir (Muller, 2006). Dicha interacción
entorno-organización, se ha tejido
intermitentemente entre CREAME y la
Alcaldía de Medellín, como lo expresa el
empleado número 9:
Pues eso tendría que dividirlo como
en varios ámbitos, lo que es lo (sic)
nacional, lo departamental y ya pues
lo local; por otro lado yo digo que aquí
ha habido mucho desorden en las
políticas a nivel nacional porque aquí
estamos inventando la rueda en cada
región… Entonces, yo hablaba en
estos días con una persona, que aquí
falta más articulación en todo el tema
de emprendimiento y posiblemente
por eso digo que falta más relacionamiento corporativo con otro tipo de
actores y yo sé que por ejemplo, la
incubadora ha venido haciendo ese
trabajo y lo ha hecho muy bien, por
ejemplo con la Alcaldía de Medellín
con todo este tema de ciudad cluster.
De ahí que las “políticas públicas para esta
investigación se asuman como
configuraciones de los actores” (Muller,
2006, p. 67), debido a que su construcción
ha ido evolucionando en el tiempo. Es decir,
en las dos primeras décadas (1980 y 1990)
su elaboración era de arriba a abajo
(institucionalmente) y durante 2000 se ha
iniciado un proceso de construcción en doble
vía, de abajo a arriba y viceversa; una
prueba de ello, es el SNCTI, el cual está
compuesto por organizaciones públicas,
privadas y mixtas que interactúan
flojamente entre sí, pero están en proceso
de consolidación de sus relaciones.
La percepción anterior muestra que aunque
existe diversidad de políticas y programas
formulados y legitimados en el campo del
emprendimiento y la innovación dentro de
los planes de desarrollo nacional, regional
y local (Meny & Thoening, 1992), aún falta
un verdadero relacionamiento de los actores
y el SRI en Medellín-Antioquia, para lograr
ser una ciudad y región innovadora.
Por consiguiente, las políticas públicas no
son sólo un proceso de decisión, sino un
De hecho, el diseño de políticas y
programas de emprendimiento e
195
Las políticas públicas de desarrollo empresarial e innovación desde la perspectiva
Geovanny Perdomo Charry - José Enrique Arias Pérez
innovación se da de forma explícita en el
año 2000, con ciertas características
particulares que permiten suponer que su
elaboración estuvo dirigida autónoma y
gradualmente por la Gobernación de
Antioquia y la ciudad, con el apoyo
indirecto de CREAME, como se puede
apreciar en la concepción que tiene el
emprendedor número 1 sobre el diseño de
políticas y programas en este campo.
Antes CREAME ha sido el creador de
todos estos programas, CREAME fue
pionero en temas de emprendimiento,
es un referente. CREAME mandó al
doctor Darío Montoya al SENA, creó
el fondo Emprender, creó una masa
crítica de emprendimiento importante
en el país; después sale el equipo
CREAME a montar el Parque del
Emprendimiento. CREAME incubó un
sistema de emprendimiento muy
importante en el país; además de las
incubadoras que creó en otras partes.
Lo cual evidencia que entidades como
CREAME, participan y lideran propuestas
públicas de desarrollo empresarial, que
luego se convierten en programas de
desarrollo económico de la ciudad.Ello
refleja la transición hacia modelos de
gestión pública del tipo modus vivendi o
negociado de acción o de gobernanza.
Por tanto, las políticas y programas de
desarrollo empresarial en Colombia,
Antioquia y Medellín, han presentado tres
cambios fundamentales de evolución del
sistema socioeconómico, científico y
tecnológico. El primero es visto como el
196
inicio del cambio institucional: se desarrolló
durante los años ochenta y su foco de
acción estuvo orientado a mejorar los índices
de pobreza e inequidad social, así como a
reactivar la economía colombiana afectada
por una fuerte crisis producto de la violencia
y los bajos niveles de desarrollo del aparato
productivo nacional.
El segundo se concibe como la aceleración
del cambio institucional: surgió en la década
de 1990 y se ocupó principalmente por
alcanzar la paz y fortalecer la inclusión social
de la sociedad civil, así como el inicio y la
ejecución tímida de políticas y planes de
desarrollo económico vía competitividad,
con el fin de mejorar el aparato productivo
nacional para exportar o atraer inversores
internacionales. Este periodo de desarrollo
estuvo destinado a fortalecer la autonomía
de las regiones enmarcadas en la nueva
Constitución Política de 1991.
Finalmente, la protección y estabilización
de la institucionalidad, que busca el
desarrollo económico y empresarial,
ligado al bienestar social de la población,
cuyo énfasis mayor está en fortalecer el
desarrollo empresarial y la competitividad
de las empresas a través de la inversión
en CT&I, se promueve con el fomento
de la relación e interacción entre los
distintos actores de la sociedad civil,
como se observa en la tabla de relación
sintética de las políticas y programas de
desarrollo empresarial e innovación
(Tabla 8), siguiendo las construcciones
analíticas (génesis, adolescencia, adultez
y madurez) expuestas por Hoffman
(2001) y Eshun (2004).
Políticas
Categpría
Adolescencia
(1991-2000)
Adultez
(2001-2010)
¿Madurez?
(2011 ...)
Nacionales (Colombia)
Iniciar el cambio institucional. Acelerar el cambio institucional, Proteger y renovar la institucionalidad. Se interesa por
Política de estabilidad, crecimiento fundamentado en la revolución
el fortalecimiento de la democracia a partir de la noción
y equidad en términos sociales, pacífica y el cambio social para
de Estado comunitario, desarrollo para toda la sociedad
comerciales y de producción.
construir la paz.
civil y productiva del país.
Iniciativas locales de ocupación Iniciativas locales de
Se concentra en la promoción empresarial en el país, la
laboral.
empleabilidad.
región y la ciudad.
Regionales (Antioquia)
Promocionar
el desarrollo Durante 1997 se define la visión Productividad y competitividad para Antioquia. La
regional, urbano y productivo.·
2020 para Antioquia.
última es la que tiene relación con el desarrollo
Mejorar la infraestructura fiscal Se crea el Plan Estratégico de
empresarial y la innovación.
y social.
Antioquia PLANEA, por
Planificación y ejecución de la política de CT&I y el
Ocupación laboral.
ordenanza No. 12 del 19 de
emprendimiento.
agosto.
Sectores estratégicos y empresas para revitalizar la
Se define la construcción de un
economía antioqueña.
modelo de desarrollo propio
Promover la internacionalización de Antioquia vía
para el departamento.
fortalecimiento de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación,
el turismo, y la productividad y la competitividad.
Definición explícita de políticas y programas de
desarrollo empresarial e innovación en el departamento.
Locales (Medellín)
En el PLANEA se incluye a Medellín y su área
Se elabora el primer plan de Se crea la Consejería
Presidencial para Medellín.
metropolitana.
desarrollo metropolitano.
Se define a MedellínCity y su área metropolitana.
No hay ninguna política explícita Actualización del plan
Se establece un modelo de ciudad propio, orientado a
sobre desarrollo empresarial e estratégico metropolitano.
Política de generación de
convertir a Medellín en una ciudad innovadora.
innovación.
empleo y fortalecimiento
empresarial.
Génesis
(1980-1990)
Tabla 8. Síntesis cronológica de las políticas y programas de desarrollo empresarial
e innovaciónen Colombia, Antioquia y Medellín
APUNTES DEL CENES Nº. 56
Vol. 32, Julio - Diciembre de 2013
197
198
Adolescencia
(1991-2000)
Regionales (Antioquia)
Sólo se incluye el desarrollo y las Programas orientados al fomento
actividades productivas diversifi- del sector agropecuario y
cadas de Antioquia por sectores, agroindustrial, con pocos
con énfasis en su capacidad de estímulos a la pequeña y mediana
generación de empleo.
empresa.
Programas de fomento a la
tecnología en la industria y la
exportación o comercio
internacional en Antioquia.
Locales (Medellín)
No hay ninguna política explícita Los programas estaban más
sobre desarrollo empresarial e orientados a conseguir la paz, la
innovación.
integración social, el desarrollo
social y la calidad de vida.
Mejorar la infraestructura urbana
y el espacio público.
Propiciar el desarrollo económico
y la competitividad.
Nacionales (Colombia)
Sólo se incluye el crecimiento Reformas estructurales a la
económico, la generación de economía.
empleo y el mejoramiento de los Se inicia el proceso de
ingresos del trabajo, a través de planificación de la CT&I.
programas sectoriales.
Elaboración y puesta en marcha
del plan nacional de generación de
empleo.
Inicia operación del Consejo
Nacional de Competitividad.
Génesis
(1980-1990)
Fuente: elaborado por los autores.
Programas
Categpría
¿Madurez?
(2011 ...)
programas financiación.
Medellín un modelo de ciudad.
Medellín ciudad innovadora.
Medellín ciudad cluster.
Cultura del emprendimiento y la innovación.
Medellín competitiva y solidaria.
Medellín la más educada.
Medellín la más competitiva.
Promoción de la CT&I en el departamento.
Competitividad y dinamización de los clusters.
Financiación de la innovación y el emprendimiento.
Fomento a la innovación en y para las empresas.
Impulso al desarrollo empresarial y la innovación.
Fortalecimiento de la formalización empresarial.
Fomento a la productividad y competitividad.
Definición de cadenas y apuestas productivas.
Se implementan diversos
Se promueve
competitividad en los sectores estratégicos.
la creación de nuevas empresas y el
fortalecimiento empresarial.
Se promulga la Ley 1014 de 2006 para el fomento del
emprendimiento.
Se implementa la Ley 1286 de 2009, de ciencia y tecnología.
Se pone en marcha la Ley 1429 de formalización y generación
de empleo en 2010.
Se inicia la construcción de las agendas regionales de
de desarrollo empresarial.
Se crea e implementa en Planeación Nacional la dirección
Adultez
(2001-2010)
Las políticas públicas de desarrollo empresarial e innovación desde la perspectiva
Geovanny Perdomo Charry - José Enrique Arias Pérez
APUNTES DEL CENES Nº. 56
Vol. 32, Julio - Diciembre de 2013
En la tabla anterior se hace visible que
las políticas y programas se han
transformado y evolucionado desde su
concepción, coordinación y ejecución de
actividades de empr endimiento e
innovación, como algo constr uido
conjuntamente entre el sector público y
privado en Medellín y Antioquia,
mediante la participación de diferentes
actores del sistema regional de
innovación (SRI) en su diseño e
implementación.
Por tanto, la manera de diseñar, formular,
operar y evaluar las políticas públicas y los
programas de acción ha ido cambiando
paulatinamente de un gobierno centralizado
a uno descentralizado, en “donde la mayor
parte de la producción de políticas se ha
desplazado a los entes no gubernamentales” (Peters, 2004, p. 69); es decir,
con una vinculación directa de actores
privados en el diseño de las políticas, pero
orientados, dirigidos y evaluados por el
Estado.
El proceso de dirección de una comunidad
determinada “no es equivalente a una sola
acción directiva del gobierno sino del
conjunto social” (Ramírez, Vargas & De
la Rosa, 2011, p. 39), que se deriva de la
construcción de capacidades institucionales
en materia de desarrollo económico,
empresarial y de innovación en la ciudad
de Medellín y el departamento de Antioquia.
Incluso se observa que la política
económica nacional está centrada en el
bienestar social y la equidad para la
población colombiana, con poco interés
en el desarrollo empresarial y la ciencia,
la tecnología y la innovación (CT&I) a
nivel departamental y municipal. Sin
embargo, en los últimos diez años ha
habido un interés particular por aplicar la
Constitución Política colombiana en su
componente de autonomía regional, con
el fin de que cada región reorganice sus
estrategias e iniciativas de planificación
y ejecución de políticas y programas a
escala departamental, especialmente en
relación con el emprendimiento y la
innovación, así como con la productividad
y competitividad empresarial en el
contexto nacional e internacional.
Por su parte, en el ámbito internacional
se busca incrementar las actividades
regionales y competir de manera global,
por medio de diversidad de acciones
estr atégicas coordinadas por el
departamento de Antioquia y la Alcaldía
de Medellín durante los últimos veinte
años. Este proceso ha estado orientado
fundamentalmente a mejorar la calidad
de vida y el bienestar social de la
comunidad mediante el fomento al
emprendimiento, la investigación, el
desarrollo tecnológico, la innovación y el
fortalecimiento empresarial.
Precisamente, durante la década de 2000
se expone de forma explícita el diseño y
la operación de políticas y programas de
ciencia, tecnología e innovación (CT&I)
y desarrollo empresarial en Colombia, no
sólo desde la formulación, sino desde la
implementación creciente de medidas de
fomento del espíritu emprendedor y la
innovación.
199
Las políticas públicas de desarrollo empresarial e innovación desde la perspectiva
Geovanny Perdomo Charry - José Enrique Arias Pérez
Por eso, si se reconoce que una organización y un programa son ante todo
espacios para negociar más o menos
institucionalizados, entonces deben
concurrir muchas mediaciones para que
se alcance un compromiso (Monnier,
1992). Dicho comportamiento ha hecho
que Medellín y CREAME replanteen y
redefinan gradualmente las políticas y
programas por “fases u etapas
(formulación, ejecución y evaluación), en
respuesta a la demanda social o de
mercado, en términos de gobernanza”
(Peters, 2004, p. 68).
La gobernanza se percibe como un
“conjunto de mecanismos que proveen
servicios públicos a ciertos espacios
sociales” (Peters, 2004, p. 69), que se
conciben, en otros términos, ya no desde
un punto de vista secuencial, sino en
virtud de la naturaleza de las relaciones
entre los actores sociales de Antioquia y
Medellín. En consecuencia, el departamento de Antioquia y la ciudad de
Medellín han logrado desarrollar cuatro
elementos clave 3 para fomentar el
espíritu emprendedor en un contexto
específico, mediante la superación
gradual y superficial de tres dilemas
básicos en los procesos de planificación
(Castells & Vilaseca, 2007).
1. El dilema entre la adopción de
medidas horizontales de fomento a
la creación de empresas y medidas
de apoyo selectivas, dirigidas a
grupos específicos susceptibles de
recibir una atención preferente.
2. El dilema entre apoyar la creación
de empresas, de cualquier índole,
que estimulen la auto-ocupación, o
proporcionar ayuda preferente a
aquellas firmas que, por el tipo de
actividad que desarrollan o su
contenido tecnológico, presentan a
priori un mayor potencial de
crecimiento, consolidación y arrastre
(empresas gacelas).
3. El dilema entre emplear la
eficiencia económica y la social
como criter io preferente en la
distribución de los recursos públicos.
Tales disyuntivas han sido desarrolladas
por algunas entidades territoriales de
Medellín que promueven el emprendimiento por medio del sistema regional
de innovación (SRI), con la inclusión de
instrumentos como los parques tecnológicos, las unidades de emprendimiento y las incubadoras de empresas.
Entre otras cosas, este último instrumento
ha perdido reconocimiento nacional,
debido a que las incubadoras no cuentan
con el apoyo técnico y económico
suficiente para desarrollar su objeto
social, por tanto, esto hizo que la IEBTA
se transformara en CREAME durante el
2006 y se dedicara a la consultoría
empresarial.
__________
3
i) Eliminación de los obstáculos a la creación de empresas, ii) mejor equilibrio entre los riesgos y las recompensas
a la iniciativa empresarial, iii) fomento de la capacidad y las competencias empresariales, iv), mayor accesibilidad
de la iniciativa empresarial al conjunto de la sociedad.
200
APUNTES DEL CENES Nº. 56
Vol. 32, Julio - Diciembre de 2013
Por supuesto, la relación de actores y
sistema confluye en el diseño y operación
de políticas y programas de desarrollo
empresarial e innovación, que han venido
legitimando de manera progresiva la
cultura emprendedora en la ciudad, en
términos de Monnier (1992). En otras
palabras, el éxito que ha tenido la política
de emprendimiento e innovaciónes
producto de la acción decidida de los
gobernantes y los actores del sistema
regional de innovación (SRI) de Medellín
y Antioquia.
La actualización permanente de las
actividades y los servicios ofrecidos por
los actores que pertenecen al sistema, es
producto de una inquietud institucional
(políticas y programas) clara para lograr
los propósitos de desarrollo económico y
empresarial de forma eficiente (Castells
& Vilaseca, 2007).
De allí que la capacidad institucional sea
vista como un complejo entramado de
recursos, mecanismos y dispositivos de
orden técnico y organizacional, pero de
naturaleza política, que un gobierno como
el de Medellín dispone par a la
conducción de la acción social dirigida al
desarrollo y bienestar de la sociedad civil,
histórica y socialmente determinada
(Ramírez, Vargas & De la Rosa, 2011).
CONCLUSIONES
Desde el año 2001, las políticas públicas
de desarrollo empresarial e innovación se
encuentran en un estado de adultez,
surgidas predominantemente en el
contexto regional, por la convergencia de
diversos actores, especialmente privados,
que juegan un papel importante en el
diseño y ejecución, si bien el seguimiento
y la evaluación siguen principalmente en
manos del Estado; lo cual coincide con
los rasgos del modelo de gestión pública
modus vivendi o negociado de acción,
y de la gobernanza.
Sin embargo, si bien en el ámbito regional
son evidentes los avances en cuanto a la
transición hacia modelos de gobernanza
en materia de políticas públicas de
desarrollo empresarial e innovación, son
también notorias las dificultades para
“negociar la acción” con los actores
nacionales que tienen injerencia en los
procesos de formulación, lo cual, en
ocasiones, genera redundancias y
tensiones entre lo regional y lo nacional.
En ese orden de ideas, CREAME es una
de las instituciones del sistema regional
de CT&I, resultante de la articulación
público-privada, que, al mismo tiempo, se
reconoce como un referente en el diseño
de nuevas políticas públicas de desarrollo
empresarial e innovación, y en un actor
de notoria incidencia en sus etapas de
formulación, ejecución y evaluación.
De otra parte, la creciente participación
de actores no gubernamentales en la
formulación de las políticas, evidencia la
legitimación del accionar de los mismos,
cuya vinculación constituye un
mecanismo para subsanar la racionalidad
limitada y un medio para conectar las
políticas de desarrollo empresarial e
201
Las políticas públicas de desarrollo empresarial e innovación desde la perspectiva
Geovanny Perdomo Charry - José Enrique Arias Pérez
innovación con las demandas sociales o
del mercado.
La evolución de la política pública de
desarrollo empresarial e innovación, ha
transformado a CREAME, dedicada en
un inicio a la incubación de empresas, en
una institución que también ofrece
servicios de consultoría, especialmente
porque este instrumento ha perdido
reconocimiento nacional,debido a que no
logr a brindar el apoyo técnico y
económico suficiente para desarrollar
eseprimer objeto social.
Futuras líneas de investigación, pueden
orientarse al estudio de las políticas
públicas, entendidas como configuración
de actores que negocian la acción en el
marco de los propósitos nacionales y
regionales, en ocasiones antagónicos; en
consecuencia, sería pertinente identificar
los inhibidores o impulsores de los
acuerdos y las tensiones, así como poder
estudiar el desarrollo de otros actores del
sistema producto de las políticas públicas
en materia de desarrollo empresarial e
innovación.
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US-84949404-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Method and system for settling a derivatives contract in respect of a commodity
ABSTRACT
A method of settling a derivatives contract in respect of a commodity, the method comprising the steps of:
receiving 501 a tender request form indicating that an amount of the commodity, which has been credited to a clearinghouse that is responsible for managing settlement of the derivatives contract, is to be tendered; selecting 509 a long position to take delivery of the amount of the commodity; and effecting delivery of the amount of the commodity to fulfil the long position, thereby settling the derivatives contract.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method and system for settling aderivatives contract in respect of a commodity, and has particular—butby no means exclusive—application to settling a futures contract forgrain.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A derivatives contract, such as a futures contract, is a legally bindingagreement between two parties to buy or sell a particular commodity on aspecified date in the future. Derivatives contracts are traded over awide range of commodities such as gold, grain, base metals andelectricity.
Derivatives contracts are commonly made via exchanges, such as theAustralian Stock Exchange (ASX). The ASX, for instance, has anelectronic derivatives trading platform that allows parties to enterinto a derivatives contract. The ASX's derivatives trading platform isalso known as CLICK™. Once a derivatives contract has been established,it is sometimes registered with a clearinghouse that is essentiallyresponsible for the orderly settlement of derivatives contracts onmaturity; that is, ensuring the commodity is delivered to the purchaserand that the purchaser pays for the delivered commodity.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provideda method of settling a derivatives contract in respect of a commodity,the method comprising the steps of:
- - receiving a tender request form indicating that an amount of the commodity, which has been credited to a clearinghouse that is responsible for managing settlement of the derivatives contract, is to be tendered; - selecting a long position to take delivery of the amount of the commodity; and - effecting delivery of the amount of the commodity to fulfil the long position, thereby settling the derivatives contract.
Thus, the present invention has an advantage of maintainingconfidentiality of trader's positions by virtue of the fact that it isdealing with a commodity that has been credited to the clearinghouse.
Preferably the step of receiving the tender request form comprises thestep of receiving the tender request form from a first broker acting onbehalf of an entity that has an interest in the amount of the commodity.
Preferably the step of selecting the long position comprises the step ofrandomly selecting the long position from one or more open boughtcontracts.
Preferably the step of effecting delivery of the amount of the commoditycomprises the steps of:
- - issuing a second broker responsible for establishing the long position with a delivery notice comprising information about the amount of the commodity; - receiving from the second broker a payment for the amount of the commodity; and - making a further payment to the first broker for the amount of the commodity.
Preferably the method further comprises the step of receiving from thefirst broker a title transfer notice that represents a request to havethe amount of the commodity credited to the clearinghouse.
Preferably, the method further comprises the step of receiving aconfirmation notice confirming that the amount of the commodity has beencredited to the clearinghouse.
Preferably, the step of obtaining the confirmation notice comprises thestep of receiving the confirmation notice from a storage facilityresponsible for storing the amount of the commodity.
Preferably, the derivatives contract comprises a futures contract.
Preferably, the commodity comprises a grain.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provideda system for settling a derivatives contract in respect of a commodity,the system comprising:
- - an electronic document exchange device operable to receive a tender request form indicating that an amount of the commodity, which has been credited to a clearinghouse that is responsible for managing settlement of the derivatives contract, is to be tendered; - a computer system operable to select a long position to take delivery of the amount of the commodity; and - an electronic communication means operable to effect delivery of the amount of the commodity to fulfil the long position, thereby settling the derivatives contract.
Preferably, the electronic document exchange device is operable toreceive the tender request form from a first broker acting on behalf ofan entity that has an interest in the amount of the commodity.
Preferably, the computer system is operable to select the long positionfrom one or more open bought contracts.
Preferably, the electronic communication means comprises anotherelectronic document exchange device operable to:
- - issue a second broker responsible for the long position with a delivery notice comprising information about the amount of the commodity; - receive from the second broker a payment for the amount of the commodity; and - make a further payment to the first broker for the amount of the commodity.
Preferably, the electronic document exchange device is operable toreceive from the first broker a title transfer notice that was issued asa request to have the amount of the commodity credited to theclearinghouse.
Preferably, the electronic document exchange device is operable toreceive a confirmation notice confirming that the amount of thecommodity has been credited to the clearinghouse.
Preferably, the electronic document exchange device is operable toreceive the conformation notice from a storage facility responsible forstoring the amount of the commodity.
Preferably, the derivatives contract comprises a futures contract.
Preferably, the commodity comprises a grain.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provideda computer software which, when run as a computing system, allows thecomputing system to carry out the method according to the first aspectof the present invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Notwithstanding any other embodiments that may fall within the scope ofthe present invention, an embodiment of the present invention will nowbe described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanyingfigures, in which:
FIG. 1 provides a screen shot of information presented on a computerterminal used in conjunction with a derivatives trading platform;
FIG. 2 provides a schematic diagram of a system used to settle aderivatives contract;
FIG. 3 shows an example of a title transfer form that is used insettling a derivatives contract;
FIG. 4 shows an example of a tender request form used in settling aderivatives contract;
FIG. 5 provides a flow chart of various steps used to settle aderivatives contract;
FIG. 6 shows an example of a delivery notice used in settling aderivatives contract; and
FIG. 7 shows an example of a redemption notice used to settle aderivatives contract.
AN EMBODIMENT OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
The embodiment of the present invention has particular application tothe settlement phase of a futures contract in respect of an amount of agrain (for example, milling wheat, barley or canola). Thus the followingdescription focuses on a seller, in legal possession of an amount ofgrain, opening a futures position by entering into a futures contract tosell the amount of the grain.
When the seller wishes to open the futures position they first instructa broker (also referred to as a trading participant) that they wouldlike to sell the amount of the grain. The seller will typically instructthe broker via telephone or facsimile. It will, however, be appreciatedthat other forms of electronic communication can be used to convey theinstruction to sell the amount of the grain; for example, e-mail or viaa website operated by the broker. As part of the instructions to thebroker the seller will specify details such as the type of the grain(for example, whether it is barley or canola), the amount of the grain,the price the seller is asking for the amount of the grain, and theparticular date in the future which the seller wants to sell the amountof the grain.
On receiving the instructions to sell the amount of the grain, thebroker proceeds to list the seller's offer to sell the amount of grainon an electronic derivatives trading platform that is operating by astock exchange. The broker lists the seller's offer by entering into thetrading platform details such as, the type of grain the seller wants tosell, the price the seller is asking for the grain, and the particulardate on which the seller wants to sell the grain.
The electronic derivatives trading platform comprises a central computersystem that is under the control of the stock exchange and which isbased on the well known CLICK™ system from OM AB. Connected to thecentral computer system is a number of computer terminals. The computerterminals are generally located in the offices of futures brokers, andenable the brokers to view and make offers to buy and/or sell the grainvia the central computer system. It is noted that the terminals can alsobe used to view offers to buy and/or sell other commodities such aselectricity. The each computer terminal is connected to the centralcomputer system via a secure digital communication link, which istypically supported by ISDN technology. The broker acting on behalf ofthe seller uses the computer terminal in their office to list theseller's offer to sell the amount of the grain on the electronicderivates trading platform. The central computer system of the tradingplatform is such that it disseminates to all of the computer terminalsthe seller's offer to sell the amount of the grain so that other brokersare capable of seeing the seller's offer. Thus, other brokers viewing acomputer terminal can opt to take-up the seller's offer. FIG. 1 shows anexample screen shot of information (offers to buy and/or sell the grain)presented to the brokers via the computer terminals.
The electronic derivatives trading platform (more specifically thecentral computer system) is such that it will automatically match theseller's offer to sell the amount of the grain with a correspondingoffer to buy the grain. The offer to buy the amount of the grain is alsolisted on the trading platform by another broker acting on behalf of abuyer wanting the amount of the grain. The offer to buy the amount ofthe grain is made in the same way as the seller's offer to sell theamount of the grain, which is by entering the offer into the tradingplatform using one of the computer terminals.
Once the offer to sell is matched with the offer to buy, a futurescontract is effectively established in respect of the amount of thegrain. The electronic derivatives trading platform is arranged toelectronically transfer details of the futures contract to aclearinghouse so that it can be recorded and registered. Theclearinghouse is essentially responsible to ensuring orderly settlementof the futures contract. An example of the clearinghouse is theAustralian Clearing House Pty Ltd, which is a wholly owned subsidiary ofthe Australian Stock Exchange. To ensure the seller and the buyer arenot exposed to the credit risk of each other, the clearinghouse uses theconcept of novation. This basically means that the clearinghouse becomesthe buyer to the seller, and the seller to the buyer.
The clearinghouse operates a system 201, which it uses to settle thefutures contract received from the electronic derivatives tradingplatform. The system 201, which is shown in FIG. 2, comprises: a firstelectronic document exchange device and an electronic communicationmeans that comprise a facsimile machine 203 that is connected to apublic telephone network; and a computer system 205 in the form of acomputer running appropriate database software. It is noted that whilstin the present embodiment the electronic document exchange device andthe electronic communication means comprise the facsimile machine 203,it will be readily appreciated that other means for transferring anelectronic copy of a document could be used. Once such alternative isthe user sending a copy of the document via e-mail or submitting it to awebsite operated by the clearinghouse.
Upon deciding to tender (deliver) the amount of the grain against thefutures contract. The seller will at a given date before the maturitydate of the futures contract advise the broker of their intention totender the amount of the grain to fulfil the futures contract. Theseller typically informs the broker of this intention by placing atelephone call or facsimile. On being advised that the seller wants totender the amount of the grain the broker completes a title transferform and sends it via facsimile to a grain handler that is storing theamount of the grain for the seller. The broker also faxes a copy of thetitle transfer form to the facsimile machine 203 so that theclearinghouse is aware that the title transfer form has been filed. Anexample of the title transfer form is shown in FIG. 3. Essentially, thetitle transfer form represents a request by the seller to have theamount of the grain transferred from a first account that the seller haswith the grain handler to a second account that the clearinghouse haswith the grain handler.
Subsequent to receiving the title transfer form, the grain handler willfirst check the seller's account to determine whether it is storing forthe seller the grain that is specified in the title transfer form. Ondetermining that it is storing the grain, the grain handler updates itsrecords so that the clearinghouse's account is credited with the grainspecified in the title transfer and the seller's account is debited thegrain specified in the title transfer form. The grain handler willtypically update the first account and the second account by using acomputer based inventory record system.
Once the seller's account and the clearinghouse's account has beenupdated, the grain handler faxes to the clearinghouse a notice of thefact that the clearinghouse's account has been credited with the grainspecified in the title transfer form. The grain handler. Fixes thenotice to the facsimile machine 203 so that the clearinghouse is awareof this matter.
Once the amount of the grain has been credited to the clearinghouse'saccount with the grain handler, the seller can at the appropriate timebefore the futures contract matures instruct the broker to initiatetendering of the amount of the grain that was previously credited to theclearinghouse's account. In this regard, the seller typically instructsthe broker by making a telephone call or facsimile; however, it will beappreciated that communication mechanisms such as e-mail can be used toinstruct the broker in this regard. On receiving an instruction totender the amount of the grain the broker proceeds to complete a tenderrequest form and sends it to the clearinghouse as a facsimile to thefacsimile machine 203. An example of the tender request form is shown inFIG. 4.
On receiving the tender request form from the broker, the clearinghouseproceeds to settle the futures contract by carrying out the varioussteps shown in the flow chart of FIG. 5. As such the clearinghousecarries out the step 507 of checking all open bought futures positionsthat have not been matched out, and then proceeds to carry out the step509 of randomly selecting an appropriate long position to take deliveryof the amount of the grain. Persons skilled in the art will readilyappreciate that a long position is when a trader has purchased a futurescontract and is committed to take ownership of the amount of the grain.
The previous steps 507 and 509 are performed by using the computersystem 205. It is noted that when the offers to buy and sell the amountof the grain (futures contracts) are transferred from the electronicderivatives trading platform to the clearinghouse, details of the offersto buy and sell are loaded into the computer system 205 so that theprevious steps 507 and 509 can be carried out. The computer system 205is such that it can receive, in electronic form, details of the futurescontracts via a secure communication link which interconnects thederivatives trading platform and the computer system 205.
Using the information contained in the computer system 205, theclearinghouse carries out the next step 511 of identifying the brokerresponsible for establishing the long position; that is the broker thatlisted the buyer's offer to buy the amount of the grain. It is notedthat details of the buyer's broker are transferred to the computersystem 205 from the derivatives trading platform along with the detailsof the offers to buy and sell the amount of the grain. Using thefacsimile machine 203, the clearinghouse carries out the step 513 offaxing a delivery notice to the broker responsible for listing thebuyer's offer. The delivery notice basically sets out details of theamount of the grain that is being tendered. An example of the deliverynotice is shown in FIG. 6.
On receiving the delivery notice from the clearinghouse, the buyer'sbroker arranges to make full payment to the clearinghouse for the amountof grain that is being tendered. Typically, the buyer's broker will makethe full payment by way of an electronic bank transfer to theclearinghouse's bank account. On receiving the full payment and aredemption notice (which is shown in FIG. 7) from the buyer's broker,the clearinghouse carries out the step 517 of instructing the grainhandler to transfer the amount of the grain from the clearinghouse'saccount to the buyer's account with the grain holder. Typically thegrain holder carries out this step 517 by sending a facsimile to thegrain holder using the facsimile machine 203. The clearinghouse thenperforms the final step 519 of arranging for the full payment to betransferred to the broker acting for the seller of the amount of thegrain. Typically, this payment is also made using an electronic banktransfer to the seller's broker. The seller's broker will in turn passon the payment to the seller, thereby settling delivery of the amount ofthe grain. If the clearinghouse does not receive the redemption notice,then the clearinghouse will not carry out the step 517 of instructingthe grain handler. Consequently, the amount of the grain will remain inthe clearinghouse's account until such time as the redemption notice isreceived.
It is noted that whilst the embodiment of the present invention has beendescribed in the context of a futures contract for grain, the presentinvention has a broader application to other derivatives contracts, suchas options, and other commodities, such as wool.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention describedherein is susceptible to variations and modifications other than thosespecifically described. It should be understood that the inventionincludes all such variations and modifications which fall within thespirit and scope of the invention.
1. A method of settling a derivatives contract in respect of acommodity, the method comprising the steps of: receiving a tenderrequest form indicating that an amount of the commodity, which has beencredited to a clearinghouse that is responsible for managing settlementof the derivatives contract, is to be tendered; selecting a longposition to take delivery of the amount of the commodity; and effectingdelivery of the amount of the commodity to fulfil the long position,thereby settling the derivatives contract.
2. The method as claimed inclaim 1, wherein the step of receiving the notice comprises the step ofreceiving the tender request form from a first broker acting on behalfof an entity that has an interest in the amount of the commodity.
3. Themethod as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of selecting the longposition comprises the step of selecting the long position from one ormore open bought contracts.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1, whereinthe step of effecting delivery of the amount of the commodity comprisesthe steps of: issuing a second broker responsible for the long positionwith a delivery notice comprising information about the amount of thecommodity; receiving from the second broker a payment for the amount ofthe commodity, and making a further payment to the first broker for theamount of the commodity.
5. The method as claimed in claim 2, furthercomprising the step of receiving from the first broker a title transfernotice that represents a request to have the amount of the commoditycredited to the clearinghouse.
6. The method as claimed in claim 1,further comprising the step of receiving a confirmation noticeconfirming that the amount of the commodity has been credited to theclearinghouse.
7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein in the stepof receiving the confirmation notice comprises the step of receiving theconformation notice from a storage facility responsible for storing theamount of the commodity.
8. The method as claimed in claim 1, whereinthe derivatives contract comprises a futures contract.
9. The method asclaimed in claim 1, wherein the commodity comprises a gram.
10. A systemfor settling a derivatives contract in respect of a commodity, thesystem comprising: an electronic document exchange device operable toreceive a tender request form indicating that an amount of thecommodity, which has been credited to a clearinghouse that isresponsible for managing settlement of the derivatives contract, is tobe tendered; a computer system operable to select a long position totake delivery of the amount of the commodity; and an electroniccommunication means operable to effect delivery of the amount of thecommodity to fulfil the long position, thereby settling the derivativescontract.
11. The system as claimed in claim 10, wherein the electronicdocument exchange device is operable to receive the tender request formfrom a first broker acting on behalf of an entity that has an interestin the amount of the commodity.
12. The system as claimed in claim 10,wherein the computer system is operable to select the long position fromone or more open bought contracts.
13. The system as claimed in claim10, wherein the electronic communication means comprises anotherelectronic document exchange device operable to: issue a second brokerresponsible for the long position with a delivery notice comprisinginformation about the amount of the commodity; receive from the secondbroker a payment for the amount of the commodity; and make a furtherpayment to the first broker for the amount of the commodity.
14. Thesystem as claimed in claim 11, wherein the electronic document exchangedevice is operable to receive from the first broker a title transfernotice that was issued as a request to have the amount of the commoditycredited to the clearinghouse.
15. The system as claimed in claim 10,wherein the electronic document exchange device is operable to receive aconfirmation notice confirming that the amount of the commodity has beencredited to the clearinghouse.
16. The system as claimed in claim 15,wherein the electronic document exchange device is operable to receivethe conformation notice from a storage facility responsible for storingthe amount of the commodity.
17. The system as claimed in claim 10,wherein the derivatives contract comprises a futures contract.
18. Thesystem as claimed in claim 10, wherein the commodity comprises a gram.19. Computer software which, when run on a computing system, allows thecomputing system to carry out the method as claimed in claim
1. 20.(canceled).
21. (canceled)..
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github_open_source_100_1_77 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import { ClientEvents } from "discord.js/typings/index.js";
export default class BaseEvent {
constructor(public readonly config: { name: keyof ClientEvents }) {}
get name() {
return this.config.name;
}
// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any, @typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars
execute(...args: any[]): Promise<any> | any {
return;
}
}
|
anessayoncompos00unkngoog_10 | English-PD | Public Domain | Of the bon/e of Dowdy lower ftill— 6. Her name Maty, yet lower. Her hafl>aad could not call, Mary! but it reminded her of her po* verty — 7. Qf Natuintby we are now at the ground* nay the grave, for Galilee was in the region of the fhadow of death. From this lowlf f^ate of Mary we gather coa* fort for ourfelves, for i . Oar foul is a woman— 2. She is a 1/trgin^^^. She is efponfed to fome favourite ftudy-— 4. To the boify, that is to the fiefii» which is the carpenter's ibop, and the fpirit, which is the carpenter— 5. This carpenter is nobly defceaded— 6« Marj is Lady, and that's the Ibul^s name coo — 7. She dwells hera at Nazareth, &c. &c." This Sermon is entitled " TAe Virgut Maryy preached in S, Nlarf^ College (New Ccrf- lege) Oxford, on tad^-dsLj^ 164I. By the LEARNED The* m^ Mafter, B. D/* Digitized by Google ( "7 ) VIIL Remark the Time of a Word or Action. (6) For example, St, Paul in his firft epiftle to Timothy requires, that in the publick lervices of the (6) Rimari the time of an txprefflon or a&ion. Time is an article of fo mach confe* quence to the propriety of all IwbUck oradonsy that rheto- riciaos always lay it down as a principal role. " In judiciis freqnentifli- ma eft. « • Si dicatur fignator» qni ante diem tabularam de- ceftit; ant commifine aliquidy vel cum infans eflet, vel cam cmnino nsUus non iffit. Prx- ter idy quod omnia facile a/- gnmenta, ant ex iis, qu^ ante rem fada fant, ant ex conjunStii rei, aut confiqiunti^ biu ducutitur," J^/«/« ItiJI. lib. V, cap, lo. Cicero makes a fine ufe of this place in his oration pro Mil. — pro legi ManiL — pro Cal. kc. Divines very joftly lay down the fame rule as of the Qtmoft importance. ** Im- primis hoc tenendum, atife itmniay ut textus accommo- detur ad praefentia temporal quod in omnibas, quoad po- tc'ft, fieri debet." Urfini Me- thod, form. Condon. The fame writer adds, that ** as cveiy uxt c^tains a variety of matter, the preacher neither can, nor muft attenipt to difcufs all, and therefore^ as he will be obliged to fele^ fome one article, it would, be unpar- donable to feleA that, which was leaft fitted to the time.*' Another fays the fame of commonplaces, that the for- m'er faid of the text. *' As it would be a v^in attempt to ufe them all at any one time, fo the preacher will be obliged to make a choice, and he ihould choofe thofe» which bed fuit the rime. Non femper omnes tradan- dos e/Te: fed habito deleda pnecipuosy atque eos in pri- mis, qui prafentihus Audita* ribus magis conveniunt, et ad prafentem ecclejiig ftatum quadrant . . reliquos in aliiid tempus refervandos efie.*' Georg. Sobnii de interp. Eccle^ Jiaftica. I believe, it will not ap- pear needlefs to prefs an ob- fervation of this article, when we confider how nuny ab- furdities proceed from an inattention to it. V They, Digitized by Google ( ii8 ). the church prayers fliould be made for all fnm; but frft for kings^ and far tbofe that were in au- tb^ity. 1. They, who read* fer- mons compoTed by others, are very often furprized into violations of time. A Ger- man divine fays, ^* One of thefe retailers of fmall ware having picked up an old ho- mily compofed fome years before when the plague was raging in the country, preached it to his congrega- tion on the Lord's Day. To- ward the clofe, having (harp- ly reproved vice, he added for tbtje fvices it is^ that God has liijitid youy and your fa-- milits nvitb that cruel /course the flagutf txjhich is no^w /f reading every *^hert in this iown. At his uttering thefe words the people were all fo thunder-ftruclf , that the chief magidrate was obliged to go to the pulpit, and to aik him. For Qods-fake^ Jtr^ par- don the interruption^ and in^ form me 'where the plague is that I may infiantly endeavour U prevent its farther fpread^ ing^^The plague^ fir ! replied the preacher, / knov} nothing about the plague* Whether it be in the town or not, it is in nty homily. Sive pedis — five non — ego lie in pollilla mea reperi. Keckermanni Rhet. Ecclef lib. }i. cap, poflrem. 1, They, who fpend all their time in confuting old fftons believed formerly. but exploded now; or ia dating, explaining, and efla- bli(hin^ fome truths, former- ly denied, or doubted, or mifunderdood, but now ge- nerally believed by their au- ditors; they are inattentive to time, and are heard with difgud. Thefe preachers would aft with lefs impro- priety, were they not to af- fc€t to be the fole conferva- tors of orthodoxy. ' 3. The dodrine of time is very important on the fubjed of prophecies -^ou tha^ of miracles-'^-'-'^xtraordinary gifts'-^dreams'^'^ifions'^revt' ^ations^'^^infpir^tions''^— &c. Pretenders to thefe midakp time in a manner very grof^ indeed. There goes a pro.* phecy about of Bi£op IJflicr's concerning the fiaytng of the witnejfes^ Rev. xi,— There arc many miraculous events re- lated by Fox of the Englidi reformers— There are many extraordinary and extrava- gant tales told in Clarke's lives of the Puritans — and, in (hort, there are enthufiafts in all our parties, though in none fo many as in the church of Rome. The stt^ Deids are Enthufiads, wit- nefs the miraculous anfwer to Lord Herbert of Cher- bury's prayer — but all thefe forget the ti;ne, in whic)i (hev dve j for now they ought Digitized by Google ( "9 ) thorityl Here it is very natural to rcmirk the time. It was when the church and the apoftles were every where perfecuted; when the faithful were the obje£ts of the hatred and calumny of all mankind, and irl particular of the cruelty of chefe tyrants. Yet hone of this rough treatment could ftop the courfe of Chriftian charity. St. Paul not only requires every believer to pray for all men : but he would have it done in publicky that all the world might know the maxims of Chriftianity, always kind, patient, and benevolent. Believers confider themfelves as bound in duty to all men^ though men do nothing to oblige them to it. He was aware^ malicious flanderers would call this worldly policy and human prudence, and would £iy, Cnriftians only meant to flatter the great, and to court their favour ; yet even this calumny does not prevent S. Paul, he orders them to pray not to expcA, nor the world to believe fuch iDformation. In the famous difpute be- tween Dr. Middleton, and hit opponents, concerning the timg, when miraculous powers tea/ed in the chrif- tian church, four things are rendered very clear— i. That there had been trui miracles, otherwife there would have been no counterfeits — 2. That miracles afforded fo;/- iteuce very popular and pleaf- ing— 3. That iropofture vt- ty early infeded chriilianity — and 4. That credulity is a great blemifh in a minider, and propagates error and vice more than truth and virtue. Not to enlarge, we fhall only obferve, time elucidates many fcriptures. Lev. xviii. 7bou foalt not takt a <iuifi /# her ffttr in her lifi'time^ this law forbids polygamy : but it does not prohibit the marriage of the iifter of a deceaftdvjife* — 2 Kings V. 26. // it a time^ to rectimt money ? — Ifaiah i. I/aiah/aw a mifion in the dayt §f Uzxiabf &c. — Ifai.xi. lo* in that day a root ofjeffejhall ftandfor an «r/^ff.— Eph. ii. 12. At that time ye nvere •without Cbrift — 2 Sam. xvii. 7. The ccunfel is not good at this time — Ifai. Iv, 6. ^eek the Lord ivhile he may hefcund,^^ Phil, iv, Te /ent onto and a" gain to wy neceffity* — Jcr. xxviii. 16. This year thou Jhalt die, ice* kc. Digitized by Google pubUddy^ and Jirft for civil governdrs* We ought always to difchar^ our duty, and, for the refl:, ibbmit to the uiyuft accounts that men ^ve of our condud. (7) ^ IX. Observe place. (8) St. Paul lays to the Philippians, fergetting tie things^ wlricb are behind^ and reaching forth umt^ tbofe (7) Example. Mr. Saurin's obiervatioDs on Peter's denial of Chrift, and Chrift's love to Peter are drawn from this ibarce. Thetimt of Peter's de- nial makes his crime black indeed ! the timt of the lord's looking at him illuminates his looks ! Hear our preacher. •' At the very time, when Jefus Chrift was riving the tendereft marks of his love» Peter discovered the blackeft ingratitade to him ; whila Jefus redeemed Peter, Peter denied him; while Jefu» Chrift yielded to the bloody death of the crofs for Peter, Peter refuied to confefs him ; but - • • Jefus looks at him I My brethren, what do thefe looks fay I how eloquent ate thofe eyes! never was a dif- courfe fo eSedlual, never did an orator exprefs himfelf with ib much force! It is the man of griefs complain- ing of a new burden while he is ready to fmk under what he already bears. It is the beneficent rtdamtr pi« tying a foul ready to oe loll r It is the ap9ftU tf jmr profeJJioH preaching in chains. In fine, it is the fi^ftrtigm of the hearts of men, the u- mighty God curbing the ef- forts of the devil, and taking ^ his conqueft away." TYitit four laft articles are the parts of the fecond divi« fion of the difcourfe. Stuarm Set. torn, i. fur P MmiuHm ii. S. Fierrt. (8) Obfervt pUtci. Rheto^ ricuns, aJFter Quintilian, put this article, place, under the head fuautitjy and the latter gives Cicero's oration Ibr Slilo as an example. We will explain it by a fcriptore example, zsA ftrnti %b$ cafe of Eliiha cavfing the dcaUi of forty-two children for ridi- culing his bald head. 2 Kings ii. 23, 24, 2C. The ftatin^ of a cafe is tne iflue, to which it is brought frona the compUint of the accn^, and the dtftntt of the accofed. Thuf, Digitized by Googk thofk tbittgi^-itthkh are hfore^ I frefs toward the mrk for the prize of the high calling of God iH ^ " Chriji Thus, let OS foppoft, Eliiha was accufed of killing forty- two children. Eli (ha con- Mtd he killed them ; but faid, he killed them Ju/fj* Now the i^ating of the cafe here is, whether Elifha killed the forty-two children juffy. A cafe may be ftated/(>«r ways. I. A cafe is ccnjt^u- ral, when it is enquired, whe- ther the thing were ^^x^ or not. As whether Eiijha did pro- cure the ^eatb of thefe chil- dren ? fwo heetrt came and tare /^/w.— 2. A cafe is fat- tive, when we enquire into the name, natnre, and i/efi- mthn of the fnppofed crime, 8s, EliihzkilifJ them : but he did not commit murJer, where mvJer rauft be denned. 3* A ca(e in quality is, where it is enquired in what manner a hSt was done, as Elifha killed the children : but he did it juftly. Here we mufl: eaqolre into circvmftanca^ and prove what in this cafe may be deemed yj^, or unjuft,-^ 4. A cafe in qmatftity is^ when we enqnire into the greatnefs^ Ofjmalhef} of a crime. Here we amplify or diminifh; and by confidertng how the fa A was circumitanced by time^ FL A c B, ■ Hjoordt^ a n'd aSions^ eaqairing who? what? where ? by whole aid f why? how? when? and comparing tiime« with ^ Vol. II. things, we determine what may be deemed great or httle. Place is of great ufe in the- ology, both to prove and //- luftrate. Mofes firft publifhed his miflion in the moft learn* ed court in the world at that time, confequently later pro- phets had a right to glory that God fent Mofo and Aaron to fhew figns and wonders in the land of Ham* Pfal. cv. 26, 27. — The pro- phets taught in publick places before aflemblies of the whole nation, and hereia they gloried over the affedted privacy of falfe idol prx)- phcts. Ifai. viii. 19. IVU %ari$ feepy and mutter-^-^xlvm 19. / have not fpoken in fe* critt in a dark place of tb$ earth — Pfal. xl, 9. / havt preached rtghteoufne/s in the great congrega tion. ■ Jefm Chrift publilhed his revela- tion in a place the moft like- ly in the world to defe^ a falfe prophet — Mat. ii. u Ze/us ivas horn in Judea^^ uke iv. 15. Jefus taught Im their fynagogues — Mat. y. i^ On a aountain^-^SLt. xiii. a* By thefea-Jid^ — John viii. ^^ In the temple^OxM Lord ufcd this topick before the priefls at his trial. John xviii. 20^ I /pake openly to the tjuorld ^ I ever taught in Ihe Jynagogue% and in the tempUy ^whither the Jenui always re/ort^ and in Digitized by Google C 122 ) Cbriji Jefus. The place where he writes this fur* nilhes a very beautirul condderation. He was then in prifin. fecrit have I /aid notbtwg.-^ The apoftles bore witDefs of his relurrecllon on the day of Pentecoft in the very city where he had been put to death— *in publick places— and in courts of judicature. Adls ii. 46* ^hiy continutd daily in the tempU — v. 20. Goftand and/peak in the temple t§ tbt people all the nuerds of this life — xxvi. 26. This things king Jlgrippa<t Rnas net dome in et comer. John iii. 23. John nvas baptizing at Enon, beeaufe tbere n»as mucb '*uater. In all thefe, and fimilar pafTages, place IS proof Place ferves alfo to illuf trate, Deat. xxxii. 10. Tbe Lord inftru^ed bis peotle in tbe fwafle bowling 'wildernefs'^ Amosviii. 129 il.Fleeawajf, feerf into tbe land of Judab^ propbejy not again any more at Betbeli for it is tbe king^t <hafely and it is tbe king's €ourt — ^John iv. 6. Jefus fat on tbe w.//-^John ii. 2. Botb Jefus and bis difciples^ were called to tbe marriage of Cana^ and bis motber was tbere — A€tt xix. 21. Paul purpofed in tbe fpiritf nvben be had pajfed tbrougb Macedonia^ ondAcbaia^ to go to Jeru/akmy /"^y^^gt After I ba've betn tbere, Imufi alfo fee Rome. Whataftretch of foul ! << Circa locum fpe£latur, facer fit an prophanus-*pub- iiicus an privatn^tnui an alienus— 'freqnens an folita- rius — pauperis an divitis<— honeHi nominis an infiunis* Turpins erat Antonio pro roitris in confpe^lu popiiU Romani vomere. Ncc inde- corum eft bono gravi que viro domi in nuptiu faltare, quod in foro faceret indecen* ter; aut in balneo nudare corpus, quod m conTino turpiter fieret. Item gravior culpa eft in templis garrire frivola, aut oculis fichari puellas quam in fbro ant theatro, &c/' Erafim. do RaU concionandi, lib» ii. The laft article, ment^ oned by Erafmus, is of very little ufe in regard to the non- conformifts in this country, for a man would be accounted little better than wild among as, if he ftiould whifper and ftare people out of connte- nance daring divine fervice : but in fome places of woHhip fuch vulgarities are too com- mon. Complimentine* whim- pering, ftanng, andkioking people ottt of countenance with glalTes in places of ovar^ Jbip are indecent prances imported from the theatre* and extremely oftenfive to all, who diftinguiih between religion and a farce. Sach indecencies are below {erioos reproof, efpecially the laft. Aneafyceniure, and, Itkink, the beft the offender de- fervtSy when he opticifes the premclier» Digitized by Google ( ^^3 > frifofh ^ Rome, loaded with chains, and deprived of his liberty; yet he fpeaks as if he were as much at liberty as any man in the world ; as able to aft as he pleafed, and to diipofe of himfelf as ever : he talks of having entered a courfe, running a race, forgetting things behind, preffing toward thofe that were before, and, in fliort, of hoping; to gain a prize ; all thefe are adtions of a man enjoy- ing fuU liberty. (9) How could he, who was in a prifon, be at the fame time on a race-courfe ? how could he run, who was loaded with irons? how could he hope to win a prize, who every day expefted a fentence of death ? But it is not difficult to conciliate thefe things : his bonds and imprifon- ment did not hinder the courfe of his faith and obedience. His prifon was converted into an agreeable Sudium, and death for the Gofpel might well be confidered under the image of a complete viaory. fteacher, is for the preacher to take his own glass out of his pocket and opticife him again. I have (een a man of no fmall facefo confound- ed by this treatment as to blaih, and go backward, and qnit the place. It happened ttnlackily for this pulpit- gaacer, the preacher was ex- plaining to his people at the very time. Mat. vii. 12. All things njobcufifuir ye ivculd' thm men fifould do to you^ do y€ foen fo to them ; for this is tb$ Iww and tht fropbits. Examples might be given, were not this note already too long : but two excellent ones may be feen in Saari&'s Sermon on the life of a tour* tier J from 2 Sam. xix. 32' — 39. and in Bp. Maffillon's to his clergy on the conduct of a clergyman in hi^parijh. in both, refle6iions arife from the //^// in queftion. Saur. Ser, tern. iii. ^.'^MaffiUott Confer, torn, i. 8. (9) ^ (^ifi toward the mark^ Phil. iii. 14. Eft in hoc, ec dnobus foperioribus veriibus, condnua qusdam metaphora, fumpta ab iis qui curm cer- tant in ftadio ; et voces hie nfurpatx (unt flam agomfUca^ et Icriptoribus agoniftlcis ufirpatae.— See i Cor. \x^^ Digitized by Google • ( "4 ). viftory, for a martyr gains an unfading crown ai a reward of his fuferings. (i) CoN3iD£a mt Persons addressed. (2) Let us again take S. Paul's words for an ex- ample. Recompenfe to no man evil for evil^ Rom. jcii. 17. They, to whom the apoftle addrelTed thcfe (1) Re*ward cf Martyrdom, The primitive Chridians •confidered martyrdom as the highed dignity, to which a man could afpire; hence Cyprian, Epiphanius, liidore and others, particularly Ter- tullian« fpeak of martyrdom as a far more glorious reward than the Grecian combatants gained in thdr games : and their rewards, lis Tuliy fays, were the moft glorious, that Greece had to beftow. " Cer- taminis nomine Ikut nobis martyria prop^onit, Hie quoque liheralitas magis quam acerbitas dti prsecft. - -^- Amavit qu«e vocavc- rat in falutpm invitare ad fi;loriam : ut qui gaudeamus iiberati exuUemus itiam corth- matt, ^irtut, adnt, Gnofiic, cap» 6. (2) Confider tbt pfrfnns ad-^ drejfed. A knowledge of the perfons add re (Ted is a branch of fcience eHTcntial to a^nini- &tr in feveral parts of his minifterial labours. For ex<v ample. J . Inftudying tht holy /trip'' HifUn I'bc propriety of inocb fcHpttire language^ efpecially that of the bold figurative kind can only appear by the genius of the people ad- drcfll'd. Sec Ezck. xvi. 23. Joel ii. 2", 6ct. Nahum ii. lii, &c.-««Tlije eauity asd fitnefs of many mofaieal^ i^^- tutts appear by a compariibn of them with the condition of the people.— The dif- ccfurfes- of oitf ^«<vfMr» mA the. epiftles of S. P^id are both more beautiful and more intelligible by this con* fideration-^The theological fyflems of the Jews, the mo< r,al philofophy of tbe learned heathens, the mythology of the vulgir herd of pagans. and the conditions of primi- tive churches, all elucidate the doetrittu of the new tefta- ment 2. Knowledge of peribns addreflfed ia eUential in the pQpiJh and hitrarcbual coa- troverfy. While thefc oeco* nomies are embraced by mercenary men, rewarded by ilate emoluments, and guard- ed by the fword, it will be bu( loll laboar to addrefs Digitized by Google ( 125 ) thtk words^ were Romans^ whafe perpetual m^xim was violently to revenge pxiblick injuries, and to- tally to deftroy thofe, who intended to deftroy them. dignified priefls on articles of fartbef reformation. It wa^ an apt fimilirude, that an ingenious gentleman ufed concerning the popi{h cere- ' monies retained in fome re- formed churches under pre- tence of bringing Romanifts over to themfelves. ** You refemble» faid he, a floating veffel failened to a rock by a rope ; if you in the veflel think to pull the rock to you •by the rope, you will find, on trying, a contrary efFeft will follow. Hence that well-known faying of Bi (hop Bonner ; when he heard that Cranmer and Ridley had re- tained fome ceremonies of the Roman church, he ex- claimed, ** Since our broth goes down with them fo well, they will ihortly feed upon the beef too!** An exclama- tion rather low and unepifco- pal : but, however, it was the moll prophctival vulga- rifm that his lord(hip ever Bttered, as the after-hillory of the Englifii epifcopal church plainly (hewed. See LtiJois Du Moulin^ uhi /up, 3. Knowledge of perfbns is eEential to a minifler in addreffing both the righteous and the 'wkked. No man addrefles the wicked ib for- cibly as he, who bed knows l^liioan natore in general. and the condition ,of each " firtner in particular. Had our Dean Swift, who often went difguifed into low com- pany to iludy human nature unmafked, made a holy ufe of his knowledge by reprov- ing and reforming fuch peo- ple, he might have been one of the mod ufeful miniilers of his day. A man, who has feen human nature in fuch places is in pofleffion of a thoufand topicks not to be Icarn^^d in higher life, where almoft all is trick and maf* querade, what Archbiftiop Leighton fomewhere calls an interchange of vanity and lies. The fame may be faid in regard to the pious part of an auditory. What can a young fpark, who has no piety himfelf, nor one pious intimate in the world, fay to pious auditors wor:h thoir hearing ! Religion itfelf is difgraced by being in fuch company. To put a bible in fuch a man's hand is like hanging Sir Ifaac Newton's Principia about the neck of a beaft. All other things may be difpenfed with : but a thorough knowledge of the fingular exercifes of pious minds under conviction, con- veriion, temptation, afflic- tion, in proipedls of death and in retrofpe^ of iin, can never Digitized by Google ( "6 ) thetn» or had offered them an^ affronts^ wk- neis the Carthaginians and Corinthians* They totally deftroyed Cartha^ becaufe (he had carried her arms into Italy by Hannibal's means, and had been upon the point of ruining Rome. Corinth they facked and burnt for having affronted their ambafladors. (3) You may wb remark this par- mtfver be difpenred with in a minifter of religion^ nor can he attain this knowledge without ptrfonal experience. We often fpeak of a mi- nifter's /peaking to the btart. The phrafe is icriptoral, and as Erafmus obferves, is there ofed for the iomfoUtot^ Ian* gua^e of the gi/ptK m dif- tin£lion from that of the law, which convids, and con- demns. See Ifai. xl. 2. Hof. 11. 14. Now this, as he adds, cannot be done bat by a man, whofe own heart has been comforted by the fame con(blation. '* Nullus aa- tem poteft loqui ad cor po- puli, nifi loquatur ex corde." Di Rat. Co9c Ii6. i. The phrafe, ^ak to tbi hearty in modern ufe, ftands for that excellent talent, which fome minifters poflefs, of addrefT- ing the confcience, bringing home the matter, to the man, fpealcing ad nm^ ad bominem^ what ihall I call it ? It di- , mides afundtr foul and fpiritt and is a difcvuirer rf the thoughts and intents of the heart. Heb.iv. 12. Such a jninifter farrounds his audi- tor, and wraps him up in convi&ions of fin, or in mc- filiations of God, which aie neither fe*w nor fmalL 3. Knowledge of peribhs is eflential to a minifter in enforcing duties. He mnft diftinguifh hnfbands, wives — matters, fervants— gover- nors, fubje^s — parents, chil- dren—-minifters, magiftrates, &c. and give to each his portion in due feafon, rightly dividing the word of truth. 4. Finally, knowledge of perfons is e&ential to cajtajhj. Cafes of confcience differ in different circumftaaces ; not that there is one gofpel for the rich, and another for the poor : but becaofe the fasiu God onMT all, being rith in wurey to all, requires different fervices in different circum* fiances. See ASU xxi. 20, 2 1 , &c« xxi. 40. Gal. ii. 2. iv. 13, 20, &c* (3) The Romans foihd Co- rinth for ajironiing their lidors, haffadors. See Aptiam in LvS, —rell. Paterc. lih. iL 16 See alfo the juft refleftions of Bifhop Bojket on thefe fubjedls Hijl. Uninferf vol. !• chap. 6. and above all let us never forget that neceffsr^ remark Digitized by Google ( "7 ) pardcular circumftance % that, although die Ro* mans had fucceeded in avenging their injuries, the empire owing its grandeur to fuch excelSes, yet their fuccefs did not hinder the apoftle from frying Recompenfe to no man evil f$r evili becaufe Beitha:^ examples nor fuccefles ought to be the rules remark of Mr. RMm in hisJn- €Umt Hifi. vol. xii. b. 26. p. 2. €• 2. ** PeffiB mtrmlit^ it n§ ^nhm f be Uarmti omt /rtm ibe wQPrd of G4J,*' not chst mtaral refigion with all its blindntis conld allow of thefe cxceflQM. See Ciara 4U OjfU. lib. ill. bot, after admitting all its excellencies. It leaves m» proud, and far from the image of God : exhibiting ind^ fomething Of the ra- tional, bat deba£ng it with a mixtore of the bratal and infernal. When we refer to Tarions anchors, andvarions articles tending to elncidate the holy fcriptnres, we do ib on fappofition that it is pro- per to compofe a fermon of ieveral topicks prooerly cbofen and arranged. Moft divines make mixed obfer- ▼ataons, that is, they fome- times take them with the ut- TooSi propriety from various Iborces, as from perfin^^lacit Sbc. The following example will explain my meaning. *' 2 Sam. iii. 38. Know yi wgi tbat tberi is a frincu tmd u griM man fallen tbis de^ in Ifi-oiU - - - Obf. I. k great n&an's death pailes not with- out publick notice ; the King jMdi Knnwje not, &c. Obf. 2, Sxiraardhuby perlbns are not exempted from the oommoix laws of mortality ; tbefrime^ emd the great man falL ObC |. They, who ftand in htgli» itand in the' moft flippenf piaees'y Abner fell by aiflTa^- fination. ObC 4. The bel^ land is not a place privi- ledged againft Uie arreft of death. Abner fell in ^4//." Cemmemoratimi Sermon en tbe deatb of Colonel Cbar, Coven-* dijhf Jlain in tbe Jer^ice of Cbar. I. Preacbed at Darfy 1674, iy Wm. Naiknt. Nothing can bemoreplaia and fimple than thefe obfer* vations, yet from them the preacher derives a great va- riety of edifying inftrufUons^ very pertinent, and very pro- per to the occafion. The time of S. Paul's con<* veriion is confiderable, for it was when he was in the higheft rage, and when the church was moft deprefled—- i The place alfo is remarkable^ it was near Damafcns. Seve* ral 'otber circnmft antes aUo heighten the glory of it» thonder, lightning, &c A difcourfe on SauFs converiioa is therefore properly See BeauJobr$ Difc. tern. vi. a[xx« Digitized by Google rules of our condufl:, byt fqlely the wiU of God^ and the law of Chriflianitiy, (4) (4) The repealed nvill of Gdd^ and not tbe/ucce/s ofthofe 'who depart from it^ ftfould he a Cbriftitu^sryle ^f aSinn. ThU remark is of great confe- quence in theology. The whole book of job feems to have been written with a view to this article. Job was abided. His fronds tt>ought« hU condition a proof of his impiety. Not at all, replies Job, The tahtrnacUi cf robbers proffer, and they, that provoke God, are fecure, xi • 6> There are five forts of mi- nifters, who ought to iludy this article, i. They who make worMly profperity a mark of the true church of ChriA. It is certain, we fhgald never find the head of the church by this rule, and it is not likely we ihoald dif- cover his members by it. See vol, i. page 280, note 5. 2. Th^ who afpire at nothing in the church but preferment, and by unwor- thy adions obtain it, fhould regard this fubjed. Thefe reprobates lofe all fenfe of the guilt of fuoceeding in the picafHFe of fnecefs. 3. The^t. ought to iludf this, who choofe their rdi* gioQ by popularity, who em- brace what mod allow be- CJ^oie the molb allow it. The religion of Chrift is aa «in« iavoury thing to the vitiated taAes of the bulk of man- Idad: and he, who eicpfi&i to find wholefome food on tables prep n red by fuch per- foBS, wilt find himfelf OB a trial groisly deceived. 4. They, who impofe on their own confcicnces, , and flatter theniAlves into un- fcriptural compliances under pretence of obtaining wider. fields of ufeiulueff. are in— der th^ fame fad mill^kew They fucceed, in whati la. doii g partial good ; for theie- are troths, which they dajc not memion. hey fiiccoed* in what ? In doing mcmeatarf good, wh^ch expires, whea they depart. Succcfs tt> them(<:lves, and not to the. caufe at large, is their objed« Were they to refufe compU-. ance with what their coa- fciences abhor, they might fiorm PRSE fixieties, whick would perpetuate diemfelves^ and even their miniiier by chooling a fuccefiioa like him. Aiasi how flew have fuch extcnfire, difin^ereiied vie%vs ! 5. They ^e alfo far fixMa Monfienr Claude's obferr»- tloo, who adopt any chin^ in the courfe of their bu-* nifiry, how fiUy foever, thtf givds them popularity, whick they call the iucceft of th« gofpel. Diogenes^ going to declaim to a very Dew audi- tors, and loth to iay that t» a Usm^ which was wofthy of beii^ hcacd by saaay, hiL- jpa (to ila^ th£ jQfxri^ «£ Digitized by Google ( 2*9 ) XL ExAMmt irstt t»ABLTi<ctrtAk State xfi^ Vtist^i ADt)R£SSED* (5) For example, recompenfe to n6 num evH for evih JSc. Paiil inrm to RoOians : but 16 Rttnten Chtf^ HtiHs% WUch fixm farought aaditors aroanil him, Anaximefiesy M>t bdng able to a^rad the ^fttmtioii of his atidiciice by nawly decraiitoinffy took out tome rcry fine mCfiSr, and AcoLh&od idle eye^ W at- Wotion of his aoditors. At- •lentioo acquired ftf ibcfa odd methods is not worth hiving, imd yet hoitr many means as ]BMitmcal as thefe have been Ut 00 bjr preachers nnder |ireti9ice of exciting atten- •bqairine popnlari^ «ad enfnrittg fitc'cefs. Via. i>mm. Heinfii Una Afim^ p. i. (;) SxamM ihi p^ttiaJar jtMUtfftrfmtiuUr^. Thas we accodht for mapy ioem- ing d6ntnuB6tions in fcrip- tnrei Mofes ioiade a ferpent of brif9» Nom. xxi. 9. He- ftefciah broke it in pieces> iieoaufey hi bis dm^s^ the tbil" 4ttn of ifitul did bum inaufi fit, % Kings Xviii; 4 — ^One prophet fays, Bh^tkiSrmm^ fit 4m the Mtw moon, nnd on pUr ^fidmm feufi dajs^ fir tbis is a Jhauti fir ifrofly and u law 9 f ibi God 0/ Jacob. Pfal. Ixxxi. 3^ 4.-^Aoocher ftys, Nensf moom tmd fiMaihs I c^mmt •ttMry wib, tvm tbi fiUUm wuktng is impUlf. My fidl banth tbom, for yiittr basoJt m-e fill of biood. Jfai. r. 13, l^.-^/ faii indeod tiy boufo /boUlH walk biforo me for Ofvor : but wow tbe Itrdfaitbj Bf itfkr froik fim. I Sam. ii. ^o.-^Ji mobaf imftmttt Ijl^dt cometrmimg a utUkk to dujhof it, if tbaf nmtiom tttrm from fbrir onril^ I will repent* Jer. xflii. 7, 8.<m Man is juftlfed by fsutb nvifb^ oki tbe deeds eftbe la^va. Rom« iii. tS. — By works mem isjiU*^ iified^ emd nm iy faitb onlj\ James ii. 14. Thefe> and a thonfand other paflTages, a^ harmonised only by an at- tention to the partilcnlar con- dition of the peribns oA^ drefled. StPaul beantifullf calls this variety a cbange if 'voice. Gal. it. ad. Tbe fame heavenly Inftrador fpeaks: but fpeaksy fb to fay, in dif- ferent tones adapted to thd diiferent tempers of the av-^ ditors. This notion of revda^ tioo is a very juft one^ and as it aathorizes uor minifters in varying their addreffes t6 their hearers, fo it condemns thofe loofe» defn^tory decla* mationi,. which addrefs ail* and fo ^ffed none. It Thi Digitized by Google (130 ) iianSy who faw themfelves hated and perfecuted by their fellow-citizens, and in general abufed by the whole world. Yet, however reafonahle it- fentment might apjpear at firft fight, the apoftk would The pecttliar drcumfbuices of the perfon fpeaking alfo. ferves to account for many things, that fall under the immediate notice of theolo- gidSy and at firft appear very unaccountable* We will ex- emplify a Few* I* Nothing is more com- mon than to hear men of equal abilitet affirm direBly tomtrary to one another on the/une fabjed. TiUttfim zxidi Holtrofi had been chamber* fellows at Clare-hall. Til- iQcfon declared in his old ^%^* ** I do in my con- fcience believe the [eft/copal] church of England to be the beft conflitttted church in the world." Sirm, en i Cor, ixi. 15. Holcroft thought, the epifcopai church of £ngladd was an image of the beaft, as favage and lAre filly than the beail itfelf. How are we to account for this vari- ety ? Confider the condition of each fpeaktr. The image of the beail made Tillotfon Archbifliop of Canterbury ; and the beft conftituted church in the world was very near hanging Holcroft for non-confbrmicy. 2. Nothing is more fre- quently feen than the fame divine difierins; from himfelf. Stillingflcct did fo. In his Irenktm^ he declared tkat preibyterian government was more conformable to fcrip* ture and reafon than Epifco- pacy— -that Bifliops ought not to impofe any ceremo* nits, which have no firan-' dation in fcrij^tnre— >that fchifm was on their fide, who impofed ceremonies, and not on theirs, who refufed fab- miffion to them. But in his Anfwer to/everal latt freatifit^ he calls thofe fchifinadcks, who deny fubmiffion to the government of the epifcopai church of England, and addb^ <* The conftitution of <mt church ftands upon this >£a^ p9int9 all things are lawf«l# which are not roaaiB- dbk/' Wheaee this (b*£fe* rence? The peculiar condi- tion of the ipeaker is to be confidered. The Irtmcum was publiihed when tha as* thor was minifter of one fin* gie Sutton ia Bedfordihiiv* The Anfrvtr came out about ^ 8 years after, when • .^ • • what ? God forbid we fhould fay, men ihould not live and learn : but it hapjiens very unlttckilv, when illumina- tion ana preferment coma together ! 3ifliop Stillingfleet's op- ponents faid, the point on which his church ftood» " would Digitized by Google ( 131 ) woold not have them obey fuch psdions as the light of reafoii, the inftin<5t of nature, and the dq- ftrc of their own prcfcrvation might fcem to excite. He ** wonid make a pare fricaf- fee of religion, it woald jaf- dfy the addition of oil, cream, fpittle, and fait in baptifm, and it would as aoch authorize a minifter to »areach the |;ofpel with a Jielmet on his head, and a fword and' buckler in his haiid» as iigns of our fpiri- tual warfare, as it would the crois in baptifm. It is not' enough in religion, that things are not/crSMen, they in aft -be. eommanitd, Jer. Tii. 31.'' L4wis Dm Moulin ubifufr^. 3* Divines have feen a wliole church change its doc- irhuf and yet retain its crctds^ and tefts of orthodoxy ; and, what is more extraordinary, declare the famt teHs the guardians of twofyftems of divinity as ofpofitt as particu- lar election and general re- demption, and both of them go{pel fbr the time. What I Has the eofpel of 1555 been explained by any new reve- lation iince, or is the old gof- pel an unartain found f Nei* ther : bat the particular corir ditions of leading; chur9hn)tn have altered with the times, aud with the tempem of civil governors. 4* Divines have feen a church change its temfur .o( ^overmng, and yet not alte;^ . lis form of government. Stra-' tagem and col lu Hon, dupli- city and foft worda took place with Tilfotfon, and Tenifon, of Parkerian fire, and Laudean pride. The latter in days of yore ex-' communicated and perfecut- ed non-conformifts to death : but the former in later times tell us they pity and pray for us, and efteem us their dear brethren in Chrift. Have they made an abatement of one word in terms of confor- mity/r^jw ibi day that Ifrael came up out of Egypt to this day? Confider Mr. Claude's eleventh common place, tak$ adwe^ fpeak your minds^ and firft ofallgi^ut tl>anks for kings t and for all that are in auiho^ rityy that you lead quiet and peaceable li^ues in fill godlinefs and bonefty / J. We fometimcs amufe ourfelves with contrafting the great doeu with the great ,fyffi!rers in religion in the days of our anceHors. We weigh the merits of Fox and Coverdale a?ainft thofe of Cranmer and Cox— We fet Cartwright againft Whitgift •—Baxter and Bates againft Laud and Cofins — Watts againft Atterbury— ^Bunyan againft Bugg — and fo on; and we. enquire; - - • No^^* R 2 ^ . - .. we Digitized by Google lie esuhopted thipm to leave vengeance to Gtod, «k| lidvifcd them only to follow the diftates of love. The grcAteft perfcciitors cf t^e primitive Chriftian^ yftvc the Je\ys, on vhom the 'Roman Chriftians^ could ^afily have avenged th^mifelves under va- lious pretexts; for the Jews were generafiy hated ^nd defpifed by all other nations^ and nothing coul^ be eafi^l: than to avail themfclves of that pub^ick hatred, to which the religion of the* Jews expofca them. Neycrthrfeils, S. Paul not only fays in ge^ neral Render not evil for evil :. but in p vticidat? Recompenfc to no mn e^iX for eyilj. As if he?, we will not enquire. C/Wir- 4ite^ jam fi'V9i, P**^* fi* fraim biherunt. Finally, fliia place is ofc- fttl in many £ngle theological oueftions. for example. Why did act tke apoftles fpeaJc mgainft cutting infant-bap> dfm in the room ofcircam- cifion^ The particular ftate cf the primitive d^orclx did xiot require it. Infant-bap- tifm had not been thought of then. Why did not the apof- tles make creeds and canons? They' would have defeated ^tir own particular V'cw, which was to put individuals into a capaaty of making treeds ^d canons i^r tlv.em- jbtves» ic/ &c/ ConJStUr ttti particular ft aU •f th^' texfons addrejgei. The tffe of the moral law is ^ut placed in a very propqr ?ght/ ^^ Ufus lcgi« moralia varias eft fecundum varios ^tOs hominis. Ptim^evo bd*^ AiW/ ft^atm erat ot homo per iTlam yivificaretur. XJfts fiih ftfttupeecati eft, iit homiae^ de tranfgreffione et reditu ar- guat - - • ttt ilium fie cpn- vtdum ad gratiAm defidn- randam compellat • • • Ser-* vit praeterea lex in hoc ftati^ tunx Ehdt ut hominem cohi- beat, turn feecath, ot pecci* turn augear. Tertius ufoi legis mpralls erga homineii\ jam Spiri^ Dei et Chrifti re- natum conveniens' ftatui gr»-' tiac eft, ut fit p^etna rego- la vitae. Ex luice ufibus fa-i die cblligere eft,, qiiopi^nei lex moraliff intei* fid^es, e( ftib. gratia Chrifti conftitutos obtineat, et quoofoue abro- gau fit. Aminii ef. The^l* Di/pKtat. FfA. m. To give ah ^^ampTe, Rom. xi. J3. O tbi depths ^Cr in order to en tier into* the apoftle^s ipeaning, it is' neceifary to cpniider Uie fiih^ je&^ to which he appUe$ his text, and never to lofc fi|j4t of the dtfign of tUs wHW, ^jpiftlj^* Digitized by Google ( »J3 ) \ad (lud. Do not injure thofe, on whom fou eoukl ipoft qafily avenge yourfclyes ; hurt not the moft violent ^oftle. Tlie apoftle ^nd- Sy means to oppofe a icaiir OS fchifin, which ren^ the church of Rome ; that diarch wai compofed of two fiutf of Chriftians, (bme of them qime from paganifm, others from Jadai^ ; the latter defpifcd the fof mer, fo fhejr h^ always treated fo- retgttcrt ; they mfifted on it, ^t finr their town parts they liad a natural right to th^ Ueffiogs, which the MeiEah came to ^eStow iippn his church ; becaofe, being bom tews, they were the Tawfal neirs of Abraham, to whom the promiie was made, where- as the Gentiles partook of thefe bleffin|s, ^inly by mere grace. St. Pa'iil oppoies this pretudice, proves Uiat Jews and Gendles were alike »«.- irr yf«, that they had an eoaal need of the covenant Of crace, tltkzt they both im^ their vocation to the mercy of God, that no one was riejeAed as a Gentile, or admitted i^ a Jew, and that ibch only had a part in this frlTntion as had been chofen in thf eternal decrees of God. The Jews coold not relift Ibdl humbling ideas, nor 9djaft all this doftrine with ^ir high notions of the prerogatives of their nation, ^QCh leis conM they enter "" ' 8. FauPs fyftem of pre- ^atson. S, Pi^iU appUes this chapte^, CMit of whlcl^ our text is taken, and thi^ two preceding ones, to an- fwer their difficnlties. He tnms the fnli^e& (if I may fo fpeak) on' every fide to make it clear. He reafons, proves, argnes : bqt after he had &eaped proofs upon proofs, reafi>ns upon reafons^ folutions npon wlutions, he acknowledges in the words of my tesct, that it was his glory to reft beneath his fab* jea : he daifes himfelf in a manner with the moft igno-^ rant of thofe, to whom he writes, he acknowledges that ^e has not received a faffici* ent meafure of the fpirit of God to fathom fach abyffes, and he exclaims upon the brink of thil ocean, O tbt dipthj &c. hvw UMfiarch^^ able^ && Smr Us frofomUurs dicing, tern. xL Monfieor Saurin's defign in this fermon is to prqmote Chriftian love among people, who think differently con- cerning the decrees. In or-^ der to this he ohferves, that all the ways, in which it picafes God to difcover him- lelf to men^ though ftiining with light are yet ihadeC with adorable <}arkncfs, they are li^byinths, i^ which fee- ble reafon is loft. Our ideas^ of the deity are ideas of a vaft:' profound— the works of na- ture are a great deep — the. ways. |
http://www.foodista.com/recipe/66LGVWHR/egg-drop-soup | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Egg Drop Soup
Ingredients
1 jalapeño – sliced – without seeds
1 cup of cooked diced chicken or pork
½ cup diced baby carrots
3 cloves of garlic – chopped
1 inch piece of fresh ginger - chopped
1 handful of Italian parsley – chopped
5-6 cups of chicken broth
1 bunch of scallions – chopped
1 egg plus ¼ tsp. cornstarch – beaten
1 cup uncooked rice
Olive oil
Preparation
1
Prepare the rice as directed.
2
Heat a medium sized soup pot with a drizzle of olive oil. Add the garlic, jalapeño, ginger, carrots and scallions. Sauté until the garlic is just fragrant. Add the diced chicken or pork.
3
Add the chicken broth and gently simmer on low for a few minutes.
4
Add chopped parsley and continue to gently simmer.
5
In a small cup beat the egg with the cornstarch.
6
Begin to stir the soup as it is gently simmering. Slowly pour the egg and cornstarch mixture into the soup while continually stirring the soup. Turn the heat off and serve.
7
Place desired amount of rice in a bowl and top with the soup.
About
This is a delicious soup.
With Love,
Catherine
xo
Added:
Sunday, May 20, 2012 - 8:04am
Related Cooking Videos.
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5638002_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Smith, Judge.
Convicted of simple battery, Williamson appeals, enumerating as error that on three occasions during the course of the trial a juror was allowed by the court to examine witnesses. Since it has been unequivocally stated that in this state “a juror should not be permitted to examine witnesses under any circumstances,” denial of appellant’s motion for a new trial must be reversed. Stinson v. State, 151 Ga. App. 533, 536 (1) (260 SE2d 407) (1979); Hall v. State, 241 Ga. 252, 256 (4) (244 SE2d 833) (1978). Further contentions as to improper charges are without merit.
Judgment reversed.
McMurray, P. J., and Banke, J., concur.
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http://www.fivesixteenthsblog.com/2012/03/hold-up-coupon-code.html | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | 3.14.2012
Hold Up // Coupon Code
After strapping together a bunch of forks from Zach's parent's kitchen & attaching them to the anteana on top of the roof have I gotten a taste of the internet. (obviously, I don't know how teh internetz works. I'll leave that up to Zach.) However, through this dial up speed country internet I have been able to finally share this one post with you:
15% off in Five Sixteenths Shop for the second half of my trip! Use coupon code MICH2012
It has been super dooper fun here these past few days! If you want to follow me along on my trip check out my twitter feed (@fivesixteenths) or find me on instagram (@fivesixteenths)
Also, here's something I wish I could download while I am here. Pixlr.com has a Pixlr-o-matic download for your computer! If I could download it, I'd be turning some of my photos into dreamy creations..
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https://www.crummy.com/2005/03/10/1 | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | < The Pocket Wisherman Gets A Bite
There's a dollar in every one! My chain letter scam worked! >
(4) : Why am I deluged with spam for pills to cure impotence, but nothing to cure idempotence?
Filed under:
Comments:
Posted by Josh Myer at Fri Mar 11 2005 01:50
Because they could only sell you one. *rimshot*
Posted by Dumont at Fri Mar 11 2005 09:24
bada-boom -- *ka-ching!*
Posted by Adam P. at Fri Mar 11 2005 09:45
Heh heh.
Posted by Kevan at Mon Mar 14 2005 09:43
I was going to say that as well, but it wouldn't make any difference, now.
[Main] [Edit]
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http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Previousproducts/6345.0Main%20Features9999Dec%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=6345.0&issue=Dec%202011&num=&view= | Creative Commons Common Crawl | Various open licenses | Australian Bureau of Statistics
ABS Home > Statistics > By Release Date
6345.0 - Labour Price Index, Australia, Dec 2011 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 22/02/2012
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The Labour Price Index measures changes in the price of labour services resulting from market pressures, and is unaffected by changes in the quality or quantity of work performed. It is unaffected by changes in the composition of the labour force, hours worked, or changes in characteristics of employees (e.g. work performance). Information about the wage price indexes has been released for each quarter since September 1997. Individual indexes are published for various combinations of state and territory, public and private sectors, and broad industry groups.
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bpt6k5823237_1 | French-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | Le problème autrichien A. E. 1. 0. U. « Austrix ést imperare orbi vniversu » telle fut, jadis, la fière devise de l'Autriche. Elle a du paraitre d'une amère ironie à l'empereur Charles, si d'aventure il s'en est souvenu, en allant à Spa, faire hommage au kaiser. C'est qu'il n'était plus ques'ion pour l'Autriche de commander au monde entier, mais de se livrer pieds et poings liés à # Allemagne. Aujourd'hui, le sacrifice est consommé. Il n'est plus permis de douter que les accords signés au Grand Quartier Général allemand doivent assurer au gouvernement de Berlin la domination sur l'Autriche comme la paix de Bucarest a réalisé l'asservissement de la Roumanie. L'Autriche perdra, dans l'avenir, jusqu'à la libre disposition de l'instrument de sa force militaire, puisque l'armée autrichienne, réorganisée avec l'aide de l'Allemagne, doit être mise dans l'impossibilité d'entreprendre la guerre contre l'Allemagne, ne serait-ce que pour des raisons techniques. 1.a situation est bien celle que décrit la Tribuna « L'Autriche est maintenant complètement prisonnière de l'Allemagne. Après avoir anéanti la Russie, l'Allemagne va pouvoir, grâce à la mise en esclavage de l'Autriche, assurer sa mainmise dans l'Orient européen. Le traité nouveau ramène là couronne de l'empereur d'Autriche à la même proportion que la couronne bulgare et que le fez turc. » La monarchie dualiste n'est plus qu'un camouflage destiné à dissimuler l'hégémonie allemande de l'Europe centrale. lous assistons, répétons-le, à la constitution du Mitteleuropa. Nous voyons se réaliser le rêve des teutomanes autrichiens. Les Allemands et les Magyars ne peuvent maintenir leur domination sur la majorité slave qu'ils oppressent, qu'en assurant leur position privilégiée par un appui extérieur. L'Empire allemand est devenu pour eux le seul concours possible. Les Allemands d'Autriche et les Magyars n'ont donc pas à désirer que la monarchie austro-hongroise demeure indépendante, leur politique même exige qu'elle soit dépendante de l'Allemagne. Il faut que le flot slave se brise, impuissant. contre le peuple allemand uni dans toute l'étendue de l'Europe centrale. Le député Rodolff Berger, dans un discours à la Li.gue pangermaniste, le 20 juin 1905, disait Le passage de l'ancien et misérable particularisme allemand d'autrefois à l'Empire allemand d'aujourd'hui a été infiniment plus difficile que ne le sera le passage du régime actuel à l'Allemagne pangermaniste que nous voulons établir. La catastrophe russe a incité les Allemands à brûleur l'étape au cours même de la guerre européenne. Comment les nationalités opprimées d'Autriche, maintenant qu'elles sont privées de leur protectrice naturelle, la Russie, oseraient-elles exprimer autrement que par des paroles le vif mécontentement que leur cause le développement de l'alliance austro9»mande ? Ici la psychologie des Allemands et leur information pourraient bien être, en;emble, en défaut. Des troubles intérieurs très graves menacent de naître du nouvel état de choses. Le gouvernement viennois se verra très probablement forcé d'exercer le pouvoir sans le Parlement, car il ne pourra jamais faire approuver par les Polonais, les Tchèques, les Sud-Slaves et les Social-Démocrates un traité d'alliance perpétuel avec l'Allemagné, ayant pour conséquence d'isoler la monarchie dualiste de l'Europe occidentale et d'entraîner un état d'armement dont rien ne peut aire prévoir la fin. Déjà Charles I* a reçu des avertissements significatifs. La noblesse tchèque, les membres tchèques de la Chambre des Seigneurs viennent de publier une déclaration contenant au sujet au droit de la Bohême de former un Etat indépendant, les mêmes revendications que celles des divers partis tchéco-slovaques. Ils invoquent le droit historique corroboré par le droit naturel et matériel des nations de déterminer librement leur sort ». Ils somment le gouvernement de renoncer au projet de régler unilatéralement la question de Bohême et le menacent de « conséquences désastreuses ». Qu'une telle situation amène tôt ou tard la chute de la dynastie, c'est là une hypothèse que nous sommes en droit d'envisager sans trop de hardiesse. Mais il est une autre considération qu'il est bon de mettre en lumière. Les pangermanistes professent que le monde tend à l'unité ». C'est une erreur d'optique. ou d'information. S'il est vrai qu'une partie de l'univers s'unifie, une autre tend à se diviser, et ces phénomènes de désintégration, comme disait Herbert Spencer, sont très nombreux. Quatre ans avant la guerre, un écrivain attentif aux leçons de l'histoire et sachant lire dans le coeur des hommes tirait des progrès du mouvement autonomiste en Egypte, de la résistance de l'Alsace-Lorraine et de la Pologne prussienne aux entreprises de la germanisation, du mouvement catalanistë à demi triomphant sous le ministère Maura, du retour accentué de l'esprit public français au mouvement provincial, de mille autres faits contemporains, cette conclusion que la centralisation et l'unification sont loin d'être fatales. que les tendances à la désintégration abondent par tout l'univers, et que Frédéric Amouretti ne se trompait pas en montrant que l'oeuvre dn xlxa siècle n'avait pas été purement et simplement une évolution régulière de tous les peuples vers l'unité. Dans les premières armées du xx siècle, un écrivain jui fit le tour du monde pour le compte du M. Gaston Donnet, a ratifié purement fi simplement les vues d'Amouretti, dont M. Paul Bourget, à son retour d'Italie et d'Amérique, avait dit la justesse il admettait la coexistence future de quelques grands empires avec une pousUton de principautés et de républiques. Avez vous fait le compte des républiques nouvelles, des Etats nouveaux qui sont nés de cette guerre et de ceux qu'elle a en gestation • C'est un jeu assez vain que de tracer le plan géographique de l'Europe tant que les armées n'ont pas achevé leur œuvre. Comme le dit le Vorwaerts, « c'est la conférence générale de la paix qui dira le dernier mot sur tout ce qui se fait actuellement ». Puissent les diplomates de l'Entente s'y rendre avec des vues plus réalistes que celles qu'ils ont apportées jusqu'à ce jour à l'examen de la question d'Autriche. et de quelques autres. Ils auront un problème ardu à résoudre ils auront à chercher ce qui assurera le mieux la tranquillité de l'Europe et servira le mieux les intérêts de la France et des puissances occidentales, de la destruction de l'Autriche ou de la destruction de l'Allemagne, du morcellement de l'un des deux Empires ou des deux, ou de leur coexistence avec une poussière d'Etats slaves les encadrant et les surveillant. A première vue, il apparaît qu'en poursuivant l'affranchissement des peuples opprimés, nous sommes, politiquement, historiquement, et sentimentalement, dans la bonne voie. La sympathie des peuples d'Occident est acquise à la politique des nationalités. Nous aurons à chercher, quand l'heure sera venue d'établir le règlement de l'Europe, de rétablir l'équilibre européen i, s'il convient de laisser sur la tête du roi de Prusse la couronne du Saint-Empire Germanique ou d'empêcher, au contraire, que l'Allemagne fasse son unité comme la France a fait la sienne, ou de s'en tenir enfin au principe que nul ne doit dominer en Allema gne. Une chose est sOre c'est que, si nous sommes vainqueurs, et nous le serons, on ne procédera plus, au Congrès de la paix, comme on le fit il y a un siècle au Congrès de Vienne par des calculs de nombre d'âmes il faudra savoir ce que ces âmes désirent. Cette guerre a été partout une guerre nationale, elle a éveillé les revendications même des nations non organisées. Le prochain congrès se fera une règle de respecter, dans la répartition des territoires, le sentiment national et la volonté des populations. Il dissipera l'esprit de Machiavel et de Bismarck, l'esprit de ruse et de violence. La monarchie autrichienne, Etat purement dynastique, assemblage de nations sans unité intérieure, reste, dans ses deux moitiés, un défl au sentiment national de ses sujets. Elle a bien des chances de disparaître. Mais à côté de l'œuvre de destruction qui sera plus tard le fait des militaires et des diplomates, il est une œuvre de construction que diplomates et militaires se doivent d'entreprendre tout de suite c'est le sauvetage de la Russie, la restauration de l'empire russe. Sans une Russie ordonnée, puissante et prospère, reprenant son rôle de protectrice des républiques slaves et de contrepoids à la Confédération germanique, il n'y a pas d' « équilibré européen possible. Eugène LE BRETON. Les obséques de Gilbert PARIS, 21 mai. Aujourd'hui ont eu lieu les obsèques de l'aviateur Gilbert. Le corps, ramené de Versailles, était exposé dans une chapelle ardente, rue Pergolèse. Sur le cercueil recouvert d'un drapeau tricolore, avait été déposée la palml offerte par la ville de Paris aux victimes du devoir. Aux couronnes de Versailles s'en étaient ajoutées beaucoup d'autres. Le cortège s'est mis en routf à 10 heures et demie du matin, pour se rendre au cimetière d'Auteuil, où Je cercueil oevait être déposé dans un caveau provisoire, en attendant d'être transporté à Clermont-Ferrand Une foule énorme se pressait sur le passage du convoi. Les honneurs étaient rendus par une section de la garde républicaine à pied qui -formait la haie autour du corbillard encadrant le drapeau des vétérans des armées de terre et de mer. Les cordons du poële étaient tenus par MM. Puech, sénateur ancien ministre le capitaine Vida1 le caporal Bayll. et M. Bontemps ,des Vétérans des armées de terre et de mer. Sur un coussin étaient portées les décorations de l'aviateur, puis venaient le beau-père et le beau-frère du défunt, ainsi que les autres membres de la famille. Aussitôt après la famille, avaient pris place MM. Dumenil, sous-secrétaire d'Etat de l'aéronautique, accompagné du commandant Brocard, son chef de cabinet le commandant de Malherbe, représentant M. Clemenceau le lieutenant Fournols, représentant M. Pams; le capitaine Marchai ,représentant le général Dubai1, et le colonel Girod, inspecteur général des écoles d'aviation. Des délégations d'aviateurs civils et militaires et d'ouvriers des usines d'aviation suivaient. Dans l'assistance, on remarquait MM. Charrois, Villaret, Jacques Bréguet, le capitaine Rocien, Rochette, de l'inspection des forges les lieutenants aviateurs Audemard et Clément. Au cimetière, M. Puech et le capitaine Vidal ont rappelé en termes émus, la brillante carrière de Gilbert, à qui ils ont adressé un suprême souvenir. Fermeture de débits de boissons Saint-Etienne, 21 mai. Le maire de StChamond a pris un arrêté ordonnant la fermeture des débits de boissons. VOIR en deuxième PAGE Le Japon, les Etats-Unis et la thtstU, La chaleur 30 degrés à l'ombre PARIS, 21 mai. De notre rédaction parisienne). La chaleur est venue tard, mais elle est venue, sans transition et depuis quelques jours, elle sévit impitoyable sur la région parisienne. Trente degrés à l'ombre, c'est le régime auquel nous sommes soumis aujourd'hui 21 mai 1 Hier et dimanche, la température sénéga'lienne avait incité bon nombre de Parisiens a fuir Paris et à se réfugier dans les coins ombreux de la banlieue. La journée s'est bien passée. Mais le soir, le retour a donné lieu à des incidents amusants, curieux et pittoresques. A Saint-Germain, des centaines de promeneurs ne purent trouver place dans les trains ou dans les tramways. Les uns, gens de résolution, acceptèrent joyeusement l'idée de coucher à la belle étoile sous les arbres du parc ou ceux de la forêt, mais d'autres allèrent demander au commissaire de police de leur procurer un logement. Très aimablement. ce fonctionnaire s'efforça ,t les satisfaire en obtenant qu'ils pussent attendre le lever du jour dans une grande salle de la ville la salle des Arts. Tant bien que mal, ils reposèrent. A Argenteuil, les suites irattendues de cet exode ont été bien plus amusantes encore. Des automobilistes qui s'y étaient rendus beaucoup imprudemment, s'étaient aventurés en dehors des limites de la grande ceinture, c'est-à-dire dans la zone récemment interdile. Fâcheuse inadvertance 1 Ils ont été contraints de s'arrêter et de descendre de leurs voitures qui. en dépit de leurs protestations, ont été confisquées. le commissaire est bon enfant, mais le gendarme est sans pitié et tous les deux se sont trouvés d'accord pour appliquer le règlement militaire avec une rigueur inflexible. LE MARECHAL MACKENSEN se rendrait SUR LE FRONT ITALIEN Londres. 20 mai. Le Daily Telegraph écrit « Un ccrtain nombre de divisions allemandes ont quitté la Roumanie pour une destination inconnur. Il se peut qu'elles soient destinées au front italien. e Quant à Mackensen, il est probable qu'il commandera sur le front italien, car c'est un spécialiste des opérations de montagne. » Les préparatifs autrichiens s'accentuent Rome, 21 mai. Le correspondant particulier du Daily Mail Milan, a télégraphié le 19 mai a L'envoyé du Corriere della Serra au front itaficn dit que les préparati/s autrichiens se sont accentués au cours de la semaine écoulée. » Communiqué ojpciel italien HOME, 21 mai (commandement suprême), Pendant la nuit du 19 au 20, une compagnie d'assaut ennemie qui tentait un coup de main dans la région de Sotto-Castello, au sud-est de Mori, a été repoussée par nos feux. Une autre attaque répétée deux fois sur les pentes méridionales du Sosso-Rosso, a donné lieu à de vifs combats locaux à la suite desquels l'adversaire a dû se replier sur des positions de départ. Une pointe dans la direction de Fener a infligé des pertes sensibles à l'ennemi et nous a rapporté quelques prisonniers. SUR L'ENSEMBLE DU FRONT, IL Y. A EU, PENDANT LA JOURNEE D'HIER, UNE PLUS GRAVE ACTIVITE D'ARTILLERIE AYANT DES CARACTERISTIQUES DE HARCELE. MENT. SUR LE MONTE SPINOCIA, UN DE NOS DETACHEMENTS, APPUYE PAR L'ARTILLERIE, A EXECUTE AVEC SUCCES UN COUP DE MAIN SUR LES POSITIONS FORTIFIÉ%S ENNEMIES. LA GARNISON ET UN DETACHEMENT ACCOURU A SON AIDE, ONT ETE ANEANTIS. DEUX OFFICIERS ET 51 SOL. DATS ONT ETE FAITS PRISONNIERS. A Capo-Silo, nous avons élargi nos gains réalisés le 20, ce qui nous a permis de constater les pertes graves subies par l'adversaire. Au cours des combats de nuit huit avions ennemis ont été abattus par les aviateurs bri. tanniques et italiens. Un neuvième atteint par l'artillerie, es tombé en flammes. LE COMPLOT ALLEMAND EN IRLANDE LONDRES, 20 mai. Les documents saisis par le Gouvernement établissent à l'évidence la complicité des Sinn Feiners avec les adversaires de la Grande-Bretagne. On assure qu'une partie de cas documents va être publiée incessamment, cette publication ne présentant aucun inconvénient. Lea Sinn-Feiners sont jugés sévèrement en Amérique Washington, 20 mai. La proclamation adressée à l'Irlande par Lord French est publiée en vedette par tous les journaux américains'. On attend avec impatience de nouveaux détails sur les événements survenus en Irlande, mais jusqu'à présent les milieux officiels s'abstiennent de tous commentaires. En tous cas, s'il est démontré que les Sinn-Feiners se sont rendus coupables des actes dont on les accuse, personne aux Etats-Unis ne montrera pour eux la moindre sympathie, car nul ici ne tolérerait une pareille déloyauté. Au Conseil des ministres on s'est occupé de la question alimentaire PARIS, 21 mai. Les ministres, réunis ce matin à l'Elysée, sous la présidence de M. Poincaré, se sont entretenus de la situation militaire et diplomatique. Le conseil a approuvé la convention du 1er mai, relative aux bois entre les gouvernements alliés et la Suisse. Le ministre de l'Agriculture et du Ravitaillement a fait adopter par le conseil un certain nombre de mesures tendant à réduire le coût des denrées d'alimentation de première nécessité. Les lecteurs de l'Ouest-Eclair trouveront en seconde page, les grandes lignes des projets que nourrit M. Boret pour arriver à ce résultat On y verra notamment qu'il promet à bref délai, la disparition des trois jours sans vande. Dans ces conditions, était-ce bien la peine de les créer Les Allemands ont perdu 5 appareils dans leur raid sur Londres LONDRES, 21 mai. De vingt à trente gotha3 ont pris part au raid de dimanche soir. Quelques douzaines de bombes ont été lancées sui la région de Londres, occasionnant en quel.ques cas des dommages considérables il, de petites maisons d'habitation. CINQ APPAREILS ENNEMIS ont certaine. ment ETE DETRUITS. Il est probable qu« deux autres appareils l'ont été également. A propos de ce raid sur Londres, le Timeà de ce matin dit: « Une négligence mise dans le retard à avertir la population de se réfugifr dans les abris parait avair été la cause de la grande proportion de morts et de blessés occasionnés par le raid dans certaines parties de Londres. C'est ainsi, par exemple, que onze personnes ont été tuées et dix blessées par une seule bombe dans l'un des districts de la capitale pendant que ces personnes fia.naient dans les rues. L'armée de von Below est massée près d'Arras LE KAISER DANS LES FLANDRES; BÉTHUNE EN FLAMMES « Oui, oui, nous y passerons tous ». Tels furent les premiers mots que Bongartz, l'as des as allemands depuis la mort de Reischtoffen, prononça devant ceux qui le relevèrent très grièvement blessé. Quel bel hommage aux aviateurs alliés Et combien il est mérité. Aujourd'hui encore, le communigué britannique nous annonce que 30 avions boches ont été descendus; et une dépêche du front, que le célèbre Fonck, pour arroser ses galons de lieutenant. a précipité à nouveau sur le sol trois avions ennemis. Oui, une fois de plus, et pas seulement au sens symbolique, l'oiseau des nuées l'emporte. Il n'est plus douteux que les centaines de hard is oiseaux, lâchés par Pétain le 23 mars, au moment de l'avance allemande entre Somme et Oise, l'ont retardée de beaucoup par le massacre et le désordre qu'ils ont portés dans les rangs des combattants et dans les colonnes en marche. Il est également avéré que la nouvelle offensive allemande a été retardée et gênée par la maîtrise incontestée de l'air, qui nous a permis, aux Britanniques, aux Américains et à nous, d'écraser dans un déluge d'acier tant de cantonnements, d'aérodromes et de gares, de rendre terriblement insalubres les routes de ravitaillement et d'accès, et de crever en grand nombre les yeux des artilleries ennemies que sont leurs avions; pourquoi ne nous serait-il pas permis d'affirmer que l'aviation jouera, au cours des grands combats qui vont s'engager, un rôle de tout premier plan. Dès à présent, tous nos aviateurs, chasseurs, éclaireurs,. bombardiers sont à leur poste, prêts à prendre une part directe aux actions dont le déclenchement est devenu imminent le capitaine Heurtaux, l'ancien commandant de l'escadrille des Cigognes, dont la haute compétence en la matière est connue de tous, nous affirme, à son retour d'Amérique, que, là-bas, l'effort de nos amis, dans la voie de l'aviation, a été considérable que les pilotes américains sont excellents pourquoi, paraphrasant le mot de Bongatz, ne répéterions-nous pas Oni, oui, ils y passeront tous ? » Si beaux cependant que soient les succès des alliés, il convient de ne pas oublier que les résutats seront d'autant plus tangibles que les efforts seront continus Efforts au 'front, c'est entendu. Ceux-là ne failliront pas, mais aussi efforts de l'arrière qui doit chaque jour intensifier les fabrications de !l'aviation, de façon à ce que nos usines de guerre sortent en grande série les différents types dont est à présent dotée notre armée de l'air. Tont retard dans la production pour quelque cause que ce soit serait un crime. Cela dit, rappelons qu'il y a aujourd'hui 2 mois que l'ennemi déclenchait sa grande offensive de Picardie et que depuis le 29 avril il a jugé prudent de se mettre au repos. Depuis lors, toutes les opérations qui ont eu lieu, ont tourné à notre avantage, .•fins qu'il soit encore possible de désigner le front d'attaque. Signalons toutefois, à titre de simple indication, que Von Hutter, qui, le 26 mars, a réussi à enfoncer momentanément le centre britannique devunt St-Quentm, et qui semble trés en faveur auprès du Kaiser, rassemble sous son autorité toutes les forces allemandes échelonnées entre Moreuil et Noyon. Le grand état-major de Berlin a-t-il l'intention de diriger dans ce vsste secteur d'importantes opérations 7 L'avenir nous le dira. il se pourrait qu'il ne tarde pas. Le Kaiser, en effet, serait dans les Flandres. Communiqué officiel français 1S90' jour de la guerre PARIS, 21 mai. Communiqué officiel français de 14 heures Activité des deux artilleries dans la région Thennes-Hailles et en quelques points au sud de l'Avre. Nos patrouilles opérant au sud-ouest de Lassigny, sur la rive droite de la Meuse et en Lorraine ont ramené des prisonniers. Nuit calme sur le reste du front. Communiqué officiel anglais Londres, il mai. Communiqué officiel britannique de l'après-midi Hier au soir, un bataillon du régiment de Surrey a réussi une opération locale au nord-ouest de Merville. Nous avons réduit le saillant ennemi dans ce secteur, fait trente prisonniers et capturé six mitailleuses. Ce matin, de bonne heure, ̃̃'e contre-atta.que ennemie entreprise contr nos nouvelles positions, après un vigoureux bombardement a été brisée sous les feux de notre artillerie et de nos mitrailleuses. Au sud-est d'Arras, nous avons effectué ur. raid heureux et ramené tics tranchées enne. mies quelques prisonniers et une mitrailleuse, L'artillerie allemande a été ?otive pendant la nuit, dans les secteurs d'Albert, aux environs d'Hébuterne et entre la foret de Nieppe et Meteren. Elle s'est montrée PLUS VIO.LENTE que d'habitude entre LA SCARPE ET LA COTE 70, au nord de Lens. LE BOMBARDEMENT D'HIER PAR OBUS TOXIQUES de la région au nord de Béthunedéjà signalé, A ETE CONSIDERABLE. 30 avions boches descendus COMMUNIQUF %INIQUE DE L'AVIAIION,20 mai Pendant toutin journée du 19, nos aviateurs ont pu faire du bon travail,, Nos ballons d'obsercation et nos avions ant coopéré activement, avec notre artillerte, en en réglant le tfr et en indiquant l'emplacement d*s batteries 'ennemies en action. Nos escadrilles de bombardement ont versé 17 tonnes d'explosifs snr les garés, les aérodromes les dfipfits Pt Les cantonnements 'ennemt,s. Au-dessus des lignes allemandes et à grande distance, de vifs combats ont eu lien. Nos appareils de bombardement ont été attaqués par de nombreuses escadrilles ennemies. Nous avons détnrits 3 ballons d^obserwalon 27 APPAREILS ALLEMANDS 07fT ETE ABATTU. 3 ONT ETE CONTRAINTS D'ATTERRIR DESEMPARES, 1" de nos avions ne sont pas rentrés. Après la tombée de la m/ri,, de vigourevx bombardements ont été entrepris par noua et par l'ennemi. Nos aviateurs ont jeté 'plus de 15 tonnes d'explosifs sur Les garés de Chautnes, de Douai, de Don 'et de Marcoing sitr ^aérodrome de Saint-Denis-Westrem, snr Bray et Rapaume. Au-dessus de nos lignes, nos tirs aériens ont abattu un grand m'ion de bombardement allemande. Tous nos appareils sont itiMiért,. Le 20, nous anons jeté mtc tomte d'exptosifs sur les casernes, les usinés ga. et la. gare de Landau au nord-onest de Knrlsruhe en Allemagne.La gafe a été atteinte plusieurs fois. Deux incendies ont été allumés. Aucun de nos appareils ne manque. Béthune est en gammes Londres, 21 mai. Du correspondant Reutcr armée anglaise Après avoir abattu la uieille tour de l'église de Béthune. L'artillerie ennemie a inondé la ville d'obus incendiaires, Le vent aidant, l'incendre est devenu général. Le lieutenant Foack a abattu 3 nouveau appareila PARIS, mai. On annonce du front qve le lieutenant Fonch, continuant la longue série de ses exploits, aurait abattu tram nouveaux appareils ennemis dont deux seraient âHjà homologués La nouvelle ne tardera pas à devénir officielle. L'armée de von Below ut aux environs d'Arras Front français, lundi. Du correspondant de l'Assoctated Presse au « New-York Herald » Il n'y a pas encore d'imlicaliou nette sur 1& direction dans lamiPlle sp pn**««» VaMte que allemand. t'état-major allemand a adopte une méthode semblable il. celle du mars Le front est fortement tenu partout, mais les troupes de péemière ligne sont plus denses sur certains points que sur d'autres. Aux environs d'Arma, se trouve l'importante armee de von Below qui, JUSQU'ICI N'AVAIT PAS PRIS PART A LA BATAILLE, mais sa présence signiRe qu'on la destine d un rude travail. Comme d'habitude, les Allemands rassemblent leur armée de manœuvres à proximité. Là, des troupes s'exercent par anticipation aux mouvements ou'on <-ro!t qu'elles auront il. exécuter quand elles seront appelées il suivre après l'attaque faite par les troupes occupant déjà les lignes. Il semble probable que cette armée est numériquement plus forte que celle qui fit la ruée du 21 mars, mais c'esi une question de savoir si la qualité des troupes est demeurée la même. Les divisions récentes reconstitués contiennent de nombreux éléments qui subirent pendant de longs jours, les horreurs de rudes batailles et doivent avoir perdu une partie de leur valeur combative. Pour le moment les raids sont fréquents partout, chacun des adversaires cherchant à s'emparer des prisonniers pour être renseigné sur les intentions de l'autre. L'ennemi ne peut plna tirer parti de mont Kemmel Londres, 21 mai. M. Parcival Philips télégraphie' le 20 mai « Attaquant sur un front d'environ deux milles et demi, les Français ont avancé leur front vers le Mont Kemmel ce matin. Ils ont atteint tous leurs objectifs et fait plus de 300 prisonniers. Ils ont progressé des deux côtés des ruines de l'hospice de Locre qui ont été le théâtre de violents combats. Il y a peu de parti à tirer du Mont Kemmel, qui reste sous le feu ininterrompu des batteries alliées. L'infanterie allemande doit le contourner des deux côtés pour atteindre ses tranchées avan oées soit devant Locre, soit dans les prairies dominées par le Scherpenberg et par les autres collines au pouvoir des Français. » La bravoure des volontaires russes PARIS, 21 mai. La légion russe, au cours d'une récente attaque, a été superbe d'entrain et dc bravoure, et le général commandant la dix'ision marocaine l'a citée en exemple. Elle a fait, dit-il, l'admiration de tous et en particulier des zouaves avec lesquels elle marchait, Les officiers et soldats qui se sont les plus distingués pendant l'attaque, ont été récompensés sur le champ de bataille même. Le capitaine Loupano/ fut fait chevalier de la Légion. d'honneur. U'autres militaires reçurent la médaille militaire uu la croix de guerre. flem se de drapefux à deux régiment de tirailleurs PARIS, 21 mai. A l'arrière du front de Lorraine, unp 4BMVi.nte cérémonie s'est déroulée le 16 flM. le, général commandant l'armée a reiflte^nCrapeaux aux deux régiments de tirSTiiïTrT;. S'adressant aux troupes, il s'est exprimé en ces termes En vous confiant la garde de ces emblèmens de la patrie, je sais que vous tiendrez à faire preuve des plus hautes vertus militaires et que vous aurez à coeur de conttnuer les /ortes traditions des vieux régiments de tiraitleurs. Ceux-ci ont déjà inscrit des noms impérissabtes de victoires dans les plls de leurs gloricu,x étendards, sui la Marne, sur l'Yscr, à Verdun et sur la Somme. » Après la remise des drapeaux, les tirail"surs défilèrent dans un ordre magnifique. Le Japon décore des officiers français PARIS, 21 mai. Ce matin, aux Invalides, l'ambassadeur du Japon, S. E. Keishiro Hatsui, entouré d'officiers japonais, a remis un certain nombre de décorations décernées par son gouvernement à des officiers français. Il a prononcé un émouvant discours auquel le général Dubail a répondu. Deux aviateurs allemands recueillis pu des pêcheurs suédois Londres, tl mai. On mande de Stockholm eu Morning Post Le 20, deux aviateurs allemands, recueillis par des pécheurs suédois près de Doggerbank. ont été débarqués Marstrand, dans le Cattégat, et internés. Ces aviateurs avaient participé à l'expédition sur la côte nglaise. Au retour, le manque d'essence les força à descendre en mer. • Le kaiser dans les Flandres LONDRES, 21 mai. Le correspondant du Morning Post télégraphie que suivant des déclarations de prisonnters allemanda, le kai ser est arrivé dans les Flandres pour assister à la nouvelle offensive. L'empereur allemand n'était pas revenu sur le front octidental deputs la sanglante défaite infligée par les troupes belges à sa première division de landvehr. Lea atrocités des sous-marins allemands Christiania, 21 mai. Des télégrammes de Bergen, Hamerfest, Vardoe et de Kirkennes, donnent des détails sur les nouvelles atrocités commises par les sous-marins allemands. On a débarqué à Waldi.-içuba, 22 hommes d'un bateau de pèche cuulé par les sous-marins allemands dans l'océan Arctique. On a.nnonce que cinq autres bateaux ont été coulés et qu'il règne une grande arxiété sur le sort de quarante autres bateaux de pêche ayant à bord un total de cinq cents hommes d'équipage. Un sous-marin a tiré sur un bateau poste ayant & bord des passagers, et sur une malle faisant le service entre Ardoë la côte russe, alors qu'elle se trouvait dans le port de waïdaguba. Dix personnes furent tuées, dont deux femmes. Le commandant du sousmarin déclara que son intention était de cnuler tous les bateaux de pêche norvégiens donnant comme motif que l'huile dn leurs pêches était destiné? h VAnrMpvrp. Ce n'est pas le cas, car l'exploitation de l'huile est absolument Interdite. Les avions italiens sur le front occidenla! PARIS, 21 mai. Les escadrilles d'avions italiens en France ont pris part dans le courant de ce mois, à six actions de bombardement. Dans la nuit davant-hier, un appareil a eu un accident d'atterrissage qui a causé la mort d'un officier observateur. Ses deux compagnons ont été blessés gravement. La pouvo rs illimités de M. Wilson Washington, m mai. Le président Wilson a signé la loi Overnian, votée paria Chambre et le Sénat, lui conférant des pouvoirs pratiquement illimités pour la conduite de la guerre. LA SITUATION La veillée des armes Depuis près de huit jours, un attend à chaque instant que tes Allemands déclenchent leur offensive. I'uurquut ne t uul-ils pas encore lait? Très probablement à cause des attaques répétées de nos aviateurs et des aviateurs britanniques sur Leurs urrièrcs. Ils sont obligés de réparer les voies de communication endummugées, de remplacer le matériel démoli, les munitions détruites. Ce n'est, sans doute, que partic remise, mais pendant ce temps nus atliés et nuus nous consolidons nos positions, rmus rxuus renseignons plus sûrement sur les desseins de l'adversaire et nous réussirons des cours de main et de petites avances locales qui le géneront considérablement lorsqu'il s'élancera à l'attaque. Il faut admirer le sang-froid des soldats qui depuis tant de jours attcndent cet instant suprême. Il faut étre de tout notre cmur avec ceux. Il faut qu'ils le sachent, qu'ils sachent que tous à l'arrière nc pensons qu'à cette hevre, qu'à la lutte qu'ils vont soutenir, à l'effort qu'ils vont donner, aus sacrifices qu'ils vont faire. Qu'Us ii'nirnt pas l'écho de nos petites plantes poxr quelques contrariétés que notts causeraient Ira restrictions ordonnées par le gouvernement Eh oui. cela est ennuyeux cf on voudrait bien pouvoir les éviter. On est fdché que les transports laissent un peu à désirer et soient cause d'un rrdoublement dans nos difficultés alimentaires. Dlais disons-nous que, en ces jours qui précèdent l'immense bataille, les transports pour l'arrière sont la moindre préoccupation de ceux qui ont la charge du pouvoir. Disons-le nous et que nos poilus sachent que c'est bien là notre pensée., qu'ils ne croient pas que prndrrnt qu'ils se battent, nous ne songeons qu'à notre bien-être, que certains ne pensent ou'à grossir, leurs bénéfices et se faire rfrç rentes avec du sang rersé. Les spéculateurs devraient se rendre compte que si quelque chose pouvait démonos pnilus, et serait de savoir qu'on abuse ainsi de leur dévouement. P.-O. DOLBERT. LE FUTUR CHANCELIER D'AUTRICHE SERAIT UN POLONAIS HERSE. 21 mai. On peut, à titre de renseignement, signaler le bruit qui court d'après lequel le prochain successeur du comte Il'rian serait le comte Adam Tarnovski. D'après la Gazette da Rhin et de Westphalie .organe des Krupp. le comte Tarnovski est un nationaliste polonais très ardent qu' àBerlin on considère comme peu sur. Nous touchons à la fin des restrictions a dit M. Boret Paris, 21 mai. M. Victor Boret a réuni aujourd'hui dans son cabinet les repr'ésentants de la presse. M. Boret s'est exprimé en ces termes Nous touchons à La fin des restrictions. Aucune restrtction nouvette n'est à l'étude. Désormais, il faut arriver à la compression des prix. Les restrictions vont s'atténuer, puis nrourir La compression, c'est-à-dire la diminution de la cherté des vivrea, va se produire et il faut pour atteindre ce résultat crn peu de férocité cn ce qui concerne le problème difficile de la viande. Le Ministre a fait adopter une taxe sur la viande vive et une taxe sur la viande abattue, laissant aux municipalités le soin de taxer chez le détaillant en vertu de la loi de Si les maires se refusent à appliquer csite taxation, le Ministre donnera ordre aux Préfets de se substituer à eux. La taxe portera sur la viande dans l'ordre suivant 1° le boeuf, 2o le mouton, 3° le porc. S'il y a lieu, toutes ces mesures se succéderont rapidement. Le Ministre compte procéder à une réorganisation complète par interdiction de sorties et par l'obligation du passage par le marché de la Villette. M. Boret fera procéder à un recensement du bétail, à l'amélioration des magasins et des frigorifiques, à la suppression de la vente an gare et au développement des boucheries coopératives. Pour éviter la mévente, toutes les bêtes invendues pourront être réquisitionnées. En tous cas, elles devront être abattues avant le marché suivant. Les expéditions seront interdites sauf pour certains départements limitrophes. Toutefois, une Commission sera créée, chargée d'accorder l'autorisation de dérogations pour réexpédition. Le prix maximum de vente de la viande ne sera connu qu'après la publication du décret. Après le recensement des différentes catégories d'animaux, viande sur pied et viande abattue, sur tous les points de la France, les Préfets organiseront des Commissions chargées de fixer les prix. L'action de cette taxation doit atteindre deux catégories de consommateurs les restaurants et les consommateurs chez eux. Pour les restaurants, s'ils continuent à exiger des prix trop élevés par suite d'achats en quantités supérieures à leurs besoins réels, on imposera le prix fixe. Pour la consommation à domicile, on poursuivra le developpement des coopératives d'alimentation d'nnp manière générale, pour réglementer ou imposer au commerçant l'obligation de puhlier le prix de vente de leurs denrées. Le prix sera remis en double exemplaire l'undestiné à la municipalité et 1 autre à un asrent dn ravitaillement. Chaque modification des prix nécessitera un nouvel affichage. Cet agent du ravitaillement aura le droit d'exiger les justiflcations de la hausse, ainsi que la production par les négociants de leurs factures. snus peine de poursuites. Les agents munis de ces chiffres en référernnt soit au ravitaillement, soit au Parquet. La déclaration sera absolument obligatoire snus peine de taxation d'office. LE RECENSEMENT DES CEREALES ET DU BETAIL Il sera procédé successivement au recensement des céréales, puis au recensement du bétail. Pour le recensement des^ céréales, on obtiendra les quantités approximatives, tout au moins en multipliant la superficie ensemencée par la moyenne de production. Il sera établi un carnet de battage. Pour vendre, la production de ce carnet sera exigible. Pour le bétail, les agriculteurs devront fournir mensuellement une déclaration faisant connattre la quantité de têtes fi. vendre penchant chaque mois. Ce sera là un véritable calendrier des ventes. Ce svstème incitera jes cultivateurs à cette déclaration puisqu'il leur permettra d'établir les quantités nécessaires en fourrages, en avoine et en grain. Ce système se résume tout entier en ces deux points déclaration de la récolte et déclaration du bétail. LA QUESTION DU LAIT En ce qui concerne le lait condensé, afin de rendre impossible l'accaparement, un délai d'un an sera imparti après la fabrication. Des étiquettes apposées sur les boites porteront l'indication de la nature du lait et la date d? production. Pour le stock actuellement existant, il devra être mis en vente dans un délai de quatre mois. LA QUESTION DES VINS Pour les vins, une partie est libérée. La réquisition est levée. L'importation s'est accrue et néanmoins les prix ont été maintenus. Le ministre avait espéré que l'accord franco-espagnol, permettant la liberté d'entrer, amènerait une baisse, mais certains négociants se sont retranchées derrière les difficultés de transport. Il faut donc s'attacher à donner des facilités d'enlèvement. Or, la capacité de la flotte ne permet pas l'enlèvement des vins d'Algérie. La question est à l'étude. On envisage entre autres, un procédé de condensation du vin, qui permettrait d'obtenir une sorte de miel vineux fermenté. On réaliserait ainsi 4/5 de réduction du volume, mais pour atteindre ce résultat, il faut du matériel et du charbon. Le ministre envisage enfin la transformation en Amérique, d'un certain nombre de navires frigorifiques. En outre, si comme on l'espère, la prochaine récolte en France est abondante, il se trouvera un supplément de fret n la disposition du ministrc. De nombreux wagons sont actuellement utilisés au bénéfice de l'Italie, de la Suisse et pour le transport de troupes américains, mais l'rlmérique ronslmit H'.s wagons et des locomotives qui nous sont destinés et vraisemblablement, d'ici quatre ou cinq moins, on possédera les effectifs de mécaniciens pour utiliser ce matériel. Il faut aussi simplifier les formalités d'octroi pour récupérer le temps perdu. Le ministre propose l'utilisation d'auto-camions qui amèneront sur le marché les marchandises en bloc, cette dernière conditions ayant pour objet d'éviter la hausse. LES PATES ALIMENTAIRES Enfin, le ministre affirme < 1 1 » ̃ les fabricants de pâtes alimentaires possèdent des quantités plus que suffisantes de farine. Le chiffre qui leur a été attribué est formidable. Ceux qni en manqueraient n'ont qu'a télégraphier (ilrectement au ministre et satisfaction immérliate leur sera donnée. LES TROIS JOURS SANS VIANDE SONT APPELES A DISPARAITRE Nous pouvons ajouter que ta mesure 'les trois jours sans viande qui a donné jusqu'ici des résultats, très appréciables, n'est qu'une mesure essentiellement transitoire appelée à disparaltre bientôt. Après que NI. Boret a donné la certitude que les restrictions seraient fortement atténuées à bref délai, il déclare que les mesure.: les plus énergiques vont être prises pour comprimer non plus la consommation, mai; le prix de vente des denrées. Le Japon et les Etats-Uuis sont d'accord pour une intervention en Russie Une bonne nouvelle le Japon et les EtatsUnis s'accordent enfin sur le principe d'une intervention armée du premier de ces Etats en Russie, et la Chine entre dans l'alliance. Le Japon ne met à son action éventuelle qu'une condition, mais elle est capitale il faut que la gouvernement russe le sollicite d'intervenir. Le Japon montre une invincible répugnance à marcher, ne fût-ce qu'en apparence, contre un peuple avec lequel il s'était franchement réconcilié et auquel il a prêté, tant que ce peuple a fait la guerre aux AustroAllemands, le concours de son industrie, de sa science et de ses finances. Il craint qu'une action japonaise ne soit mal interprétée en Russie et ne produise une impression pénible sur les Russes fidèles aux Alliés. Les articles du Rtetch, l'organe des cadets, ont fait impresion il Tokio. « Nous préconiserons toujours, écrivait récemment ce journal, l'alliance intime avec les puissances occidentales, car elles seules peuvent nous assurer notre prospérité nationale. » Non* ne voulons ni du Japon ni de l'Allemagne. Nous voulons lutter encore, de toutes nos forces, et nous refusons de reconnaître la paix de Brest-Litovsk, qui est une absurdité historique, géographique, ethnographique et économique. Ce traité doit être revisé, et notre programme minimum et irréductible est celui-ci Réintégration de la Russie dans ses frontières économiques et rétablissement de ses droits d'Etat souverain. » Rebutés par ce langage d'hommes à qui la réalité n'a rien appris, les Japonais, qui sont des réalistes, se tournent vers les Bolcheviks, maîtres actuels de la Russie, et dont le pouvoir, dit-on, a des racines profondes. Menacé dans ses intérêts politiques et économiques par l'emprise allemande, qui peut s'étendre encore et qui s'étendra certainement, puisqu'il n'y a plus en Russie aucune force pour l'en empêcher. le Japon attend le signe d'appel qu'on ne manquera pas de faire de Moscou. Il y a en Russie un gouvernement et qui dure on doit, faute de mieux, s'en contenter. Quels qu'aient été leurs crimes, les maximalistes ont payé cher l'expérience ils ont été bernés, frustrés par l'Allemagne et commencent à en prendre ombrage. Le moment n'est-il pas venu de s'appuyer sur eux t II existe des moyens de les aider, de leur fournir amicalement le noyau de l'armée que Trotsky veut auloard'hui constituer. Le capitaine Mangiu-Uuuquti., i .i, tructeur, ne tarda pas à acquérir la preuy que ces pièces avaient été communiquées à Almereyda par le sergent Paix-Séailles, commandilaire du Bonnet Rouge pour une somme de francs. Le 5 novembre, le sergent Palx-Séuilles se voyait inculpé par le capitaine Mangin-Bocqupt. Le 1: le capitaine Mathieu, de l'état-majur du l'année d'Orient, qui venait d'être rappelé de Salonique se déclarait devant le même magistrat l'auteur responsable de la divulgation des documents sus-énumérés. Inculpé à son tuur, il choisit pour défenseur Me Hild. M» Edmond Bluch fut chargé des intérêts de Paix-Séailles. Après une instruction cl»; louyu« durée. «• sergent et le capitaine s'entendirent accuser d'avoir « livré ou communiqué à une personne non qualiflée pour en prendr connaissance ou divulgué, en tuut ou en partie, le» plans, écrits ou documents intéressant la déense du territoire ou la sûreté extérieure -le l'Etat à eux confiés ou dont lis ont eu connaissance à raison de leurs fonctions L'instruction avait établi que des relations d'affaires existaient avant la guerre entre Paix-Séailles et un Allemand du nom de Eminel. Certains témoins déposèrent sur les tendances germanophilies du journal Le Courrier Européen, que dirigeait Paix-Séailles. Les débats de l'affaire commenceront u U heures, dans la salle où se tinrent les deux premières séances de l'affaire du Bonnet Rouge. L'accusation a cité dix-huit témoins, dont MM. Léon Daudet, Gustave Hervé, Painlevé, Vlollette, ancien ministre du ravitaillement, le général Sarrail, etc. Les témoins r: tés par la défense sont au nombre de vignt-etun. Citons parmi eux le général Messimy. Lnvien ministre de la guerre, M. Steeg, ancien ministre, M. Victor Marguetittc, M. Jacques Dhur, directeur de l'Eveil. M !;n«?[.n V'dni. directeur du Pays. Le siège du commissaire eu sera occupé par le commandant Monte!. Les peines encourues par les inculpés sont de deux à cinq ans de prison Pt 0" à 5.000 francs d'amende. Les deux accusés n'ont ;essé d'alléguer la pureté et le patriotisme de leurs intentions. On se souvient qu'au cours des débats récents du 3e Conseil de guerre, l'avocat de l'un des complices de Duval eut ce mot: « Paix-Séailles et Mathieu ont rendu un grand service à leur pays. Il se peut que les débats aient lien à huisclos. Zeebrugge toujours embouteillée LONDRES, 21 mai. L'Amirauté britannique communique la note suivante Le beau temps de ces derniers jours a rendu possibles de constantes reconnaissances aériennes sur Bruges et le canal de Zeebrugge à Bruges et la prise de clichés photographiques. Le résulLat montre qu'aucun changement ne s'est produit depuis le 23 avriL et que la plus grande partie des sous-marins ennemis et torpilleurs qui ont leur base sur la côte des Flandres ont été immobilisés a Brugea depuis les opérations d'embouteillage Il 7eebrugge. Feuilleton DE V&uest-Eclair 4 du 22 mai 1918. VANOURA LA BULGARE pa Victor COEDORP PREMIERE PARTIE U Le prince Samara Mais ces natures de Slaves restées primiives, un peu sauvages même, ont des ressources insoupçonnées d'énergie froide et concentrée qui les aident à subir stoïquement l'adversité la plus cruelle. « Je serai courageuse et forte avait dit Michaela il. Vernières. Elle tenait sa promesse. Le moment était arrivé Dour le jeune homme de se séparer de celle qu'il ne se lassait point d'admirer. Comptez sur moi, mademoiselle, pour réparer le mal qui vous est fait. Je retourne à Paris. J'y serai dans deux heures. Demain, vous saurez le résultant de mes démarches. Vernières partit pour Paris avec la certitude que Michaëla se trouvait à l'abri de toutes les entreprises de ses ennemis dans cette paisible retraite. il savait, quel réconfort serait pour l'âme meurtrie de la jeune fille 1 affection simple et tendre dont sa mère et sa sœur ai laient l'entourer. 11 avait conscience de remplir un devoir d'humanité et Il éprouvait la secrète fierté de se conduire en gaiam homme. Sa nature ardente, chevaleresque, ne redou•alMaucun danger. Pourtant, Il sentait oonlu sèment qu'il se trouvait lancé à corps perdu dans une fantastique aventure. D'avance, le cœur fort, l'âme haute, il en acceptait tous les risques. Dès qu'il fut arrivé à Paris, son premier soin fut de se rendre à la Sûreté générale, mais là, on lui dit qu'il aurait dû d'abord prévenir les autorités locales. Puisqu'il ne l'avait pas fait tout de suite, il convenait de regagner dans une certaine mesure, le temps perdu en prévenant par téléphone le maire, la gendarmerie, le Parquet. Toute la journée se passa en envois de répèche, en communications téléphoniques, en démarches multiples, longues et fastidieuses. Le ledemain, à la première heure, un agent en bourgeois se présenta chez lui Vernières habitait depuis quelques mois, ruo ClémentMarot, dans les Champs-Elysées. Le directeur de la Stlreté générale, M. Gerliot, le convoquait d'urgence à son cabinet. Dès qu'il fut arrivé, le haut fonctionnaire l'invita à renouveler, à préciser les explications qu'il avait données, la veille, à ses sousordres. Le directeur de la Sûreté l'écoutait avec ona attention croissante. Le récit de Vernières l'impressionnait manifestement. Ce que vous me racontez est très curieux, très extraordinaire. Un autre que vous me âl rait ces choses que je croirais qu'il est victime d'une hallucination. Le directeur de la Sûreté lui posa une question Ce portefeuille dont vous m'avez parlé, vous l'avez, n'est-ce pas t Le voici, ftt Vernières en le déposant ïur la table du fonctionnaire. A ce moment, dans le couloir, urbruit de voix se fit entendre Monsieur le directeur de la Sûreté I Je vous dis que je veux voir immédiatement le chef de la Sûreté. Celui-ci interloqué, se leva et entr'ouvrit la porte de son cabinet. Excusez-moi un Instant, monsieur Verniéres. Comment laisse-t-on pénétrer jusqu'ici 1 C'est inconcevable 1 Mais ce que M Gerliot a vu dans le couloir est sans doute d'un intérêt bien vif, puisque voilà qu'il fait un signe d'accueil au nouveau venu et lui ouvre la porte qu'il maintenait entrebâillée. Un personnage singulier se précipite aussitut dans le bureau du directeur de la Sûreté générale. Vernières, à sa vue, demeure figé d'étonnement. |
github_open_source_100_1_78 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*Given an array nums containing n + 1 integers where each integer is between 1 and n (inclusive), prove that at least one duplicate number must exist. Assume that there is only one duplicate number, find the duplicate one.
Example 1:
Input: [1,3,4,2,2]
Output: 2
Example 2:
Input: [3,1,3,4,2]
Output: 3
Note:
You must not modify the array (assume the array is read only).
You must use only constant, O(1) extra space.
Your runtime complexity should be less than O(n2).
There is only one duplicate number in the array, but it could be repeated more than once.
来源：力扣（LeetCode）
链接：https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/find-the-duplicate-number
著作权归领扣网络所有。商业转载请联系官方授权，非商业转载请注明出处。*/
class Solution {
public:
int findDuplicate(vector<int>& nums) {
int l = 1,r=nums.size()-1;
while(l<r){
int cnt = 0;
int mid = l+(r-l)/2;
for(int i = 0; i < nums.size();++i){
if(nums[i]<=mid)
cnt++;
}
if(cnt>mid){
r = mid;
}else{
l = mid+1;
}
}
return l;
}
}; |
2013/92013E003584/92013E003584_PT.txt_7 | Eurlex | CC-By | Examinează Comisia compensarea acestor reduceri din alte resurse/bugete, astfel încât să asigure viabilitatea proiectelor și a investițiilor deja realizate?
Răspuns dat de dna Kroes în numele Comisiei
(14 mai 2013)
Trebuie remarcat faptul că Consiliul European a convenit asupra unui buget de 1 miliard EUR pentru sectorul telecomunicațiilor prin intermediul MCE în cadrul reuniunii sale din 7-8 februarie 2013, în contrast marcant cu propunerea Comisiei pentru o alocare de 9,2 miliarde de euro pentru perioada de programare 2014-2020. Decizia finală privind cadrul financiar multianual al UE încă nu a fost aprobată în mod oficial și se află în prezent în curs de examinare de către Parlamentul European.
În cazul în care acordul Consiliul European este aprobat de către autoritatea bugetară, nu există niciun plan de a compensa pierderea telecomunicațiilor MCE — de exemplu, prin transferarea fondurilor între alte linii bugetare. Aceasta va reprezenta o reducere reală în finanțarea acestor infrastructuri prin bugetul UE. Cu toate acestea, Comisia își menține angajamentul de atingere de către UE a obiectivelor Agendei digitale până în 2020 pentru rețelele în bandă largă. Sarcina revine în principal statelor membre, dar Comisia va depune toate eforturile pentru a asigura că fondurile structurale și fondurile de investiții sunt utilizate eficient în sprijinirea infrastructurii de bandă largă ori de câte ori acest lucru este necesar pentru a atinge aceste obiective.
Programul ISA va fi afectat de reducerile propuse de Consiliul European la rubrica 1, „Competitivitate pentru creștere economică și locuri de muncă”, în cazul în care acestea sunt aprobate de autoritatea bugetară. În acest caz, nu vor exista compensații de la alte linii bugetare. Pentru a nu compromite eforturile continue de a îmbunătăți interoperabilitatea dintre administrațiile publice europene, Comisia va aplica reducerile în mod proporțional în rândul proiectelor în curs de derulare. Consecința imediată a acestor reduceri va consta în întârzieri mai mari de punere în aplicare, dar existența și sustenabilitatea pe termen lung a acestora nu va fi compromisă.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003645/13
to the Commission
Petru Constantin Luhan (PPE)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: Commission's cut of EUR 60 bn on broadband installation costs proposals
Owing to the fact that the Commission is to cut EUR 60 bn on broadband installation costs proposals, ISA (Interoperability Solutions for European Public Administrations) and CEF (Connecting Europe Facility) will be affected and the sustainability of the projects already started will be endangered, which raises the question whether the investments that have already been made could be jeopardised.
Is the Commission considering compensating for these cuts from other resources/budgets so as to ensure the sustainability of projects and investments already made?
Answer given by Ms Kroes on behalf of the Commission
(14 May 2013)
It should be noted that it is the European Council that agreed upon a budget of EUR 1 Billion for the telecom sector under the CEF at its meeting of 7-8 February 2013, in sharp contrast with the Commission's proposal for an allocation of EUR 9.2 billion for the programming period 2014-2020. Final decision on the EU multi-annual financial framework has not yet been formally approved and is currently under consideration by the European Parliament.
If the European Council agreement is endorsed by the Budgetary Authority, there is no plan to compensate for the loss of CEF Telecom — e.g. by shifting funds between other budget lines. It will represent a real cut in funding such infrastructures through the EU budget. However, the Commission remains committed to the EU achieving the Digital Agenda targets for broadband by 2020. The onus therefore lies primarily with Member States but the Commission will make every effort to ensure that structural and investment funds are used efficiently — in support for broadband infrastructure wherever this is needed to achieve these targets.
The ISA programme will be impacted by the reductions proposed by the European Council in Heading 1, ‘Competitiveness for growth and jobs’, should they be approved by the Budgetary Authority. In that case, there will be no compensation from other budget lines. In order not to compromise ongoing efforts to improve interoperability between European public administrations, the Commission will apply the reductions in a proportional way among ongoing projects. The immediate consequence of these reductions will be increased implementation delays, but their existence and their long-term sustainability will not be compromised.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003646/13
to the Commission
Derek Vaughan (S&D) and Glenis Willmott (S&D)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: Regulation of ‘energy’ drinks
A recent report conducted by the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) has found that consumption patterns of ‘energy’ drinks are especially high amongst adolescents and children — a cause for concern given their high caffeine content.
Does the Commission plan on taking any action to regulate the marketing, sale and caffeine content of these drinks in light of the EFSA report’s conclusions, particularly with respect to young people?
Answer given by Mr Borg on behalf of the Commission
(14 May 2013)
Directive 2002/67/EC (158) harmonises the labelling of beverages containing caffeine. For further details the Commission refers the Honourable Member to the answers given to the previous Written Questions E‐000464/2010 and E‐002353/2010 (159).
Furthermore, as a result of the concerns raised by certain Member States, the Commission has requested the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to assess the safety of caffeine. EFSA is to provide advice on a daily intake of caffeine, from all sources, that does not give rise to concerns about harmful effects to health, both for the general population and as appropriate, for specific subgroups of the population.
In its advice EFSA should also determine whether and the extent to which the consumption of caffeine together with other food constituents such as alcohol or substances found in ‘energy drinks’ could present a risk to health as a result of interactions of these constituents (160). The risk assessment should be finalised by the end of 2013.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003647/13
to the Commission
Charles Tannock (ECR)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: European Social Fund contribution to UK Jobcentre Plus scheme
I have been made aware by a London constituent that the UK Government’s Department for Work and Pensions Jobcentre Plus scheme is using the EU’s European Social Fund (ESF) logo in its heading.
Can the Commission clarify the scale and purpose of the ESF’s involvement with the UK Department for Work and Pensions Jobcentre Plus scheme? In what way do the ESF grants help my London constituents find work?
Answer given by Mr Andor on behalf of the Commission
(8 May 2013)
The Commission confirms to the Honourable member that the Department for Work and Pensions, DWP, working through Jobcentre Plus, is using ESF funds to deliver a range of opportunities and support to help people into sustainable employment.
DWP is acting specifically as a national Co-financing Organisation, CFO, of the England and Gibraltar ESF operational programme. The programme is managed at national level by the DWP ESF Division with some management functions delegated in London to the Greater London Authority as Intermediate Body under the strategic direction of the Mayor.
In this respect, London has developed its own Regional Framework within the current national ESF programme and has been awarded the largest allocation, EUR 516.569.097 (16.7%) of the England and Gibraltar ESF programme allocation.
As one of the five London CFOs, DWP is securing ESF funds and contributing their own funds to co-finance 50% of over GBP 200 million ESF Priority 1 activity, dedicated to extending employment opportunities, in London.
So far, DWP CFO contracts have delivered a range of provision at local level aimed at disadvantaged people, helping more than 24 000 unemployed Londoners to move into jobs and 1 755 NEETs (161) into employment education or training. ESF Support to Families with Multiple Problems constitutes the largest element of ESF provision in London for 2011-2013. The rest of the provision is mainly shared between the ESF element of Work Programme — Incapacity benefit/Income support element and the London Day1 Support for Young People which aims to help young people with little or no work experience, with support from Day1 as Job Seekers Allowance claimants.
(Wersja polska)
Pytanie wymagające odpowiedzi pisemnej E-003648/13
do Komisji
Janusz Wojciechowski (ECR)
(28 marca 2013 r.)
Przedmiot: Środki Funduszu Spójności a możliwość finansowania WPR
Czy, w świetle obowiązujących uregulowań prawnych, istnieje możliwość użycia przez państwa członkowskie środków z Funduszu Spójności na finansowanie zadań z zakresu II filara Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej, czyli rozwoju obszarów wiejskich?
Odpowiedź udzielona przez komisarza Johannesa Hahna w imieniu Komisji
(17 maja 2013 r.)
Państwa członkowskie muszą zapewnić stałą komplementarność między poszczególnymi instrumentami finansowymi UE. Na obszarach wiejskich szczególnie ważne jest wspieranie tworzenia synergii pomiędzy polityką strukturalną, polityką zatrudnienia i polityką rozwoju obszarów wiejskich. Państwa członkowskie nie mogą jednak wykorzystywać funduszy przyznanych w ramach polityki spójności na finansowanie projektów w ramach programów rozwoju obszarów wiejskich.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003648/13
to the Commission
Janusz Wojciechowski (ECR)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: Cohesion fund and possibilities for financing the CAP
Under current regulations, would it be possible for Member States to use cohesion policy funding to finance projects under CAP II (development of rural areas)?
Answer given by Mr Hahn on behalf of the Commission
(17 May 2013)
Member States must ensure complementarity between different EU funding instruments at all times. In rural areas, it is particularly important to promote synergy between structural, employment and rural development policies. However, Member States cannot use funding allocated under cohesion policy to finance projects within rural development programmes.
(Versiunea în limba română)
Întrebarea cu solicitare de răspuns scris E-003649/13
adresată Comisiei
Vasilica Viorica Dăncilă (S&D)
(28 martie 2013)
Subiect: Lucrătorii din rețelele de apă și canalizare
La nivel european, există un număr important de lucrători în întreprinderi sau în structurile colectivităților locale care lucrează în domeniul exploatării și întreținerii rețelelor de apă și canalizare. Milioane de metri cubi de apă tranzitează zilnic aceste rețele, motiv pentru care condițiile de lucru pentru personalul în cauză — mecanici și electromecanici, electrotehnicieni, specialiști în hidraulică, geometrică, controlori etc. — sunt foarte dificile: umiditate, bacterii, obscuritate, ape murdare și cu reziduuri solide, solvenți, produse toxice, inclusiv animale moarte.
Calitatea aerului din aceste spații pune probleme și dă naștere la numeroase cazuri de intoxicări, probleme respiratorii, mergând până la diverse boli profesionale, care pot determina reducerea speranței de viață pentru aceste persoane.
Având în vedere apariția și dezvoltarea de noi tehnologii și materiale pentru acest domeniu, în ce măsură are Comisia în vedere stabilirea unor reglementări comune privind protecția acestor lucrători, folosind experiența acumulată la nivelul acestor structuri și schimbul de bune practici dintre întreprinderile și structurile autorităților locale și regionale din țările UE?
Răspuns dat de dl Andor în numele Comisiei
(21 mai 2013)
Tipurile de activități la care se referă distinsul membru sunt deja reglementate prin mai multe directive UE, acestea includ Directiva 98/24/CEE (162) privind agenții chimici, Directiva 2000/54/CE (163) privind agenții biologici și, în special, Directiva-cadru 89/391/CEE (164).
În special, angajatorul, în conformitate cu Directiva-cadru, are obligația de a evalua toate riscurile pentru sănătate și securitate la care lucrătorii sunt expuși sau pot fi expuși și să stabilească măsurile de prevenire și protecție, între altele, la alegerea echipamentului de lucru, a substanțelor chimice sau a preparatelor utilizate și a modului în care acestea sunt utilizate, precum și la amenajarea locurilor de muncă.
Un aspect important în acest sector se referă la riscurile asociate cu expunerea la hidrogenul sulfurat gazos. În legătură cu aceasta, Comisia a adoptat o valoare limită de expunere profesională în Directiva 2009/161/UE (165).
Prin urmare, angajatorul are obligația de a pune în aplicare orice măsuri adecvate de gestionare a riscurilor care asigură o îmbunătățire a nivelului de protecție acordat lucrătorilor și sunt integrate în toate activitățile desfășurate de întreprindere și/sau unitate la toate nivelurile ierarhice.
Directivele UE trebuie să fie transpuse de către statele membre și este responsabilitatea principală a autorităților lor competente să aplice legislația națională adecvată.
Comisia nu intenționează să instituie noi norme comune privind cazul specific menționat de distinsul membru.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003649/13
to the Commission
Vasilica Viorica Dăncilă (S&D)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: Workers in the water and sewage networks
There is a large number of workers in businesses or in collectivised local structures working in the exploitation and maintenance of water and sewage networks across the EU. Millions of cubic metres of water pass through these networks each day. This is the reason why the working conditions of the relevant personnel, such as mechanical and electrical engineers, electrical technicians, hydraulic and geometric specialists, controllers, etc. are very difficult. These conditions include humidity, bacteria, murkiness, dirty water and water containing solid residues, solvents and toxic products, including dead animals.
The air quality in these spaces causes problems and gives rise to numerous cases of intoxication and respiratory problems. These can lead to various occupational diseases which can reduce life expectancy for these people.
Given the emergence and development of new technologies and materials for this domain, to what extent is the Commission considering setting up new common rules on the protection of these workers, using the experience gained at the level of these structures and the exchange of best practice between companies and the local and regional authorities in EU countries?
Answer given by Mr Andor on behalf of the Commission
(21 May 2013)
The types of work activities to which the Honourable Member refers are already covered by several EU Directives, this includes Chemical Agents Directive 98/24/EEC (166), the Biological Agents 2000/54/EC (167) Directive and particularly the framework Directive 89/391/EEC (168).
In particular, the employer, as provided for under the framework Directive, has the obligation to evaluate all the health and safety risks to which the workers are exposed or can be exposed and to establish the resulting prevention and protection measures, inter alia in the choice of work equipment, the chemical substances or preparations used and how they are used, and the fitting-out of work places.
An important issue in this sector concerns risks associated with exposure to the gas hydrogen sulphide. In connection with this, the Commission adopted an Occupational Exposure Limit Value in Directive 2009/161/EU (169).
The employer shall thus implement any appropriate risk management measures which ensure an improvement in the level of protection afforded to workers and are integrated into all the activities of the undertaking and/or establishment at all hierarchical levels.
The EU directives must be transposed by the Members States and it is the primary responsibility of their competent authorities to enforce the relevant national legislation.
The Commission has no intention of setting up new common rules on the specific case mentioned by the Honourable Member.
(Ελληνική έκδοση)
Ερώτηση με αίτημα γραπτής απάντησης P-003650/13
προς την Επιτροπή
Sophocles Sophocleous (S&D)
(28 Μαρτίου 2013)
Θέμα: Απόφαση του Eurogroup για επιβολή τέλους επί των καταθέσεων των κυπριακών τραπεζών
Η πρωτόγνωρη απόφαση του Eurogroup για επιβολή τέλους επί των καταθέσεων των κυπριακών τραπεζών αποτελεί ένα τεράστιο πλήγμα, τόσο για την κυπριακή οικονομία όσο και, μέσω του προηγούμενου που δημιουργεί, για την ασφάλεια των καταθέσεων για τις οικονομίες των υπολοίπων μελών της Ευρωζώνης. Ήδη τα αποτελέσματα της εν λόγω απόφασης έχουν αντίκτυπο στις διεθνείς αγορές. Παράλληλα, η απόφαση παραβιάζει κατάφορα τα ανθρώπινα δικαιώματα και δεν προστατεύονται οι καταθέτες.
Ερωτάται η Επιτροπή:
—
Συμμερίζεται πως η απόφαση του Eurogroup δεν συνάδει με την Οδηγία 2009/14/ΕΚ περί των συστημάτων εγγυήσεως των καταθέσεων όσον αφορά το επίπεδο κάλυψης;
—
Συμμερίζεται πως παραβιάζεται το άρθρο 17 του Χάρτη των Θεμελιωδών Δικαιωμάτων της ΕΕ στο οποίο αναφέρεται το δικαίωμα της ιδιοκτησίας;
—
Συμμερίζεται πως υπονομεύεται η αρχή της ευρωπαϊκής αλληλεγγύης;
—
Σε ποια χώρα, μέλος της ευρωζώνης, πάρθηκε παρόμοια απόφαση;
Απάντηση του κ. Barnier εξ ονόματος της Επιτροπής
(6 Μαΐου 2013)
Οι κυπριακές αρχές δεν έχουν επιβάλει κάποιο τέλος σε καταθέσεις κάτω των 100 000 ευρώ. Ως εκ τούτου, δεν τίθεται ζήτημα συμβατότητας με την οδηγία 2009/14/ΕΚ περί των συστημάτων εγγυήσεως των καταθέσεων.
Η Επιτροπή θεωρεί ότι η έγκριση της πρότασης σχετικά με το πλαίσιο εξυγίανσης των τραπεζών, η οποία υποβλήθηκε τον Ιούνιο του 2012, θα αποσαφηνίσει σημαντικά τον τρόπο με τον οποίον επιτυγχάνεται η εξυγίανση των τραπεζών στο μέλλον. Όπως προτάθηκε, με τη νέα οδηγία θα θεσπιστεί στο σύνολο της ΕΕ ένα πλαίσιο με όλα τα εργαλεία αποφασιστικής παρέμβασης τόσο πριν προκύψουν προβλήματα όσο και στα αρχικά στάδια μιας τέτοιας διαδικασίας. Επίσης, σε περίπτωση που η χρηματοοικονομική κατάσταση μιας τράπεζας επιδεινωθεί ανεπανόρθωτα, οι εθνικές αρχές σε όλα τα κράτη μέλη θα διαθέτουν κοινή δέσμη «εργαλείων» και χάρτη πορείας για τη διαχείριση της πτώχευσης των τραπεζών. Το σημαντικότερο όλων είναι ότι το εργαλείο διάσωσης με ίδια μέσα που περιέχει αυτό το πλαίσιο θα επιτρέπει στις τράπεζες να προβαίνουν σε ανακεφαλαιοποίηση με απαξίωση ή μεγάλη μείωση της αξίας των μετοχών, ενώ οι απαιτήσεις των πιστωτών θα μειώνονται ή θα μετατρέπονται σε μετοχές. Καταθέσεις κάτω των 100 000 θα εξακολουθούν να είναι πλήρως εξασφαλισμένες και να αποκλείονται ρητά από το εργαλείο αυτό.
Σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 51 παράγραφος 1 του Χάρτη των Θεμελιωδών Δικαιωμάτων, οι διατάξεις αυτές αφορούν τα κράτη μέλη μόνο όταν εφαρμόζουν το δίκαιο της Ένωσης. Στην προκειμένη περίπτωση, το εν λόγω κράτος μέλος δεν ενήργησε στο πλαίσιο της εφαρμογής του δικαίου της ΕΕ. Η Επιτροπή δεν έχει καμία ένδειξη ότι η Κύπρος μπορεί να έχει αγνοήσει κάποια από τις διεθνείς υποχρεώσεις της όσον αφορά την προστασία των θεμελιωδών δικαιωμάτων με τη θέσπιση των εν λόγω μέτρων.
(English version)
Question for written answer P-003650/13
to the Commission
Sophocles Sophocleous (S&D)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: Decision by the Eurogroup to impose a levy on deposits in Cypriot banks
The unprecedented decision by the Eurogroup to impose a levy on deposits in Cypriot banks is a huge blow to the economy of Cyprus and the precedent it creates is undermining confidence in the security of deposits in the economies of the rest of the eurozone. This decision is already having an impact on international markets. It also represents a flagrant violation of human rights and fails to protect depositors.
In view of the above, will the Commission say:
—
Does it agree that this Eurogroup decision is incompatible with Directive 2009/14/EC on deposit-guarantee schemes as regards the coverage level?
—
Does it agree that this represents a violation of Article 17 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU on the right to property?
—
Does it agree that it undermines the principle of European solidarity?
—
In which Member State belonging to the eurozone does a precedent exist for such a decision?
Answer given by Mr Barnier on behalf of the Commission
(6 May 2013)
The Cypriot authorities have not imposed any particular levy on deposits under EUR 100 000. Therefore there is no issue of compatibility with Directive 2009/14/EC on deposit-guarantee schemes.
The Commission considers that the adoption of the proposal for a bank resolution framework which was presented in June 2012 will considerably clarify the modus operandi of bank resolution in the future. As proposed, the new Directive would introduce in the whole EU a framework with all the tools to intervene decisively in banking crisis both before problems occur and early on in the process if they do. And, if the financial situation of a bank deteriorates beyond repair, national authorities in all Member States would have a common toolkit and roadmap to manage the failure of banks. Most importantly, the bail-in tool enshrined in that framework would allow a bank to be recapitalised with shareholders wiped out or diluted, and creditors would have their claims reduced or converted to shares. Deposits below EUR 100 000 will continue to be fully guaranteed and are explicitly excluded from this tool.
According to Article 51(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, its provisions are addressed to the Member States only when they are implementing Union law. In the matter referred to the Member State concerned did not act in the course of implementation of EC law. The Commission has no indication that Cyprus might have disregarded any of its international obligations regarding the protection of fundamental rights by adopting the measures at issue.
(Deutsche Fassung)
Anfrage zur schriftlichen Beantwortung E-003652/13
an die Kommission
Angelika Werthmann (ALDE)
(28. März 2013)
Betrifft: Neuerung im IT-Bereich — Problemfelder
Im letzten Jahr wurden zahlreiche Neuerungen im IT-Bereich angedacht und verwirklicht, die schlussendlich auf ein „wearable computing“ abzielen, das ihre Benützung im öffentlichen Bereich über unauffällige Hilfsmittel (Brille, Folie, etc) fast ohne äußere Sichtbarmachung zum Ziel hat. Diese Geräte lassen eine digitale Aufnahme von Videos, Tönen, Fotos und anschließendes Teilen im Internet zu, ohne dies für die betroffenen Personen erkennbar zu machen. Die hierdurch generierten Daten eröffnen ein vielfältiges Problemfeld: Fragen von Informations‐ und Datenschutz sind ebenso zu klären, wie der Umgang mit fehlender Einwilligung und der möglichen Verletzung von Persönlichkeitsrechten.
1.
Ist die Kommission über die oben skizzierten Entwicklungen informiert?
2.
Wenn ja, gibt es bereits Pläne zum Umgang mit diesem Problemfeld?
3.
Hält die Kommission eine europaweite Kooperation/rechtliche Regelung in diesem Bereich für sinnvoll, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die grenzüberschreitenden Sachverhalte?
4.
Wäre in diesem Kontext eine Re-Definition der Konzepte von öffentlichem und privatem Raum anzudenken, insbesondere im Kontext von Artikel 8 EMRK?
Antwort von Frau Reding im Namen der Kommission
(20. Juni 2013)
Die Kommission ist über die technologische Entwicklung und über die Tatsache, dass viele Innovationen wie „wearable computing“ die Verarbeitung personenbezogener Daten mit sich bringen, sehr wohl informiert.
Die Kommission hat zu Jahresbeginn 2012 die Datenschutzreform („die Reform“) (170) vorgeschlagen. Die Reform stützt sich auf Artikel 16 AEUV, die neue durch den Vertrag von Lissabon eingeführte Rechtsgrundlage für den Erlass von Datenschutzvorschriften. Derzeit wird sie von beiden Gesetzgebern geprüft.
Unter Berücksichtigung des grenzüberschreitenden Charakters von Innovationen im digitalen Binnenmarkt wurde eine Verordnung als das angemessenste Rechtsinstrument angesehen, um zu gewährleisten, dass strikte und harmonisierte Vorschriften für alle für die Verarbeitung personenbezogener Daten Verantwortlichen gelten, die Einzelpersonen innerhalb der EU Waren und Dienstleistungen anbieten oder diese überwachen, wie Anbieter von Dienstleistungen, die unter „wearable computing“ fallen.
Mit der Reform schafft die Kommission eine konsequentere, kohärentere Datenschutzregelung in der EU, die durchsetzbar ist und die Voraussetzungen dafür bietet, dass die digitale Wirtschaft im Binnenmarkt weiter Fuß fasst, die Bürger Kontrolle über ihre eigenen Daten erhalten und die Sicherheit für Wirtschaft und Staat in rechtlicher wie praktischer Hinsicht erhöht wird.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003652/13
to the Commission
Angelika Werthmann (ALDE)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: Innovation in the IT sector — problems
Over the last year numerous innovations in the IT sector have been thought up and implemented that are aimed ultimately at ‘wearable computing’, intended to be used in the public domain by way of inconspicuous accessories (glasses, films, etc.) which will be almost invisible to the outside world. These devices allow the digital recording of videos, audio and images, which can subsequently be shared on the Internet without the persons concerned knowing anything about it. The data generated by this create a multitude of problems: questions concerning information and data protection need to be addressed and the issues of the lack of consent and the potential violation of personality rights need to be dealt with.
1.
Is the Commission aware of the developments outlined above?
2.
If so, are there already plans in place for dealing with these problems?
3.
Does the Commission consider Europe-wide cooperation/regulations in this area to be appropriate, in particular in view of the cross-border nature of the matter?
4.
In this context, would re-defining the concepts of the public and private sphere be worth considering, in particular in the context of Article 8 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms?
Answer given by Mrs Reding on behalf of the Commission
(20 June 2013)
The Commission is well aware of technological development and that many innovations such as wearable computing entail the processing of personal data.
The Commission proposed the data protection Reform (the Reform) (171) early 2012. The Reform builds on Article 16 TFEU which is the new legal basis for the adoption of data protection rules introduced by the Lisbon Treaty. It is now under evaluation of both co-legislators.
Taking into account the cross border nature of innovation in the digital single market, a regulation was considered to be the most appropriate legal instrument to ensure that strong and harmonised rules apply to controllers of personal data offering goods and services to individuals in the EU, or monitoring them, such as providers of wearable computing goods services.
With the Reform, the Commission is building a stronger and more coherent data protection framework in the EU, backed by robust enforcement that will allow the digital economy to develop across the internal market, put individuals in control of their own data and reinforce legal and practical certainty for economic operators and public authorities.
(Deutsche Fassung)
Anfrage zur schriftlichen Beantwortung E-003653/13
an die Kommission
Angelika Werthmann (ALDE)
(28. März 2013)
Betrifft: Überprüfung der medizinischen Freigabesysteme
In der Vergangenheit gab es mehrmals Probleme mit unindizierten und gefährlichen Wirkungen bei Arzneimitteln, die erst verhältnismäßig spät vom Markt genommen worden sind. In diesem Kontext ist die Entscheidung des EU-Parlaments zur Überprüfung der medizinischen Freigabesysteme zu sehen.
1.
Gibt es bei dieser Überprüfung bereits Ergebnisse?
2.
Wird in Zukunft auch darauf geprüft werden, ob ein Medikament tatsächlich eine bessere Wirkung (weniger Nebenwirkungen) hat, als die sich bereits auf dem Markt befindlichen Produkte?
3.
Existieren Vorschläge, um das Prozedere der Prüfung verbraucherfreundlicher zu gestalten und generell mehr (finanzielle) Unabhängigkeit von der Pharmaindustrie herzustellen?
4.
Wird im Zuge der Überprüfung auch auf die Problematik der sowohl für die Pharmaindustrie, als auch für die EMA tätigen Experten eingegangen (insbesondere im Hinblick auf mögliche Interessenskonflikte)?
5.
Gibt es konkrete Pläne, Medizinprodukte einem ähnlichen Zulassungsverfahren wie Arzneimitteln zu unterziehen?
Antwort von Herrn Borg im Namen der Kommission
(14. Mai 2013)
Ein Arzneimittel kann nur in Verkehr gebracht werden, wenn gemäß den EU-Rechtsvorschriften (172) eine Genehmigung für das Inverkehrbringen erteilt, seine Qualität, Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit bewertet und ein positives Nutzen-Risiko-Verhältnis im Zusammenhang mit seiner Verwendung festgestellt wurden. Nachdem ein Arzneimittel in Verkehr gebracht wurde, wird seine Sicherheit laufend überwacht.
Im Jahr 2010 wurden die Rechtsvorschriften geändert (173), um sie patientenfreundlicher zu machen. Inzwischen unterliegen bestimmte Arzneimittel einer zusätzlichen Überwachung, und die Patientinnen und Patienten können in der gesamten EU Nebenwirkungen direkt melden. Werden bei der Überwachung Sicherheitsprobleme festgestellt, so werden EU-weite Beurteilungen durchgeführt und gegebenenfalls entsprechende Rechtsvorschriften erlassen. Gemäß einer weiteren Überprüfung der Rechtsvorschriften im Jahr 2012 (174) muss die Kommission bis Juni 2018 über die zusätzliche Überwachung Bericht erstatten.
In der Verordnung zur Errichtung der Europäischen Arzneimittel-Agentur (175)
ist festgelegt, dass die Ausschussmitglieder und Sachverständigen keine finanziellen oder sonstigen Interessen in der pharmazeutischen Industrie haben dürfen, die ihre Unparteilichkeit beeinflussen könnten. Der Rechnungshof hat in einem vor kurzem veröffentlichten Bericht (176) zwar anerkannt, dass die Agentur zu den Agenturen mit den fortschrittlichsten Vorschriften hinsichtlich Interessenkonflikten/-erklärungen zählt, gleichzeitig aber zu weiteren Verbesserungen aufgerufen. Die Agentur hat ihre Unabhängigkeitsregeln weiterentwickelt und die Empfehlungen des Rechnungshofs und des Europäischen Parlaments aus dem Entlastungsverfahren berücksichtigt.
Die Vorschläge der Kommission über Medizinprodukte (177) sehen kein zentralisiertes Systems der Zulassung von Medizinprodukten vor dem Inverkehrbringen vor, stärken jedoch das System der benannten Stellen, verschärfen die Marktüberwachung und etablieren einen Kontrollmechanismus für mit hohem Risiko behaftete Produkte. Die Vorschläge werden derzeit im Parlament und im Rat erörtert.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003653/13
to the Commission
Angelika Werthmann (ALDE)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: Review of medical monitoring systems
On several occasions in the past there have been problems of unindicated and dangerous effects of some drugs, with these products only being withdrawn from the market at a relatively late stage. This is the context in which the decision of Parliament to review medical monitoring systems should be seen.
1.
Are there any results of this review yet?
2.
In future, will there also be a check to see if a medicinal product actually works better (has fewer side-effects) than the products already on the market?
3.
Are there any proposals for making the testing procedure more consumer-friendly and in general establishing greater (financial) independence from the pharmaceuticals industry?
4.
Is the problem of experts working for both the pharmaceuticals industry and the European Medicines Agency addressed during the review (in particular with regard to possible conflicts of interest)?
5.
Are there any specific plans to subject medicinal products to a similar approval procedure to that used for drugs?
Answer given by Mr Borg on behalf of the Commission
(14 May 2013)
A medicine can be placed on the market only after a marketing authorisation has been granted in accordance with the EU legislation (178), when its quality, safety and efficacy have been evaluated and a positive benefit-risk balance related to its use has been concluded. Once placed on the market, the safety of a medicine is continuously monitored.
In 2010 the legislation was changed (179)
to make it more patient-friendly. Now certain medicines are subject to additional monitoring and patients across the EU can directly report adverse reactions. When monitoring identifies safety issues, Union-wide assessments are carried out and appropriate regulatory actions are taken, if necessary. A further review of the legislation in 2012 (180) requires the Commission to report by June 2018 on the additional monitoring.
The founding Regulation of the European Medicines Agency (181)
provides that committee members and experts shall not have financial or other interests in the pharmaceutical industry that could affect their impartiality. The Court of Auditors in a recent report (182) acknowledged that the Agency belongs to those with the most advanced rules on conflict/declaration of interest, while calling for further improvements. The Agency has further developed its rules on independence and addressed recommendations made by the Court of Auditors and by the Parliament during the discharge procedure.
The Commission proposals on medical devices (183) do not introduce a centralised pre-market approval system for medical devices but reinforce the system of notified bodies, strengthen market surveillance and establish a scrutiny mechanism for high-risk devices. The proposals are under discussion in the Parliament and the Council.
(Deutsche Fassung)
Anfrage zur schriftlichen Beantwortung E-003654/13
an die Kommission
Jorgo Chatzimarkakis (ALDE)
(28. März 2013)
Betrifft: Kombination der Rechtsprechung von zwei Mitgliedstaaten in einer Anklageschrift
Ist es mit EU-Recht vereinbar, wenn in einer Anklageschrift die Rechtsprechung zweier Mitgliedstaaten für die Urteilsfindung in einem Gerichtsverfahren kombiniert angewandt wird?
Antwort von Frau Reding im Namen der Kommission
(29. Mai 2013)
Die Anfrage des Herrn Abgeordneten scheint sich darauf zu beziehen, dass bei der Entscheidung der Staatsanwaltschaft, ob wegen einer Straftat oder eines Verbrechen gegen eine Person Anklage erhoben wird, die Rechtsprechung mehrerer Mitgliedstaaten berücksichtigt werden kann.
In Artikel 49 der Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union ist der Grundsatz der Gesetzmäßigkeit im Zusammenhang mit Straftaten festgelegt. In Artikel 2 des Vertrags über die Europäische Union wird daran erinnert, dass die Europäische Union auf dem Grundsatz der Rechtsstaatlichkeit beruht. Gemäß Artikel 51 Absatz 1 der Charta der Grundrechte gilt die Charta für die Mitgliedstaaten ausschließlich bei der Durchführung von EU-Recht.
Staatsanwälte und Richter sind somit der Rechtsstaatlichkeit verpflichtet. Im Rahmen der Rechtsstaatlichkeit wird eine Staatsanwaltschaft jedoch von keiner Vorschrift des EU-Rechts daran gehindert, bei der Einleitung eines Gerichtsverfahrens die Rechtsprechung verschiedener Mitgliedstaaten zu zitieren.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003654/13
to the Commission
Jorgo Chatzimarkakis (ALDE)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: Combining the case law of two Member States in one bill of indictment
Is it compatible with EC law for the case law of two Member States to be combined in a bill of indictment with a view to a judgment in court proceedings?
Answer given by Mrs Reding on behalf of the Commission
(29 May 2013)
The question of the Honourable Member seems to relate to the possibility to take jurisprudence of different Member States into account when the public prosecutor decides whether to charge someone for an offence or crime.
Article 49 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union stipulates the principle of legality of criminal offences. Article 2 of the Treaty of the European Union reminds that the European Union is founded on the rule of law. According to Article 51(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, its provisions are addressed to the Member States only when they are implementing Union law.
Public prosecutors and judges are thus bound by the rule of law. Within the limits of the rule of law, nothing in European Union law prevents a public prosecutor from considering and quoting the jurisprudence of different Member States when bringing someone to trial.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003655/13
to the Council (President of the European Council)
Nicole Sinclaire (NI)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: PCE/PEC — End of presidential term
Given that he has announced that he will not seek re-appointment when his term of office expires in 2014, will the President of the European Council agree with me that he is now, in effect, a ‘lame-duck’ president?
Reply
(13 May 2013)
The Honourable Member is invited to acquaint herself with the treaty, which provides quite clearly that the President of the European Council may in any case not serve for another term.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003656/13
to the Commission (Vice-President/High Representative)
Nicole Sinclaire (NI)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: VP/HR — Vice-President/High Representative's pension fund
With her term in office due to expire in 2014, could the Vice-President/High Representative please advise me of the anticipated value of her pension fund on conclusion of her term in office?
Answer given by Mr Šefčovič on behalf of the Commission
(23 May 2013)
The Vice-President/High Representative is entitled to a pension, payable from the age of 65 and calculated in accordance with Regulation No 422/67/EEC, 5/67/Euratom of the Council of 25.7.1967 with subsequent amendments and Council Decision of 1 December 2009 (2009/910/EU). The pension is subject to community tax.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003657/13
to the Commission
Vicky Ford (ECR)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: SME participation in Framework Programme 7
Can the Commission please provide figures on the number of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) taking part in collaborative research projects under Framework Programme 7 (FP7)?
In particular, it would be interesting to have figures on SME participation in elements of FP7 which are not specifically targeted at SME participation.
Answer given by Ms Geoghegan-Quinn on behalf of the Commission
(14 May 2013)
The Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7, 2007-2013) foresees for its Specific Programme ‘Cooperation’ a budgetary target dedicated to SMEs of 15%. This target was reached at the end of 2011. Currently, the corresponding figure is 16.6% which represents an amount of EUR 3.5 billion for 12 550 participations by SMEs.
The target was reached by a number of activities specifically dedicated to SMEs. They comprise for instance calls with topics of interest to SMEs in the respective industry sector, calls which require the participation of SMEs in the consortia as well as a number of calls with ring-fenced budgets for the participating SMEs. These activities were accompanied by support activities, brokerage events for consortia building and information campaigns through the support networks, like the FP7 National Contact Points and the Enterprise Europe Network.
An analysis of the annual work programme contribution to the above figure shows that the annual SME funding started with 13.9% for Work Programme (WP) 2007, 15.8% for WP 2008, 14.4% for WP 2009 with a slight increase to 17.5% for WP 2010, whereas the abovementioned activities led to an increase to 22.8% for WP 2011 (184). Detailed analyses of the SME participation in the framework programme, including the other Specific Programmes, can be found in the periodical SME Progress Reports under http://ec.europa.eu/research/sme-techweb/index_en.cfm?pg=publications
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003658/13
to the Commission
Vicky Ford (ECR)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: European Research Area — ERA Chair proposals under Horizon 2020
With regard to the proposed ERA Chairs to be funded through Horizon 2020, can the Commission answer the following questions:
—
How many ERA Chairs does the Commission expect to fund?
—
How much funding will be allocated to each Chair, and what will the total cost be?
—
Will the scheme be funded exclusively through Horizon 2020?
—
From which Horizon 2020 budget line will the funding be allocated?
—
How long will the Chairs be funded?
—
What arrangements will be put in place to ensure effective spending?
Answer given by Ms Geoghegan-Quinn on behalf of the Commission
(17 May 2013)
The European Research Area (ERA) aims at being a unified research area, in which researchers, scientific knowledge and technology circulate freely. Through ERA, the EU and its Member States will strengthen their scientific and technological bases and their competitiveness.
As part of its strategy to close the research and innovation divide and to accelerate an open labour market for researchers within the context of ERA, the Commission is proposing ‘ERA Chairs’ (185) as a new measure under Horizon 2020. It will attract outstanding researchers to institutions with a clear potential for research excellence. The ERA Chairs will support these institutions to develop, in a particular field, the level of excellence required to successfully compete internationally, hereby effectively widening participation.
To test the concept and learn from experience, the Commission published a pilot call under the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7) (186). In the pilot call ERA chairs will be funded by FP7 but institutions are also requested to participate in the budgeted costs and to mobilise other funding streams, including Cohesion funds, to build a stairway to excellence. The information gathered through the pilot call and its monitoring actions will be used to set up the calls to be launched under Horizon 2020. As a consequence, the Commission will only be in a position to precise funding modalities, the budget allocated to each proposal and follow up measures to ensure compliance with rules under Horizon 2020 at a later stage.
In addition, the interinstitutional negotiations on Horizon 2020 are still ongoing and it is premature to provide information on the future course of the action.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003659/13
to the Commission
Vicky Ford (ECR)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: ERA Chairs pilot scheme under the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7)
With regard to the FP7 pilot call for European Research Area (ERA) Chairs, can the Commission answer the following questions:
—
How long will the Commission fund those who are successful in securing one of the pilot ERA Chairs?
—
What budget does the Commission expect to allocate to each ERA Chair?
—
What controls will the Commission impose on how this funding is allocated/used?
—
What proportion of the grant does the Commission expect to be spent on: salary costs for the ERA Chair; salary costs for the ERA Chair’s team; direct research costs; capital/infrastructure?
—
Against what criteria will the Commission judge the pilot exercise? Will the pilot exercise be fully and publically evaluated before any further Chairs are launched under Horizon 2020?
Answer given by Ms Geoghegan-Quinn on behalf of the Commission
(14 May 2013)
The Commission is launching a pilot call for ‘ERA Chairs’ under the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7, 2007-2013) (187) with a EUR 12 million budget. The requested EU contribution shall not exceed EUR 2.4 million for a period of up to 60 months and 90% of the total estimated budget for each proposal.
The Commission will sign with institutions a Grant Agreement in which the proposed deliverables and milestones are specified. The selection of the ERA Chair holder is the first deliverable and institutions shall provide a report on the selection procedure. Institutions shall also report every 18 months on the state of implementation and a mid-term review will be conducted after 30 months. The Commission will assess at all stages if the deliverables and milestones have been attained.
The budget will be dedicated to salaries of the ERA Chair and his/her team and costs related with the implementation of the work plan such as research training, conferences, workshops and equipment. Although no specific proportion is required for personnel costs, a minimum of 300 months of full-time work equivalent is to be foreseen. Funding for direct research costs should be provided from other sources.
The pilot call will be assessed using multiple sources of information including analysis of the proposals (number, scope, their qualities and weaknesses, etc.) which will be taken into account to decide on the timing and details of calls to be launched under Horizon 2020.
(Versione italiana)
Interrogazione con richiesta di risposta scritta E-003660/13
alla Commissione
Mario Borghezio (EFD)
(28 marzo 2013)
Oggetto: Veto turco contro Cipro danneggia anche l'Italia
Il ministro dell'Energia Taner Yildiz ha annunciato che il governo turco ha deciso di sospendere i progetti avviati con l'Eni (Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi) a causa della partecipazione del gruppo petrolifero italiano al programma di esplorazione dei giacimenti di gas al largo delle coste di Cipro, che Ankara contesta in una disputa sulle acque territoriali.
A gennaio l'Eni aveva annunciato la firma di un accordo con il governo di Nicosia per l'esplorazione e lo sfruttamento di tre zone del giacimento di gas al largo delle coste dell'isola, in consorzio con il gruppo coreano Kogas, e la Turchia contesta al governo di Nicosia il diritto di gestire autonomamente le risorse energetiche al largo dell'isola. Inoltre, Ankara ha minacciato più volte di sospendere ogni collaborazione con i gruppi petroliferi internazionali che concludano accordi con il governo cipriota e ha diffidato il governo cipriota negli ultimi giorni dall'usare le riserve di gas quale garanzia per superare l'attuale crisi finanziaria
Come valuta la Commissione questo atteggiamento della Turchia, anche in relazione ai gravi danni che può arrecare all'economia di due Stati membri — Cipro e Italia — e quali iniziative intende intraprendere in merito?
Risposta di Štefan Füle a nome della Commissione
(29 maggio 2013)
La Commissione è al corrente della questione segnalata dall'onorevole deputato e sta seguendo il caso.
Come l'Unione europea ha costantemente ribadito negli ultimi cinque anni, tra l'altro nelle ultime conclusioni del Consiglio del dicembre 2012, gli Stati membri hanno la facoltà di stipulare accordi bilaterali e di esplorare e sfruttare le loro risorse naturali in conformità del diritto dell'UE e internazionale.
La Turchia, che sta negoziando l'adesione all'UE, deve impegnarsi in maniera inequivocabile a intrattenere rapporti di buon vicinato nonché a risolvere pacificamente le controversie nel rispetto del diritto internazionale. La Commissione affronterà il problema, se del caso, con le autorità turche.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003660/13
to the Commission
Mario Borghezio (EFD)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: Turkish veto on Cyprus is also damaging Italy
Taner Yildiz, the Minister for Energy, has announced that the Turkish Government has decided to suspend projects launched with Eni (Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi) because of the Italian oil group’s participation in the gas exploration programme off the Cypriot coast. Ankara is challenging this programme in a dispute over territorial waters.
In January, Eni announced the signing of an agreement with the Nicosia Government for the exploration and exploitation of three offshore gas field areas around the island, in a consortium with the Korean group Kogas. Turkey is challenging Cyprus’s right to independently manage energy resources off the island’s coast. In addition, Ankara has threatened to suspend all collaboration with international oil groups that enter into agreements with the Cypriot Government on several occasions, and has recently warned Cyprus not to use the gas reserves as a guarantee for combating the current financial crisis.
How does the Commission view this attitude on the part of Turkey, considering the serious damage that it may cause to the economies of two Member States, Cyprus and Italy?
What steps does it intend to take on this issue?
Answer given by Mr Füle on behalf of the Commission
(29 May 2013)
The Commission is aware of the issue raised by the Honourable Member and follows the case.
As the European Union has consistently reaffirmed over the past five years, including in the last conclusions of the Council in December 2012, Member States have the right to enter into bilateral agreements and to explore and exploit their natural resources in accordance with EU and international law.
Turkey, as a country negotiating accession to the EU, needs to commit itself unequivocally to good neighbourly relations and to the peaceful settlement of disputes and to the respect of international law. The Commission will raise the issue as appropriate with the Turkish authorities.
(Versione italiana)
Interrogazione con richiesta di risposta scritta E-003661/13
alla Commissione
Patrizia Toia (S&D)
(28 marzo 2013)
Oggetto: Infezioni HCV
Secondo i dati della World Health Organization del luglio 2012, nel mondo circa 150 milioni di persone sono cronicamente infettate dal virus dell'epatite C, si stimano 3-4 milioni di nuove infezioni ogni anno e più di 350.000 persone muoiono ogni anno per le malattie correlate all'epatite C. La percezione della diffusione e della gravità dell'infezione è ancora molto scarsa.
Molte infezioni da HCV vengono contratte durante prestazioni odontoiatriche e questo fenomeno è ancora sottovalutato anche nelle indagini epidemiologiche. Attualmente, in Europa non esiste una regolamentazioni comune che fissi standard di professionalità per gli assistenti alla poltrona e questo si ripercuote sia sul paziente che sulla mobilità professionale di queste importanti figure.
1.
Ciò premesso, può la Commissione far sapere se intende fissare degli standard relativi a questa figura professionale che ne garantiscano la mobilità in Europa e che tutelino al contempo i pazienti?
2.
Quali iniziative intende adottare la Commissione al fine di verificare la corretta acquisizione di dati epidemiologici sull'HCV?
Risposta di Tonio Borg a nome della Commissione
(14 maggio 2013)
La salvaguardia dei pazienti a livello di Unione è di importanza cruciale e a tal riguardo il Consiglio sulla sicurezza dei pazienti (188) stabilisce una serie di iniziative che gli Stati membri devono attuare per ridurre il rischio di danni alle persone che ricevono assistenza sanitaria.
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forhiscountrygra00saunuoft_1 | English-PD | Public Domain | rORHIS-COUNTRY MARSHALL SAUNDERS AUTHOR OF "BEAUTIFOLJOr COSV CORNER SERIES Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2007 witii funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation littp://www.arcliive.org/details/forliiscountrygraOOsaunuoft FOR HIS COUNTRY AND GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW Works of Marshall Saunders ^ Beautiful Joe's Paradise . . $J.50 The Story of the Gravelys ► J^ nrilda Jane . . • , l^ Rose I Charlitte , J^ Deficient Saints . . , , 1.50 Her Sailor 1.25 For His Country • , , .50 Nita: The Story of an Irish Setter ^0 Jl L. C PAGE AND COMPANY New England Building, Boston, Mass. FOR HIS COUNTRY AND GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW BY MARSHALL SAUNDERS AUTHOR OF "BEAUTIFUL JOE, ETC." SllustrattH bs LOUIS MEYNELL and others BOSTON L. C. PAGE & COMPANY PUBLISHERS Copyright^ igoo By Perry Mason & Company Copyright, igoo By L. C. Page & Company (incorporated) All rights reserved PS Fourth Impression Colonial Pre«s Electrotyped and Printed by C. H. Simonds & Co Boston, MaM.. U. S. A. For His Country Grandmother and the Crow 13 41 ^0, im/STMrre PAGE "'Mademoiselle, you ark an American?'" (Courtesy of the Youth's Companion) . . FrOtltispicce «*She went on gathering her sticks" . .18 "♦I AM FROM California'" . . . .21 "♦You, too, love your country!'" . . 27 "♦There is no hope'" 32 "He tried to sing with them" . . . 36 "I saw second cousin George following HIM " (Courtesy of the Youth's Companion) . . .45 " He went up softly behind him " {Courtesy of the Youth's Companion) ...... 5^ " Rover knew this old George" . 55 FOR HIS COUNTRY FOR HIS COUNTRY. ** My country ! 'tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty, Of thee I sing ! " Here the singer's voice broke down, and I peered curiously around my corner of the wall. He was pacing to and fro on the river-bank — a weary-faced lad with pale cheeks and droop- ing shoulders. Beyond him a fat French foot- man lay asleep on the grass, one hand loosely clutching a novel. An elderly goat, grazing nearer and nearer the man, kept a wary eye on the book, and finally seizing it, devoured it leaf by leaf. At this the weary-faced boy did not smile, and then I knew there was something the matter with him. Partly because I wished to console him, partly because I was lonely, I continued the «3 14 FOR HIS COUNTRY. song in notes rather more cheerful than his own : " Land where my fathers died, Land of the pilgrims' pride, From every mountainside Let freedom ring ! " The boy stood stock-still, only moving his head slightly after the manner of a bird listen- ing to a pleasant strain. When I finished he came toward me, cap in hand. "Mademoiselle, you are an American?'* " No, my boy. I am a Canadian." " That's next best," he said, politely. " It's better," I rejoined, smiling. " Nothing is better than being an American." *' You are patriotic," I observed. " If your ancestors fought with Indians, and English and rebels, and if you expect to die for your country, you ought to be patriotic." I surveyed him curiously. He was too grave and joyless for a boy in a normal condition. " In youth one does not usually speak of dy- ing," I said. His face flushed. " Ah, mademoiselle, I am homesick! I have not seen America for a year." FOR HIS COUNTRY. I 5 " Indeed ? Such a patriotic boy should stay at home." " My mother wished me to finish my educa- tion abroad." "A woman should educate her children in the country in which they are to live," I said, irritably. " I guess you're most old enough to be my mother, aren't you } " he replied, gently, and with such tenderness of rebuke that I smiled irrepressibly. He had delicately intimated that if I were his mother I would not care to have him discuss me with a stranger. " I've got to learn foreign languages," he said, doggedly. "We've been here one year; we must stay one more and then go to Italy, then to Germany. I'm thankful the English haven't a different language. If they had, I'd have to go learn it." " And after you leave Germany ? " " After Germany — home ! " He was not a particularly handsome lad, but he had beautiful eyes, and at the word home they took on such a strange brilliance that I gathered up my parasol and books in wondering silence. 1 6 FOR HIS COUNTRY. " I suppose," he said, soberly, " that you will not be at the Protestant church on Sunday ? " " Probably I shall." " I don't see many people from America," he went on, turning his head so far away that I could hardly hear what he said. " There isn't anybody here who cares to talk about it. My mother, of course, is too busy," he added, with dignity. " Au revoir, then," I said, with a smile. He stood looking quietly after me, and when I got far up the river-bank I turned around. He was adjusting a slight difference between the footman and the goat ; then, followed by the man, he disappeared up one of the quaint old streets leading into the heart of the city. Close beside me a little old peasant woman, gathering sticks, uncurled her stooping figure. *^ Bon jour y mademoiselle ! You have been talk- ing to the American boy." " Oui^ madame.^' " It is very sad," she continued, in the excel- lent French spoken by the peasants of the Loiret department. " He comes by the river and declaims. He . speaks of Linkum and Wash'ton. I watch from my cottage, for my FOR HIS COUNTRY. 1 7 daughter Mathilde is housemaid at Madame Greyshield's, and I hear her talk. Monsieur le colonel Greyshield is a grand officer in America ; but his wife, she is proud. She brings her children to France to study. She leaves the poor man lonely. This boy is most heartbroke. Mathilde says he talks of his dear country in his sleep, then he rises early to study the foreign languages, so he can more quickly go to his home. But he is sick, his hand trembles. Mathilde thinks he is going to die. I say, • Mathilde, talk to madam e,' but she is afraid, for madame has a will as strong as this stout stick. It will never break. It must be burnt. Perhaps mademoiselle will talk." " I will, if I get a chance." The old woman turned her brown, leathery face toward the blue waters of the Loire. " Mademoiselle, do many French go to America for the accent } " " No ; they have too much sense ! " " It is droll," she went on, " how the families come here. The gentlemen wander to and fro, the ladies occupy themselves with their toilettes. Then they travel to other countries. They are i8 FOR HIS COUNTRY. like the leaves on that current. They wander they know not whither. I am only a peasant, yet I can think, and is not one language good enough to ask for bread and soup ? " And muttering and shaking her head, she went on gathering her sticks. On Sunday I looked for my American boy. FOR HIS COUNTRY. I9 There he was, sitting beside a handsomely dressed woman, who looked as if she might in- deed have a will like a stout stick. After the service he endeavoured to draw her toward me, but she did not respond until she saw me speaking to a lady of Huguenot descent, to whom I had had a letter of introduction. Then she approached, and we all went down the street together. When we reached the boulevard leading to my hotel, the boy asked his mother's permis- sion to escort me home. She hesitated, and then said, " Yes ; but do not bore her to death with your patriotic rigmaroles." The boy, whose name was Gerald, gave her a peculiar glance, and did not open his lips until we had walked a block. Then he asked, de- liberately, " Have you ever thought much of that idea of Abraham Lincoln's that no man is good enough to govern another man without the other man's consent } " " Yes, a good deal ; yet one must obey." "Yes, one must obey," he said, quietly. '♦ But sometimes it is puzzling, especially when a fellow is growing up." " How old are you ? " aO FOR HIS COUNTRY. " Fourteen." "Not older?" "No; I am from California," and he drew himself up. "The boys and girls there are large, you know. I have lost twenty pounds since we came here. You have never been in California, I suppose ? " "Yes. I like California." " You do } " He flashed one swift glance at me, then dropped his eyes. I politely averted my own, but not before I saw two tear-drops splash on the hot, gray pavement. "If I could see," he said, presently, "if I could see one of those brown hills, just one, — this flat country makes me tired." "Can you imagine," I said, "that I have been as homesick in California as you are in France } " " No ! no ! " he replied, breathlessly. " No, I could not imagine that." " That I sailed into San Francisco Bay with a heartache because those brown hills you speak of so lovingly were not my native hills .? " " But you are grown up ; you do not need to leave your country." FOR HIS COUNTRV. 2$ "Our duty sometimes takes us to foreign lands. You will be a better soldier some day for having had a time of trial and endurance." '♦ I know it," he said, under his breath. " But sometimes I think I must break loose, especially at night, when the bugles blow." I knew what he meant. At eight o'clock every evening, from the various barracks in Orleans, the sweet, piercing notes of bugle answering bugle could be heard ; and the strain was the one played by the American bugles in the school that I guessed he had attended. " You think of the boys drawn up in line on the drill-ground, and the echo behind the hill." • ** Do you know Almoda ?" he exclaimed, with a face as white as a sheet. "I do." This was too much for him. We had paused at the hotel entrance, and he intended, I knew, to take a polite leave of me ; but I had done a dangerous thing in conjuring up the old familiar scenes, and mumbling something in his throat, and giving one tug to his hat, he ran as nimbly down the street as if he were a lean coyote from the hills of his native State. Four weeks later I asked myself why I was 24 FOR HIS COUNTRY. lingering in Orleans. I had seen all the sou- venirs of Joan of Arc; I had talked with the peasants and shopkeepers till I was tired ; I agreed thoroughly with my guide-book that Or- leans is a city sadly lacking in animation ; and yet I stayed on ; I stayed on because I was engaged in a bit of character study, I told my note-book; stayed on because my presence af- forded some consolation to a struggling, un- happy boy, I told my conscience. The boy was dying of homesickness. He did not enter into the life of the sleepy French city. "This is a good enough country," he said, wearily, "but it isn't mine. I want America, and it seems to me all these priests and soldiers and citizens are acting. I can't think they were born speaking French." However, it was only at rare intervals that he complained. Away in America he had a father who had set the high standard of duty before him, — a father who would not encourage him to flag. On the Fourth of July, Mrs. Greyshield was giving a reception — not on account of the day, for she had not a spark of patriotism, but be- cause she was shortly to leave Orleans for the FOR HIS COUNTRY. 2$ seashore. Gerald was also giving a reception, his a smaller one, prepared for in the face of almost insurmountable difficulties, for he re- ceived no encouragement from his mother in his patriotic schemes. His only pleasure in life was in endeavouring to make his little brother and sister as patriotic as himself, and with ill-concealed dismay he confided to me the fear that they were forget- ting their native land. About the middle of the afternoon I joined him and the children in a small, gaily decorated arbour at the foot of the garden. Shortly after I arrived, Mrs. Greyshield, accompanied by a number of her guests, swept down upon us. The French officers and their wives and a number of English residents surrounded the arbour. " Ah, the delicious cakes ! But they are not dadas and savarins and tartelettes ! They must be American ! What do you call this kind } Doughnuts ! How peculiar ! How ef- fective the arrangement of the bunting, and how many flags — but all of his own country ! " Mrs. Greyshield listened carelessly to the com- ments. "Oh, yes, he is hopelessly provincial. 26 FOR HIS COUNTRY. I shall never teach him to be cosmopolitan. What do you think of such narrowness, prin- cess ? " and in veiled admiration she addressed her most distinguished guest, who was also her friend and countrywoman. As Mrs. Greyshield spoke, the American princess, who was the possessor of an exceed- ingly bitter smile, touched one of the flags with caressing fingers. "It is a long time since 1 have seen one. Your boy has several. I should like to have one for a cushion, if he will permit." The boy's nostrils dilated. *' For a cush- ion ! " he exclaimed. His tone was almost disrespectful, and his mother gave him a warning glance, and said, hastily, " Certainly, princess. Gerald, choose your prettiest flag." " Not for a cushion ! " he said, firmly. " The flag should be up, never down ! " The gay group gazed with concealed interest at mother and son. Mrs. Greyshield seized a flag and offered it to her guest. "Thank you — not from you," said the prin- cess, putting up her lorgnette. "Only from the boy." FOR HIS COUNTRY. 29 He would not give her one. His mother was in a repressed rage, and the boy kept his eyes bent on the ground in suffering silence. The titled lady put an end to the pain- ful scene. " I have changed my mind," she said, coolly. " I have too many cushions now." The boy turned swiftly to her, and, lifting the white hand hanging by her side, gently touched it with his lips. ^^ Madame la Princesse, you, too, love your country ! " His exclamation was so enthusiastic, so heartfelt, there was in it such a world of com- miseration for the titled lady before him, that there immediately flashed before each one present the unhappy life of the poor princess in exile. The boy had started a wave of sympathy flowing from one to another of the group, and in some confusion they all moved away. Gerald wiped the perspiration from his fore- head, and went on with the programme of pa- triotic selections that the impatient children were obliged to go through before they could have the cakes and fireworks. 30 . FOR HIS COUNTRY. After the fizzing and bursting noises were over, I said, regretfully, ** Gerald, I must go to Paris to-morrow." " I have been expecting this," he said, with dogged resignation. " When you are gone, Miss Canada, I shall have no one to talk to me about America." I had grown to love the boy for his high qualities of mind and soul, and my voice faltered as I murmured, " Do not give up, — fight the good fight." " Of faith," he added, gravely, " looking for- ward to what is to come." It seemed to me that an old man stood press- ing my hand — an old man with life's experience behind him. My heart ached for the lad, and I hurried into the house. "Good-bye," I said, coldly, to my hostess. > "Good-bye, a pleasant journey," she re- sponded, with equal coldness. " If you do not take that boy of yours home, you will lose him," I murmured. I thought my voice was low, but it was not low enough to escape the ears of the princess, who was standing beside her. Mrs. Greyshield turne.d away, and the prin- FOR HIS COUNTRY. 3 1 cess's lips moved almost imperceptibly in the words, •< What is the use ? " " The boy is dying by inches ! " I said, indig- nantly. "Better dead than like those — " she said, with her bitter smile, nodding toward the chat- tering cosmopolitan crowd beyond us. I echoed the boy's words : " You, too, are a patriot ! " " I was," she said, gravely, and sauntered away. I went unhappily to Paris. Would that another stranger could chance along, to whom the boy might unburden his heart, — his noble heart, filled not only with dreams of military glory, but of plans for the protection of the weak and helpless among his countrymen ! A week later a telegram from the princess summoned me to Orleans. To my surprise, she met me on the staircase of Mrs. Grey- shield's house. " You are right ! " she whispered. " Mrs. Greyshield is to lose her boy ! " My first feeling was one of anger. " Do not speak of such a thing ! " I said, harshly. " Come and see," and she led the way to a room where the weary-faced lad lay on a huge, 32 FOR HIS COUNTRY. canopied bed, a nursing sister on either side of him. " The doctors are in consultation below," she murmured ; "but there is no hope." " Where is his mother ? " " In her room. She sees no one. It is a foreign fashion, you know. She is suffering deeply — at last." FOR HIS COUNTRY. 33 " Oh, this is horrible ! " I said. " Can noth- ing be done ? " " Do you observe what a perfect accent he has?" she said, meditatively. "There must be excellent teachers at the lyc^e ! " From the bed came occasionally muttered scraps of French prose or poetry, and I shud- dered as I listened. " Sacrificed for an accent ! " she went on to herself. " It is a favourite amusement of Ameri- can mothers. This boy was torn from a father whom he worshipped. I wonder what he will say when his wife returns to America with two living children and one — " She turned to me. "I could have told her that growing children should not be hurried from one country to another. Yet it is better this way than the other." " The other } " I repeated, stupidly. " Yes, the other, — after years of residence abroad, no home, no country, no attachments, a weary traveller till one dies. I thought you might like to see him, as you were so attracted by him. He fainted the day you left, and has been this way ever since. It cannot last much longer." 34 FOR HIS COUNTRY. We had been speaking in a low tone, yet our voices must have been heard by the sleeper, for suddenly he turned his head on the pillow and looked at us. The princess approached him, and murmured his name in an exquisitely soft and gentle voice. The boy recognised her. "Ah, the princess!" he said, collectedly. " May I trouble you with a message } " "Certainly." "It is for papa," he said, dreamily. "Will you tell him for me, please — " Here his voice died away, and his dark, beseeching eyes rolled from one to another of the people in the room. "Shall I send them away.?" asked the prin- cess. " No, thank you. It is only the pain. Will you — will you be good enough to tell papa not to think me a coward .<* I promised him to hold out, but — " " I will tell him." "And tell him I'm sorry we couldn't build that home and live together, but I think if he prepared it mamma and the children might go. Tell him I think they would be happier. FOR HIS COUNTRY. 35 America is so lovely ! Mamma would get used to it." He stopped, panting for breath, and one of the nurses put something on his lips, while the other wiped away the drops of moisture that the effort of speaking had brought to his spectral face. Then he closed his eyes, and his pallid figure seemed to be sinking away from us ; but presently he roused himself, and this time his glance fell on me. " Miss Canada," he said, drowsily, " the salute to the flag — Dottie and Howard." The princess motioned to one of the nurses, who slipped from the room and presently re- turned with the children. A wan, evanescent flush overspread his face at sight of the flag, and he tried to raise himself on his elbow. One of the nurses supported him, and he fixed his glazing but still beautiful eyes on the children. "Are you ready.?" The small boy and girl were far from realising their brother's condition, but they knew what he wished, and in a warbling voice little Dottie began : ' '.'C *« This is my country's flag, and I am my country's child, To love and serve her well will ever be my joy." 36 FOR HIS COUNTRY. A little farther on her tiny brother took up the formula which it had been Gerald's pleasure to teach them. The consultation below had broken up, and several of the doctors had crept to the door of the room, but the boy did not seem to notice FOR HIS COUNTRY. 3/ them. His attention was riveted on the children, to the exclusion of all others. " Give brother the flag ! " he murmured, when they finished. They handed him the Stars and Stripes, but he could not retain it, and the princess, quietly moving to the bedside, steadied it between his trembling fingers. " Now sing vv^ith brother." The two children lifted up their little qua- vering voices, and turning his own face to the ceiling, a face illumined by a joy not of this world, he tried to sing with them : " My country ! 'tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty. Of thee I sing ! " Here his voice faltered, his radiant face drooped, and his darkening eyes turned be- seechingly in my direction. In a choking voice I finished the verse, as I had once before finished it for him : " Land where my fathers died, Land of the pilgrims' pride. From every mountainside Let freedom ring ! " 38 FOR HIS COUNTRY. His head was on the pillow when I finished, but his fingers still grasped the flag. "Gerald," said the princess, tenderly, "do you understand ? " "Yes, I understand," fluttered from his pale lips. " And are you contented ? '[ He pressed her hand slightly. " Would you rather die, or live to grow up and forget your country, as you surely would do if you lived all your young life among strangers } " " I would rather die ! " and here his voice was so firm that all in the room heard it. " Dottie and Howard ! " he murmured, pres- ently, and the princess drew back. After all, she was only a stranger. He died, with their little faces pressed close to his own. "Give my love to mamma,. dear mamma ! " were his last words. Shortly after the nurses drew the children away. The boy had had his wish. He had died for his country as truly as if he had fallen in battle. GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. When I was a little girl I lived with my grandmother, and a gay, lively little grand- mother she was. Away back in the family was French blood, and I am sure that she re- sembled French old people, who are usually vivacious and cheerful. On my twelfth birth- day I was driving with her through a thick wood, when we heard in front of us the loud shouting and laughing of boys. "Drive on, George," said my grandmother; "let us see what this is all about." As soon as he stopped, she sprang nimbly from the phaeton among half-a-dozen flushed and excited boys who had stones in their hands. Up in the tall trees above them were dozens of crows, which were cawing in a loud and dis- tressed manner, and flying restlessly from branch 4« 42 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. to branch. A stone thrown by some boy with too true an aim had brought a fine young crow to the ground. "Ha — I've got him. Thought I'd bring him down ! " yelled a lad, triumphantly. " Now give it to him, boys." The stones flew thick and fast at the poor crow. My grandmother screamed and waved her hands, but the boys would not listen to her until she rushed to the phaeton, seized the whip, and began smartly slashing those bad boys about the legs. " Hi — stop that — you hurt ! Here, some of you fellows take the whip from her ! " cried the boys, dancing like wild Indians around my grandmother. " Cowards ! " she said ; " if you must fight, why don't you attack something your own size.?" The boys slunk away, and she picked up the crow. One of its wings was broken, and its body was badly bruised. She wrapped the poor bleeding thing in our lap-robe, and told George to drive home. " Another pet, grandmother ? " I asked. " Yes, Elizabeth," she returned, " if it lives." GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. 43 She had already eight canaries, some tame snakes, a pair of doves, an old dog, white mice and rats, and a tortoise. When we got home, she examined the crow's injuries, then sponged his body with water, and decided that his wing was so badly broken that it would have to be amputated. I held his head and feet while she performed the surgi- cal operation, and he squawked most dismally. When it was over, she offered him bread and milk, which he did not seem able to eat until she pushed the food down his throat with her slim little fingers. Then he opened and closed his beak repeatedly, like a person smacking his lips. " He may recover," she said, with delight ; "now, where is he to sleep? Come into the garden, Elizabeth." Our garden was walled in. There was a large kennel on a grass-plot under my grand- mother's bedroom window, and she stopped in front of it. "This can be fitted up for the crow, Eliza- beth." "But what about Rover?" I said "Where will he sleep ? " 44 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. *'Down in the cellar, by the furnace," she said. " He is getting to be rheumatic, and I owe him a better shelter than this in his old age. I shall have a window put in at the back, so that the sun can shine in." For several days the crow sat in the kennel, his wings raised, — the stump of the broken one was left, — making him look like a person shrugging his shoulders, and the blood thicken- ing and healing over his wounds. Three times a day my grandmother dragged him out and pushed some bread and milk down his throat ; and three times a day he kicked and struggled and clawed at her hands. But it soon became plain that he was recovering. One day my grandmother found him trying to feed himself, and she was as much pleased as a child would have been. The next day he stepped out on the grass-plot. There he found a fine porcelain bath, that my grandmother had bought for him. It was full of warm water, and he stepped into it, flapped his wing with pleasure, and threw the water over his body. " He is coming on ! " cried my grandmother ; ** he will be the joy of my life yet." "I SAW SECOND COUSIN GEORGE FOLLOWING HIM. GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. 4/ "What about Second Cousin George?" I asked. Second Cousin (jeorge — we had to call him that to distinguish him from old George, the coachman — was a relative that lived with us. He was old, cranky, poor, and a little weak- minded, and if it had not l?een for my grand- mother he would have been obliged to go to an almshouse. He hated everything in the world except himself, — pets especially, — and if he had not been closely watched, I think he would have put an end to some of the creatures that my grandmother loved. One day after the crow was able to walk about the garden, I saw Second Cousin George following him. I could not help laughing, for they were so much alike. They both were fat and short, and dressed in black. Both put their feet down in an awkward manner, carried their heads on one side, and held themselves back as they walked. They had about an equal amount of sense. In some respects, though, the crow was a little ahead of Second Cousin George, and in some respects he was not, for on this occasion Second Cousin George was making a kind of 48 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. death-noose for him, and the crow walked quietly behind the currant-bushes, never sus- pecting it. I ran for grandmother, and she slipped quickly out into the garden. " Second Cousin George, what are you doing?" she said, quietly. He always looked up at the sky when he didn't know what to say, and as she spoke, he eyed very earnestly some white clouds that were floating overhead, and said never a word. " Were you playing with this cord ? " said grandmother, taking it from him. " What a fine loop you have in it ! " She threw it dex- terously over his head. " Oh, I have caught you ! " she said, with a little laugh, and began pulling on the string. Second Cousin George still stood with his face turned up to the sky, his cheeks growmg redder and redder. " Why, I am choking you ! " said grand- mother, before she had really hurt him; "do let me unfasten it." Then she took the string off his neck and put it in her pocket. " Crows can feel pain just as men do. Second Cousin George," she said, and walked away. GKANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. 49 Second Cousin George never molested the crow again. After a few weeks the crow became very tame, and took possession of the garden. He dug worms from our choicest flower-beds, nipped off the tops of growing plants, and did them far more damage than Rover the dog. But my grandmother would not have him checked in anything. " Poor creature ! " she said, sympathetically, "he can never fly again; let him g^. what pleasure he can out of life." '— t;-,;,/ I was often sorry fx)r him when the pigeons passed overhead. He would flap his one long, beautiful wing, and his other poor stump of a thing, and try to raise himself from the ground, crying, longingly, " Caw ! Caw ! " Not being able to fly, he would go quite over the garden in a series of long hops, — that is, after he learned to guide himself. At first when he spread his wings to help his jumps, the big wing would swing him around so that his tail would be where he had expected to find his head. Many a time have I stood laughing at his awkward attempts to get across the garden to 50 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. grandmother, when she went out with some bits of raw meat for him. She was his favour- ite, the only one that he would allow to come near him or to stroke his head. He cawed with pleasure whenever he saw her at any of the windows, and she was the only one that he would answer at all times. I often vainly called to him, " Hallo, Jim Crow, — hallo!" but the instant grandmother said, "Good Jim Crow — good Jim!" he screamed in recognition. He had many skirmishes with the dog over bones. Rover was old and partly blind, and whenever Jim saw him with a bone he went up softly behind him and nipped his tail. As Rover always turned and snapped at him, Jim would seize the bone and run away with it, and GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. 51 Rover would go nosing blindly about the gar- den trying to find him. They were very good friends, however, apart from the bones, and Rover often did good service in guarding the crow. The cats in the neigh- bourhood of course learned that there was an injured bird in our garden, and I have seen as many as six at a time sitting on the top of the wall looking down at him. The instant Jim saw one he would give a peculiar cry of alarm that he kept for the cats alone. Rover knew this cry, and spring- ing up would the wall, bark- and frighten- away, though could have rush toward ing angrily, ing the cats he never seen them well enough to catch them. Jim detested not cats alone, but every strange 52 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW, face, every strange noise, and every strange creature, — boys most of all. If one of them came into the garden he would run to his kennel in a great fright. Now this dislike of Jim's for strange noises saved some of my grandmother's property, and also two people who might otherwise have gone completely to the bad. About midnight, one dark November night, my grandmother and I were sleeping quietly, — she in her big bed, and I in my little one beside her. The room was a very large one, and our beds were opposite a French window, which stood partly open, for my grandmother liked to have plenty of fresh air at night. Under this window was Jim's kennel. I was having a very pleasant dream, when in the midst of it I heard a loud, " Caw ! Caw ! " I woke, and found that my grandmother was turning over sleepily in bed. "That's the crow's cat call," she murmured; "but cats could never get into that kennel." " Let me get up and see," I said. " No, child," she replied. Then she reached out her hand, scratched a match, and lighted the big lamp that stood on the table by her bed. GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. 53 I winked my eyes, — the room was almost as bright as day, and there, half-way through the window, was George, our old coachman. His head was in the room ; his feet must have been resting on the kennel, his expression was con- fused, and he did not seem to know whether to retreat or advance. "Come in, George," said my grandmother, gravely. He finished crawling through the window, and stood looking dejectedly down at his stock- ing feet. "What does this mean, George.^" said my grandmother, ironically. " Are you having nightmare, and did you think we might wish to go for a drive ? " Old George never liked to be laughed at. He drew himself up. " I'm a burglar, missus," he said, with dignity. My grandmother's bright, black eyes twinkled under the lace frills of her nightcap. "Oho, are you indeed? Then you belong to a danger- ous class, — one to which actions speak louder than words," she said, calmly ; and putting one hand under her pillow, she drew out something that I had never known she kept there. 54 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. I thought at the time it was a tiny, shining revolver, but it really was a bit of polished water- pipe with a faucet attached ; for my grandmother did not approve of the use of firearms. " Oh, missus, don't shoot — don't shoot ! I ain't fit to die," cried old George, dropping on his knees. "I quite agree with you," she said, coolly, laying down her pretended revolver, " and I am glad you have some rag of a conscience left. Now tell me who put you up to this. Some woman, I'll warrant you ! " "Yes, missus, it was," he said, shamefacedly, " 'twas Polly Jones, — she that you discharged for impudence. She said that she'd get even with you, and if I'd take your watch and chain and diamond ring, and some of your silver, that we'd go to Boston, and she'd — she'd — " "Well," said grandmother, tranquilly, "she would do what ? " "She said. she'd marry me," sheepishly whis- pered the old man, hanging his head. " Marry you indeed, old simpleton ! " said my grandmother, dryly. " She'd get you to Boston, fleece you well, and that's the last you'd see of her. Where is Miss Polly ? " «'I ain't fit to die,' cried old GEORGE.' GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. 5/ "In — in the stable," whimpered the old man. " H'm," said grandmother, "waiting for the plunder, eh ? Well, make haste. My purse is in the upper drawer, my watch you see before you ; here is my diamond ring, and my spoons you have in your pocket." Old George began to cry, and counted every spoon he had in his pocket out on the bureau before him, saying one, two, three, four, and so on, through his tears. " Stop ! " said my grandmother. "Put them back." The old man looked at her in astonishment. She made him return every spoon to his pocket. Then she ordered him to hang the watch round his neck, put the ring on his finger, and the purse in his pocket. "Take them out to the stable," she said, sternly ; " sit and look at them for the rest of the night. If you want to keep them by eight o'clock in the morning, do so, — if not, bring them to me. And as for Miss Polly, send her home the instant you set foot outside there, and tell her from me that if she doesn't come to see me to-morrow afternoon she may expect to have $8 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. the town's officers after her as an accomplice in a burglary. Now be off, or that crow will alarm the household. Not by the door, old George, that's the way honest people go out. Oh, George, George, that a carrion crow should be more faithful to me than you ! " My grandmother lay for some time wide- awake, and I could hear the bed shaking with her suppressed laughter. Then she would sigh, and murmur, " Poor, deluded creatures ! " Finally she dropped off to sleep, but I lay awake for the rest of the night, thinking over what had taken place, and wondering whether Polly Jones would obey rny grandmother. I was with her the next day when Polly was announced. Grandmother had been having callers, and was sitting in the drawing-room looking very quaint and pretty in her black velvet dress and tiny lace cap. Polly, a bouncing country-girl, came in hang- ing her head. Grandmother sat up very straight on the sofa and asked, " Would you like to go to the penitentiary, Polly Jones } " " Oh, no, ma'am ! " gasped Polly. "Would you like to come and live with me for awhile ? " said my grandmother. GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. $9 Now Polly did not want to do this, but she knew that she must fall in with my grand- mother's plans ; so she hung her head a little lower and whispered, "Yes, ma'am." " Very well, then," my grandmother said, "go and get your things." The next day my grandmother called to her the cook, the housemaid, and the small boy that ran errands. "You have all worked faithfully," she said, " and I am going to give you a holiday. Here is some money for you, and do not let me see you again for a month. Polly Jones is going to stay with me." Polly stayed with us, and worked hard for a month. "You are a wicked girl," said my grand- mother to her, " and you want discipline. You have been idle, and idleness is the cause of half the mischief in the world. But I will cure you." Polly took her lesson very meekly, and when the other maids came home, grandmother took her on a trip to Boston. There she got a policeman to take them about and show them how some of the wicked people of the city lived. Among other places visited was a prison, 60 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. and when Polly saw young women like herself behind the bars, she broke down and begged grandmother to take her home. And that reformed Polly effectually. As for old George, after that one miserable night in the stable, and his utter contrition in the morning, he lived only for grandmother, and died looking lovingly in her face. Jim the crow ruled the house as well as the garden after his exploit in waking grandmother that eventful night. All this happened some years ago. My dear grandmother is dead now, and I live in her house. Jim missed her terribly when she died, but I tried so earnestly to cultivate his affec- tions, and to make up his loss to him, that I think he is really getting to be fond of me. THE END. COSY CORNER SERffiS It is the intention of the publishers that this series shall contain only the very highest and purest literature, — stories that shall not only appeal to the children them- selves, but be appreciated by all those who feel with them in their joys and sorrows. The numerous illustrations in each book are by well- known artists, and each volume has a separate attract- ive cover design. Each, I vol., i6mo, cloth $0.50 By ANNIE FELLOWS JOHNSTON The Little Colonel. (Trade Mark.) The scene of this story is laid in Kentucky. Its heroine is a small girl, who is known as the Little Colonel, on account of her fancied resemblance to an old-school Southern gentleman, whose fine estate and old family are famous in the region. This old Colonel proves to be the grandfather of the child. The Giant Scissors. This is the story of Joyce and of her adventures in France, — the wonderful house with the gate of The Giant Scissors, Jules, her little playmate, Sister Denisa, the cruel Brossard, and her dear Aunt Kate. Joyce is a great friend of the Little Colonel, and in later volumes shares with her the delightful experiences of the " House Party " and the " Holidays." Two Little Knights of Kentucky. Who Were the Little Colonel's Neighbors. In this volume the Little Colonel returns to us like an old friend, but with added grace and charm. She is not, however, the central figure of the story, that place being taken by the " two little knights." B—l 2 Z. C. PAGE AND COMPANY'S By ANNIE FELLOWS JOHNSTON {Continued) Cicely and Other Stories for Qirls. The readers of Mrs. Johnston's charming juveniles will be glad to learn of the issue of this volume for young people. Aunt 'Liza's Hero and Other Stories. A collection of six bright little stories, which will appeal to all boys and most girls. Big Brother. A story of two boys. The devotion and care of Steven, himself a small boy, for his baby brother, is the theme of the simple tale. Ole Mammy's Torment. " Ole Mammy's Torment " has been fitly called " a classic of Southern life." It relates the haps and mis- haps of a small negro lad, and tells how he was led by love and kindness to a knowledge of the right. The Story of Dago. In this story Mrs. Johnston relates the story of Dago, a pet monkey, owned jointly by two brothers. Dago tells his own story, and the account of his haps and mis- haps is both interesting and amusing. The Quilt That Jack Built. A pleasant little story of a boy's labor of love, and how it changed the course of his life many years after it was accomplished. Flip's Islands of Providence. A story of a boy's life battle, his early defeat, and his final triumph, well worth the reading. B— » COSY CORNER SERIES By EDITH ROBINSON A Little Puritan's First Christmas. A story of Colonial times in Boston, telling how Christmas was invented by Betty Sewall, a typical child of the Puritans, aided by her brother Sam. A Little Daughter of Liberty. The author's motive for this story is well indicated by a quotation from her introduction, as follows: " One ride is memorable in the early history of the American Revolution, the well-known ride of Paul Revere. Equally deserving of commendation is another ride, — the ride of Anthony Severn, — which was no less historic in its action or memorable in its consequences." A Loyal Little Maid. A delightful and interesting story of Revolutionary days, in which the child heroine, Betsey Schuyler, renders important services to George Washington. A Little Puritan Rebel. This is an historical tale of a real girl, during the time when the gallant Sir Harry Vane was governor of Massachusetts. A Little Puritan Pioneer. The scene of this story is laid in the Puritan settlement at Charlestown. The little girl heroine adds another to the list of favorites so well known to the young people. A Little Puritan Bound Girl. A story of Boston in Puritan days, which is of great interest to youthful readers. A Little Puritan Cavalier. The story of a " Little Puritan Cavalier " who tried with all his boyish enthusiasm to emulate the spirit and ideals of the dead Crusaders. B~8 4 L. C, PAGE AND COMPANY'S By MISS MULOCK The Little Lame Prince. A delightful story of a little boy who has many adven- tures by means of the magic gifts of his fairy godmother. Adventures of a Brownie. The story of a household elf who torments the cook and gardener, but is a constant joy and delight to the children who love and trust him. |
US-424817D-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | William h
(No Model.)
W. H. PATTON.
BOAT.
No. 424,817. Patented Apr. 1,1890.
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
WILLIAM H. PATToN, or cI-IIoAco, ILLINOIS.
BOAT.
SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 424,81*?, dated April 1, 1890.
Application filed August l2, 1889, Serial `No. 320,482. (No model.)
T0 all whom it may concern:
-Be it known that l, WILLIAM H. PATTON, a citizen of the United States, residing at Ohicago, in the county of Cook and State of Illinois, have invented a new and useful Improvement in Boats, of which the following is a specification.
My invention relates, more particularly stated, to the class of boats propelled by machinery; and the object of my invention is to provide an economically generated power and reliably operative form of mechanism for generating it which shall serve for application to the propelling' purpose of all kinds and sizes of the class of boats referred to, and which may, as a desirable feature of the plan, be used without steam, thereby rendering unnecessary andenablin g saving of the employment of a licensed engineer, since skill and experience are not prerequisites for proper care of the machinery.
My invention consists in the combination,
in a boat, with the screw or analogous propelling means, of mechanism for actuating the latter, comprising an electric motor operatively connected with the propelling' means, a storage-battery system connected with the mot-or to drive it, a dynamo-electric machine for charging the battery, and an engine (and, preferably, though not essentially, a gasengine) for driving the dynamo.
, In the accompanying drawings, Figure 1 represents a boat in plan View employing a propeller-screw for its locomotion and having indicated in operative position the combination of mechanism in which my invention consists for actuating the screw; and Fig. 2 is a view of the same in side elevation, with my improved mechanism indicated by dotted representation.
A is a boat, which may be of any suitable or well-known form and size, and which is shown to be provided with a propeller-screw B, in the usual position, for effecting its manner of locomotion, though other means for the purpose, as the common side wheels, may be employed instead.
O is the shaft of the propeller, properly supported and having suitably connected with it the rotary portion of an electric motor I),
actuated from a system of storage-batteries E, which are charged from a suitable dynamoelectric machine F, driven by the power generated by an engine G, which,for the sake of economy in the maintenance, should be, and preferably is, the well-known gas-engine.
All the mechanism combined, as described,
for actuating the propeller should be located in the hold of the boat, wherein it, and particularly-the storage-battery system thereof, affords, incidentally, ballast.
The various features of my particular combination of devices being, if desired, of common and well-known construction to those skilled in such machinery, as also the matter of their particular co-operative connection for my purpose, it is unnecessary to show and de- Scribe herein the details of construction of the machines and of the adjustment together of the latter, especially since this forms no part of my invention, which consists in the particular combination for my purpose of thc different kinds of mechanism herein set forth and represented.
lVith the well-known switch devices in common use for cutting in and out sections of the motor a pilot can alone control the boat as to its speed and stop and start it without assistance.
Other and important advantages resulting from my particular combination consist in the fact that the boat is never required to stop at certain periods to charge the batteries or take on fuel, and that the motor D, of a required horse-power, can be readily operated from a dynamo of less horse-power, since the power to drive the motor will be supplied from both the dynamo and storage-battery, the latter being` charged during stoppage of the boat, if desired.
lVhat I claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is-
1. rlhe combination, with a boat and its propeller, of an electric motor D, connected with the propeller-shaft, a storage-battery system E, electrically connected with the Inotor, a dynamo-electric machine F, for charging the battery and for driving the motor, and an engine Gr, connected with the dynamo, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
IOO
2. The eombinatoll,wth aboat and its proing the motor, and an engine G, Connected peller, of means located in the hold of the boat with the dynamo, substantially as and for the for actuating the propellereomprsingan eleopurpose set forth.
trie motor D, Connected with the pl'opellel- NVILLIAM Il. PATTON. 5 shaft, a storagebattery system E, electrically ln presence ofconnected with the motor, a dynamo-electric J. XV. DYRENFORTH,
machine F, 'for Charging the battery and driv- M. J. FROST.
|
github_open_source_100_1_79 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package org.hswebframework.web.organizational.authorization.simple.handler;
import org.hswebframework.ezorm.core.param.Term;
import org.hswebframework.ezorm.core.param.TermType;
import org.hswebframework.web.authorization.define.AuthorizingContext;
import org.hswebframework.web.organizational.authorization.access.DistrictAttachEntity;
import org.hswebframework.web.organizational.authorization.PersonnelAuthentication;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Set;
import static org.hswebframework.web.organizational.authorization.access.DataAccessType.*;
/**
* @author zhouhao
*/
public class DistrictScopeDataAccessHandler extends AbstractScopeDataAccessHandler<DistrictAttachEntity> {
@Override
protected Class<DistrictAttachEntity> getEntityClass() {
return DistrictAttachEntity.class;
}
@Override
protected String getSupportScope() {
return DISTRICT_SCOPE;
}
@Override
protected String getOperationScope(DistrictAttachEntity entity) {
return entity.getDistrictId();
}
@Override
protected void applyScopeProperty(DistrictAttachEntity entity, String value) {
entity.setDistrictId(value);
}
@Override
protected Set<String> getTryOperationScope(String scopeType, PersonnelAuthentication authorization) {
switch (scopeType) {
case SCOPE_TYPE_CHILDREN:
return authorization.getAllDistrictId();
case SCOPE_TYPE_ONLY_SELF:
return authorization.getRootDistrictId();
default:
return new java.util.HashSet<>();
}
}
@Override
protected Term createQueryTerm(Set<String> scope, AuthorizingContext context) {
Term term = new Term();
term.setColumn(DistrictAttachEntity.districtId);
term.setTermType(TermType.in);
term.setValue(scope);
term.setType(Term.Type.and);
return term;
}
}
|
106573_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | OPINION
PICKARD, Chief Judge.
{1} Mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to Brittany and Alisha. On appeal, Mother raises five issues: (1) the trial court violated her right to due process by making a finding of futility (finding that additional efforts to engage her in a treatment plan to reunify her with her children would be futile) at an informal judicial review hearing, even though no party asked for a full evidentiary hearing; (2) the trial court's finding of futility was erroneous because it relied on hearsay in violation of Rule 11-802 NMRA 2000, even though Mother did not object to the use of hearsay; (3) there was not clear and convincing evidence to support the trial court's finding of futility; (4) there was not clear and convincing evidence to support the trial court's finding that the causes and conditions of abuse or neglect were unlikely to change in the foreseeable future; and (5) she received ineffective assistance of counsel, in part due to the failures to object noted in the first two issues. We consolidate the issues into three areas for discussion and affirm.
BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
{2} On May 31, 1996, the Children, Youth & Families Department (the Department) took Brittany and Alisha into custody after Mother was arrested on a charge of receiving and transporting a stolen vehicle. Three days later, the Department filed a petition alleging Mother had abused and neglected her children. The trial court held a hearing on the Department's petition on September 6,1996.
{3} About three weeks later, the trial court entered judgment in which it concluded that Mother's children had been neglected and that they should remain in the custody of the Department. On that same date, the trial court adopted the Department's proposed disposition and treatment plan. Under the treatment plan, Mother had to (1) participate in weekly random drug screening tests, (2) meet with a psychotherapist to address the issues specified in her psychological evaluation and the parenting issues identified by her social worker, (3) maintain regular visitation with her children, and (4) continue in her efforts to obtain suitable housing for her and the children. The Department proposed psychological therapy and drug treatment as part of Mother's treatment plan because she had neglected her children "due to [her history of] substance abuse and domestic violence in California and New Mexico."
{4} In March 1997, the trial court performed the first of several judicial reviews regarding Mother's compliance with the treatment plan. The trial court's review was generally favorable. The trial court found that Mother had made sincere efforts to find a stable place to live, was employed, and had consistently attended her therapy sessions with her psychotherapist. The only unfavorable finding the trial court made was that Mother had not compiled with the drug screening part of her plan. The trial court adopted the Department's proposed amended treatment plan to address Mother's continuing drug issues.
{5} In August 1997, the trial court conducted its second judicial review. At the hearing, the Department advised the trial court that Mother had made significant progress toward completing the treatment plan. In particular, the Department informed the trial court that Mother had submitted five of the eight drug tests required of her, only one of which tested positive for amphetamine or methamphetamine; Mother had completed all of her scheduled psychotherapy sessions; Mother had consistently attended her weekly supervised visits with her children; and Mother had worked hard at developing a stable and secure environment for her children. Based in large part on the Department's judicial review report, the trial court returned Mother's children to her physical custody on August 14,1997.
{6} Two weeks later, Mother's children were returned to the Department's physical custody after Mother was arrested for violating the terms of her probation. As a result of this arrest, Mother's original probation was revoked and a new probation was ordered. During the two-week time period that Mother had physical custody of her chil dren, Mother's social worker attended a Citizen Review Board (CRB) hearing. At the hearing, the CRB recommended that the trial court not place Mother's children in her physical custody. The CRB based its opinion on Mother's failure to comply with the terms of her probation, her failure to attend substance abuse counseling, her failure to acknowledge that Brittany had been sexually abused, and the unknowns of her living situation at the time. Mother's social worker also learned that during the two-week period, Brittany had gone home to an empty home ' on one occasion and that she had been transported to school by two men unknown to her on another occasion.
{7} In March 1998, the Department submitted to the trial court a very unfavorable judicial review report regarding Mother's compliance with the treatment plan. In particular, the Department informed the trial court that in October 1997, Mother had been arrested again for violating the terms of her probation. At about the same time, Mother and her partner were involved in a domestic violence altercation during which Mother bit her partner's forearm three or four times and cut his thumb with a razor. The trial court also learned at the hearing that in December 1997 and January 1998, Mother had taken several drug tests, both for her social worker and for her probation officer. During the course of these two months, Mother's urine tested positive for methamphetamine on at least five occasions. Mother's probation officer stated that when he visited Mother at her house to administer the drug tests, he observed that her house was in bad condition, that it was "gross." The Department stated in its judicial review report that it intended to ask the trial court to enter a finding of futility.
{8} In June 1998, the trial court conducted its third judicial review. At the hearing, the Department formally asked the trial court to enter a finding of futility. In support of its request, the Department reiterated the information contained in its March 1998 judicial review report and, in addition, informed the trial court that Mother had failed to produce documentation regarding the steps she had taken to comply with the treatment plan. The Department advised the trial court that Mother's unwillingness to produce such documentation obstructed the Department's ability to assess whether Mother was drug free. The Department also produced letters from the children's guardian ad litem, as well as their therapists. The letters indicated that the children loved Mother and that she loved them, but that Mother appeared incapable of recognizing or changing the "aspects of her life (poor choice of domestic partners, drug use, living on the 'edge' of the law) which place her children at serious risk of neglect or abuse."
{9} In her defense, Mother stated, through her attorney, that she had attended drug rehabilitation programs at Turquoise Lodge and the Milagro program. Mother indicated that she had signed forms to release this information to the Department and that she had continued providing urinalysis throughout the course of her probation. Finally, Mother claimed that she continued to visit her children and continued to make efforts to comply with the treatment plan. At the end of the hearing, the trial court found that the Department had made reasonable efforts to reunite Mother and her children and that further efforts to do so would be futile. As a consequence of the trial court's ruling, the Department no longer assisted Mother.
{10} Two months later, in August 1998, the Department filed a motion to terminate Mother's parental rights to Brittany and Alisha. The trial court held the termination hearing in December 1998. The trial court heard a great deal of testimony which either clarified or corroborated the issues that had been addressed at the June judicial review hearing. At the end of the hearing, the trial court terminated Mother's parental rights to Brittany and Alisha. The trial court asked counsel to submit proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law. The Department complied with the trial court's request, while Mother did not. In January 1999, the trial court wholly adopted the Department's proffered findings and conclusions, and it entered an order terminating Mother's parental rights.
DISCUSSION
I. & II. DUE PROCESS & HEARSAY
{11} On appeal, Mother claims the trial court's reliance on hearsay evidence and oral argument and its corresponding failure to swear in witnesses and take formal testimony deprived her of a fair hearing at the futility hearing. In support of her claim, Mother relies on State ex rel. CYFD v. Erika M, 1999-NMCA-036, 126 N.M. 760, 975 P.2d 373. In Erika M., the trial court terminated the mother's parental rights by summary judgment. See id. ¶ 1. We reversed the trial court's decision because the mother presented evidence that raised genuine issues of material fact, thus defeating summary judgment. See id. ¶ 29.
{12} In spite of our holding, we addressed the mother's claim that her due process rights had been violated because the trial court's decision was based exclusively on facts developed at judicial review hearings. See id. ¶ 26-28. We noted that the termination of parental rights implicates a liberty interest, an interest that must be protected by providing the parent with a fair opportunity to be heard and to present a defense. See id. ¶ 26. After discussing the non-adversarial attributes of periodic review hearings, we questioned whether a trial court could rely solely on facts gleaned from such hearings to terminate parental rights. See id. ¶ 28.
{13} Mother's reliance on our dicta in Erika M. is misplaced. In Erika M., we observed that "[termination hearings are more formal and comply with the rules of court because of the weighty issue — final termination of parental rights — that is being considered at them." Id. ¶ 27. That observation is critical to the disposition of the case at bar for two reasons.
{14} First, a trial court's finding of futility does not finally terminate a person's parental rights. A finding of futility does result in the removal of a person's expectation to the Department's reasonable assistance, but it does not consign a parent to failure nor does it resolve the ultimate issue of whether that person's parental rights will be terminated. In the absence of the Department's resources, a parent still has the opportunity to receive assistance on her own and to alleviate the causes and conditions that precipitated the state's intervention into her family arrangement.
{15} For example, in the case at bar, Mother independently sought help from the Turquoise Lodge and Milagro programs. According to Mother, her efforts were so successful that she now deserves to have her children returned to her custody. Mother's opportunity to protect her parental rights after the trial court made its finding of futility argues against the need for any additional procedural safeguards at the judicial review hearing, particularly in the absence of any objection by her. See Thomas v. Thomas, 1999-NMCA-135, ¶ 24, 128 N.M. 177, 991 P.2d 7; see also M.L.B. v. S.L.J., 519 U.S. 102, 127-128, 117 S.Ct. 555, 136 L.Ed.2d 473 (1996) ("In contrast to matters modifiable at the parties' will or based on changed circumstances, termination adjudications involve the awesome authority of the State 'to destroy permanently all legal recognition of the parental relationship.' ") (citations omitted and emphasis added); cf. State ex rel. CYFD v. Stella P., 1999-NMCA-100, ¶ 21, 127 N.M. 699, 986 P.2d 495 (holding that, even in the absence of any objection, trial court has a duty to inquire as to whether a parent is intentionally waiving the entire right to contest termination proceedings).
{16} Second, in Erika M., we were reviewing the trial court's decision to terminate parental rights on the Department's motion for summary judgment. Due to the fact that the trial court granted summary judgment based exclusively on judicial review reports, we observed that the mother not only lacked the opportunity to contest the reports when they were first adopted, but more importantly, she also lacked the opportunity to contest the reports at a termination hearing. See id. ¶ 24, 29. We noted that the mother "had no incentive to contest the Department's reports when they were used . as progress reports, rather than in support of termination." Id. ¶ 28. As a consequence, we declined to hold the mother to the judicial review reports, especially on summary judgment. See id. ¶ 28, 29.
{17} In the case at bar, Mother knew far in advance of the futility hearing that the Department intended to seek a finding of futility based on the information contained in its judicial review reports. The Department put Mother on notice as early as March 1998 that it intended to ask the trial court to enter a finding of futility. This advance notice not only provided Mother with at least three months to prepare for the futility hearing, but it also provided her with every incentive to challenge any untoward allegations contained in the March 1998 and June 1998 judicial review reports as well.
{18} Most critically, Mother had the opportunity to contest the judicial review reports at the futility hearing and she did so, almost exclusively through nontestimonial documents of her own. Mother appeared with her attorney at the June 1998 futility hearing. The attorneys for each side made presentations to the trial court. The trial court did not swear in any witnesses and no formal testimony was taken. Instead, the Department, along with the children's guardian ad litem, offered into evidence, and then reiterated to the trial court, the information contained in the March 1998 and June 1998 judicial review reports. Mother's attorney presented letters that Mother had attended drug rehabilitation and parenting training at the Turquoise Lodge and Milagro programs. Attorneys for both sides also offered their own observations about Mother's case, the steps she had taken or failed to take to comply with the treatment plan, and her chances of becoming an adequate parent for .Brittany and Alisha in the foreseeable future. Mother did not object to the procedural aspects of these proceedings in any way, either during the futility hearing or during the final termination hearing. We believe Mother's advance notice and her opportunity to contest the validity of the previous judicial review reports significantly reduced her interest in having additional procedural safeguards.
{19} Upon balancing the factors herein, we conclude that Mother's right to due process was not violated through the procedures used at the trial court level. Mother had adequate notice of the issue to be resolved, as well as the opportunity to prepare and present a case on that issue. Moreover, the trial court based its decision on matters that did not appear to require live testimony. Put more succinctly: either Mother testéd positive for drags or she did not, either Mother submitted documentation of her compliance with the treatment plan or she did not, either Mother was arrested for domestic violence or she was not, and either Mother was employed or she was not. It is neither coincidental nor inconsequential that, as Mother points out, the testimony at the termination hearing "clarified or corroborated many of the issues that arose at the [futility hearing]." See Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 345, 96 S.Ct. 893, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976) (concluding that oral testimony is unnecessary when an assessment can be made through written documents).
{20} We also conclude that the trial court's reliance on hearsay evidence does not violate Rule 11-802. According to Rule 11-802, "[h]earsay is not admissible except as provided by these rules or by other rules adopted by the supreme court or by statute." The trial court made its finding of futility at a judicial review hearing. Judicial review hearings, which are governed by NMSA 1978, § 32A-4-25 (1999), are not subject to the rules of evidence. See § 32A-4-25(E). We hold that the trial court did not err by basing its finding of futility made at the judicial review hearing on hearsay evidence.
{21} In view of the fundamental interests that are at stake in termination of parental rights cases, we recommend that in the future, if the real potential for an adverse ruling is in the offing at a judicial review hearing, and the adverse ruling might be avoided through the exercise of certain procedural safeguards, counsel should be prepared to present evidence and cross-examine witnesses. Although the rules of evidence do not necessarily apply in judicial review hearings, the hallmarks of the adversarial process — the presentation of evidence and the cross-examination of witnesses — are both contemplated in and permitted by our statutes. See § 32A-4-25(D) ("At any [periodic] review hearing ., the child's guardian ad litem and all parties given notice . shall have the opportunity to present evidence and to cross-examine witnesses."), § 32A-4-25(E) ("The Rules of Evidence shall not apply to hearings held pursuant to this section."). All Mother had to do was object if she were truly concerned that she was in danger of losing rights granted by statute or constitution. We answer Mother's ineffective assistance issue below.
III. & IV. SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE
{22} Mother claims that the trial court had insufficient evidence to conclude, both at the futility hearing and at the termination hearing, that she had done nothing to comply with the treatment plan and thus erred in finding futility. Mother also claims the trial court had insufficient evidence to conclude at the termination hearing that the causes and conditions of neglect which rendered her unable to properly care for her children were unlikely to change in the foreseeable future. As both of these claims concern the sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court's decision to terminate Mother's parental rights, we consolidate them for consideration under the standard of review applicable at termination proceedings.
{23} A person's parental rights shall be terminated upon a showing that her children have been neglected, and the causes of the neglect are unlikely to change in the foreseeable future despite reasonable efforts by the Department to assist the parent in adjusting the conditions that rendered her unable to properly care for her children. See NMSA 1978, § 32A-4-28(B)(2) (1999). In determining whether to terminate parental rights, the trial court must "give primary consideration to the physical, mental and emotional welfare and needs of the child[ren], including the likelihood of the child[ren] being adopted if parental rights are terminated." Section 32A-4-28(A).
{24} The standard of proof in cases involving the termination of parental rights is clear and convincing evidence. See NMSA 1978, § 32A-4-29(J) (1999); In re Termination of Parental Rights of Eventyr J., 120 N.M. 463, 466, 902 P.2d 1066, 1069 (Ct.App.1995). However, notwithstanding this standard of proof, this Court will not reweigh the evidence on appeal. See In re R.W., 108 N.M. 332, 335, 772 P.2d 366, 369 (Ct.App.1989). Instead, we must view it in a light most favorable to affirmance. See Eventyr J., 120 N.M. at 466, 902 P.2d at 1069. Nor do we assess the credibility of the witnesses, deferring instead to the conclusions of the trier of fact. See State v. Tisthammer, 1998-NMCA-115, ¶ 25, 126 N.M. 52, 966 P.2d 760. We will not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court as to any factual matter. See In re Wayne R.N., 107 N.M. 341, 345, 757 P.2d 1333, 1337 (Ct.App.1988). Our standard of review is therefore whether, viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to affirming the termination of Mother's parental rights, the trial court could properly determine that the clear and convincing standard was met. See Eventyr J., 120 N.M. at 466, 902 P.2d at 1069.
{25} At the termination hearing, the trial court found that Mother "has continually neglected the children[ ] by failing to complete and progress in all of her substance abuse treatment and by continuing to place herself in situations involving domestic violence and suspected criminal activity[.]" Mother claims the trial court "had insufficient evidence to say that she had made no efforts in complying with the treatment plan and therefore had insufficient evidence" to find continuous neglect.
{26} As our quote of the trial court's finding of neglect indicates, the trial court did not find that Mother had made no efforts to comply with the treatment plan. Rather, the trial court found that Mother had failed to comply with several key elements of her treatment plan, including her need to avoid drugs, domestic violence, and other criminal involvement. The trial court determined that Mother's failure to comply with the treatment plan caused her to neglect Brittany and Alisha. The evidence in the record supports the trial court's finding of neglect.
{27} As Mother concedes, the trial court heard testimony at the termination hearing that Mother was arrested in October 1997 for the domestic violence incident in which she bit her partner's arm and cut his thumb with a razor; Mother submitted seven urinalyses positive for methamphetamines in December 1997 and January 1998; Mother failed to conform to probation requirements, resulting in an unfavorable discharge; Mother failed to provide the Department with any releases regarding her participation in the Turquoise Lodge and Milagro programs; Mother failed to conform to the rules at Turquoise Lodge; Mother failed to show that she participated in individual therapy after the Department removed its resources and after leaving Turquoise Lodge; Mother tested positive for drugs when she gave birth to her daughter Jasmine in July 1998; Mother continued to maintain that she did not need to participate in any aftercare programs; and Mother was unemployed and without a dwelling of her own.
{28} Viewing the Department's evidence in a light most favorable to affirming the trial court's finding of on-going neglect, we hold that the trial court could properly determine that the clear and convincing standard was met. See Eventyr J., 120 N.M. at 466, 902 P.2d at 1069. We reject Mother's claim that the trial court had insufficient evidence of on-going neglect. We acknowledge that Mother presented evidence that her August 1998 arrest was based on a mistaken probation matter and that she signed and provided releases for information and independently sought help by participating in the Turquoise Lodge and Milagro programs. We also acknowledge that Mother presented evidence that she continued to work on family skills with the Department through its Los Pasos Family Preservation Services (Los Pasos) program in connection with her daughter Jasmine and that her social worker at Los Pasos did not have any concerns about whether Mother was still using drugs. However, Mother's claim essentially requests that we reweigh conflicting evidence in her favor. We cannot reweigh the evidence. Conflicts in testimony are matters for the trial court to resolve. See id.
{29} Mother also claims the trial court had insufficient evidence to say that she had "made no efforts in complying with the treatment plan" and therefore had insufficient evidence to make a finding of futility at the judicial review hearing. This is essentially the same claim Mother raised in the context of the trial court's finding of neglect. As we stated above, the trial court did not base its decision on the erroneous finding that Mother made no efforts to comply with the treatment plan. Instead, the trial court found that Mother had not done enough to comply with the treatment plan. Based on this finding, the trial court concluded that it would be futile for the Department to make further efforts to assist Mother. After two years with limited or no long-term or sustained progress being made, we believe the trial court could find that there was clear and convincing evidence that the causes and conditions of neglect would not change in the foreseeable future. See id.
{30} Mother acknowledges that if the trial court's futility finding at the judicial review hearing is legitimate, then its futility finding at the termination hearing is also legitimate. Mother concedes this point because the trial court had virtually the same evidence before it at the futility hearing that it had before it at the termination hearing, although at the termination hearing, it was in such form that it was subject to cross-examination and the other formal rules of evidence. We held that the trial court's first futility finding was legitimate and, accordingly, we now hold that its second finding regarding change in the foreseeable future was also legitimate.
V. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE
{31} Mother contends she received ineffective assistance of counsel because (1) her trial attorney failed to submit proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law, thus preventing this Court from reviewing her sufficiency of the evidence arguments, and (2) her trial attorney performed ineffectively in connection with her failure to object to the absence of admissible evidence at the judicial review hearing and her failure to object to the trial court's use of the finding of futility at the termination hearing.
{32} A parent has the right to effective counsel in termination eases. See State ex rel. Children, Youth & Families Dep't v. Tammy S., 1999-NMCA-009, ¶ 20, 126 N.M. 664, 974 P.2d 158. In Tammy S., 1999- NMCA-009, ¶ 20, 126 N.M. 664, 974 P.2d 158, we recognized that "the majority of jurisdictions utilize the same standard for effective assistance in [termination] cases as in criminal cases, and we utilized the criminal standard for the purposes of [In re Termination of Parental Rights of James W.H., 115 N.M. 256, 259, 849 P.2d 1079, 1082 (Ct. App.1993) ]." We did not reach the issue of what the standard for effective assistance of counsel should be in Tammy S. because counsel's performance was inadequate regardless of the standard. See id. ¶ 20. In contrast, in In re James W.H., we concluded that even if the criminal standard was used, the claim lacked merit. See id. at 259, 849 P.2d at 1082. The same is true in this case.
{33} "In reviewing a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, we look at the proceedings as a whole. Litigants alleging ineffective assistance of counsel have the burden of establishing the claim and are required to show not only that trial counsel was ineffective, but that trial counsel's inadequacies prejudiced them." State ex rel. Children, Youth & Families Dep't v. David F., 121 N.M. 341, 348, 911 P.2d 235, 242 (Ct.App.1995) (citation omitted). The party asserting ineffective assistance must prove both prongs of the test. See State v. Hester, 1999—NMSC-020, ¶ 9, 127 N.M. 218, 979 P.2d 729. The burden of proof is upon the party claiming ineffective assistance. See State v. Baca, 1997-NMSC-045, ¶ 20-21, 124 N.M. 55, 946 P.2d 1066. Failure to prove either prong of the test is fatal to a claim of ineffective assistance. See id. In the case at bar, we hold that Mother did not receive ineffective assistance of counsel.
{34} First, her trial attorney's failure to submit proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law has not prevented us from reviewing her sufficiency of the evidence arguments because her trial attorney called the trial court's attention to the alleged insufficiency of the evidence. See Cockrell v. Cockrell, 117 N.M. 321, 324, 871 P.2d 977, 980 (1994) (ruling that evidence may not be reviewed on appeal when the party seeking review has failed to submit requested findings of fact and conclusions of law and the appellant has otherwise failed to object to the findings or call the trial court's attention to the insufficiency of the evidence).
{35} Second, her trial attorney's alleged failure to object to the trial court's use of the finding of futility did not render her attorney's assistance ineffective, because the trial court made its findings based on the testimony given and the evidence presented at the termination hearing. The trial court did not rely upon the futility hearing itself. See Eventyr J., 120 N.M. at 473, 902 P.2d at 1076 (ruling that a parent was not deprived of her due process rights by the trial court taking judicial notice of prior adjudication because it based its decision on the evidence presented at termination hearing rather than relying upon prior adjudication).
{36} We deem it important to note that this is not a ease in which the earlier finding of futility prejudiced Mother in any way, contrary to Mother's arguments. Her arguments may have merit in the abstract or in another case, but they do not have merit under the facts of this case. First, Mother has made no attempt to show that the result of the judicial review hearing would have been any different had she insisted on her right to present admissible evidence and cross-examine the Department's evidence. Thus, her attorney's reliance on a presentation similar to that of the Department at the judicial review hearing may well have been an adequate strategy. See State v. Cooper, 1998-NMCA-180, ¶ 11, 126 N.M. 500, 972 P.2d 1 (holding that reviewing court will not second guess strategy and tactics). Second, the motion to terminate parental rights was filed shortly after the finding of futility. Third, the Department did not rely on the time period following the finding of futility to show that the causes and conditions of the abuse and neglect would not change despite the Department's reasonable efforts. As Mother acknowledges, the Department relied on the same events at the termination hearing as it did at the judicial review hearing. Thus, Mother's concern that a premature finding of futility could unduly prejudice a parent, while potentially meritorious in the abstract, has no application to the facts of this case.
CONCLUSION
{37} We affirm.
{38} IT IS SO ORDERED.
BOSSON and BUSTAMANTE, JJ., concur..
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1380303_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 《FAIRY TALE》(페어리 테일)은 2002년 10월 23일에 발매된 쿠라키 마이의 3번째 정규 음반이다.
해설
1번째 음반, 2번째 음반에 이어서 100만장 이상의 출하를 기록.
“동화”를 테마로 쿠라키의 “꿈을 버리는 것이 어른이라면 되고 싶지 않다”(夢を捨てるのが大人ならば、なりたくはない)라는 생각을 잇댄 콘셉트 음반이다.
이 음반이 대만의 CD 차트 1위를 획득한 것을 계기로 쑨옌즈와 차회작으로 경연하게 되었다.
제17회 일본 골드 디스크 대상에서 록&팝 앨범 오브 더 이어를 수상하고 있다.
수록곡
전체 작사: 쿠라키 마이
Fairy tale (my last teenage wish) (4:18)
작곡 · 편곡: 토쿠나가 아키히토
음반 표제곡. 가사에는 ‘호박 마차’‘독 사과’ 등 동화와 관련된 말이 다수 등장한다. 앨범 투어 이후 피로되는 것은 적었지만, 10월에 개최되는 핼러윈 라이브에서는 피로되는 차가 많은 음반 곡이다.
Feel fine! (4:48)
작곡 · 편곡: 토쿠나가 아키히토
12번째 싱글. 본인도 출연한 시브리즈의 광고 음악.
Ride on time (5:01)
작곡 · 편곡: 토쿠나가 아키히토
2002년도 《전일본대학여자역전》(ABC제작 TV 아사히계열) 테마송. 비디오 클립이 제작되었으며, 당시의 백 밴드 EXPERIENCE와 같이 hills 빵공장의 지하 2층 스테이지를 사용하여서 라이브 형식으로 제작되고 있다.
key to my heart (3:33)
작곡: 오노 아이카, 편곡: Cybersound
남코 테일즈 오브 데스티니 2 테마송.
게임 소프트웨어 《테일즈 오브》 시리즈의 테마곡 컴필레이션 음반 《The Best of Tales》에도 수록되어있다.
비디오 클립도 제작되었으며, 〈Ride on Time〉과 마찬가지로 당시의 백 밴드 EXPERIENCE와 같이, 이쪽은 관객을 넣은 라이브 형식으로 촬영되었다.
Winter Bells (4:37)
작곡 · 편곡: 토쿠나가 아키히토
11번째 싱글. 요미우리 TV 애니메이션 《명탐정 코난》 오프닝 테마이다.
Loving You… (5:18)
작곡: 오노 아이카, 편곡: Cybersound
당시, 미발표곡으로 공개된 “Loving You…”Tour 2002의 투어 타이틀곡이다. 비디오 클립도 제작되었으며, 후렴 부분을 레코딩 스튜디오에서 부르는 모습이 수록되어있다.
Can't forget your love (5:29)
작곡: 오노 아이카, 편곡: Cybersound, 토쿠나가 아키히토
10번째 싱글 〈Can't forget your love/PERFECT CRIME (Single Edit)〉싱글의 1번째이다. TV 아사히계 드라마 《살기 위한 정열로서의 살인》 삽입곡.
Trip in the dream (4:19)
작곡 · 편곡: 토쿠나가 아키히토
비디오 클립이 제작되어 있으며, 밤의 빌딩 옥상에서 후렴을 부르는 모습이 수록되어있다.
Not that kind a girl (4:27)
작곡 · 편곡: YOKO Black. Stone
Like a star in the night (5:39)
작곡: 오노 아이카, 편곡: 토쿠나가 아키히토
13번째 싱글. TV 아사히계 드라마 《다크 엔젤》 테마송.
이상한 나라() (5:26)
작곡: 오노 아이카, 편곡: 이케다 다이스케
《이상한 나라의 앨리스》의 하얀 토끼가 가사에 등장한다. 곡보다도 가사 쪽이 먼저 이루어진 작품이다.
fantasy (3:49)
작곡: 오노 아이카, 편곡: 토쿠나가 아키히토
참가 음악가
토쿠나가 아키히토: 코러스 (#1,2,3,5,8)
우토쿠 케이코: 코러스 (#1,8,10,11)
오노 아이카: 코러스 (#4,10,11,12)
마이클 어프릭: 코러스 (#4,6,7)
후루카와 마호: 코러스 (#5,7)
Jeffrey Qwest: 게스트 보컬 (#8)
YOKO B. Stone: 코러스 (#9)
TAMA MUSIC：스트링스 (#7,10)
이케다 다이스케: 스트링스 어레인지 (#7,10)
외부 링크
music freak magazine Vol.95 2002년 10월호 (본인으로의 인터뷰)
BARKS-쿠라키 마이-FAIRY TALE
쿠라키 마이의 음반
2002년 음반
콘셉트 음반.
|
github_open_source_100_1_80 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
Copyright (c) 2012 Javier Ramirez-Ledesma
Distributed under the MIT License (license terms are at http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT).
*/
package msti.netlink.mensaje;
import java.net.InetAddress;
public interface IMensajeNetlinkRouteAttributeGateway extends IMensajeNetlinkRouteAttribute {
public InetAddress getGateway();
public boolean hasGateway();
/**
* M�todos de modificaci�n de atributos. La clase IMensaje, una vez construida, es de s�lo lectura
*/
public interface Build extends IMensajeNetlinkRouteAttribute.Build {
public Build setGateway(InetAddress gateway);
}
}
|
bpt6k310495_24 | French-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | L'allocution contenue dans le pontifical du Mont-Cassin, précédemment cité, présente t'anncau de t'abbe comme étant, aussi bien que celui de l'évêque, un symbole de ~M~'OH et ~7<OKHe?<r.' ~LCC~e <!HMM~H discretionis et honoris, !K~'«' (1) MarU'ne, De mtfifj'M!s.E<'f/~t<f )'t<&Ms, lib. t, cap. vnt, art. t. 1), ord. 10, p. /[18 du tome JI, édition in-A" de Rouen., 1700. (2) Poftfi/tf'n/e romnMKMt <'ï<'mfM<s r/ et <)~a!;t! t7/ cum commcntarii!, Josepfu Catu)ani, part. J, tit. XV, § ]8, t. I, p. /t6t. /M< S~?M<?M/MM, ut <~?<~ ~MH~a .!?/H~ S~MM P~ ~M~' ~C~tCTK~a suntprodas (1). Il est, dans la même formule, l'emblème des pouvoirs spirituels dont l'abbé est investi Et ere~'M~M ~)P'' /?~< ~~M?H6! 6~H6" m~pr;'COr<f?'a.' fi~ro ~MM~ ~/M?.< &M&n!&i'~a'N!7cK~M~ per ?H!'KM~'wm ~cone~oK/s, ~'onKaS regni Cœ~S~ a/)<??'M.9 (2). 1.G saphir qui orne la bague cardinalice comme on l'a vu déjà, désigne par sa couleur bleue, ou le ciel, ou la posuion emincnte que les cardinaux occupent auprès du chef de l'Église, pontife et roi. L'anneau nuptial, chez les chrétiens, a une signification analogue à celle qu'il avait avant l'établissement du christianisme; mais il indique des liens plus sacrés, un amour plus pur et une fidélité plus parfaite. Nous ne pouvons nous dispenser de citer de nouveau le passage de saint Isidore de Séville qui y a rapport « Si un anneau, dit ce saint évoque, est d'abord donné par l'époux à l'épouse, c'est qu'il est le signe de leur fidélité mutuelle. Il indique aussi qu'en raison des liens qu'ils contractent ils doivent s'attacher cordialement l'un a l'autre et c'est pour cela qu'il est mis au quatrième doigt: une veine, en effet, comme on l'assure, partant de ce doigt va directetïicnt au cœur (3). » Guillaume Durand dans son /?pf</o/M/, pc sert des propres paroles de saint Isidore (~). Il ajoute < Le sage Prothee fit d'abord, comme marque d'affection, (t) MarH-ne, De <t)t'Mt'.< T~t'f/csMf i'i'ft~MS, ]!b. Il, cap. t, ord. J m, p. 18. (2) Id., /&!(/. (3 Isid. nispu).,Df ff'f'/t'SM.sfx'f.s f~Ms, )ib.IT,Mp.xx, n"8; ~airoto~if de M. Migne, ).. LXXXIII, cot. 8)2. (&) G. Durand, ~~n'oM~c (/tt'!H<mf;)t ~'fft'Mm, )!]). cap. H, Mit. ~c Lyon, 157!t, t. p. un anneau de fer; il y enchâssa un diamant et voulut que l'époux en donnât un semblable comme arrhes à sa future épouse. De même, en effet, qu'avec le fer on vient à bout de tout, de même aussi l'amour surmonte les plus grands obstacles car il n'y a rieu de plus puissant, de plus violent que l'amour. Et comme on ne saurait briser le diamant, on ne saurait non plus séparer ceux qu'unissent un ardent amour. L'amour est fort comme la mort. Et voi)a pourquoi il a été réglé que l'on porterait l'anneau au doigt annulaire renfermant une veine qui vient directement du cœur. Dans la suite, on substitua des anneaux d'or aux anneaux de fer, et on remplaça le diamant par des gemmes. Comme l'or est le plus riche et le plus précieux des métaux l'amour pur est aussi au-dessus de tous les biens; et de même que l'or reçoit un nouvel éclat de la pierre qu'il enchâsse, à l'amour conjugal doivent venir s'ajouter toutes les autres vertus pour lui donner un plus grand prix (1). » Tout ce dernier passage paraît être tiré de la P~c de /~M<? d'Honoré d'Autun. Mais celui-ci nomme l'inventeur de la bague de fer Promcthee et non Prothée. Du reste, il lui donne egatement le titre de sage sap!'eHs quidam (2). (1) Item_ProHt:Bus quidam sapiens primum ob amorissignumferreum annulum fecit et inibi adamantcm inclusif et indc subarrare sponsas constituit. Quia sicut ferrum omiiM domat, sic amor omnia Yiucit quoniam :]iM amons furore vehemeudus. Et sicut adamas est infra~gibilis, sic et amor est iusuperaMiis.Fortis est enim ut morsditectio. Jdeoque m digito annulari, in quem yena proccdit a corde iHum portare instituit. Postmodum Yero pro ferreis, sunt aurei eonstituti et pro adamante gemmis ornati, quia sicut aurum cetera metalla sic amor universa I)0t)a prcccellit. Et sicut aurum gemma decoratur, sic conjugalis nmor ca;tcris virtutibus adornatur. (Gui~I. Durandi /if)ti'o)i<<' ~tt't)t0)'!fm o~i'ot'Mm lib. J, cap. ix, u° 10, édition de Lyon, <57A, t. I, p. /t3). (2) Honnrius August. De ~cMtMft ftf)t))ifp, ]ib. J, cap. ccxt-i, tome unique, le CLXY! du ft)M)'s </</'<~)-o~tc de M. l'abbé Migne, col. CQ9. Une des prises assignes pour la bénédiction de l'anneau de mariage dans le missel de Rennes, écrit au XIe siècle et conservé dans la Bibliothèque de St-Catien de Tours, cousidère surtout cet ornement comme l'emblème de la d)astct6 Conjugale /?<'M<'< Z~OMiMP, Q'HHM/M !'S~?n~ ut C/'KS /?<y~t'a! ~7~C:m CKS~O~'a?:~ (1). L'anneau des vierges consacrées à Dieu indique qu'elles sont les épouses de Jésus-Christ, et les avertit de ne jamais violer les saints engagements qu'elles ont contractes envers lui: Despote ~psM-C7~o/~M SKmM< Pa/)' ut te :7/<ysam CMS~O</M~. YlcC~C.P?~0 NM?!?/?~ fidei, S!KOC!</MyM Spiritus sancti, ut sponsa Z)f/ t'occ~ et, si ei /e/?Yer s~t'e?'s,, in ~M'pc~/Kn! 'co'onp~?~ (2). -CHA PITRE X. MrFÉRENTS NOMS DES AKNEAtJX. Nous ne donnerons que les noms grecs, )atins et français, et ils sont peu nombreux 1° Ae<xTu).M:. Dans la langue grecque le mot le plus usité est f~xi~to;, qui vient de ~KxTu').o;, doigt. Il est employé pour designer non-seulement les anneaux de pur ornement, mais encore les bagues-cachets. La version des Septante nous tn fournit de nombreux exemples en voici quelques-uns ·. -Lorsque Juda demande à Thamar ce qu'elle veut qu'il lui 'donne pour gage de ses promesses, cite répond Ttv (!'K.:Tu).tov (<) MartÈnc, De «Mt~MM Ecc/~M' t'itt~M, lib. I, rap. ix, art. 5, t)rd. 2, p. 61C du tome II, Mit. ni-/t' 1700. (a) P<~tfi/?M<f t'omnMMW Clementis VIII et PrbaniVIIt, cum com'mcntariis Jo&ephi C:ttn)uni. cou, « votre anneau (1). y C'est en ces termes qu'il est question, dans la Genèse, de l'anneau que Pharaon remit à Joseph, comme marque de la haute dignité qu'il lui conférait KKt TreptE~d~efos $KpKH Tov ~<xxT~).tov Kn'o T'~e ~E~ao~ KUTo3 TTE~tsS~xE~ KuTov E~t T'Ov ~sf~K 'iMT~p <( Et étant son anneau de sa main, Pharaon le mit à la main de Joseph (2). n Parmi les objets précieux qu'apportent à Moïse les Israélites pour la fabrication des vases et des ustensiles devant être employés dans les cérémonies religieuses, se trouvent des bagues, et c'est encore sous le nom de f~xTu~o: qu'elles sont indiquées, celles du moins qui ne servaient que pour la parure. K«t %VEyK<xv 0[&~E; n-K~K THV yu~MXfBv. ~Eyxc~ crypcty~K:, xKt MMT<K, KKt jKxTu~ou; K Et ils apportèrent des cachets, des pendants d'oreilles, des anneaux (3). A l'endroit où le propliète Isaïe parle des filles de Sion, qui seront depouitlées de leurs plus brillants ornements, on lit T~ ~~(x SXEtV~, XK~ ~S.).St E~U~tO; T'~ (~0~ TOU t~KTtt~MU KUrMf. XKt Toùç ~xTu~tou: « En ce jour )e Seigneur leur enlèvera leurs riches vêtements. et leurs anneaux (4). » Daniel rapporte ainsi avec quelles précautions on ferma la fosse aux lions où il avait été jeté: Kat. ~K~MTo 6 ~K<rt).Eu: T~ OKXTu).tM KUTOU XKt TM J'KKTU~tH TMX METt<TTK~Ni' KUTOU « Et te roi scella de son anneau et de celui des grands de son royaume la pierre placée au-dessus de t'ouvcrturc de la fosse (5). » Le passage d'M' où il est dit qu'Assuerus donna a Aman son anneau pour sceller les lettres écrites contre les Juifs, est rendu de la sorte Km ~ts~d~o; a pKCTt).EU; TO!' <~K::Tu).tt~ M'~XE)) Eéç ~~<X; TM 'AMKV 0'MKyt<7C!< (it) Genèse, ch. xxxvii!, v. f8. (2) Ge)i<'M, ch. xu, v. A 2. (3) Exode, ch. xxxv, v. 22. M Isaïe, ch. III, v. 18-24, (5) Dattier ch. v~ v. 17. MMix THu ~sy~K~e~Mv xKT& f&x tou(MtH~ « Et le roi prenant son anneau, le mit entre les mains d'Aman pour sceller ce qui i avait été écrit contre les Juifs (1). u Les auteurs profanes se servent, comme les traducteurs de la Bible, du mot ~cotTu/.to:. Nous l'avons rencontré déjà dans Josephe, dans Phuostrate, dans Aristophane; il se trouve aussi dans la République de Platon, à l'endroit où il est question de l'anneau de Gygès. ? XypK~; (Ion., 2~). Ce mot, qui s'applique en gênerai à toute espèce de sceaux, désigne en particulier les anneaux dont on se servait comme cachets. Il a cette signification dans les Septante, à l'endroit où il est question des lettres qu'écrivit Jézabel, au nom d'Achab, pour faire périr Naboth: &c~ et~K~tcKTo Tp frypK~ KUTou « Et elle les scella de l'anneau du roi (2). » Il l'a également dans le passage où Hérodote fait l'énumération des objets qui formaient le costume des Babyloniens s~~t~ sx~To; s~t x~ cxijTrT~ ~E~on-o~To~ « Chacun d'eux porte au doigt un anneau à cacheter, et à la main un sceptre fort riche (3). » Appien donne le nom de s~c~t; aux anneaux d'or que portaient au doigt les tribuns militaires (4). 3" 2u~.6o').oy. Planche, dans son factionnaire, donne <ru~6o~oT< comme désignant certains anneaux. Nous ne connaissons aucun auteur qui en ait fait usage en ce sens. Il faut po'urtant, d'après ce que nous dirons tout à l'heure au mot ~)jÈ~iA<'t',c!l.III,Y.10. (2) H!' livre des Rois, ch. xxt, v. 8. (3) Hérodote, //M<o!)'e, livre I", § 195, p. 65 de ('édition de Didot. Paris, iSA~. (4) Appien, lib. VIII, De )vtMspK<ti<S, cap. ciy,p. H6 de l'édition deDidot. latin ~M~o/K7/~ qu'il ait été assez Mqucmment employé, et par là même que l'indication de Planche soit exacte. ù° j4.?:KM~. j4.MMM~<x, qu'un certain nombre d'auteurs écrivent <'<?:M/ est le nom latin sous lequel on a le plus souvent désigne les bagues. C'est celui que nous ont offert la plupart des passages précédemment cités. 5° Annellus, ûHe~s. Nous avons déjà trouvé aiinellus dans les vers où Horace trace le portrait de Priscus, homme inconstant et bizarre Ssepe notatus Cum tribus annellis, modo Imva Priscus inani Vixit insequaiis clavum ut mutaret inhoras (1). Certaines éditions de Cicéron écrivent aussi (ww~M à l'endroit où Pomponius rappelle que plusieurs disciples d'JÈpicure avaient la figure de ce philosophe non-seu)ement sur leurs tableaux, mais encore sur leurs vases et sur leurs anneaux: 6~M w:«~Mp/M M~H modo <K tabulis, ~e~ e~'aM <M poculis et in annellis /e/~ (2). -Le même mot se lit dans un passage de Lucrèce, où il est question d'anneaux de fer ou d'acier placés les uns à la suite des autres sous une pierre d'aimant, et s'attachant ensemble de manière à former une sorte de chaîne par l'effet de la seule force magnétique Hune liomines lapidem mirantur quippe catenam Ssepe ex anneUis reddit pendentibus ex se (3;. (1) Horace, satire 7 du livre II, v. S, p. 17 du tome des OEuvres complètes, édition de Panetoucke. (2) Cicér.De /~tttM &o;to)'unt et )H<o)'Kttt, lib. V, cap. i, p. 374 du tome XXIII des Œuvres complètes, édition de Leclerc. (3) Lucrèce, De )'e)'Mm )MiM<'a, lib. VI, v. 911, p. 256 du tome II deréditiotideLemaire. Paris, 1838. Da.ns Plautc, ~y«e adresse à 7'/«;< ces paroles. Non mcmimMti me auream ad te adferrc natn)i d!e IjUDu!nm, atque anellum aureolum in digitum? 2 '« Tu ne te souviens pas que je t'apportai, pour t'anni versaire de ta naissance, un croissant çl'or avec un petit anneau d'or pour mettre a ton doigt (1) ? » 6" ~.tMM/a. Le mot a~sM/a, désignant dans la BiNcdes Cordons, des liens, des courroies (2), a été employé par plusieurs auteurs avec }a signification de bague. Saint Augustin, dans son 7?'a:7e de la ~c~'Hp c/<?'e~"MA signale une pratique superstitieuse qui était obsenec de son temps et qui consistait à porter au doigt, pour obtenir descnets merveilleux, des anneaux faits avec des os d'autruche; il appelle ces anneaux ansM~e (3). -Les .Ac~ des saintes Perpétue et Félicité, publiés dans le recueil de Dom Ruinart, désignent sous le même nom la bague que Saturus. au moment de son martyre, prit au doigt du soldat Pudcns et qu'il lui remit ensuite comme un précieux souvenir de sa foi et de son courage, après l'avoir trempée dans son sang (~). (tj Théâtre de Plaute, ~Mt'tyMe, acte Y, scène t" v. f~, p. 256 du tome IV~ editio); de Panckoucke. (2) ~.fo</c, ch. xxvi, v. /t, 5, 10. (3) Qu:c mitiore nomine physica yocant, ut quasi non sup~rstitione implicare, sed natura prodcsse videantur. Sicut sunt maures in summo aurlum singulanim aut de strutMonum ossibus ansuisc in digitis. (Aug~st., De DofO'tHa <))'Mtt<!M< lib. II, cap. xx, p. 50 du tome III des OEuvres complètes de ce Père, édition de M. Migne. Paris, 1M2. (4) Tune Pudenti miiiti Vatc, inquit (Saturus), et memor este fidei mex', et hcec te non conturbent, sed confirment. Simuiqoc ansulam de digito cjus petiil et vulneri suo mersam reddidit ci, hsercditatem pignoris relinquens illi et memoriam sanguinis. (Huinart, Acta «fMfforum 37a)'!yrMHt finfe) a et selecta, in-4°, p. S6. Paris, 1689. ) 7° C'OMd'M/~et6'ON~M/~K..En grec, xo~tAo; signifie articulation, phalange. Peut-être s'en est-on servi aussi dans cette langue pour nommer les bagues qui se portent aux phalanges des doigts. Ce qu'il y a de certain c'est que les Latins les ont quelquefois désignées par les mots condulus et eoMcMM~ qui ne sont que la reproduction de celui-là. En effet, dans l'ouvrage de Sextus Pompeius Festus, qui a pour titre Z)<? ~<M'K?H significatione, on lit: CoH~M~ aHHM/M condulium similiter aKHM/H:M (1). 8° Condalium. Substituant un a au premier u de condu~MM, on en a fait coHcM~ Scaliger, dans sa note sur le passage de Festus que nous venons de citer, rappelle que Plaute ayant traduit une comédie de Menandre qui avait pour titre ActKTu). lui donna celui de CoH~a~'MM: (2). Dans une de ses propres pièces « L'Homme aux trois deniers, )) T~HM~M, Plaute se sert de cette expression avec la même signification. Au vers 6' de la 3" scène de l'acte IV, .S~we, esclave de la maison de C/'a~n~, s'adresse à lui-même ces paroles Ecce hominem te, Stasime, tiihiii ? Satin' in thermopoilo Condalium es oblitus, postquam thennopotasti gutturem? Recipe te et recurre petere, re recenti. « Cours sans t'arrêter, imbécile de Stasime; ne voilà-t-il pas que tu as oublié ton anneau dans le cabaret où tu as (1) Auctores latinœ lingmc in unum redacti corpus cum notis Gothefredi, ')58S, p. 271. (2) M. Verni Flacci quœ exstant et SMti Pompeii Festi, De M)-&n)'!fm ~H~Mf!Mf., I.h. XX, cum casligationibus Jos. Scaligeri recognitis et auctis. ( P. XLYBi des Notes de Scaliger. ) &3 humecté de vin chaud ton gosier. Retourne, cours le réclamer pendant qu'il est temps (1). ') Quelques vers plus bas, pensant aux TrÏpbns avec lesquels H a bu il se dit Mer eosne hommes condalium te redipisd pbstuhs, .Quorum unus sûbnpuent currenti cursori so)um ? a « Tu t'imagines retirer d'eux ton anneau, lorsque l'un d'entre eux pourrait voler les souliers d'un coureur pendant la course. » 9" J~M/MS et ~H~MM. On lit dans Pline ~:yoy 7~?'~m: S&t~Mam sine annulo esse; quanquam et de nomine !psû ambigi video. Grceci a digitis a~e~ï~'e; a/)?~ nos prisci !~h~Mm vocabant. « On doit donc s'étonner de voir la statue de Tarquin sans bague. Du reste, on varie sur le nom même de cet ornement. En grec, on le tire du mot doigt en vieux latin, il se nomme ongle (2). )) Festus dit aussi que, dans la langue des Osques, Kn~M~M signifie anneau Oscorum lingua ~K!?ca~ «KKM~MM et il cite plusieurs auteurs qui l'ont employé (3). Il paraît, d'après ces auteurs, qu'on lui donnait ordinairement une terminaison masculine, ungulus. Festus cependant le met au neutre, ungulum (&). Saint Isidore de Séville nous assure, dans le (1) tM&tre de Plaute, T<KumMs, acte IV, scène m, v. 1069, t. IX, p. 152, de l'édition de Panckoucke. (2) Id., MM., v. 178. (3) Mine, ~stott'e naturelle, liv. XXXÏ!l, chap. tv, t. XIX, p. 8, de l'édition de Panckoucke. (A) Sextus Pompeius Festus, De t'et'&ot'MM St~~catiOtte, vërbo UNMLMt;!hter aMffot'ei taf!tt< <t)t~M(B in MtttftH redactos cdrpMS a Gothefredo, 1585. livre des F~Mio/o~M, que ce nom ue s'appliquait qu'aux anneaux ornés de pierres. La raison qui les faisait désigner ainsi, suivant lui, est que la pierre des bagues est enchâssée dans le métal comme l'ongle dans la chair des doigts ~Klus est gemmatus, quia sicut «n~M~a ca~w ita gemma anM~/< auro accingitur (1). 100 ~y?M~~MM. Pline, dans le passage que nous venons de citer, nous apprend encore que les bagues ont été nommées symbolum. « En vieux latin cet ornement s'appelait ongle; depuis, la Grèce et Rome l'ont appeté symbole: Prisci MM~M/MK vocabant, postea et 6'?'~C< et MOS~ ~H~M (2). Ce n'étaient pas seu)ement les anneaux portés comme signe de puissance, ~aM~oM~oHMCMr, qui étaient désignés de la sorte le même mot paraît avoir été appliqué à tous ceux qui présentaient la HM~M<? sigillaire des personnes auxquelles ils appartenaient, 11" Anneau, anniau, Du mot latin annulus, les Français ont fait anneau et anniau. Ces mots sont employés l'un et l'autre dans les vieux auteurs, dans les anciens comptes, dans les anciens inventaires, pour désigner les bagues le second s'y trouve peut-être plus souvent encore que le premier. On lit dans Li ~'o~aMs des se~ sages, écrit vers 1250 Deus amaus ot en sa main destre Et trois en ot en la senestre dans les Comptes royaux de 1359: .PoM'<MMMM~M', (1) Isidore Hkpaf., B~mo/ lib. XIX, cap. xxxn, tome LXXXII du Cours complet de Patt-o~ie de M. Migno, t. III et IV réunis des OEuvres complètes de l'auteur, col. 702. (2) Pline, Histoire naturelle, liv. XXXIII, chap. iv, t. XIX, p. 8, édition de Panckouckc. acAe~M ~0:0' le ~'oy, esquiex r< ~c!<~ yj<'er/'M ~<~M dans des comptes du duc de Bourgogne, de 1399: A Jean LesMz'e~r, or/erre~ pur 'un anneau ~or psma~e ~?')KCS, au yK?~ est esc~xp~ .MMf chanfon (1). 12" AMKe~, a?M/. Annel, correspondant au mot latin an}!eJ/MS et à l'italien annello, a été aussi très en usage dans le vieux langage français. Plusieurs anciens cêremomaux, comme on l'a vu précédemment, s'en servent en indiquant les rites prescrits pour la célébration du mariage. Nous citerons en outre les exemples suivants: Pour j anel <~ /e~Ma;~ d'or que la ~oyMe donna quand il prist fame comptes royaux, de 1316). Un OMH~ CM !7 y a une pierre dont Joseph espousa NostreDame, si comme dist madame de 6'<t!M~-7MS~ qui donna le dit aH7:e~ a (Inventaire du duc de Berry, de ~16.) A Luc, ordure., -pour avoir fait et /br~e M~ annel ~o'' esma:e de ~t~, garni ~'KM ~am<ï/~ (Comptes des ducs de Bourgogne, de 1399, n" 5881) (2). 13° Anelet. Le diminutif <M~ figure dans des Poésies de Marie de France composées vers le milieu du XIIIe siècle Et l'anelct mist en son dei NeIIdlsp!usneHameI(3). H° ~M. Ce nom, d'après Ménage, vient du mot latin (1) M. de Laborde, ~fMe SM)les ~m<tM.f, bijoux et of~M f/!M)' <o~i! ~.s ;M ~af<-ftM (/M ~Ot<).')'< n<' paitie, Glossaire, p. d31, aux -mots AKNEL et AftNEAU DE MARUGE. p) M., jrM< (3) M., MM., p. 130, au mot AxELET. bacca, qui signifie une perle ronde. Du Cange le dérive de <~ya, qui, dans la basse-latinité avait la signification de coffre et duquel on a également formé le mot bagage. M. de Laborde paraît avoir adopté la même opinion (1). Papias, dans l'Elementarium ~oc~'MM~'M~'M~M~ le fait venir de bauga ou bauca, désignant certains bracelets que les hommes portaient autrefois. Ce serait aux Francs, aux Cimbres, aux Gotus ou aux Saxons qu'il aurait été emprunté, si l'on en croit Icquez. Cet auteur fait remarquer que &OM~ dans la langue des Francs, ~a?~ dans celle des Goths, bagua dans celle des Cimbres &e~ et & dans celle des Saxons, signifient bijou, bracelet, pierrerie. It ajoute que &M~M veut dire fléchir, courber, et que ce verbe saxon est la racine des autres mots qui viennent d'être indiqués. Quoi qu'il en soit, on donnait autrefois aux mots baghe et bague une acception assez étendue. Ils s'appliquaient à toute sorte de bijoux et d'objets précieux, quelquefois même à tout ce qui comprend l'avoir mobilier, à cette partie de la fortune qu'au moyen-âge on tenait toujours en état d'être promptement emportée. Le verbe débaguer, à cette époque, avait la signification qu'a maintenant le verbe dévaliser, comme on le voit dans ce passage d'une Histoire de Charles VII, écrite en 1463: « La reyne d'Angleterre fut en adventure de perdre sa vie et son fils en une forest du pays, où ils furent pris et débaguez de brigands (2). a Depuis deux cents ans, le mot bague n'est plus pris que pour les anneaux de la main. Quand, au XV siècle, il commença à avoir cette acception particulière, on ajouta aux doigts H, « à porter aux doigts», pour empêcher de confondre les bagues proprement dites avec d'autres bi(1) M. de Laborde, ?);('<' su;' les éntaux du ~<w)'< 2'' partie, p. 154, au mot BACHE. (2) M., /tt' II'' partie, Gfot'MttT, p. 15'), au motBAGM. jpux. Ainsi, dans Jean, le m~~e ~e~cs~il est dit <t Tant d<bun<'ttes pendantes à chaînes d'or, tant de carquans, tant d.'a~tquetz, tant de bt'assetetz, tant de bagues aux doigts que c'c~ mie djpse inRnie. M L'Inventaire de Gabrielte d'Estrees, de 1599, porte encore ces indications <( Bagues à mettre aux doigts, –autres bagnes de plusieurs façons (1). )) (1) M. de Labafde, Attife !K'' ~s cmamj; ~tt t.otft.'f'c, au mot I~AGn~ Ct. au r~Pt Btt~CELET~ < CHRONIQUE. COK~'&S M!CK<i'/t</MC de France, ~'XXjf session, à y;-0!/P~. La XXXI" session du Congrès scientifique de France s'est tenue à Troyes (Aube), du 1er au 10 août elle peut être regardée comme une des meilleures, non-seulement cause du grand nombre de bonnes communications qui ont été faites dans les diverses sections mais encore par l'excellente direction donnée par les bureaux de ces sections. On a dit, il y a longtemps que du chef dépend le succès. Or, le secrétaire-général, qui est toujours le véritable chef d'un Congres, était un homme de mérite, véritable organisateur, M. Gayot, membre de l'Institut des provinces, ancien constituant, qui a tenu la plume avec un rare talent, il y a quelques années, au Congrès de l'Institut des provinces, à Paris, rue Bonaparte, M. Le Secrétaire-général du Congrès a été secondé partous les secrétaires des sections. Le bureau généra) se composait de M. Bo'M~y, de Turin, président de MM. C/M~<?, d'Auxerre l'abbé Le .Peh~, 'ra~~Mdi'cr, membres de l'Institut des provinces, et de M. de LaPey~'oM~c.préside.ntde laSociétédel'Aube, auxquels on a adjoint, comme présidents d'honneur: M. Sallas, préfet Mg' .RaMK<?<, évêque de Troyes M. le Alaire de Troyes et M. de CaK)MOH<, directeur de l'Institut des provinces. Les membres de la Société française dont les noms suivent ont été appelés à faire partie des bureaux des sections o MM. Co~eaK, d'Auxerre (l" section) le comte d'E~a:Kfo<, de Rouen l'abbé Dceordc, de. Bures ( 2" section ) I!oM.c, de Marsei)Ie ~ce/oM, de Oieuze ( 3° section ) T<«M!r, de Douai l'abbé Co~Mpf, de Troyes l'abbé JVi'doK, id. de .S/M;/<M?'p., d'Auxerre (~ section); Camusat de Fa:i~OM)'doK, de Troyes; PcrKo< de Vassy (5' section). ). Le nombre des membres inscrits s'est élevé a 600. Les séances générales ont été très-suivies la belle salle de l'Ilôtel-de-Ville était toujours pleine et les dames s'y trouvaient en grand nombre. L'ouverture du Congrès a été imposante. A. 9 heures 1/2, deux cents membres du Congres ayant en tête M. Gayot, secrétaire-général, M. le préfet, M. le maire et B~. de Caumont, directeur de l'institut des provinces, ont quitté rHôteI-do-YiIle pour se rendre il la cathédrale. Le doyen du Chapitre, entouré de quatre chanoines, attendait le Congrès ~) !a porte et a adressé aux membres quelques paroles bien senties, auxquelles M. de Caumont a répondu au nom de ses confrères. Toutes les cloches sonnaient à grande volée. La cathédrale était pleine: les plus riches toilettes donnaient à l'assistance un éclat inaccoutumé. Le Congres a été introduit dans le chœur aux sons d'un orgue magnifique qui a appartenu à l'ahbaye de saint Bernard (Clairvau.x. ) Mg* l'évoque a célébré la messe. Des chœurs admirablement dirigés ont exécuté divers morceaux. M. l'abbé Duquesnay, curé de Paris, est monté en chaire, et, prenant pour texte ces paroles de Bacon UM 'Peu de science éloigne de << rp~oK, beaucoup de science y raN~Mc, il a fait un magnifique discours qui aurait souvent provoqué les applaudissements du Congres, si la sainteté du lieu l'avait permis. Mais nous sommes heureux d'apprendre que, sur les instances de M. de Caumont, l'orateur a bien voulu promettre d'écrire ce beau discours ,afm qu'il puisse être imprimé dans les Actes du Congrès. Monseigneur a terminé la messe, et à peine avait-il prononcé les paroles sacramentelles et donné la bénédiction, que la grande toile qui depuis vingt-deux ans séparait le chœur de la nef, par suite des réparations considérables qu'on a faites dans le chœur, est tombée et ce beau chœur restauré, avec ses brillants vitraux peints, a paru dans tout son lustre aux yeux des Cdeles qui remplissaient la vaste basilique. Ce changement a vue a été du plus bel effet. Monseigneur alors est allé au-devant des membres du Congrès, lesinvitant à visiter les restaurations, et M. l'abbé Tridon, de l'Institut des provinces, a indiqué les dates des diverses parties de l'édifice. Monseigneur a conduit ensuite le Congrès à l'exposition des châsses, émaux, ornements, qu'il a organisée au palais épiscopal. M. l'abbe Cofïmet a fait la démonstration de toutes les raretés et chefs-d'ceuvre d'art réunis dans cette galerie. Il ne nous appartient pas de faire connaître les discussions élevées dans le sein de la & section; toutes les questions inscrites au programme ont été traitées; quelques communications en dehors du programme ont été entendues. Ainsi M. R. Bordeaux, dans une revue des plus intéressantes, a indiqué les principales observations qu'il a faites à Troyes, au sujet des constructions en bois, dont il a fait, selon son expression trèsjuste, l'tMM~MM' compara' en indiquant ce qui les distingue des constructions de même nature qui existent à Kouen, à Lisieux et dans d'autres villes. Un grand nombre d'observations ecclésiologiques, faites à Troyes par notre confrère, et qui n'avaient pas encore préoccupe. les archéologues, ont paru intéresser particulièrement l'Assemblée. Une de ces observations est relative aux anneaux des portes de l'église St-Urbain, au centre de la ville M. Bordeaux a cru y reconnaître des anneaux qui assuraient le droit d'asite ou l'impunité aux condamnés, qui pouvaient s'échapper et parvenir à les saisir avec la main. Personne ne savait si le privilège du droit d'asile avait été concédé par le pape Urbain iV à i'égUse qu'il avait fondée a Troyes, sur l'emplacement de la maison de son père, qui était cordonnier. Mais, le lendemain, l'idée de M. Bordeaux paraissait probable car on se rappelait que l'abbesse de Notre-Dame-aux-Nonnains avait vu avec déplaisir fonder une église près de son abbaye et sur un terrain qui en dépendait. La tradition rapporte même qu'elle ne se contenta pas de faire des remontrances au légat du pape quand il posa la première pierre de FégUse, mais qu'elle lui appliqua deux soumets. L'abbesse exerçait la haute-justice, et les instruments destinés aux corrections étaient sur une place voisine il se peut donc que, pour prendre sa revanche des mauvais procédés de l'abbesse envers son légat, le pape Urbain IV ait accordé le droit d'asile à son église, et favorisé de cette manière l'absolution des prévenus de la justice de l'abbesse. D'autres suppositions trèsprobables viennent à l'appui des idées de M. JR. Bordeaux. Des recherches approfondies seront faites, sur ce sujet, par M. t'abbé CoïEnet. Dans la séance tenue le ù août par la Société française d'archéologie, M. DEMARSY remplissait les fonctions de secrétaire; M. l'abbé Tridon présidait. D'intéressants mémoires ont été entendus; une allocation a été faite pour contribuer à l'érection d'un monument sur l'emplacement de la bataille de Cassel (Nord). Le Congrès s'est transporté le 8 août à Nogent-sur-Seine, et de là dans un canton où existent encore une dixaine de dolmens. M. Gréau a fait un rapport intéressant sur le résultat de cette .course. Dans la séance du 9, qui a été remarquable, Ni. Cayot a présenté un tabieau rapide et très-bien fait des travaux du Contres. M. de Caumont, au nom de Finstitut des provinces, a almoncé que la ville de ~OKCK avait été choisie pour siège de la session de 1865. Enfin, M. le président Baruffy a prononcé un discours de clôture, dont la péroraison a produit le plus grand effet sur l'Assemblée. L. P. E.rpo.<!0?M de Troyes. Mg' havinet avait bien voulu adresser une circulaire pour engager MM. les curés de son diocèse à faire parvenir à t'év&ché ce qu'ils possèdent de curieux dans le mobilier portatif de leurs églises, pour que ces objets fussent exposés dans la salle du Synode. Cette exposition attirait, à juste titre, l'attention des archéologues elle était riche et disposée avec goût. D'autre part, une grande exposition artistique renfermant des tableaux anciens des meubles, des faïences et des objets d'antiquité, occupait la belle salle de la Bibliothèque, longue de 150 pieds et une autre salle de 100 pieds. M. Gréau avait apporté là sa riche collection de bronzes, de meubles, d'antiquités, de médailles. Le catalogue des deux expositions a été publié et forme un volume in-12. Le catalogue des musées de Troyes a été publié avant l'ouverture du Congres il est fait avec talent par M~). CofBnet, Gréau, Bay, et c'est une couvre remarquable. Quand le Congrès n'aurait fait que déterminer la publication de cet important catalogue, que le Congrès archéo)ogique demandait il y a dix ans déj~ il eût rendu au pays un vrai service. D. C. CoK~?'f'M prOM'KO'~ f/C /t.MOC!f<n'OM KM'HMM~t? « F'C/NMC.–Les quatre jours passés à Falaise par l'Association normande, du 14 au 17 août 186ù, ont offert une suite de fêtes extrêmement brillantes, et )c dimanche 17 juillet 25,000 personnes du dehors étaient venues s'ajouter & la population normale de la ville, qui est d'environ 10,000 habitants. Les rues étaient, comme à Bernay l'année précédente, tapissées de verdure NI. Le Guay, maire de Falaise, avait voulu que ces fêtes fussent plus brillantes que toutes celles qui avaient précédé, et il a complètement téussi. Les séances de l'Association, présidées successivement par M. Le Guay, M. le duc Pasquier d'Aucliffret et M. Mabire, maire de Neufchâtel, ont été intéressantes et bien remplies. Des excursions ont eu lieu la Brèche-au-Diable et à Versainviiie, comme t'avait prévu le programme, et une visite a été faite à M"" la baronne de La Fresnaye, qui a bien voulu faire les honneurs du ctiâteau de La Fresnaye et des magnifiques collections xootogiqucs qu'avait formées ie baron F. de La Fresnaye. Le concours de bestiaux a été un des plus beaux des dernières années 150 bêtes à cornes, presque toutes remarquables y ont concouru. Le Congrès s'est terminé par un banquet splendide dans les bâtiments du Collége, et par une iHumination qui ne le cédait pas aux illuminations de Paris. JI est vrai que la centralisation n'a rien oublié car en fait d'exploitation, elle exploite jusqu'aux lampions 1 Tous les appareils employés à falaise étaient venus de Paris Deux expositions avaient été organisées et attiraient, à juste titre, l'attention: la première, l'exposition artistique, àl'lloteldc-ViIIe la deuxième, l'exposition industrielle, dans ]es bâtiments de la Salle d'asile. La première avait été organisée par une Commission dont faisaient partie MM. de Brébisson, de Clock et CIiolsy la seconde avait été formée par les soins de la Chambre de commerce; elles resteront ouvertes l'une et l'autre au moins pendant un mois. Il y avait aussi une belle exposition d'horticulture. La Société française d'archéologie s'est réunie une fois sous la présidence de M. de Glanville M. Charles Vasseur remplissait les fonctions de secrétaire. C'est à Coutances (Manche) que se réunira l'Association normande en juillet 1865. M. du Poëriër de Portbail espère, d'ici à cette époque, propager dans l'arrondissement de Coutances l'enseignement primaire agricole qui, grâce à son impulsion et à ses efforts, a ëté organisé dans les arrondissements de Cherbourg et de Talognes. D. C. ~n~t'fM~ des provinces de f~Mcc. L'Institut des provinces de France a tenu, le 5 août, à l'Ilôtel-de-Ville de Troyes, une séance générale administrative, dans laquelle il a procédé à l'élection de plusieurs membres nouveaux, sur les travaux desquels des rapports ont pu être présentés. L'élection de plusieurs autres candidats a été remise au 30 novembre, les rapports qui les concernent n'ayant pu être terminés. Dans la même séance, l'Institut des provinces a décidé que la XXXII'' session du Congrès scientifique de France se tiendra à Rouen en t865. M. de Caumont été chargé d'organiser les bureaux avant le 30 novembre. Quelques jours après, le Bureau de l'Institut des provinces se constituait en chambre des comptes h l'effet de voter des remcrctmcnts à M. Ch. Des Moulins, de Bordeaux, secrétairegénéral de la XXIX' session du Congrès scientifique de France ce savant. dévoué a voulu que tous tes mémoires împoriants présentes au Congrès de Bordeaux fussent publies et il a généreusement suppléé l'insuffisance des recettes. En effet, cinq magnifiques volumes ont été le résultat de la XXtX" session mais notre savant et généreux confrère, sous-directeur de l'Institut des provinces, cet homme qui n'a ptM son pareil 6'MF)'<mcc en fait de dévouement et de désintéressement, a contribué pour 2,500 fr. aux dépenses du Congrès. Voici l'état qui le prouve « Le Conseil municipal a voté, en deux fois, etpfH/e du'CC<6'M:ftt< M <p)'i'M:6'Mr 9,000 fr. « Les souscriptions ont fourni. 6,120 « Le reliquat a été donné par M. Des Moulins.. 2,500 « Ainsi, les 3,391. pages des cinq volumes et toutes les dépenses accessoires du Congrès ont coûté. 17,620 fr. L'Institut des provinces tiendra le 30 novembre, à une heure, à Paris, rue Bonaparte, M, sa session semestrielle. De nombreuses communications sont annoncées. MOKUC?KPK< dit personnel de <t: Sociélé /raKr«i'M' <ft!)'chéologie. -Ont été nommés membres de la Société française d'archéologie MM. Ch. DE VoGELSANG, ancien président de l'Association lilloise, à Lille (Nord), rue de la Barre, 50 Frédéric D'AuRAs, ancien notaire, à Dunkerque; L'abbé CORTYL, de l'Académie royale de Belgique, curé de Wyider, près Dunkerque. Bonnes nouvelles archéologiques. Le Gouvernement vient d'accorder 10,000 francs la ville de Reims pour qu'une toiture soit établie au-dessus de l'arc-de-triomphe gallo-romain et empêcher ainsi les eaux p!uviales de traverser les voûtes; les terres seront nivelées alentour et les eaux pluviales écartées. On se rappelle que la Société française d'archéologie, réunie à Reims il y a quelques années, avait émis a l'unanimité le voeu qui va être exaucé. M. Duquenelle, membre de la Société, en a poursuivi l'exécution avec un courage et un dévouement dont on doit lui savoir gré. 11 est arrêté aussi qu'un musée d'antiquités sera formé dans les annexes de l'Ilôtel-de-Vi1Ie actuel, qui vont être construites 'et attendant, tous les objets d'antiquité vont être réunis et classés dans un local provisoire mis par l'Administration mumcipate à la disposition de la Commission chargée de ce clas'sement. Enfin, dans l'escalier de la partie nouvelle de l'UôteI-de-ViMe, on doit placer, comme tenture décorative des murs, la belle 'mosaïque trouvée sur la promenade, et dont nous avons entretenu les lecteurs du Bulletin monumental. C'est une excellente idée qui donnera un grand intérêt à cet escalier, en même temps qu'elle assurera à jamais la conservation de cette belle mosaïque. i)E CAUMONT. PUBLICATIONS. Ut'C~'OKKau'C des COMMMKM de ~< France, par Adolphe JouANKE, avec la collaboration d'une Société d'archivistes, de géographes et de savants (1). Voilà un ouvrage qui effraie quand on réfléchit à l'immense quantité de docuMtMs qu'il a fallu réunir, et au courage de l'auteur; mais on cannait M. Adolphe Jouanne par ses précédents travaux on sait avec quelle énergie il entreprend les ouvrages les plus longs et les plus difficiles, et l'on comprend que ce qu'un autre homme n'aurait pu entreprendre, M. Jouanne l'ait terminé en quelques années à la satisfaction de tous. En effet, ses publications sont telles qu'on est toujours forcé de rendre hommage à l'exactitude et aux consciencieuses recherches de l'auteur. L'arUcIe spécial consacré à chaque commune contient la 'division administrative, la population d'après le recensement de 1861, la situation géographique, l'altitude, la distance des 'Chefs-lieux de canton d'arrondissement et de département, les bureaux de poste, les stations et les correspondances des chemins Ûe fer, le bureau de télégraphie électrique, la cure ou succursale, l'indication de tous les établissements d'utilité publique ou de P) :,MO pages, &.800 co!onnes, 360,600 figues, H minions de !<;<.[res, 1 million de renseignements. bienfaisance, tous les renseignements administratifs, judiciaires, ecclésiastiques, militaires, maritimes, le commerce, l'industrie, l'agriculture, les richesses minérales, la nature du terrain, enfin les curiosités naturelles ou tH'<t(/o<o~KM, les collections d'objets d'art ou de sciences. Chaque département, chaque cours d'eau chaque montagne a aussi un article particulier, dont les développements sont proportionnnés à son importance relative. Comme on le voit, le Dictionnaire des co)M?K:<KM de <s ~'aMce est un catalogue aussi complet et aussi exact que possible de la France actuelle aux points de vue géographique, géologique, hydrographique, administratif statistique industriel commercial, agricole, artistique, monumental, archéologique, etc. Il offre un résumé fidèle de tous les ouvrages publiés durant ces vingt dernières années sur les 89 départements français, mais il contient en outre un très-grand nombre de documents inédits. Nous ne craignons pas de l'affirmer le Dictionnaire des co?7!M:MKM, dont nous annonçons la mise en vente, est l'ouvrage de ce genre le plus exact et le plus complet qui ait paru jusqu'à ce jour sur la France c'est le MK/e-mccMM indispensable de tous les gens d'affaires ou d'étude, de tous les fonctionnaires, de tous les géographes, de tous les archéologues. Dans ce dictionnaire nouveau qui renferme 2,MO pages et 4,800 colonnes, nous avons à peine remarqué quelques erreurs légères et bien pardonnables dans un travail aussi étendu. Ainsi, à Castillon, canton de Balleroy (Calvados), on a appliqué ce qui se rapporte à Castillon-en-Auge canton de Mexidon, et réciproquement. Ce sont là de bien petits défauts qui, avec quelques autres du même genre que nous pourrions indiquer encore, disparaîtront dans la seconde édition. D. C. N~CROLOGIG.II07·l lle bl. !tlottquel, z~ecevcur des ~nczytces ci NÉCROLOGIE.0)'< d<? A7. ~OKfj'MC~, ?'6'C<?M'K/' </M /tKaNCM « Dieppe. –La Société française d'archëoiogie a perdu, dans ta personne de M. Mouquet, un de ses plus anciens membres, et l'Association normande un de ses inspecteurs. M. Mouquet, neveu de M. Ëstancelin, archéologue distingué, avait été sous-préfct de Dieppe de 18HO a 18~5 alors il devint receveur des finances dans la même ville. Quand l'Association normande tint à Dieppe, en 1&39, son Congrès provincial, j). bouquet, alors sous-préfet, seconda avec un grand empressement !a Compagnie et l'on vit deux hommes qui l'un et l'autre sont devenus ministres prendre une grande part aux discussions dirigées par MA!, de Caumont, Girardin et Mouquet; ces deux hommes étaient M. Roulland et M. de Chasseloup-Laubat. Depuis cette époque, c'est-à-dire depuis 25 ans, M. Mouquet avait été un des inspecteurs les plus dévoués de l'Association normande et un des lecteurs les plus constants des publications archéologiques, notamment de celles de la Société française d'archéologie. M. Mouquet était officier de la Légion-d'Honncur. DE CAUMONT. Mort de A/. j6:~ot! de ~pM~ de <m<i<M< <~ p!'o);:?tcc~. –11 y a déjà trois mois que nous avons perdu notre excellent confrère et collaborateur, M. le docteur Sillon, de Lisieux. Depuis son voyage a Home, d'où il était revenu très-fatigué, M. Dillon a vu ses forces déctiner de jour en jour. Il s'est éteint après avoir dicté ses dernières volontés à ses amis, entouré des soins d'une épouse dévouée. M. Billon, dont on cottBfut plusieurs mémoires insérés au BM&'(ut mo~MmpK/a~ et qui avait tant fait pour la conservation de nos'monuments normands, avais mis la dernière main à son travail~sur ~.Ëpty~p/tte camjtMtMu'p, publié en abrégé dans le BxMp~tM monumental. Ses amis désolés se sont rendus en grand nombre a Lisieux le jour de ses obsèques. M. de Caumont a prononcé un discours sur sa tombe, au nom de la Société française d'archéologie et de l'Institut des provinces. B. Afor< de de L'jËc~Hp. M. de L'Écluse, un des rédacteurs du Journal des Débats, et qui avait rendu des services incontestables à l'art et a l'archéologie, est mort à Paris dans un âge avancé. M. de L'Ecluse était venu plusieurs fois visiter les monuments de la Basse-Normandie. D. C. ESQUISSES DES MONUMENTS ROMAINS DE FRËJUS~ > Par M. Vietof PJETiT, Membre de a Société française d'archéologie. DECXtÈME PROMMAM. LES MURAILLES ET LES PORTES ROMAINES. Avant de commencer notre deuxième promenade, nous donnons te ~exte de t'abbe Girardin. CHAPITRE IV. DE L'ENCEINTE ET DES MURS DE FRÉJUS. « Notre ancienne ville avait plus de cinq mille pas de circonférence J'ai fait le circuit de ses murs, qui s'étendaient comme on le voit encore, depuis les anciens magasins du Port jusqu'à la Porte-Romaine; de la Porte-Romaine jusque la Plate-Forme et de là jusqu'à l'amphithéâtre; de l'amphithéâtre jusqu'au Pâti du Pati jusqu'à la porte de la Paticic-re. de cette porte jusqu'à la butte de Saint-Antoine, et de cette butte entin tout alentour du Port jusqu'à ses magasins. « Ses murs étaient bâtis de quartiers de pierre de tout qualibre, à chaux et à sable on n'y épargnait pas le mortier; on l'y jettait en abondance, et ce mortier est aujourd'hui aussi dur que la pierre même de sorte qu'il est très-mal aisé de détruire ces anciennes mazures. Le dehors de ces murs était paré de petites pierres taillées, ayant environ un pan de largeur, 'et demi-pan de hauteur, à peu près. Elles étaient rangées d'une manière qui fait plaisir à voir. Ces murs étaient fort élevez et fort épais partout, pour résister aux béliers et aux machines de guerre de ce tems-là il en parait des restes en une infinité d'endroits, et il y en a qut se sont conservez presque entiers jusqu'à nos jours. « Ils étaient gardez par plusieurs tours. On en voit deux sur les bords de la Vigne du Chapitre, vers le nord. L'une avait plus de cinquante pans d'hauteur, et environ trente-deux pans de circonférence l'autre avait les mêmes dimensions à peu près nMs elle est fort ruinée dans le haut. Les eaux de l'aqueduc passaient par le milieu de ces deux tours on en voit encore le canal, renfermé dans leur diamètre. La moitié de ces tours, qui tournent au midi, a été ruinée par les barbares, jusqu'au rès de terre. |
150039_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | West Quoddy Head, no Parque Estadual Quoddy Head, localizado em Lubec, no estado do Maine, é o ponto mais oriental do território continental dos Estados Unidos. Em 1808, um farol foi construído no local para guiar os navios pelo estreito de Quoddy. A torre atual, com listras vermelhas e brancas, foi construída em 1858 e é uma ajuda ativa à navegação. A lente de Fresnel de 3ª ordem é a única de oito lentes de 3ª ordem ainda em uso na costa do Maine.
O farol foi adicionado ao Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos como West Quoddy Head Light Station em 4 de julho de 1980.
Galeria
Ver também
Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos no Maine
Ligações externas
do West Quoddy Head Light Keepers Association
Maine SP West Quoddy Head Light Station no National Archives Catalog
West Quoddy Head Light Station no NPGallery Asset Detail
Faróis do Maine
Lubec
Pontos extremos dos Estados Unidos
Estruturas do Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos
Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos no Maine.
|
github_open_source_100_1_81 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package ch.ethz.acl.intrinsics
import org.scalatest.FunSpec
class TestPower extends FunSpec {
describe("Test power") {
val powerIr = new PowerIr
println(powerIr.code)
}
}
class PowerIr extends TestIr with AVX with AVX2 with IntrinsicsArrays { q =>
case class Address[T:Typ](of: Exp[T]) extends Def[Array[T]]
def addressOf[T:Typ](of: Exp[T]) = {
Address[T](of)
}
def initBits(bits: Exp[Array[Long]]) = {
var i = 0
while (i < 32) {
array_update[Long](bits, i, 1L << i)
i = i + 1
}
}
def power(x: Rep[Double], n_int: Rep[Int]) = {
// Init
val result = rep_asinstanceof(Const(1), typ[Int], typ[Double])
val resAdr = addressOf(result)
val bitz = NewArray[Long](32)
initBits(bitz)
val bits = rep_asinstanceof(bitz, typ[Array[Long]], typ[Array[Double]])
val bt1 = _mm256_loadu_pd(bits, 0)
val bt2 = _mm256_loadu_pd(bits, 4)
val bt3 = _mm256_loadu_pd(bits, 8)
val bt4 = _mm256_loadu_pd(bits, 12)
val bt5 = _mm256_loadu_pd(bits, 16)
val bt6 = _mm256_loadu_pd(bits, 20)
val bt7 = _mm256_loadu_pd(bits, 24)
val bt8 = _mm256_loadu_pd(bits, 28)
val bones = _mm256_broadcast_sd(resAdr, 0)
// Actual
val b = NewArray[Double](4)
array_update[Double](b, 0, x)
array_update[Double](b, 1, x * x)
array_update[Double](b, 2, array_apply(b, 1) * array_apply(b, 1))
array_update[Double](b, 3, array_apply(b, 2) * array_apply(b, 2))
val nIntAdr = addressOf(n_int)
val nIntAdrDbl = rep_asinstanceof(nIntAdr, typ[Array[Int]], typ[Array[Double]])
val bn = _mm256_broadcast_sd(nIntAdrDbl, 0)
val band1 = _mm256_and_pd(bn, bt1)
val band2 = _mm256_and_pd(bn, bt2)
val band3 = _mm256_and_pd(bn, bt3)
val band4 = _mm256_and_pd(bn, bt4)
val band5 = _mm256_and_pd(bn, bt5)
val band6 = _mm256_and_pd(bn, bt6)
val band7 = _mm256_and_pd(bn, bt7)
val band8 = _mm256_and_pd(bn, bt8)
val beq1NonCasted = _mm256_cmpeq_epi64(
rep_asinstanceof(band1, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i]),
rep_asinstanceof(bt1, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i])
)
val beq1 = rep_asinstanceof(beq1NonCasted, typ[__m256i], typ[__m256d])
val beq2NonCasted = _mm256_cmpeq_epi64(
rep_asinstanceof(band2, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i]),
rep_asinstanceof(bt2, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i])
)
val beq2 = rep_asinstanceof(beq2NonCasted, typ[__m256i], typ[__m256d])
val beq3NonCasted = _mm256_cmpeq_epi64(
rep_asinstanceof(band3, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i]),
rep_asinstanceof(bt3, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i])
)
val beq3 = rep_asinstanceof(beq3NonCasted, typ[__m256i], typ[__m256d])
val beq4NonCasted = _mm256_cmpeq_epi64(
rep_asinstanceof(band4, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i]),
rep_asinstanceof(bt4, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i])
)
val beq4 = rep_asinstanceof(beq4NonCasted, typ[__m256i], typ[__m256d])
val beq5NonCasted = _mm256_cmpeq_epi64(
rep_asinstanceof(band5, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i]),
rep_asinstanceof(bt5, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i])
)
val beq5 = rep_asinstanceof(beq5NonCasted, typ[__m256i], typ[__m256d])
val beq6NonCasted = _mm256_cmpeq_epi64(
rep_asinstanceof(band6, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i]),
rep_asinstanceof(bt6, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i])
)
val beq6 = rep_asinstanceof(beq6NonCasted, typ[__m256i], typ[__m256d])
val beq7NonCasted = _mm256_cmpeq_epi64(
rep_asinstanceof(band7, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i]),
rep_asinstanceof(bt7, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i])
)
val beq7 = rep_asinstanceof(beq7NonCasted, typ[__m256i], typ[__m256d])
val beq8NonCasted = _mm256_cmpeq_epi64(
rep_asinstanceof(band8, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i]),
rep_asinstanceof(bt8, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i])
)
val beq8 = rep_asinstanceof(beq8NonCasted, typ[__m256i], typ[__m256d])
val bones11 = _mm256_and_pd(bones, beq1)
val bones22 = _mm256_and_pd(bones, beq2)
val bones33 = _mm256_and_pd(bones, beq3)
val bones44 = _mm256_and_pd(bones, beq4)
val bones55 = _mm256_and_pd(bones, beq5)
val bones66 = _mm256_and_pd(bones, beq6)
val bones77 = _mm256_and_pd(bones, beq7)
val bones88 = _mm256_and_pd(bones, beq8)
val bones1 = _mm256_sub_pd(bones, bones11)
val bones2 = _mm256_sub_pd(bones, bones22)
val bones3 = _mm256_sub_pd(bones, bones33)
val bones4 = _mm256_sub_pd(bones, bones44)
val bones5 = _mm256_sub_pd(bones, bones55)
val bones6 = _mm256_sub_pd(bones, bones66)
val bones7 = _mm256_sub_pd(bones, bones77)
val bones8 = _mm256_sub_pd(bones, bones88)
// Perform calculation
val r11 = _mm256_loadu_pd(b, 0)
val b21 = _mm256_mul_pd(r11, r11)
val b41 = _mm256_mul_pd(b21, b21)
val b81 = _mm256_mul_pd(b41, b41)
val r21 = _mm256_mul_pd(b81, b81)
val b22 = _mm256_mul_pd(r21, r21)
val b42 = _mm256_mul_pd(b22, b22)
val b82 = _mm256_mul_pd(b42, b42)
val r31 = _mm256_mul_pd(b82, b82)
val b23 = _mm256_mul_pd(r31, r31)
val b43 = _mm256_mul_pd(b23, b23)
val b83 = _mm256_mul_pd(b43, b43)
val r41 = _mm256_mul_pd(b83, b83)
val b24 = _mm256_mul_pd(r41, r41)
val b44 = _mm256_mul_pd(b24, b24)
val b84 = _mm256_mul_pd(b44, b44)
val r51 = _mm256_mul_pd(b84, b84)
val b25 = _mm256_mul_pd(r51, r51)
val b45 = _mm256_mul_pd(b25, b25)
val b85 = _mm256_mul_pd(b45, b45)
val r61 = _mm256_mul_pd(b85, b85)
val b26 = _mm256_mul_pd(r61, r61)
val b46 = _mm256_mul_pd(b26, b26)
val b86 = _mm256_mul_pd(b46, b46)
val r71 = _mm256_mul_pd(b86, b86)
val b27 = _mm256_mul_pd(r71, r71)
val b47 = _mm256_mul_pd(b27, b27)
val b87 = _mm256_mul_pd(b47, b47)
val r81 = _mm256_mul_pd(b87, b87)
// Skip the bits
val r12 = _mm256_and_pd(r11, beq1)
val r22 = _mm256_and_pd(r21, beq2)
val r32 = _mm256_and_pd(r31, beq3)
val r42 = _mm256_and_pd(r41, beq4)
val r52 = _mm256_and_pd(r51, beq5)
val r62 = _mm256_and_pd(r61, beq6)
val r72 = _mm256_and_pd(r71, beq7)
val r82 = _mm256_and_pd(r81, beq8)
val r1 = _mm256_add_pd(r12, bones1)
val r2 = _mm256_add_pd(r22, bones2)
val r3 = _mm256_add_pd(r32, bones3)
val r4 = _mm256_add_pd(r42, bones4)
val r5 = _mm256_add_pd(r52, bones5)
val r6 = _mm256_add_pd(r62, bones6)
val r7 = _mm256_add_pd(r72, bones7)
val r8 = _mm256_add_pd(r82, bones8)
val rr1 = _mm256_mul_pd(r1, r2)
val rr2 = _mm256_mul_pd(r3, r4)
val rr3 = _mm256_mul_pd(r5, r6)
val rr4 = _mm256_mul_pd(r7, r8)
val pr1 = _mm256_mul_pd(rr1, rr2)
val pr2 = _mm256_mul_pd(rr3, rr4)
val finalRes = _mm256_mul_pd(pr1, pr2)
_mm256_store_pd(b, finalRes, 0)
array_apply(b, 0) * array_apply(b, 1) * array_apply(b, 2) * array_apply(b, 3)
}
val codegen = new BaseTestCgen with CGenAVX with CGenAVX2 {
override val IR: q.type = q
override def emitNode(sym: Sym[Any], rhs: Def[Any]) = {
rhs match {
case Address(of) => stream.println(s"${remap(sym.tp)} ${quote(sym)} = &${quote(of)};")
case _ => super.emitNode(sym, rhs)
}
}
}
lazy val code: String = {
val x = fresh[Double]
val exp = fresh[Int]
val source = new java.io.StringWriter()
val block = reifyEffects {power(x, exp)}
val inputs = List(x, exp)
codegen.emitSource(inputs, block, "power", new java.io.PrintWriter(source))
source.toString
}
}
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https://persist.lu/ark:70795/4k5dp0/articles/DTL42_1 | BNL Newspapers | Public Domain | England. LllndüN, S. Mai. Da die Sitzungs-Protocolle ter (Sonferenj bis zu ihrem Schlüsse geheim gehalten »erben sollen, so werden vorerst authentische Belichte üb^r die Verhandlungen zwar nicht zu erwarten sein, Ced) spricht die allgemeine Uebereinstimmung dafür, daß in Cet gestrigen ersten Sitzung die Garantie-Frage schon zur Sprache gebracht worden ist. England — sagt die Times — sei begreiflicher Weise nicht sehr geneigt gewesen, cine so Ichwere Verpflichtung zu übernehmen, wie die Theil« nähme an der Garantie de« luxemburgischen Gebietes; doch »erde das Ziel der Conferenz nicht nur in befriedigender Weise, sondern so» gar in kurzer Frist erreicht werden. „Man gibt sich hier und da viele Mühe" — fährt das Blatt fort —, „die Schwierigkeiten zu übertreiben, mit welchen die Unterhändler zu kämpfen haben. Es gibt Menschen, die nur dann glücklich scheinen, wenn c« !>>en gelingt, sich in die Lage des höchsten Elenos hineinzudenken, und diesen wollen wir den Luxus ihrer schlimmen Befürchtungen nicht entziehen. Wir sehen durchaus nicht ein, mit welchem Rechte man behauptet, die Conferenz sei ohne Basis zusammengetreten. Daß Frankreich feine Ankaufsplane hat fallen lassen und Preußen auf die [Räumung, der Festung eingegangen ist, scheint uns cine völlig hinreichenrc Basis der Unterhandlungen zu fein, und diesen Bedin gungcn ist, wie wir glauben, von allen Seiten zugestimmt worden. Es schien Anfang«, als würce die Ncutralisirung des Großhcrzoglhums und die von Preußen verlangte Garantie Hindernisse in den Weg stellen. Doch läßt (leb die Neutialisnuna, unseres Vedünkcns lcicht zwischen den neutralen Mächten ordnen, so wie es schon durch die gegenseitige Eifersucht der beiden Niefenstaatcn, zwischen denen ta« streitige Gebiet liegt, von Natur garantir! ,jt. Wie der Plan auch ausgeführt werde — ob das Großhcrzogthum in seine: jetzigen Personal-Union mit Holland »erbleibe, ob es in Belgien einverleibt weide, ob es zu einem besonderen Staate erhoben »erben soll, — das bleibt jedenfalls augenscheinlich, daß die beiden kleineren Königreiche Holland und Belgien gleich sehr in der Sicherheit Luxemburgs inteicsfirt sind. Lassen fie sich bestimmen, Die luxemburgische Angelegenheit zu beicerfeitiger Zufriedenheit zu ordnen, so könnten sic zwi feben sich einen Pact wechselseitiger Unterstützung abschließen, der fie in Stand setzen wür« be, ihre neutrale Stellung wenigstens eben so fest zu bewahren, wie die «Schweiz. |