JurisAI
Collection
Modeling law search and retrieval as prediction problems has recently emerged as a predominant approach in law intelligence.
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4 items
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The dataset generation failed because of a cast error
Error code: DatasetGenerationCastError
Exception: DatasetGenerationCastError
Message: An error occurred while generating the dataset
All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 2 new columns ({'recital_text', 'recital_id'}) and 4 missing columns ({'article_id', 'article_title', 'article_recitals', 'article_text'}).
This happened while the csv dataset builder was generating data using
hf://datasets/AndreaSimeri/GDPR/gdpr_recitals.csv (at revision efdd0b5cadbdcb9190f6c576fe36ce19a867dbab)
Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 2011, in _prepare_split_single
writer.write_table(table)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 585, in write_table
pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2302, in table_cast
return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2256, in cast_table_to_schema
raise CastError(
datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
recital_id: string
recital_text: string
-- schema metadata --
pandas: '{"index_columns": [{"kind": "range", "name": null, "start": 0, "' + 505
to
{'article_id': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'article_title': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'article_text': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'article_recitals': Value(dtype='string', id=None)}
because column names don't match
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1577, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1191, in convert_to_parquet
builder.download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1027, in download_and_prepare
self._download_and_prepare(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1122, in _download_and_prepare
self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1882, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 2013, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationCastError.from_cast_error(
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationCastError: An error occurred while generating the dataset
All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 2 new columns ({'recital_text', 'recital_id'}) and 4 missing columns ({'article_id', 'article_title', 'article_recitals', 'article_text'}).
This happened while the csv dataset builder was generating data using
hf://datasets/AndreaSimeri/GDPR/gdpr_recitals.csv (at revision efdd0b5cadbdcb9190f6c576fe36ce19a867dbab)
Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)Need help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
article_id
string | article_title
string | article_text
string | article_recitals
string |
|---|---|---|---|
article1 | Subject-matter and objectives | This Regulation lays down rules relating to the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and rules relating to the free movement of personal data. This Regulation protects fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons and in particular their right to the protection of personal data. The free movement of personal data within the Union shall be neither restricted nor prohibited for reasons connected with the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data. | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 |
article2 | Material scope | This Regulation applies to the processing of personal data wholly or partly by automated means and to the processing other than by automated means of personal data which form part of a filing system or are intended to form part of a filing system. | 14,15 |
article2 | Material scope | This Regulation does not apply to the processing of personal data: in the course of an activity which falls outside the scope of Union law; | 16 |
article2 | Material scope | This Regulation does not apply to the processing of personal data: by the Member States when carrying out activities which fall within the scope of Chapter 2 of Title V of the TEU; | null |
article2 | Material scope | This Regulation does not apply to the processing of personal data: by a natural person in the course of a purely personal or household activity; | 18 |
article2 | Material scope | This Regulation does not apply to the processing of personal data: by competent authorities for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal offences or the execution of criminal penalties, including the safeguarding against and the prevention of threats to public security. | 19 |
article2 | Material scope | For the processing of personal data by the Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies, Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 applies. Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 and other Union legal acts applicable to such processing of personal data shall be adapted to the principles and rules of this Regulation in accordance with Article 98. | 17,172 |
article2 | Material scope | This Regulation shall be without prejudice to the application of Directive 2000/31/EC, in particular of the liability rules of intermediary service providers in Articles 12-15 of that Directive. | 20,21 |
article3 | Territorial scope | This Regulation applies to the processing of personal data in the context of the activities of an establishment of a controller or a processor in the Union, regardless of whether the processing takes place in the Union or not. | 22,14 |
article3 | Territorial scope | This Regulation applies to the processing of personal data of data subjects who are in the Union by a controller or processor not established in the Union, where the processing activities are related to: the offering of goods or services, irrespective of whether a payment of the data subject is required, to such data subjects in the Union; | 23 |
article3 | Territorial scope | This Regulation applies to the processing of personal data of data subjects who are in the Union by a controller or processor not established in the Union, where the processing activities are related to: the monitoring of their behaviour as far as their behaviour takes place within the Union. | 24 |
article3 | Territorial scope | This Regulation applies to the processing of personal data by a controller not established in the Union, but in a place where Member State law applies by virtue of public international law. | 25 |
article4 | Definitions | 'personal data' means any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person ('data subject'); an identifiable natural person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, an online identifier or to one or more factors specific to the physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic, cultural or social identity of that natural person; | 26,27 |
article4 | Definitions | 'processing' means any operation or set of operations which is performed on personal data or on sets of personal data, whether or not by automated means, such as collection, recording, organisation, structuring, storage, adaptation or alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or combination, restriction, erasure or destruction; | null |
article4 | Definitions | 'restriction of processing' means the marking of stored personal data with the aim of limiting their processing in the future; | null |
article4 | Definitions | 'profiling' means any form of automated processing of personal data consisting of the use of personal data to evaluate certain personal aspects relating to a natural person, in particular to analyse or predict aspects concerning that natural person's performance at work, economic situation, health, personal preferences, interests, reliability, behaviour, location or movements; | null |
article4 | Definitions | 'pseudonymisation' means the processing of personal data in such a manner that the personal data can no longer be attributed to a specific data subject without the use of additional information, provided that such additional information is kept separately and is subject to technical and organisational measures to ensure that the personal data are not attributed to an identified or identifiable natural person; | 26,28,29,30 |
article4 | Definitions | 'filing system' means any structured set of personal data which are accessible according to specific criteria, whether centralised, decentralised or dispersed on a functional or geographical basis; | null |
article4 | Definitions | 'controller' means the natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body which, alone or jointly with others, determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data; where the purposes and means of such processing are determined by Union or Member State law, the controller or the specific criteria for its nomination may be provided for by Union or Member State law; | null |
article4 | Definitions | 'processor' means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body which processes personal data on behalf of the controller; | null |
article4 | Definitions | 'recipient' means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or another body, to which the personal data are disclosed, whether a third party or not. However, public authorities which may receive personal data in the framework of a particular inquiry in accordance with Union or Member State law shall not be regarded as recipients; the processing of those data by those public authorities shall be in compliance with the applicable data protection rules according to the purposes of the processing; | 31 |
article4 | Definitions | 'third party' means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or body other than the data subject, controller, processor and persons who, under the direct authority of the controller or processor, are authorised to process personal data; | null |
article4 | Definitions | 'consent' of the data subject means any freely given, specific, informed and unambiguous indication of the data subject's wishes by which he or she, by a statement or by a clear affirmative action, signifies agreement to the processing of personal data relating to him or her; | 32,33 |
article4 | Definitions | 'personal data breach' means a breach of security leading to the accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure of, or access to, personal data transmitted, stored or otherwise processed; | null |
article4 | Definitions | 'genetic data' means personal data relating to the inherited or acquired genetic characteristics of a natural person which give unique information about the physiology or the health of that natural person and which result, in particular, from an analysis of a biological sample from the natural person in question; | 34 |
article4 | Definitions | 'biometric data' means personal data resulting from specific technical processing relating to the physical, physiological or behavioural characteristics of a natural person, which allow or confirm the unique identification of that natural person, such as facial images or dactyloscopic data; | null |
article4 | Definitions | 'data concerning health' means personal data related to the physical or mental health of a natural person, including the provision of health care services, which reveal information about his or her health status; | 35 |
article4 | Definitions | 'main establishment' means: as regards a controller with establishments in more than one Member State, the place of its central administration in the Union, unless the decisions on the purposes and means of the processing of personal data are taken in another establishment of the controller in the Union and the latter establishment has the power to have such decisions implemented, in which case the establishment having taken such decisions is to be considered to be the main establishment; | 36 |
article4 | Definitions | 'main establishment' means: as regards a processor with establishments in more than one Member State, the place of its central administration in the Union, or, if the processor has no central administration in the Union, the establishment of the processor in the Union where the main processing activities in the context of the activities of an establishment of the processor take place to the extent that the processor is subject to specific obligations under this Regulation; | 36 |
article4 | Definitions | 'representative' means a natural or legal person established in the Union who, designated by the controller or processor in writing pursuant to Article 27, represents the controller or processor with regard to their respective obligations under this Regulation; | null |
article4 | Definitions | 'enterprise' means a natural or legal person engaged in an economic activity, irrespective of its legal form, including partnerships or associations regularly engaged in an economic activity; | null |
article4 | Definitions | 'group of undertakings' means a controlling undertaking and its controlled undertakings; | 37 |
article4 | Definitions | 'binding corporate rules' means personal data protection policies which are adhered to by a controller or processor established on the territory of a Member State for transfers or a set of transfers of personal data to a controller or processor in one or more third countries within a group of undertakings, or group of enterprises engaged in a joint economic activity; | null |
article4 | Definitions | 'supervisory authority' means an independent public authority which is established by a Member State pursuant to Article 51; | null |
article4 | Definitions | 'supervisory authority concerned' means a supervisory authority which is concerned by the processing of personal data because: the controller or processor is established on the territory of the Member State of that supervisory authority; | 36 |
article4 | Definitions | 'supervisory authority concerned' means a supervisory authority which is concerned by the processing of personal data because: data subjects residing in the Member State of that supervisory authority are substantially affected or likely to be substantially affected by the processing; | 36 |
article4 | Definitions | 'supervisory authority concerned' means a supervisory authority which is concerned by the processing of personal data because: a complaint has been lodged with that supervisory authority; | 36 |
article4 | Definitions | 'cross-border processing' means either: processing of personal data which takes place in the context of the activities of establishments in more than one Member State of a controller or processor in the Union where the controller or processor is established in more than one Member State; or processing of personal data which takes place in the context of the activities of a single establishment of a controller or processor in the Union but which substantially affects or is likely to substantially affect data subjects in more than one Member State. | null |
article4 | Definitions | 'relevant and reasoned objection' means an objection to a draft decision as to whether there is an infringement of this Regulation, or whether envisaged action in relation to the controller or processor complies with this Regulation, which clearly demonstrates the significance of the risks posed by the draft decision as regards the fundamental rights and freedoms of data subjects and, where applicable, the free flow of personal data within the Union; | null |
article4 | Definitions | 'information society service' means a service as defined in Article 1(1)-(b) of Directive (EU) 2015/1535 of the European Parliament and of the Council | null |
article4 | Definitions | 'international organisation' means an organisation and its subordinate bodies governed by public international law, or any other body which is set up by, or on the basis of, an agreement between two or more countries. | null |
article5 | Principles relating to processing of personal data | Personal data shall be: processed lawfully, fairly and in a transparent manner in relation to the data subject ('lawfulness, fairness and transparency'); | 39 |
article5 | Principles relating to processing of personal data | Personal data shall be: collected for specified, explicit and legitimate purposes and not further processed in a manner that is incompatible with those purposes; further processing for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes shall, in accordance with Article 89(1), not be considered to be incompatible with the initial purposes ('purpose limitation'); | null |
article5 | Principles relating to processing of personal data | Personal data shall be: adequate, relevant and limited to what is necessary in relation to the purposes for which they are processed ('data minimisation'); | null |
article5 | Principles relating to processing of personal data | Personal data shall be: accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date; every reasonable step must be taken to ensure that personal data that are inaccurate, having regard to the purposes for which they are processed, are erased or rectified without delay ('accuracy'); | null |
article5 | Principles relating to processing of personal data | Personal data shall be: kept in a form which permits identification of data subjects for no longer than is necessary for the purposes for which the personal data are processed; personal data may be stored for longer periods insofar as the personal data will be processed solely for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes in accordance with Article 89(1) subject to implementation of the appropriate technical and organisational measures required by this Regulation in order to safeguard the rights and freedoms of the data subject ('storage limitation'); | null |
article5 | Principles relating to processing of personal data | Personal data shall be: processed in a manner that ensures appropriate security of the personal data, including protection against unauthorised or unlawful processing and against accidental loss, destruction or damage, using appropriate technical or organisational measures ('integrity and confidentiality'). | null |
article5 | Principles relating to processing of personal data | 'accountability': The controller shall be responsible for, and be able to demonstrate compliance with, the principles of 'lawfulness, fairness and transparency', 'purpose limitation', 'data minimisation', 'accuracy', 'storage limitation', 'integrity and confidentiality'. | |
article6 | Lawfulness of processing | Processing shall be lawful only if and to the extent that at least one of the following applies: the data subject has given consent to the processing of his or her personal data for one or more specific purposes; | 40,42 |
article6 | Lawfulness of processing | Processing shall be lawful only if and to the extent that at least one of the following applies: processing is necessary for the performance of a contract to which the data subject is party or in order to take steps at the request of the data subject prior to entering into a contract; | 44 |
article6 | Lawfulness of processing | Processing shall be lawful only if and to the extent that at least one of the following applies: processing is necessary for compliance with a legal obligation to which the controller is subject; | 45 |
article6 | Lawfulness of processing | Processing shall be lawful only if and to the extent that at least one of the following applies: processing is necessary in order to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of another natural person; | 46 |
article6 | Lawfulness of processing | Processing shall be lawful only if and to the extent that at least one of the following applies: processing is necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller; | 115 |
article6 | Lawfulness of processing | Processing shall be lawful only if and to the extent that at least one of the following applies: processing is necessary for the purposes of the legitimate interests pursued by the controller or by a third party, except where such interests are overridden by the interests or fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject which require protection of personal data, in particular where the data subject is a child. This shall not apply to processing carried out by public authorities in the performance of their tasks. | 47,48,49,40,50 |
article6 | Lawfulness of processing | Member States may maintain or introduce more specific provisions to adapt the application of the rules of this Regulation with regard to processing 'for compliance with a legal obligation to which the controller is subject' and 'for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller' by determining more precisely specific requirements for the processing and other measures to ensure lawful and fair processing including for other specific processing situations as provided for in Chapter IX 'Provisions relating to specific processing situations'. | null |
article6 | Lawfulness of processing | The basis for the processing 'necessary for compliance with a legal obligation to which the controller is subject' and the processing 'necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller' shall be laid down by: Union law, or Member State law to which the controller is subject. The purpose of the processing shall be determined in that legal basis or, as regards the processing 'for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller', shall be necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller. That legal basis may contain specific provisions to adapt the application of rules of this Regulation, inter alia: the general conditions governing the lawfulness of processing by the controller; the types of data which are subject to the processing; the data subjects concerned; the entities to, and the purposes for which, the personal data may be disclosed; the purpose limitation; storage periods; and processing operations and processing procedures, including measures to ensure lawful and fair processing such as those for other specific processing situations as provided for in Chapter IX 'Provisions relating to specific processing situations'. The Union or the Member State law shall meet an objective of public interest and be proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued. | 41 |
article6 | Lawfulness of processing | Where the processing for a purpose other than that for which the personal data have been collected is not based on the data subject's consent or on a Union or Member State law which constitutes a necessary and proportionate measure in a democratic society to safeguard the objectives referred to in Article 23(1), the controller shall, in order to ascertain whether processing for another purpose is compatible with the purpose for which the personal data are initially collected, take into account, inter alia: any link between the purposes for which the personal data have been collected and the purposes of the intended further processing; | null |
article6 | Lawfulness of processing | Where the processing for a purpose other than that for which the personal data have been collected is not based on the data subject's consent or on a Union or Member State law which constitutes a necessary and proportionate measure in a democratic society to safeguard the objectives referred to in Article 23(1), the controller shall, in order to ascertain whether processing for another purpose is compatible with the purpose for which the personal data are initially collected, take into account, inter alia: the context in which the personal data have been collected, in particular regarding the relationship between data subjects and the controller; | null |
article6 | Lawfulness of processing | Where the processing for a purpose other than that for which the personal data have been collected is not based on the data subject's consent or on a Union or Member State law which constitutes a necessary and proportionate measure in a democratic society to safeguard the objectives referred to in Article 23(1), the controller shall, in order to ascertain whether processing for another purpose is compatible with the purpose for which the personal data are initially collected, take into account, inter alia: the nature of the personal data, in particular whether special categories of personal data are processed, pursuant to Article 9, or whether personal data related to criminal convictions and offences are processed, pursuant to Article 10; | null |
article6 | Lawfulness of processing | Where the processing for a purpose other than that for which the personal data have been collected is not based on the data subject's consent or on a Union or Member State law which constitutes a necessary and proportionate measure in a democratic society to safeguard the objectives referred to in Article 23(1), the controller shall, in order to ascertain whether processing for another purpose is compatible with the purpose for which the personal data are initially collected, take into account, inter alia: the possible consequences of the intended further processing for data subjects; | null |
article6 | Lawfulness of processing | Where the processing for a purpose other than that for which the personal data have been collected is not based on the data subject's consent or on a Union or Member State law which constitutes a necessary and proportionate measure in a democratic society to safeguard the objectives referred to in Article 23(1), the controller shall, in order to ascertain whether processing for another purpose is compatible with the purpose for which the personal data are initially collected, take into account, inter alia: the existence of appropriate safeguards, which may include encryption or pseudonymisation. | null |
article7 | Conditions for consent | Where processing is based on consent, the controller shall be able to demonstrate that the data subject has consented to processing of his or her personal data. | 32,33 |
article7 | Conditions for consent | If the data subject's consent is given in the context of a written declaration which also concerns other matters, the request for consent shall be presented in a manner which is clearly distinguishable from the other matters, in an intelligible and easily accessible form, using clear and plain language. Any part of such a declaration which constitutes an infringement of this Regulation shall not be binding. | 32,33 |
article7 | Conditions for consent | The data subject shall have the right to withdraw his or her consent at any time. The withdrawal of consent shall not affect the lawfulness of processing based on consent before its withdrawal. Prior to giving consent, the data subject shall be informed thereof. It shall be as easy to withdraw as to give consent. | 32,33 |
article7 | Conditions for consent | When assessing whether consent is freely given, utmost account shall be taken of whether, inter alia, the performance of a contract, including the provision of a service, is conditional on consent to the processing of personal data that is not necessary for the performance of that contract. | 43,32 |
article8 | Conditions applicable to child's consent in relation to information society services | Where it applies that 'the data subject has given consent to the processing of his or her personal data for one or more specific purposes' (Article 6(1a)), in relation to the offer of information society services directly to a child, the processing of the personal data of a child shall be lawful where the child is at least 16 years old. Where the child is below the age of 16 years, such processing shall be lawful only if and to the extent that consent is given or authorised by the holder of parental responsibility over the child. This shall not affect the general contract law of Member States such as the rules on the validity, formation or effect of a contract in relation to a child. | 38 |
article8 | Conditions applicable to child's consent in relation to information society services | The controller shall make reasonable efforts to verify in such cases that consent is given or authorised by the holder of parental responsibility over the child, taking into consideration available technology. | 38 |
article9 | Processing of special categories of personal data | Processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person, data concerning health or data concerning a natural person's sex life or sexual orientation shall be prohibited. | 51 |
article9 | Processing of special categories of personal data | Processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person, data concerning health or data concerning a natural person's sex life or sexual orientation shall be allowed if: the data subject has given explicit consent to the processing of those personal data for one or more specified purposes, except where Union or Member State law provide that the prohibition may not be lifted by the data subject; | 52,53,54,55,56 |
article9 | Processing of special categories of personal data | Processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person, data concerning health or data concerning a natural person's sex life or sexual orientation shall be allowed if: processing is necessary for the purposes of carrying out the obligations and exercising specific rights of the controller or of the data subject in the field of employment and social security and social protection law in so far as it is authorised by Union or Member State law or a collective agreement pursuant to Member State law providing for appropriate safeguards for the fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject; | 52,53,54,55,56 |
article9 | Processing of special categories of personal data | Processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person, data concerning health or data concerning a natural person's sex life or sexual orientation shall be allowed if: processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of another natural person where the data subject is physically or legally incapable of giving consent; | 52,53,54,55,56 |
article9 | Processing of special categories of personal data | Processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person, data concerning health or data concerning a natural person's sex life or sexual orientation shall be allowed if: processing is carried out in the course of its legitimate activities with appropriate safeguards by a foundation, association or any other not-for-profit body with a political, philosophical, religious or trade union aim and on condition that the processing relates solely to the members or to former members of the body or to persons who have regular contact with it in connection with its purposes and that the personal data are not disclosed outside that body without the consent of the data subjects; | 52,53,54,55,56 |
article9 | Processing of special categories of personal data | Processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person, data concerning health or data concerning a natural person's sex life or sexual orientation shall be allowed if: processing relates to personal data which are manifestly made public by the data subject; | 52,53,54,55,56 |
article9 | Processing of special categories of personal data | Processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person, data concerning health or data concerning a natural person's sex life or sexual orientation shall be allowed if: processing is necessary for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims or whenever courts are acting in their judicial capacity; | 52,53,54,55,56 |
article9 | Processing of special categories of personal data | Processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person, data concerning health or data concerning a natural person's sex life or sexual orientation shall be allowed if: | 52,53,54,55,56 |
article9 | Processing of special categories of personal data | Processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person, data concerning health or data concerning a natural person's sex life or sexual orientation shall be allowed if: processing is necessary for reasons of substantial public interest, on the basis of Union or Member State law which shall be proportionate to the aim pursued, respect the essence of the right to data protection and provide for suitable and specific measures to safeguard the fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject; | 52,53,54,55,56 |
article9 | Processing of special categories of personal data | Processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person, data concerning health or data concerning a natural person's sex life or sexual orientation shall be allowed if: processing is necessary for the purposes of preventive or occupational medicine, for the assessment of the working capacity of the employee, medical diagnosis, the provision of health or social care or treatment or the management of health or social care systems and services on the basis of Union or Member State law or pursuant to contract with a health professional and subject to the conditions and safeguards referred as follows: data may be processed by or under the responsibility of a professional subject to the obligation of professional secrecy under Union or Member State law or rules established by national competent bodies or by another person also subject to an obligation of secrecy under Union or Member State law or rules established by national competent bodies; | 52,53,54,55,56 |
article9 | Processing of special categories of personal data | Processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person, data concerning health or data concerning a natural person's sex life or sexual orientation shall be allowed if: processing is necessary for reasons of public interest in the area of public health, such as protecting against serious cross-border threats to health or ensuring high standards of quality and safety of health care and of medicinal products or medical devices, on the basis of Union or Member State law which provides for suitable and specific measures to safeguard the rights and freedoms of the data subject, in particular professional secrecy; | 52,53,54,55,56 |
article9 | Processing of special categories of personal data | Processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union membership, and the processing of genetic data, biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person, data concerning health or data concerning a natural person's sex life or sexual orientation shall be allowed if: processing is necessary for archiving purposes in the public interest, scientific or historical research purposes or statistical purposes in accordance with Article 89(1) based on Union or Member State law which shall be proportionate to the aim pursued, respect the essence of the right to data protection and provide for suitable and specific measures to safeguard the fundamental rights and the interests of the data subject. | 52,53,54,55,56 |
article9 | Processing of special categories of personal data | Member States may maintain or introduce further conditions, including limitations, with regard to the processing of genetic data, biometric data or data concerning health. | null |
article10 | Processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences | Processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences or related security measures based on Article 6(1) shall be carried out only under the control of official authority or when the processing is authorised by Union or Member State law providing for appropriate safeguards for the rights and freedoms of data subjects. Any comprehensive register of criminal convictions shall be kept only under the control of official authority. | null |
article11 | Processing which does not require identification | If the purposes for which a controller processes personal data do not or do no longer require the identification of a data subject by the controller, the controller shall not be obliged to maintain, acquire or process additional information in order to identify the data subject for the sole purpose of complying with this Regulation. Where, in such cases, the controller is able to demonstrate that it is not in a position to identify the data subject, the controller shall inform the data subject accordingly, if possible. In such cases, Articles 15-20 shall not apply except where the data subject, for the purpose of exercising his or her rights under those articles, provides additional information enabling his or her identification. | 57,64 |
article12 | Transparent information, communication and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject | The controller shall take appropriate measures to provide any information referred to in Article 13 and Article 14 and any communication under Articles 15-22, and Article 34 relating to processing to the data subject in a concise, transparent, intelligible and easily accessible form, using clear and plain language, in particular for any information addressed specifically to a child. The information shall be provided in writing, or by other means, including, where appropriate, by electronic means. When requested by the data subject, the information may be provided orally, provided that the identity of the data subject is proven by other means. | 58 |
article12 | Transparent information, communication and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject | The controller shall facilitate the exercise of data subject rights under Articles 15-22. In the cases referred to in Article 11(2), the controller shall not refuse to act on the request of the data subject for exercising his or her rights under Articles 15-22, unless the controller demonstrates that it is not in a position to identify the data subject. | 59,64 |
article12 | Transparent information, communication and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject | The controller shall provide information on action taken on a request under Articles 15-22 to the data subject without undue delay and in any event within one month of receipt of the request. That period may be extended by two further months where necessary, taking into account the complexity and number of the requests. The controller shall inform the data subject of any such extension within one month of receipt of the request, together with the reasons for the delay. Where the data subject makes the request by electronic form means, the information shall be provided by electronic means where possible, unless otherwise requested by the data subject. | null |
article12 | Transparent information, communication and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject | If the controller does not take action on the request of the data subject, the controller shall inform the data subject without delay and at the latest within one month of receipt of the request of the reasons for not taking action and on the possibility of lodging a complaint with a supervisory authority and seeking a judicial remedy. | null |
article12 | Transparent information, communication and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject | Information provided under Article 13 and Article 14 and any communication and any actions taken under Articles 15-22 and Article 34 shall be provided free of charge. Where requests from a data subject are manifestly unfounded or excessive, in particular because of their repetitive character, the controller may either: charge a reasonable fee taking into account the administrative costs of providing the information or communication or taking the action requested; or, refuse to act on the request. The controller shall bear the burden of demonstrating the manifestly unfounded or excessive character of the request. | null |
article12 | Transparent information, communication and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject | Without prejudice to Article 11, where the controller has reasonable doubts concerning the identity of the natural person making the request referred to in Articles 15-21, the controller may request the provision of additional information necessary to confirm the identity of the data subject. | null |
article12 | Transparent information, communication and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject | The information to be provided to data subjects pursuant to Article 13 and Article 14 may be provided in combination with standardised icons in order to give in an easily visible, intelligible and clearly legible manner a meaningful overview of the intended processing. Where the icons are presented electronically they shall be machine-readable. | null |
article12 | Transparent information, communication and modalities for the exercise of the rights of the data subject | The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 92 for the purpose of determining the information to be presented by the icons and the procedures for providing standardised icons. | null |
article13 | Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject | Where personal data relating to a data subject are collected from the data subject, the controller shall, at the time when personal data are obtained, provide the data subject with all of the following information: the identity and the contact details of the controller and, where applicable, of the controller's representative; | 60 |
article13 | Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject | Where personal data relating to a data subject are collected from the data subject, the controller shall, at the time when personal data are obtained, provide the data subject with all of the following information: the contact details of the data protection officer, where applicable; | 60 |
article13 | Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject | Where personal data relating to a data subject are collected from the data subject, the controller shall, at the time when personal data are obtained, provide the data subject with all of the following information: the purposes of the processing for which the personal data are intended as well as the legal basis for the processing; | 60 |
article13 | Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject | Where personal data relating to a data subject are collected from the data subject, the controller shall, at the time when personal data are obtained, provide the data subject with all of the following information: where the processing is based on the legitimate interests pursued by the controller or by a third party (Article 6(1)-(f)); | 60 |
article13 | Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject | Where personal data relating to a data subject are collected from the data subject, the controller shall, at the time when personal data are obtained, provide the data subject with all of the following information: the recipients or categories of recipients of the personal data, if any; | 60 |
article13 | Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject | Where personal data relating to a data subject are collected from the data subject, the controller shall, at the time when personal data are obtained, provide the data subject with all of the following information: where applicable, the fact that the controller intends to transfer personal data to a third country or international organisation and the existence or absence of an adequacy decision by the Commission, or in the case of transfers referred to in Article 46 or Article 47, or the second subparagraph of Article 49(1), reference to the appropriate or suitable safeguards and the means by which to obtain a copy of them or where they have been made available. | 60 |
article13 | Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject | In addition, the controller shall, at the time when personal data are obtained, provide the data subject with the following further information necessary to ensure fair and transparent processing: the period for which the personal data will be stored, or if that is not possible, the criteria used to determine that period; | 61,62,63 |
article13 | Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject | In addition, the controller shall, at the time when personal data are obtained, provide the data subject with the following further information necessary to ensure fair and transparent processing: the existence of the right to request from the controller access to and rectification or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing concerning the data subject or to object to processing as well as the right to data portability; | 61,62,63 |
article13 | Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject | In addition, the controller shall, at the time when personal data are obtained, provide the data subject with the following further information necessary to ensure fair and transparent processing: where the processing is based on 'the data subject has given consent to the processing of his or her personal data for one or more specific purposes;' (Article 6(1)-(a)) or 'the data subject has given explicit consent to the processing of those personal data for one or more specified purposes, except where Union or Member State law provide that the prohibition12 may not be lifted by the data subject' (Article 9(2)-(a)), the existence of the right to withdraw consent at any time, without affecting the lawfulness of processing based on consent before its withdrawal; | 61,62,63 |
article13 | Information to be provided where personal data are collected from the data subject | In addition, the controller shall, at the time when personal data are obtained, provide the data subject with the following further information necessary to ensure fair and transparent processing: the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority; | 61,62,63 |
End of preview.
Abstract
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) stands as one of the most significant legal frameworks for data protection and privacy in recent years. Enforced by the European Union (EU) since May 2018, the GDPR has garnered global attention due to its wide-reaching impact on businesses, organizations, and individuals, transcending geographical boundaries. While initially conceived to safeguard the data rights of EU citizens, its influence extends far beyond EU member states, making it a pivotal legislation worldwide. The GDPR consists of two components, namely the articles and recitals, whose main characteristics are described next.
Articles
The GDPR articles constitute the legal requirements that must be followed by organizations to demonstrate compliance. The GDPR currently in force consists of 99 articles, which are organized into 11 chapters: Chapter I, on General provisions, articles 1-4 – sets out the overall aims and scope of the GDPR, including its territorial scope and the definitions of key terms used throughout the regulation; Chapter II, on Principles, articles 5-11 – lays out the fundamental principles that orga- nizations must follow when collecting, processing, and storing personal data, including lawfulness, fairness, transparency, and purpose limitation; Chapter III, on Rights of the data subject, articles 12-23 – outlines the rights of individuals with regards to their personal data, including the right of access, the right to rectification, the right to erasure, the right to restriction of processing, and the right to data portability; Chapter IV, on Controller and Processor, articles 24-43 – sets out the obligations of data controllers and processors, including the obligation to appoint a data protection officer and to conduct data protection impact assessments; Chapter V, on Transfers of personal data to third countries or international organisations, articles 44-50 – sets out the rules for transferring personal data to third countries or interna- tional organizations, including the use of standard contractual clauses and binding corporate rules; Chapter VI, on Independent supervisory authorities, articles 51-59 – establishes the role of independent supervisory authorities and sets out their powers, including the power to investigate, impose administrative fines, and order the suspension of data processing; Chapter VII, on Cooperation and Consistency, articles 60-76 – sets out the obligations of data controllers and processors to cooperate with supervisory authorities and to ensure consistent application of the GDPR; Chapter VIII, on Remedies, liability and penalties, articles 77-84 – sets out the reme- dies available to individuals whose rights have been violated, including the right to receive compensation, and sets out the potential sanctions for organizations that breach the GDPR, including administrative fines and criminal sanctions; Chapter IX, on Provisions relating to specific processing situations, articles 85-91 – sets out specific rules for certain types of processing, including processing for scientific or historical research purposes, processing for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest, and processing for the establishment, exercise, or defense of legal claims; Chapter X, on Delegated acts and implementing acts, articles 92-93 – sets out the powers of the European Commission to adopt delegated acts and implementing acts to further specify certain aspects of the GDPR; Chapter XI, on Final provisions, articles 94-99 – sets out the final provisions of the GDPR, including its entry into force.
Recitals
Inadditiontothearticles,GDPRiscomprisedofasetofintroductorystatements and explanations, called recitals, that provide context and guidance for the interpretation of the provisions of the regulation. They indeed provide valuable insights into the underlying objectives and policy considerations, and represent a valuable resource for determining the meaning and scope of the GDPR articles. The recitals are 173 in total, each associated to one or more articles; in turn, each article is associated with zero, one or more recitals. An example of the importance of recitals for GDPR articles can be found in the inter- pretation of the article 7(2) ‘Conditions for consent’, which emphasizes the importance of clear and transparent communication when obtaining consent for the processing of personal data. A guidance on how controllers can meet this requirement under the GDPR can be clarified and expanded upon by the recital 42, which is related to the article itself. This recital states that, when processing is based on the data subject’s consent, the controller must be able to demonstrate that the data subject has given consent to the processing operation. This means that the controller must have records or other evidence to prove that valid consent was obtained; furthermore, to be considered informed, the data subject must be aware of the identity of the controller and the purposes of the processing for which their personal data is intended. The GDPR hence encompasses a comprehensive set of norms and principles that regulate the collection, processing, and transfer of personal data. Its provisions, such as the right to be forgotten, consent requirements, and data subject rights, have brought about significant changes in the digital landscape. Indeed, the complexity and scope of the GDPR pose challenges for government agencies, law firms, legal professionals, and citizens seeking to navigate its intricacies and access relevant regulations.
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
BibTeX Entry and Citation Info
@inproceedings{SimeriGDPRLirai2023,
author = {Andrea Simeri and
Andrea Tagarelli},
title = {{GDPR Article Retrieval based on Domain-adaptive and Task-adaptive Legal Pre-trained Language Models}},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1st Legal Information Retrieval meets Artificial Intelligence Workshop LIRAI 2023 co-located with the 34th ACM Hypertext Conference HT 2023},
series = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
volume = {3594},
pages = {63-76},
year = {2023},
url = {https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3594/paper5.pdf}
}
References
- Simeri, A. and Tagarelli, A. (2023b). GDPR Article Retrieval based on Domain- adaptive and Task-adaptive Legal Pre-trained Language Models. In Proceedings of the 1st Legal Information Retrieval meets Artificial Intelligence Workshop LIRAI 2023 co-located with the 34th ACM Hypertext Conference HT 2023, volume 3594 of CEUR Workshop Proceedings, pages 63–76.
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