Graphcore/groupbert-base-uncased

Optimum Graphcore is a new open-source library and toolkit that enables developers to access IPU-optimized models certified by Hugging Face. It is an extension of Transformers, providing a set of performance optimization tools enabling maximum efficiency to train and run models on Graphcore’s IPUs - a completely new kind of massively parallel processor to accelerate machine intelligence. Learn more about how to take train Transformer models faster with IPUs at hf.co/hardware/graphcore.

Through HuggingFace Optimum, Graphcore released ready-to-use IPU-trained model checkpoints and IPU configuration files to make it easy to train models with maximum efficiency in the IPU. Optimum shortens the development lifecycle of your AI models by letting you plug-and-play any public dataset and allows a seamless integration to our State-of-the-art hardware giving you a quicker time-to-value for your AI project.

Model description

GroupBERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) is a transformers model which is designed by Graphcore to pretrain bidirectional representations from unlabelled texts. GroupBERT uses grouped convolutions and matmuls in the encoder, which allows to parallelize computation and achieve higher parameter efficiency. More details are described in the GroupBERT paper.

It was trained with two objectives in pretraining : Masked language modelling (MLM) and Next sentence prediction(NSP). First, MLM is different from traditional LM which sees the words one after another while BERT allows the model to learn a bidirectional representation. In addition to MLM, NSP is used for jointly pertaining text-pair representations. Similarly to BERT it enables easy and fast fine-tuning for different downstream tasks such as Sequence Classification, Named Entity Recognition, Question Answering, Multiple Choice and MaskedLM.

It reduces the need of many engineering efforts for building task specific architectures through pre-trained representation. And achieves state-of-the-art performance on a large suite of sentence-level and token-level tasks.

Intended uses & limitations

This model is a pre-trained GroupBERT-Base trained in two phases on the Graphcore/wikipedia-bert-128 and Graphcore/wikipedia-bert-512 datasets.

It was trained on a Graphcore IPU-POD16 using optimum-graphcore. Graphcore and Hugging Face are working together to make training of Transformer models on IPUs fast and easy. Learn more about how to take advantage of the power of Graphcore IPUs to train Transformers models at hf.co/hardware/graphcore.

Training and evaluation data

Trained on wikipedia datasets:

Fine-tuning with these weights

These weights can be used in either transformers or optimum-graphcore.

For example, to fine-tune the SQuAD v1 with optimum-graphcore you can do:

python examples/question-answering/run_qa.py \
--model_name_or_path Graphcore/groupbert-base-uncased \
--ipu_config_name Graphcore/groupbert-base-uncased \
--dataset_name squad \
--version_2_with_negative False \
--do_train \
--do_eval \
--pad_on_batch_axis \
--num_train_epochs 1 \
--per_device_train_batch_size 1 \
--per_device_eval_batch_size 16 \
--gradient_accumulation_steps 10 \
--pod_type pod16 \
--learning_rate 4e-4 \
--max_seq_length 384 \
--doc_stride 128 \
--seed 42 \
--lr_scheduler_type linear \
--lamb \
--loss_scaling 64 \
--weight_decay 0.01 \
--warmup_ratio 0.1 \
--logging_steps 5 \
--save_steps -1 \
--dataloader_num_workers 64 \
--output_dir output/squad_groupbert_base

Training procedure

Trained MLM and NSP pre-training scheme from Large Batch Optimization for Deep Learning: Training BERT in 76 minutes. Trained on a Graphcore IPU-POD16 using optimum-graphcore.

It was trained with the IPUConfig Graphcore/bert-base-ipu.

Command lines:

Phase 1:

python examples/language-modeling/run_pretraining.py \
  --model_type groupbert \
  --tokenizer_name bert-base-uncased \
  --ipu_config_name Graphcore/bert-base-ipu \
  --dataset_name Graphcore/wikipedia-bert-128 \
  --do_train \
  --logging_steps 5 \
  --max_seq_length 128 \
  --max_steps 10500 \
  --is_already_preprocessed \
  --dataloader_num_workers 64 \
  --dataloader_mode async_rebatched \
  --lamb \
  --per_device_train_batch_size 8 \
  --gradient_accumulation_steps 2000 \
  --pod_type pod16 \
  --learning_rate 0.012 \
  --loss_scaling 16384 \
  --weight_decay 0.01 \
  --warmup_ratio 0.15 \
  --groupbert_schedule \
  --config_overrides "hidden_dropout_prob=0.0,attention_probs_dropout_prob=0.0" \
  --ipu_config_overrides device_iterations="1,matmul_proportion=0.22,layers_per_ipu=[1 3 4 4]" \
  --output_dir output-pretrain-groupbert-base-phase1

Phase 2:

python examples/language-modeling/run_pretraining.py \
  --model_type groupbert \
  --tokenizer_name bert-base-uncased \
  --ipu_config_name Graphcore/bert-base-ipu \
  --dataset_name Graphcore/wikipedia-bert-512 \
  --model_name_or_path ./output-pretrain-bert-base-phase1 \
  --do_train \
  --logging_steps 5 \
  --max_seq_length 512 \
  --max_steps 2038 \
  --is_already_preprocessed \
  --dataloader_num_workers 128 \
  --dataloader_mode async_rebatched \
  --lamb \
  --per_device_train_batch_size 2 \
  --gradient_accumulation_steps 2048 \
  --pod_type pod16 \
  --learning_rate 0.01 \
  --loss_scaling 128 \
  --weight_decay 0.01 \
  --warmup_ratio 0.15 \
  --groupbert_schedule \
  --config_overrides "hidden_dropout_prob=0.0,attention_probs_dropout_prob=0.0" \
  --ipu_config_overrides "device_iterations=1,embedding_serialization_factor=2,matmul_proportion=0.22,layers_per_ipu=[1 3 4 4]" \
  --output_dir output-pretrain-groupbert-base-phase2

Training hyperparameters

The following hyperparameters were used during phase 1 training:

learning_rate: 0.012
train_batch_size: 8
eval_batch_size: 1
seed: 42
distributed_type: IPU
gradient_accumulation_steps: 200
total_train_batch_size: 64000
total_eval_batch_size: 20
optimizer: LAMB
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_warmup_ratio: 0.15
training_steps: 10500
training precision: Mixed Precision

The following hyperparameters were used during phase 2 training:

learning_rate: 0.01
train_batch_size: 2
eval_batch_size: 1
seed: 42
distributed_type: IPU
gradient_accumulation_steps: 2048
total_train_batch_size: 16384
total_eval_batch_size: 20
optimizer: LAMB
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_warmup_ratio: 0.15
training_steps: 2038
training precision: Mixed Precision

Training results

Framework versions

Transformers 4.20.1
Pytorch 1.10.0+cpu
Datasets 2.6.1
Tokenizers 0.12.1

Graphcore
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groupbert-base-uncased