xlm-mlm-100-1280

Table of Contents

1. Model Details
2. Uses
3. Bias, Risks, and Limitations
4. Training
5. Evaluation
6. Environmental Impact
7. Technical Specifications
8. Citation
9. Model Card Authors
10. How To Get Started With the Model

Model Details

xlm-mlm-100-1280 is the XLM model, which was proposed in Cross-lingual Language Model Pretraining by Guillaume Lample and Alexis Conneau, trained on Wikipedia text in 100 languages. The model is a transformer pretrained using a masked language modeling (MLM) objective.

Model Description

• Developed by: See associated paper and GitHub Repo
• Model type: Language model
• Language(s) (NLP): 100 languages, see GitHub Repo for full list.
• License: CC-BY-NC-4.0
• Related Models: xlm-mlm-17-1280
• Resources for more information:
  • Associated paper
  • GitHub Repo
  • Hugging Face Multilingual Models for Inference docs

Uses

Direct Use

The model is a language model. The model can be used for masked language modeling.

Downstream Use

To learn more about this task and potential downstream uses, see the Hugging Face fill mask docs and the Hugging Face Multilingual Models for Inference docs. Also see the associated paper.

Out-of-Scope Use

The model should not be used to intentionally create hostile or alienating environments for people.

Bias, Risks, and Limitations

Significant research has explored bias and fairness issues with language models (see, e.g., Sheng et al. (2021) and Bender et al. (2021)).

Recommendations

Users (both direct and downstream) should be made aware of the risks, biases and limitations of the model.

Training

This model is the XLM model trained on Wikipedia text in 100 languages. The preprocessing included tokenization with byte-pair-encoding. See the GitHub repo and the associated paper for further details on the training data and training procedure.

Conneau et al. (2020) report that this model has 16 layers, 1280 hidden states, 16 attention heads, and the dimension of the feed-forward layer is 1520. The vocabulary size is 200k and the total number of parameters is 570M (see Table 7).

Evaluation

Testing Data, Factors & Metrics

The model developers evaluated the model on the XNLI cross-lingual classification task (see the XNLI data card for more details on XNLI) using the metric of test accuracy. See the GitHub Repo for further details on the testing data, factors and metrics.

Results

For xlm-mlm-100-1280, the test accuracy on the XNLI cross-lingual classification task in English (en), Spanish (es), German (de), Arabic (ar), Chinese (zh) and Urdu (ur) are:

Language	en	es	de	ar	zh	ur
	83.7	76.6	73.6	67.4	71.7	62.9

See the GitHub repo for further details.

Environmental Impact

Carbon emissions can be estimated using the Machine Learning Impact calculator presented in Lacoste et al. (2019).

• Hardware Type: More information needed
• Hours used: More information needed
• Cloud Provider: More information needed
• Compute Region: More information needed
• Carbon Emitted: More information needed

Technical Specifications

Conneau et al. (2020) report that this model has 16 layers, 1280 hidden states, 16 attention heads, and the dimension of the feed-forward layer is 1520. The vocabulary size is 200k and the total number of parameters is 570M (see Table 7).

Citation

BibTeX:

@article{lample2019cross,
  title={Cross-lingual language model pretraining},
  author={Lample, Guillaume and Conneau, Alexis},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.07291},
  year={2019}
}

APA:

• Lample, G., & Conneau, A. (2019). Cross-lingual language model pretraining. arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.07291.

Model Card Authors

This model card was written by the team at Hugging Face.

How to Get Started with the Model

More information needed. See the ipython notebook in the associated GitHub repo for examples.